Vevena Camino BSEE 2A

Dainna Rose Lascay BSEE 2A

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations: 2 + =5𝑒𝑡 −3 =5
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
given that when t = 0, x = 0 and y =0

Solution:
5
2[s𝑓−1{x} – y(0)] + [s𝑓{y} – y(0)]
(𝑠+1)
5
[s𝑓{y} – y(0)] – 3[s𝑓{x} – x(0)]
𝑠

Hence,
x (0) = 0 and y(0) = 0
5
2s𝑓{x} + s𝑓{y} = (𝑠−1)
5
– 3s𝑓{x} + s𝑓{y}=
𝑠

5s 𝑓{x} = 5 5 5𝑠−5(𝑠−1) 5
- =
(𝑠−1) 𝑠(𝑠−1)
𝑠 =
𝑠(𝑠−1)
5 1
𝑓{x}= =
𝑠2(𝑠−1) 𝑠2(𝑠−1)

x = 𝑓−1 { 1
𝑠2(𝑠−1)
}
Let: 1
A(s)( s−1)B( s−1)+ C𝑠2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 =
𝑠2(𝑠−1) = 𝑠 + 𝑠2 + (𝑠−1) 𝑠2(𝑠−1)

A(s)( s − 1)B( s − 1) + C𝑠2

When s = 0 1 = –B B = –1
When s = 1 1=C C=1

Equating coefficients: 0=A+C A = –1 since C =

1 Hence,
x = 𝑓−1 1 1
+
{
1
}
- - 2 (𝑠−1)
𝑠 𝑠
x = -1-t+𝑒𝑡 or x=𝑒𝑡-t-1
Equation 1. 𝑡 5
2s𝑓{𝑒 -t-1} + s𝑓{y} = 1 1 1
+
- - (𝑠−1)
(𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠2
1 1 1 5
2s - (𝑠−1 𝑠2 𝑠
- + )+ s𝑓{y}= (𝑠−1)
(- 2𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑠
- + )+ s𝑓{y}= 5

𝑠−1 𝑠2 𝑠 (𝑠−1)
 2𝑠 2 5
- -2 + s𝑓{y}=
𝑠−1 𝑠 (𝑠−1)
5 2𝑠 2𝑠
s𝑓{y}= - + +2
(𝑠−1) 𝑠−1 𝑠
s𝑓{y}= 5−2𝑠 + 2 + 2
(𝑠−1) 𝑠
5−2𝑠 2 2
𝑓{y}=𝑠(𝑠−1) + 𝑠2 + 𝑠

y = 𝑓 −1 {- 5−2𝑠
𝑠(𝑠−1) -𝑠2
2
+𝑠
2
}
Let
5−2𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑠−1)+𝐵𝑠
- = + =
𝑠(𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠−1 𝑠 (𝑠−1)
From which 5 – 2s = A(s – 1) +
Bs When s = 0 5=-A A=5
When s = 1 3=B
Hence,
y = 𝑓 −1 {- 5𝑠
+
3
+
2
+
2
}
𝑠 (𝑠−1) 𝑠2 𝑠

y = 𝑓 −1 { 3
+
2
−
3
}
(𝑠−1) 𝑠2 𝑠
y = 3𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 3

2. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations : 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

−𝑦+ − 5 sin 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑡 𝑥
3 +𝑥−𝑦+2 -𝑒 =0 given that at t=0, x=0 and y=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
5
2[s𝑓{y} – y(0)] – 𝑓{y} + 𝑓{x} + [s𝑓{x} – x(0)] – 2 =0
𝑠 −1
1
3[s𝑓{y} – y(0)] + 𝑓{x} – 𝑓{y} + 2[s𝑓{x} – x(0)] - – =0
𝑠−1

Hence, y(0) = 0 and x(0) = 0

5
(2s – 1)𝑓{y} + (s + 1)𝑓{x} =
𝑠2−1
1
(3s – 1)𝑓{y} +(2s + 1)𝑓{x} = – 𝑠−1
5
(3s – 1) × (1) gives: (3s – 1)(2s – 1)𝑓{y} + (3s – 1)(s + 1)𝑓{x} = (3s – 1)
𝑠2−1
1
(2s – 1) × (2) gives: (2s – 1)(3s – 1)𝑓{y} + (2s – 1)(2s + 1)𝑓{x} = (2s – 𝑠−1
1)
5(3𝑠−1) 2𝑠−1
(3) – (4) gives: (( 3𝑠2+2s-1)-( 3𝑠2 − 1)) 𝑓{x}= -
𝑠2+1 𝑠−1

5(3𝑠−1)(𝑠−1)−(2𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)
(-𝑠2 + 2𝑠𝑓{x} = (𝑠−1)(𝑠 2+1)
 15𝑠2−20𝑠+5−2𝑠3−2𝑠+𝑠2+1)
𝑓{x} = 𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠 2+1)

2𝑠3−16𝑠2+22s)
=
𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)

2𝑠3−16𝑠2+22s)
x = 𝑓−1 = 𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠 2+1)

Let

2𝑠3−16𝑠2+22s) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
== + 𝐷𝑠+𝐸 +
𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1) 𝑠 (𝑠−2) (𝑠−1) + (𝑠2+1)
𝐴 𝑠−2 𝑠−1 (𝑠 +1)+𝐵𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠 +1)+𝐶𝑠(𝑠−2)(𝑠2+1)+𝐷𝑠+𝐸(𝑠)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)
( )( ) 2 2
=
𝑠 (𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)

Which 2𝑠3 − 16𝑠2 + 22𝑠 − 6 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) +

𝐶𝑠(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐷𝑠 + 𝐸(𝑠)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1)

When s = 0: –6 = A(–1)(–2)(1) A = –3

When s = 1: –1 + 9 – 6 – 6 = B(1)(–1)(2) B=2

When s = 2: –8 + 36 – 12 – 6 = C(2)(1)(5) C=1

Equating coefficients:

𝑠4 0=A+B+C+D D=0

𝑠3 –1 = –3A – 2B – C – 3D + E

–1 = 9 – 4 – 1 + 0 + E E = –5

Hence,

y =𝑓 −1 {- 3𝑠
+
2
+
1
−
5
}
𝑠 (𝑠−1) (𝑠−2) (𝑠2+1)

y = -3+2𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒2𝑡 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 or y =𝑒2𝑡2𝑒𝑡 − 3 − 5 sin 𝑡

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
3. Solve the following pair of simultaneous differential equations: 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑦
+ 2 = 𝑥 given that
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥
t = 0, x = 4, y = = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =0
2,

Solution:

2 s 𝑓{x} – sx(0) – x′(0)] + 2𝑓{x} = 𝑓{y}

2 s 𝑓{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] + 2𝑓{y} = 𝑓{x}

Hence,

x(0) = 4 and x′(0)

[𝑠2 𝑓{x}-4s]+2 𝑓{x}= 𝑓{y}

y(0) = 2 and y′(0) = 0

[𝑠2 𝑓{y}-2s]+2 𝑓{y}= 𝑓{x}

(𝑠2 + 2) 𝑓{x} – 𝑓{y} = 4s

-𝑓{x} +(𝑠2 + 2) 𝑓{x}=2

(𝑠2 + 2) (2)𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠– ( s2 + 2)2 𝑓{x} + ( s2 + 2) ( s2 + 2)𝑓{y} = 2s( s2 + 2)

(1) + (3)gives: [s2 + 2𝑠)2 − 1 ] 𝑓{y} = 2s( 𝑠2 + 2) + 4s

(𝑠4 + 4𝑠2 + 3) 𝑓{y} = 2𝑠3 + 8𝑠

2𝑠3+8𝑠
𝑓{y}={
2𝑠3+8𝑠
(𝑠4+4𝑠2+3) }={(𝑠2+3)(𝑠2+1)}

y = 𝑓−1 { 2𝑠3+8𝑠
(𝑠2+3)(𝑠2+1) }
Let,
2𝑠3+8𝑠 𝐴𝑠+ 𝐴𝑠+𝐵)(𝑠2+1)+(𝐶𝑠+𝐷)(𝑠2+3)
- = 𝐶𝑆+𝐷
(𝑠2+3)(𝑠2+1) 𝐵 + (𝑠2+1) = (𝑠2+3)(𝑠1+1)
(𝑠 2+3)

From which

2𝑠3 + 8𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠2 + 1)(𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠2 + 3)

Equating coefficients

𝑠 3= 2=A+C

𝑠 3= 0=B+D

𝑠= 8 = A + 3C

(6) – (4) gives: 6 = 2C C = 3

and from (4) A = 2 – C A = –1

Equating constant terms: 0 = B + 3D

(7) – (5) gives: 0 = 2D D = 0 and from (5), B = 0

Hence,
−1 𝑠
3𝑠 } = 𝑓 {− }
y =𝑓 −1 {(𝑠2−𝑠
+3) + (𝑠 +1)
2 (𝑠2+( √3)2

y = − cos(√3𝑡) + 3 cos 𝑡 or y = 3 cos 𝑡 − cos(√3𝑡)

 𝑑𝑦
If y = 3 cos 𝑡 – cos(√3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= −3 sin 𝑡 + √3𝑠𝑖𝑛√3𝑡
then
𝑑 2𝑦
= −3 cos 𝑡 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡2 √

Since from one of the original equations,

𝑑 2𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑡2

= −3 cos 𝑡 + 3 cos(√3𝑡) + 6 cos 𝑡 − 2 cos(√3𝑡)

𝑥 = 3 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(√3𝑡)

4. Solve the simultaneous equations using Laplace transforms, dx/dt = 2x – 3y, dy/dt = y – 2x subject
to x(0) = 8 and y(0) = 3\

x′ (t) – 2x (t) + 3y (t)=0

2x (t) + y′ (t) – y (t)=0

Taking laplace both sides

L [x′ (t)] – 2L[x (t)] + 3L[y(t)] = 0

2L [x(t)] + L[y′(t)] – L[ y(t)] = 0
sLx(t) – x (0) – 2Lx(t) + 3L y(t)=0
Using initial values,
Since, x(0) = 8, and y(0) = 3
(s – 2) Lx(t) + 3Ly (t) = 8
2Lx(t) + (s – 1) Ly(t) = 3
Solving the Eqns. (1) and (2)
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)𝐿𝑥 (𝑡) + 3(𝑠 − 1)𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 8(𝑠 − 1)
6𝐿𝑥(𝑡) + 3(𝑠 − 1)𝐿𝑦(𝑡) = 9

Subtracting, we get 𝑠2 − 3𝑠 − 4)𝐿𝑥(𝑡) = 8𝑠 − 17

8𝑠−17
𝐿𝑥(𝑡) =
𝑠2−3𝑠−4

Therefore,

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 8𝑠−17

2 ]
𝑠 −3𝑠−4

Let
 8𝑠−17 𝐴 𝑩
= +
𝑠2−3𝑠−4 𝑠−4 𝒔+𝟏

8s-17 = A(s+1) + B(s-4)

Equating coefficients

S=4 A=3

S=-1 B=5
1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 3𝐿−1 [ ]+5𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠−4 (𝑠+1)

𝑥(𝑡) = 3𝑒4𝑡 + 5𝑒−𝑡

Consider,
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
𝑑𝑡

1
𝑦 = [2𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1
[2𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑡] = 3 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑥
= 12𝑒4𝑡 − 5𝑒−𝑡
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑦(𝑡) = [2(3𝑒4𝑡 + 5𝑒−𝑡) − (12𝑒4𝑡 − 5𝑒−𝑡)]
3
1
= (−6𝑒4𝑡 + 15𝑒−𝑡)
3

𝑦(𝑡) = 5𝑒−𝑡 − 2𝑒4𝑡

5.) Solve the following simultaneous differential equations, subject to the initial conditions x = −1, y = 2
at t = 0 . 𝑑
= 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Taking laplace transforms

𝑓{x} – sx(0) – x(0)] + 2𝑓{x} = 𝑓{y} (𝑠𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑓{y} – sy(0) – y′(0)] + 2𝑓{y} = 𝑓{x} (𝑠𝑦 − 2) = 5𝑥 − 𝑦)

Equations
(𝑠 − 1)𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −1 (𝑠 − 1)𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −1
(𝑠 + 1)𝑦 − 5𝑥 = 2 −5𝑥 + (𝑠 + 1)𝑦 = 2
Using matrices
𝑠−1 2 −1
[ −5 ] [𝑥 ]=[ ]
𝑠+1 𝑦 2
𝑥 1 𝑠 + 1 −2 −1
[𝑦] = [ ][ ]
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)+10 5 𝑠−1 2
𝑥] =
[𝑦
1
−(𝑠 + 1) −4
2
𝑠 +9 [ −5 +2(𝑠 − 1)]

𝑥
[𝑦 𝑠+5
] = [ −2𝑠−7
𝑠2+9
]
𝑠2+9

Integrating each term

𝑠+5 −𝑠 5
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑓 −1 {− } = 𝑓 −1{ − }
(𝑠2+9) (𝑠2+9) (𝑠2+9)
𝑠 5 3
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑓 −1 − −
{ (𝑠2+9) (
2
}
3 𝑠 +9
5
𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
3
2𝑠−7 𝑠 7
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑓 −1
[ ]= 𝑓 −1 [2 ( )− ]
(𝑠2+9) (𝑠2+9) (𝑠2+9)
𝑠
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑓 −1[2 ( )−
7 3
2 ( )]
3 𝑠 2+4
(𝑠 +9)

𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 7
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
6. Solve the following simultaneous differential equations, subject to the initial conditions x = 0, y = 0 at
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
t = 0. + 𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solution:

Write in compact notation and take laplace transforms in t

1
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦(0) − 𝑥 =
𝑠−1
1
𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥(0) + 𝑦 =
𝑠+1

1
=𝑠𝑦 − 𝑥 =
𝑠−1
1
=𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑠+1
𝑠
= 𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑥 =
𝑠−1
1
= 𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑠+1
𝑠
(𝑠2 + 1)𝑦 =
𝑠−1 1
+ 𝑠−1
(𝑠2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠2 + 𝑠 + 𝑠 − 1

(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)

𝑠2+2𝑠−1
𝑦 = (𝑠2+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)
𝑠2+2𝑠−1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
Let = + +
(𝑠2+1)(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1) 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠2+1

𝑠2 + 2𝑠 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + (𝑠2 − 1)(𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)

Equating Coefficients
1
𝑠=1 2=4B B=
2
1
𝑠 = −1 -2 = 4A A=
2

𝑠=0 -1 = -A+B-D

𝐷 = 1−𝐴+𝐵 = 1− 1+1
2 2

𝐷=1
 𝑠=2 4 + 4 − 1 = 5𝐴 + 15𝐵 + 3(2𝐶 + 𝐷)
5 15
7= + + 3(2𝐶 + 1)
2 2

7 = 10 + 3(2𝐶 + 1)
−3 = 3(2𝐶 + 1)

−1 = 2𝐶 + 1

−2 = 2𝐶
𝐶 = −1

1 1 𝑠−1
2 2
𝑦= + −
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠2+1
1 1
𝑦= ( 1 1
)+ ( )−( )+( )
1 𝑠

2 𝑠−1 2 𝑠−1 𝑠 2+1 𝑠 2+1

1 𝑡 1 −𝑡
𝑦= 𝑒 + 𝑒 − cos 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
2 2

𝑦 = cosh 𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡

Or
𝑑𝑦
𝑥= − 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡

𝑥 = 12 𝑒𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
1

𝑥 = − 12 𝑒𝑡 − 12 𝑒 −𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

7. Solve the following simultaneous differential equations, subject to the initial conditions x =1, y = 3 at
t = 0. 𝑑𝑥 2
=𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑦 − 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 2
Solution:

𝑦′ = 3𝑦 − 3
𝑥 2
2
𝑥′ = 𝑥 + 3 𝑦
3
𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦(0) = 3𝑦 − 𝑥
2
2
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 (0 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
3
 𝑠𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑦 − 3
2𝑥
2
𝑠𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 𝑦
3
3
(𝑠 − 3)𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 𝑥(𝑠 − 1)
2
2 3
(𝑠 − 1)𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 𝑥
3 2
3
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 − 1)𝑦 = 3(𝑠 − 1) − (𝑠 − 1)𝑥
2
3
3
+ 𝑦 = (𝑠 − 1)𝑥
2 2
=( )( ) 3
( )
𝑠−3 𝑠 − 1 𝑦 + + 𝑦 = 3 𝑠 − 1
2
3
= (𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 3)𝑦 + 𝑦 = 3(𝑠 − 1) −
2
9
=(𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4)𝑦 = 3𝑠 −
2

3𝑠
𝑦= − 9
𝑠2+4𝑠+4 2
𝑠2+4𝑠+4

3𝑠
𝑦= − 9
(𝑠−2)2 2
(𝑠−2)2

3
𝑦= 9
𝑠−2 𝑠
[ ]− 2
𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2

3
𝑦= 9
𝑠−2 2 𝑠
[ + ]−
𝑠−2 𝑠−2 𝑠−2 (𝑠−2) 2

3
𝑦= 9
𝑠−2 2
[1 + ]− 𝑠
𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)2

9
𝑠3
𝑦 =+𝑠−2(𝑠−2)
− 2
 8. Solve the above simultaneous differential equations, subject to the initial conditions x
= 0 , y =1 at t = 0 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 + 2𝑒−𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Rewrite the about system in matrix notation

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑜𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑒−𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 0𝑒−𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 0 1 𝑥 2 −𝑡
→ (𝑦̇) = ( ) (𝑦) + 0) 𝑒
( −2 − 3

→ 𝑥̇ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒−𝑡

Taking Laplace Transforms of the above

1
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥(0) = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑏 ( )
𝑠+1
𝑏
𝑠𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑥(0) +
𝑠+1
𝑏
[𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]𝑥 = 𝑥(0) +
𝑠+1
𝑏
[𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]−1[𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]𝑥 = [𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]−1 [𝑥(0) + ]
𝑠+1
𝑏
𝑥 = [𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]−1 [𝑥(0) + ]
𝑠+1
𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑓−1 [[𝐼𝑠 − 𝐴]−1 (𝑥(0) + )
𝑠 + 1]

−1 𝑠 0 1 −1
0 2 1
0
𝑥=𝑓 [( ))+ ( ]]]
[[( )−( ) 1 0 𝑠+1
0 𝑠 −2 −3

𝑠 −1 −1 2
𝑥=𝑓 −1
[( ) (𝑠 + 1)]
2 𝑠+3
1
2
1 𝑠+3 1
𝑥 = 𝑓−1 [ ( ) (𝑠 +
𝑠(𝑠 + 3) + 2 −2 𝑠 1)]
1
 𝖥 2(𝑠 + 3
1
1 +1
𝑥=𝑓 −1
[ 𝑠+1 ]
𝑠2 + 3𝑠 + 2 −4
I +𝑠 I
[ 𝑠+1 ]
1
𝑥 = 𝑓−1 [ 2(𝑠 + 3) + (𝑠 + 1)
2 [ ]]
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3𝑠 + 2) −4 + 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
1
𝑥 = 𝑓−1 [ 3𝑠 + 7
)]
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) (𝑠2 + 𝑠 − 4
3𝑠 + 7
(𝑠 + 1)2(𝑠 + 2)
𝑥 = 𝑓−1
𝑠2 + 𝑠 − 4
[(𝑠 + 1)2(𝑠 + 2)]
Integrating by Partial Fraction
3𝑠 + 7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= 2
+ +
(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠+1 𝑠+2

3𝑠 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)2

 If 𝑠 = −1 → 4 = 𝐴

 If 𝑠 = −2 → 1 = 𝐶
4
𝑥 = 𝑓−1 [ 1 1
(𝑠 + − + ]
1)2 𝑠+1 𝑠+2

𝑥 = 4𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒−2𝑡

And Similarly
𝑠2+𝑠−4
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑠+1)2(𝑠+2) = (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2
𝑠2 + 𝑠 − 4 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)2

 If 𝑠 = −1 → −4 = 𝐴

 If 𝑠 = −2 → −2 = 𝐶

 If 𝑠 = 0 → −4 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶

→ −4 = −8 + 2𝐵 − 2

→ 6 = 2𝐵
→𝐵=3
4
𝑦 = 𝑓−1 [− 3 2 ]→→
(𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2
𝑦 = −4𝑡𝑒−𝑡 + 3𝑒−𝑡 − 2𝑒−2𝑡

2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
9. =15 - 9y + 22𝑒 and 𝑡
= 2x + 𝑒3𝑡 t=0 x=2 y=-3
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡2

𝑑𝑥
= 10 𝑑𝑦
= -1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

X = 15y-9y+22𝑒𝑡 𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 = (𝑠(𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦) − 9 y+ 22

𝑠−1

Y = 2x + 𝑒3𝑡 𝑠2y-sy-y=2x+ 1
𝑠−3
22
𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠 − 10 = 15𝑠𝑦 + 15 − 9𝑦 +
𝑠−1
22
𝑠2𝑦 + 3𝑠 + 1 = 2𝑥 +
𝑠−3

𝑠2𝑥 = (15𝑠 − 9)𝑦 + 2𝑠 + 15𝑠 = 15𝑠𝑦 + 15 − 9𝑦 + 22

𝑠−1 𝑥2
22
2x=𝑠2𝑦 + 3𝑠 + 1 = 2𝑥 −
𝑠−3 x𝑠2

2𝑠2𝑥 = 6(5s-3)y + 4s +110+ 44

𝑠−1
𝑠2
2𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑠4+3𝑠3 + 𝑠2 −
𝑠−3

𝑠2
6(5s-3)y+4s+110+ 44 =𝑠4y +3𝑠3 + 𝑠2 −
𝑠−1 𝑠−3
𝑠2
[6(5𝑠 − 3) − 𝑠4]𝑦 =3𝑠3 + 𝑠2 − 4𝑠 − 110 −
𝑠−3 44
- 𝑠−1
𝑠2
[30𝑠 − 18 − 𝑠4]y = 3𝑠3 + 𝑠2 − 4𝑠 − 110 −
𝑠−3 44
- 𝑠−1
 2
(𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)𝑦= 𝑠
3 2
(𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑦 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐵𝑦 (𝑠 −
- 𝑠−1 - 3𝑠 − 𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 110
44
𝑠−3
1)(𝑠 − 3))

(s-1)(s-3) (𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)y = 𝑠2(s-1) +44(s-3) . ( 3𝑠3 + 𝑠2 − 4𝑠 − 110)(𝑠2 − 4𝑠+3)

(s-1)(s-3) ((𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)y = 𝑠3-𝑠2+44s - 132 - (𝑠2 − 4𝑠+3)(3𝑠3 − 𝑠2 − 4𝑠 − 110)

(s-1)(s-3) (𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)y = 𝑠3-𝑠2+44s - 132 3𝑠5 + 𝑠4 - 4𝑠3 − 1102

-12𝑠4-4𝑠3 + 16𝑠2+440s

4𝑠3 + 3𝑠2 - 12s - 330

−3𝑠5+11𝑠4 +90𝑠2−384𝑠+198
(𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)y =
(s−1)(s−3)

By inspection of [𝑠5]&[𝑠0]
(𝑠4−30𝑠+18)(−3𝑠+11)
(𝑠4 − 30𝑠 + 18)y = (s−1)(s−3)
11−3𝑠
y=
(s−1)(s−3)

−4 1
y =𝑠−1+𝑠−3
Therefore y = 𝑒3𝑡 - 4𝑒𝑡

1 𝑑2𝑦
Now x = [ − 𝑒3𝑡]
2 𝑑𝑡2
1
X = [(9𝑒3𝑡 − 4𝑒𝑡) − 𝑒3𝑡]
2
1
X = [ 8𝑒3𝑡 − 4𝑒𝑡]
2

X = 4𝑒3𝑡 - 2𝑒𝑡
 10. Solve the Simultaneous differential equations
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
+ 5x - 2y = t

; subject to x(0) = 0 =y (0)

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 + 2x + y = 0
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 + 5x - 2y = t

X’ + 5x - 2y = t.........................(1)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 + 2x + y = 0
Y’ + 2x + y = 0..........................(2)

Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the two equations,

𝑓(X’ + 5x - 2y) = 𝑓(t)

[𝑠𝑓(x) − x(0)] + 5𝑓(x) - 2𝑓(y) = 𝑓(t)
1
s𝑓(x) -0 + 5𝑓(x) - 2𝑓(y) =
𝑠2
1
(s+5)𝑓(x) - 2𝑓(y) = (a)
𝑠2.......................................
Also,
𝑓(y’ + 2x + y) = 0
[𝑠𝑓(y) − y(0)] + 2𝑓(x) + 𝑓(y) = 0

s𝑓(y) - 0 + 2𝑓(x) + 𝑓(y) = 0

−(𝑠 +1)𝑓(y)
: (s + 1)𝑓(y) = [ ]......................(b)
2
Substitute eq. (b) into eq. (a)
−(𝑠 +1)𝑓(y) 1
(s + 5) [ ] - 2𝑓(y) =
2 𝑠2
2
-(s + 5)(s + 1) 𝑓(y) - 4𝑓(y) =
𝑠2
2
(s + 5)(s + 1) 𝑓(y) + 4𝑓(y) = -
𝑠2
2
(𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 5 + 4) 𝑓(y) = -
2

𝑠2
2
(𝑠2 + 6𝑠 + 9) 𝑓(y) = -
𝑠2
2
𝑓(y) = [ ]
2 2
𝑠 (𝑠 +6𝑠 +9)
2
𝑓(y) =
𝑠2(𝑠 + 3)2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Then, 𝑓(y) = + + +
𝑠 𝑠2 (𝑠+3) (𝑠 + 3)2

Considering the partial functions,

2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
- = + + +
𝑠2(𝑠 + 3) 2 𝑠 𝑠2 (𝑠+3) (𝑠 + 3)2

-2 = As (𝑠 + 3)2 + 𝐵 (𝑠 + 3)2 + C (s2)(𝑠 + 3)2 + Ds2

When s = 0, When s = -3,

-2 = B(3)2 -2 = D(3)2
2 2
B=- D=-
9 9

Coefficient of s: Coefficient of s3:

0 = 9A +6B 0=A+C
2 4
0 = 9A + 6(- ) 0=− +C
9 27
4 4
A= C=−
27 27

Hence, substituting the constant A, B, C & D,

4 2 −427 2
𝑓(y) = [ 27 ] + [− 9] + [ ]+[ −9 ]
𝑠 s2 (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 +3)2

4 1 1 2 4 2 1
𝑓−1( ) - 𝑓 −1 ( ) − 𝑓−1 ( 1 ) - 𝑓 [
−1
Y= ]
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠+3 2
27 27 9 (𝑠 + 3)
9
 4 2
Y= (1) - 2(t) - 4 −3𝑡 - −3𝑡 (t)
𝑒 𝑒
27 9 27 9

Therefore,
4 2 4 2
Y= - t- 𝑒−3𝑡 - 9t 𝑒−3𝑡
27 9 27

To get the value of c, substitute 𝑓(y) into eq. (b):

−2
−(𝑠 + 1)

𝑓(x) = [ 𝑠2(𝑠 + 3)
2
2 ]

(𝑠 + 1)
𝑓(x) =
𝑠2(𝑠 + 3)2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑓(x) = + + +
𝑠 𝑠2 (𝑠+3) (𝑠 + 3)2

Considering the partial functions,

(𝑠 + 1)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑠2(𝑠 + 3)2 = 𝑠 + 𝑠 2 + (𝑠+3) + (𝑠 + 3)2

(s +1) = As (𝑠 + 3)2 + 𝐵 (𝑠 + 3)2 + C (s2)(𝑠 + 3)2 + Ds2

When s = 0, when s = -3

1 = B(3)2 -2 = D(−3)2
1 2
B= D=-
9 9

Coefficient of 𝑠2: Coefficient of 𝑠3:

0 = 6A + B + 3C + D -2 = D(−3)2
1 2 2
0 = 6A + 9
+ 3(-A) - 9 D=- 9
1
0 = 3A -
9
1 1
A= , so that C = -
27 27

Hence substituting the constants A, B, C, & D,

1 1 1
−27 −92
𝑓(x) = [ 27 ] + [ 9 ] + [ ]+[ ]
𝑠 s2 (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 +3)2

1 1 1 1 1 2 1
x= 𝑓−1( ) + 𝑓 −1 (− ) − 𝑓−1 (
1 ) - 𝑓−1 [ ]
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠+3 2
27 9 27 9 (𝑠 + 3)
1 1
X= + 1
𝑒−3𝑡- 𝑡𝑒−3𝑡
2
(t) -
27 9 27 9
 1 1 1
X= + 9t - 27 𝑒−3𝑡- 2 𝑡𝑒−3𝑡 9
27

Therefore, the values of x and y are

1 1
X= + 1 −3𝑡 2 4 2 4
t- 𝑒 - 𝑡𝑒−3𝑡 and Y= - t- 2
𝑒−3𝑡 - 9t 𝑒−3𝑡
27 9 27 9 27 9 27

11. Simulatneous differential equations solved using Laplace transform method.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solve +y=0 and -x=0 under the condition x(0) 1, y =(0) = 0.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
Solution. X’ + y =
0 Y’ - x =
0
Taking the Laplace transform of (1) and (2) we get
[𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥(0)] + y = 0
[𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦(0)]- x = 0
On substituting the values of x (0) and y (0) in (3) and (4) we get;
Sx-1+y=0
Sy-x=0
Solving (5) and (6) for x and y we get:
𝑠 1
X= ,y=
2 𝑠 +1 𝑠2+1
−1 𝑠 1
On inversion, we obtain: x = 𝑓 ( ), y = 𝑓−1 ( )
2 2
𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
Ans. X = cos t, y = sin t

12. Solve 𝑑𝑥
+ y = 𝑒𝑡 ,
𝑑𝑥
+ x = sin t given: x (0) = 1, y(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
Solution.

X’ - y = 𝑒𝑡
Y’ + x = sin
t
Taking the Laplace Transform of (1) and (2), we
1
get: [𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥(0)] - y =
𝑠2−1
1
[𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑦(0)] + 𝑥 =
𝑠2+1
On substituting the values of x(0) and y(0) in (3) and (4) we get;
1
Sx-y= 2
𝑠 −1
1
Sy+x=
𝑠2+1
On Solving (5) and (6), we get:
𝑠4+𝑠2+𝑠−1 1 1 1 𝑠−1 1
X = (𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)2 = 2 𝑠−1 + 2 𝑠2+1 + (𝑠2+1)2
3 2
−𝑠 +𝑠 +−2𝑠 1 1 1 𝑠−1 1
Y= =-
(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+1)2 2 𝑠−1 + 2 (𝑠2+1) + (𝑠2+1)2
On inversion of (7), we obtain;
1
X= 𝑓−1 1
−1 1
2
1
𝑠−1 + 2 𝑓−1 𝑠2𝑠+1 21 𝑓−1+ 𝑠21+1 + 𝑓 (𝑠2+1)
2
1 𝑡 1 1 1 1
= 𝑒 + cos t + sin t + (sin t - cos t) = [𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡]
𝑡

2 2 2 2 2
On inversion of (8), we get;
1
Y=- 𝑓−1 1
𝑠
𝑠+
1
𝑓−1 −
1
1
𝑓−1 + 𝑓−1
2
2 𝑠−1 2 𝑠2+1 2 𝑠2+1 2
(𝑠 +1)
1 𝑡 1 1 1
Y= 𝑒 + cos
- t sin t + t sin t
2 2 2 2
1
Ans. Y = 2 [−𝑒𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡]
13. Simultaneous ordinary differential equations.
Solve
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 and - y + 2x =0 subjected to x(0)=8, y(0)=3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
Eq.1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡
X’ - 2x + 3y = 0
𝑑𝑦
Eq.2. - y + 2x =0
𝑑𝑡
Y’ - y + 2x = 0
Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

𝑓(x’ -2x + 3y) = 0

[𝑠𝑓(x) − x (0)] - 2 𝑓(x) + 3𝑓(y) = 0
s𝑓(x) - 8 -2𝑓(x) + 3𝑓(y) = 8 eq.1.

𝑓(y’-y+2x)=0
[𝑠𝑓(y) − y(0)] - 𝑓(y) + 2𝑓(x) = 0
S 𝑓(x) - 8 - 2𝑓(x) + 3𝑓(y) = 0
(s-1) 𝑓(y) + 2𝑓(x) = 3
3−(s−1) 𝑓(y)
𝑓(x) = eq. 2
2

Substitute
3 −(𝑠−1) 𝑓(y)
[(𝑠 − 2) [ ] + 3𝑓(y) = 8]2
2
3(s-2) - (s-2)(s-1)𝑓(y) + 6𝑓(y) = 16
3s-6 - (𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑓(y) + 6 𝑓(y) = 16
(-𝑠2 + 3s - 2+6)𝑓(y) = 16 + 6 - 3s
(-𝑠2 + 3s -+4)𝑓(y) = 22- 3s
-(𝑠2 - 3s - 2-4)𝑓(y) = 22- 3s
3𝑠 − 22
𝑓(y) = (𝑠2−3𝑠−4)
3𝑠 − 22
𝑓(y) = (𝑠−4)(𝑠+1)
 𝐴 𝐵
𝑓(y)= +
(𝑠−4) (𝑠+1)

Consider the Partial Fractions

3𝑠−22 𝐴
[ = 𝐵 ](s-4)(s+1)
(𝑠−4)(𝑠+1) (𝑠−4) + (𝑠+1)
3s-22 = A(s+1) + B(s-4)
S+1=0 S-4=0
S=-1 S=4
@S=-1
3(-1)-22 = B(-1-4)
-25 = B(-5)
B=5
@S=4
3(4)-22= A(4+1)
-10 = A(5)
A= -2

14. Using the Laplace transforms,solve the D.E.

(D+1)y1 + (D-1)y2 = 𝑒−𝑡
(D+2)y1 +(D+1)y2 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑
Where D= 𝑑𝑡 and y1(0) = 1, y2(0) =0
Solution:
(D+1)y1 + (D-1)y2=𝑒−𝑡
(D+2)y1 + (D+1)y2= 𝑒𝑡
Multiply (1) by (D+1) and (2) by (D-1) we get:
(𝐷 + 1)2𝑦1 + (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦2 = (𝐷 + 1)𝑒−𝑡
(D-1)(D+2)y1 +(𝐷2 − 1)y2 = (D-1)𝑒𝑡
Subtracting (4) from (3) we
get: (𝐷2=2D+1-𝐷2-D+2)y1 = (𝑒−𝑡+𝑒−𝑡) - (𝑒𝑡-𝑒𝑡)
(D+3)y1= 0 or Dy1 + 3 y1 = 0
Taking Laplace Transform we have: sy1-y1(0)+33 y1 = 0
1
(s+3)y1 = 1 or y1= or y1 = 𝑒−3𝑡
𝑠+3
Putting the value of y1 in (1) we get :
(𝐷 + 1)𝑒−3𝑡+(D-1)y2 = 𝑒−𝑡
3𝑒−3𝑡+ 𝑒−3𝑡 + (D-1)y2 = 𝑒−𝑡
(D-1)y2 = 𝑒−𝑡+2 𝑒−3𝑡 or Dy2-y2 = 2 𝑒−3𝑡
Taking the Laplace Transform, we get:
1 2
Sy2-y2(0)-y2= +
𝑠+1 𝑠+3
1 2
(s-1)y2 = +
𝑠+1 𝑠+3
1 2
Y2= +
𝑠2−1 𝑠2+2𝑠−3
 1 2
Y2=𝑓−1 [ + ]

Y2=sinh t + 𝑒−𝑡 sinh 2t 𝑠2−1 (𝑠+1)2−(2)2

Y1 = 𝑒−3𝑡 and y2 = sinh t + 𝑒−𝑡 sinh 2t Ans.

15. Using the Laplace Transforms, solve the initial value

problem. y1’’ = y1 +3y2
Y2’’ = 4y1 -4𝑒𝑡
Y1(0) =2, y’1(0)=3, y2(0) = 1y’2(0)=2

Solution: y1”=y1+3y2
Y2”=4y1 -4𝑒𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform of (10 and (2), we get :
𝑠2𝑦1 − 𝑠𝑦1(0) − 𝑦1′(0) = 𝑦1 + 3𝑦2
4
𝑠2𝑦2 − 𝑠𝑦2(0) − 𝑦2(0) = 4𝑦1 −
𝑠−1
Putting the values of y1(0), y’(0), y2(0), y’2(0) in (3) and (4), we get:
𝑠2𝑦1-2s-3=y1+3y2 or (𝑠2-1)y1-3y2=2s+3
4 4
𝑠2𝑦2-s-2=4y1- or 4y1 - sy2 = - s-2
𝑠−1 𝑠−1
On solving (5) and (6), we
get: (2𝑠−3)(𝑠2+3)(𝑠+3) 2𝑠−3 1 1
Y1= = = +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠2+3)(𝑠2−4) (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
𝑡 2𝑡
Y1=𝑒 +𝑒
(𝑠+2)(𝑠2+3) 1
Y2= = y2=𝑒2𝑡 Ans.
(𝑠2+3)(𝑠2−4) 𝑠−2