09-02-2023

CE355 Geotechnical Engineering - II

INTRODUCTION TO
FOUNDATION
Dr. Sanjit Biswas
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Warangal

Foundation
• Allthe engineered constructions resting on the earth must be carried
by foundations which is also called substructures.

• The role of the foundation to transmit the load that are coming from
the superstructure in to the soil. Foundation should transmit the load
in such a way that the supporting soil is not overstressed and not
undergo excessive deformations that could cause serviceability
problem to the structure.

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Types of Foundation

1. Shallow Foundation
2. Deep foundation

• A Shallow Foundation Transmit the load to the soil strata at relatively small
depth than the deep foundation.
• The load carrying capacity of the shallow is generally less than the deep
foundation. Deep foundation some time used to reduce settlement.
• As per the Terzaghi’s approximate criterion, a shallow foundation is laid at a
depth (Df) which is not exceeding the width (B) of the foundation (Df/B < 1).

Types of Foundation
Strip Footing

Shallow Spread Footing

Foundation Combined Footing
Foundation Raft Footing

Deep Pile Foundation

Foundation Well Foundation

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Types of Shallow Foundation

• Strip
or Continuous Footing - Its length is much greater than its
width (L >> B). Generally used below walls.

Types of Shallow Foundation

• Spread or Isolated Footing - This type of footing is used to support
a single column. The shape of the foundation is generally circular
square or rectangle.

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Types of Shallow Foundation

• Combined Footing - This type of footing is used to support a line of
two or more columns. The combined footing can be divided into
three different categories.

1. Rectangular Combined Footing

2. Trapezoidal Combined Footing
3. Strap Combined Footing

Types of Shallow Foundation

Rectangular Combined Footing

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Types of Shallow Foundation

Trapezoidal Combined Footing

Types of Shallow Foundation

Strap Combined Footing

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Types of Shallow Foundation

• Itis necessary to made the combined footing geometry in such a
way that the application of resultant force coming from all the
columns coincide with the center of the footing area which results
uniform soil pressure distribution. Non-uniform soil pressure
results differential settlement in the structure which leads to
damage of the structure.

Types of Shallow Foundation

• Raft or Mat Footing - A mat foundation is a large concrete slab used to
support more than one column in several lines. It is generally used when
soil has low bearing capacity or column load is high that more than 50 %
of the area is covered by conventional footings. It is common to use the
raft foundation for providing floor slab for the basement.

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Types of Deep Foundation

• Pile Foundation - Piles are long slenderness structural members that
transfer the load to deeper soils. It can have different shapes, cross
sections and made of different materials. Piles are generally used in
groups called pile groups.

Types of Deep Foundation

• Well or Pier Foundation - Its same as piles but
larger in size and hollow in section. The hollow
part is filled with sand or debris. Its is distinct
from pile by method of construction. Its is only
installed by boring.

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Design Criteria
• Bearing Capacity Criterion – A foundation must have safe against
shear failure which means the bearing capacity of the soil should be
more than the stress coming from the foundation.
• Settlement Criterion – Settlement of the foundation must be with in
the permissible limit. Excessive settlement may affect the utility of the
structure, spoil the appearance of the structure and in some cases, may
damage the structure.
• Location and Depth Criterion – As per IS 1904, some additional
criteria needed to follow for shallow foundation.

Design Criteria
Depth Criterion
• A foundation should be located at a minimum depth of 0.5 m below
ground level.
• The foundation should be placed below the zone of volume change
which may be caused due to seasonal weather changes, frost action,
swelling or shrinkage of soil.
• If the foundation is placed in the river, then it should be sufficiently
below the deepest scour level.
• Where there is excavation, pond, water course, water pipe leakage,
filled up ground, soil weakened by root holes or cavities produced
by burrowing animals or similar condition, the foundation shall be
carried down to a depth beyond the detrimental influence of such
conditions.

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Design Criteria
Location Criterion

Design Criteria
Location Criterion