Reserve Questions and Problems Solutions Manual

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Reserve Problem 01a (question pool)

Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is
simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best
example of a material property?

(a) Density

(b) Annealing

(c) Forging

(d) Single-crystal

(e) Crystalline

Solution:
Material structure refers to the arrangement of a material’s constituent atoms, ions, molecules, etc.
Material properties are typically either conceptual traits or specific numeric values that describe a
material’s response to applied stimuli. A few examples of numeric property examples are density,
elastic modulus, hardness, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity. A few conceptual properties
include brittle, ductile, and toughness.

Material processing refers to conditions, stimuli, and situations that a material is exposed to, such as
manufacturing steps such as melting & casting, annealing, forging, rolling, cutting, extrusion. It is
often convenient to consider service conditions as processing parameters as well, since factors like
operating temperature, ambient atmosphere, humidity, etc. may further influence a material’s
structure, properties, and performance.

Material performance & behavior typically pertains to how a material responds while in service.

Example: A polycrystalline (structure) steel specimen that has been carburized (processing) should
exhibit a higher surface hardness (property) compared to un-carburized steel. The surface of the
carburized steel specimen will therefore be more difficult to cut or abrade (performance / behavior).
A thin steel specimen that has been quenched from a glowing red-hot temperature (processing) is
expected to form martensite (structure), the hardest and most brittle form of steel (property). If the
quenched specimen is subsequently loaded, it will not exhibit much strain prior to failure
(performance / behavior).

In this case (b) and (c) are process options, (d) is a conceptual property, and (e) is a structural
description.

Reserve Problem 02a (question pool)

Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is
simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best
example of material processing?

(a) Extrusion

(b) Crystalline

(c) Amorphous

(d) Glassy

(e) Elastic Modulus

Solution:
Material structure refers to the arrangement of a material’s constituent atoms, ions, molecules, etc.
Material properties are typically either conceptual traits or specific numeric values that describe a
material’s response to applied stimuli. A few examples of numeric property examples are density,
elastic modulus, hardness, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity. A few conceptual properties
include brittle, ductile, and toughness.

Material processing refers to conditions, stimuli, and situations that a material is exposed to, such as
manufacturing steps such as melting & casting, annealing, forging, rolling, cutting, extrusion. It is
often convenient to consider service conditions as processing parameters as well, since factors like
operating temperature, ambient atmosphere, humidity, etc. may further influence a material’s
structure, properties, and performance.

Material performance & behavior typically pertains to how a material responds while in service.
Example:

A polycrystalline (structure) steel specimen that has been carburized (processing) should exhibit a
higher surface hardness (property) compared to un-carburized steel. The surface of the carburized
steel specimen will therefore be more difficult to cut or abrade (performance / behavior).

A thin steel specimen that has been quenched from a glowing red-hot temperature (processing) is
expected to form martensite (structure), the hardest and most brittle form of steel (property). If the
quenched specimen is subsequently loaded, it will not exhibit much strain prior to failure
(performance / behavior).

In this case (a) is a process, (b), (c), and (d) are structural descriptions and (e) is a property.

Reserve Problem 03a (question pool)

Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is
simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best
example of material structure?

(a) Single-phase

(b) Elastic Modulus

(c) Sintering

(d) Magnetic Permeability

(e) Brittle

Solution:
Material structure refers to the arrangement of a material’s constituent atoms, ions, molecules, etc.

Material properties are typically either conceptual traits or specific numeric values that describe a
material’s response to applied stimuli. A few examples of numeric property examples are density,
elastic modulus, hardness, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity. A few conceptual properties
include brittle, ductile, and toughness.

Material processing refers to conditions, stimuli, and situations that a material is exposed to, such as
manufacturing steps such as melting & casting, annealing, forging, rolling, cutting, extrusion. It is
often convenient to consider service conditions as processing parameters as well, since factors like
operating temperature, ambient atmosphere, humidity, etc. may further influence a material’s
structure, properties, and performance.

Material performance & behavior typically pertains to how a material responds while in service.
Example:

A polycrystalline (structure) steel specimen that has been carburized (processing) should exhibit a
higher surface hardness (property) compared to un-carburized steel. The surface of the carburized
steel specimen will therefore be more difficult to cut or abrade (performance / behavior).

A thin steel specimen that has been quenched from a glowing red-hot temperature (processing) is
expected to form martensite (structure), the hardest and most brittle form of steel (property). If the
quenched specimen is subsequently loaded, it will not exhibit much strain prior to failure
(performance / behavior).

In this case (a) is a structural description, (b), (d), and (e) are properties, and (c) is a process.

Reserve Problem 04a (question pool)

Which class of material is generally associated with the highest density values at room temperature?

(a) Composites

(b) Ceramics

(c) Metals

(d) Polymers

Solution:
Metals tend to be the most dense material class because (i) the atoms are generally heavy and (ii) the
heavy atoms tend to pack fairly efficiently

Reserve Problem 05a (question pool)

By how many orders of magnitude (powers of ten, approximately) does density vary for metals?

(a) 0.13

(b) 1.3

(c) 13

(d) 130
Solution:
3 3
Fig. 1.4 indicates that the density of metals ranges from about 1 g/cm to about 30 g/cm .
3
The change from 1 to 10 g/cm is 1 order of magnitude of variation.
3
The change from 10 to 30 g/cm about 0.3 order of magnitude.

The variation in density for metals is therefore about 1.3 orders of magnitude.