Chuyn bi dng ho hc

hc sinh lp 8-9
nm hc 2008-2009
Chc nng c bn :
- H thng ha kin thc, gip hc sinh nh nhanh,
nh su.
- So snh, tng hp, khi qut ho cc khi nim.
- a ra di dng cc cng thc, s d hiu, kch
thch tnh t m, t tm hiu ca hc sinh.
- Ton b cc dng bi tp theo chng trnh ca B
Gio dc - o to
-
Ngoi ra c th chia axit thnh axit mnh v axit yu

Axit mnh Axit trung bnh Axit yu Axit rt
yu
H

p

c
h

t

v

Oxit (A
x
O
y
)
Axit (H
n
B)
Baz- M(OH)
n
Mui (M
x
B
y
)
Oxit axit: CO
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
, SiO
2
,
P
2
O
5
Oxit baz: Li
2
O, Na
2
O, K
2
O, CaO, BaO,
CuO,Fe
2
O
3
Oxit trung tnh: CO, NO
Oxit lng tnh: ZnO, Al
2
O
3
, Cr
2
O
3

Axit khng c oxi (Hidraxit): HCl, HBr,
H
2
S, HF
Axit c oxi (Oxaxit): HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
.
Baz tan (Kim): NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
,
Ba(OH)
2
Baz khng tan: Mg(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2
,
Fe(OH)
3

Mui axit: NaHSO
4
, NaHCO
3
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Mui trung ho: NaCl, KNO
3
, CaCO
3

PHn loi
HCVC
HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
HCl
H
3
PO
4
H
2
SO
3
CH
3
COOH
H
2
CO
3
H
2
S
oxit oxit axit axit baz baz mui mui
nh nh
ngha ngha
L hp cht ca oxi vi
1 nguyn t khc
L hp cht m phn
t gm 1 hay nhiu
nguyn t H lin kt
vi gc axit
L hp cht m phn
t gm 1 nguyn t
kim loi lin kt vi 1
hay nhiu nhm OH
L hp cht m phn
t gm kim loi lin
kt vi gc axit.
CTHH CTHH
Gi nguyn t trong
oxit l A ho tr n.
CTHH l:
- A
2
O
n
nu n l
- AO
n/2
nu n chn
Gi gc axit l B c
ho tr n.
CTHH l: H
n
B
Gi kim loi l M c
ho tr n
CTHH l: M(OH)
n
Gi kim loi l M, gc
axit l B
CTHH l: M
x
B
y
Tn gi Tn gi
Tn oxit = Tn nguyn
t + oxit
Lu : Km theo ho tr
ca kim loi khi kim
loi c nhiu ho tr.
Khi phi kim c nhiu
ho tr th km tip
u ng.
- Axit khng c oxi:
Axit + tn phi kim +
hidric
- Axit c t oxi: Axit +
tn phi kim + (r)
- Axit c nhiu oxi:
Axit + tn phi kim + ic
(ric)
Tn baz = Tn kim
loi + hidroxit
Lu : Km theo ho
tr ca kim loi khi
kim loi c nhiu ho
tr.
Tn mui = tn kim
loi + tn gc axit
Lu : Km theo ho
tr ca kim loi khi
kim loi c nhiu ho
tr.
TCHH TCHH 1. Tc dng vi nc
- Oxit axit tc dng vi
nc to thnh dd Axit
- Oxit baz tc dng
vi nc to thnh dd
Baz
2. Oxax + dd Baz to
thnh mui v nc
3. Oxbz + dd Axit to
thnh mui v nc
4. Oxax + Oxbz to
thnh mui
1. Lm qu tm
hng
2. Tc dng vi Baz
Mui v nc
3. Tc dng vi oxit
baz mui v nc
4. Tc dng vi kim loi
mui v Hidro
5. Tc dng vi mui
mui mi v axit mi
1. Tc dng vi axit
mui v nc
2. dd Kim lm i
mu cht ch th
- Lm qu tm
xanh
- Lm dd
phenolphtalein
khng mu hng
3. dd Kim tc dng
vi oxax mui v n-
c
1. Tc dng vi axit
mui mi + axit mi
2. dd mui + dd
Kim mui mi +
baz mi
3. dd mui + Kim loi
Mui mi + kim loi
mi
4. dd mui + dd
mui 2 mui mi
5. Mt s mui b
nhit phn
4. dd Kim + dd
mui Mui + Baz
5. Baz khng tan
b nhit phn
oxit + nc
Lu - Oxit lng tnh c th
tc dng vi c dd axit
v dd kim
- HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c c
cc tnh cht ring
- Baz lng tnh c
th tc dng vi c
dd axit v dd kim
- Mui axit c th
phn ng nh 1 axit
Tnh cht ho hc ca cc hp cht v c
+ dd Mui
+ axit
+ dd
baz
+ kim loi
t
0
+ dd mui
t
0
+ axit + Oxax
+ Oxit Baz
+ Baz
+ dd Mui
+ KL + Nc + Nc
O
x
i
t

a
x
i
t
O
x
i
t

b
a
z

Mui
+ nc
axit Kim
Mui
+ dd Axit + dd
Baz
A
x
i
t
Mui + H2O
Q
u

Mui + h
2
Mui + Axit
M
u

i
Baz
Kim k.tan
Q
u

x
a
n
h
P
h
e
n
o
l
p
h
a
l
e
i
n


k
.
m

n
g
Mui + h
2
O
oxit +
h
2
O
M
u

i

+

a
x
i
t
Mui + baz
Mui + mui
Mui + kim
loi
Cc
sn phm
khc nhau
Tchh ca oxit Tchh ca Axit
Tchh ca mui Tchh ca baz
Lu : Thng ch gp 5 oxit baz tan c trong nc l Li
2
O, Na
2
O, K
2
O,
CaO, BaO. y cng l cc oxit baz c th tc dng vi oxit axit.
i vi baz, c cc tnh cht chung cho c 2 loi nhng c
nhng tnh cht ch ca Kim hoc baz khng tan
Mt s loi hp cht c cc tnh cht ho hc ring, trong ny
khng cp ti, c th xem phn c thm hoc cc bi gii thiu
ring trong sgk.
Mui +
baz
Mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c Mi quan h gia cc loi hp cht v c
Cc ph Cc phng trnh ho hc minh ho th ng trnh ho hc minh ho thng gp ng gp
4Al + 3O
2
2Al
2
O
3
CuO + H
2

0
t

Cu + H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
0
t

2Fe + 3CO
2
S + O
2
SO
2
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
Cu(OH)
2

0
t

CuO + H
2
O
CaO + 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ 2NaOH
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
P
2
O
5
+ 6NaOH 2Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
N
2
O
5
+ Na
2
O 2NaNO
3
BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
2HCl + Fe FeCl
2
+ H
2
2HCl + Ba(OH)
2
BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
6HCl + Fe
2
O
3
2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Phn
hu
+ H
2
O
+ dd Kim
+ Oxbz
+ Baz
+ Axit
+ Kim loi
+ dd Kim
+ Axit
+ Oxax
+ dd Mui
t
0
+ H
2
O
+ Axit
+ Oxi + H
2
, CO + Oxi
Mui + h
2
O
Oxit axit Oxit baz
Baz
Kim k.tan
+ Oxax
Kim loi Phi kim
+ Oxbz
+ dd Mui
Axit
Mnh yu
Lu :
- Mt s oxit kim loi nh Al
2
O
3
,
MgO, BaO, CaO, Na
2
O, K
2
O
khng b H
2
, CO kh.
- Cc oxit kim loi khi trng
thi ho tr cao l oxit axit
nh: CrO
3
, Mn
2
O
7
,
- Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra
phi tun theo cc iu
kin ca tng phn ng.
- Khi oxit axit tc dng vi dd
Kim th tu theo t l s
mol s to ra mui axit hay
mui trung ho.
VD:
NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
- Khi tc dng vi H2SO4 c,
kim loi s th hin ho tr
cao nht, khng gii phng
Hidro
VD:
2HCl + CaCO
3
CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
iu ch cc hp cht v c iu ch cc hp cht v c

`
19
20
21
13
14
15
16
17
18
12
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
5
4
Kim loi + oxi
Phi kim + oxi
Hp cht + oxi
oxit
Nhit phn mui
Nhit phn baz
khng tan
Baz
Phi kim + hidro
Oxit axit + nc
Axit mnh + mui
Kim + dd mui
Oxit baz + nc
in phn dd mui
(c mng ngn)
Axit
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t

Fe
3
O
4
2. 4P + 5O
2

0
t

2P
2
O
5
3. CH
4
+ O
2

0
t

CO
2
+
2H
2
O
4. CaCO
3

0
t

CaO + CO
2
5. Cu(OH)
2

0
t

CuO +
H
2
O
6. Cl
2
+ H
2

askt
2HCl
7. SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
8. BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4

+ 2HCl
9. Ca(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3

CaCO
3
+ 2NaOH
10. CaO + H
2
O
Ca(OH)
2
Axit + baz
Oxit baz + dd axit
Oxit axit + dd kim
Oxit axit
+ oxit baz
Dd mui + dd mui
Dd mui + dd kim
Mui + dd axit
Mui
Kim loi + phi kim
Kim loi + dd axit
Kim loi + dd mui
12. Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2H
2
O
13. CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
14. SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
15. CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
16. BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2NaCl
17. CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+
Na
2
SO
4
18. CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O
Tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi
Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi. Dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi.
K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au
(Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng)
ngha:
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
+ O
2
: nhit thng nhit cao Kh phn
ng

K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi nc Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro Khng tc dng.
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi
mui
K B
a
C
a
Na Mg Al Z
n
F
e
N
i
S
n
P
b
H C
u
A
g
H
g
A
u
P
t
+ Axit
+ O
2
+ Phi kim
+ DD Mui
Kim
loi
oxit
Mui
Mui + H
2
Mui + kl
1. 3Fe + 2O
2

0
t

Fe
3
O
4
2. 2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t

2FeCl
3
3. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+
H
2

4. Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
H2, CO khng kh c oxit kh c oxit cc kim loi ny nhit
cao
Ch :
- Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to
thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro.
- Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.
So snh tnh cht ho hc ca nhm v st So snh tnh cht ho hc ca nhm v st
* Ging:
- u c cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi.
- u khng tc dng vi HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c ngui
* Khc:
Tnh cht Al (NTK = 27) Fe (NTK = 56)
Tnh cht
vt l
- Kim loi mu trng, c
nh kim, nh, dn in
nhit tt.
- t
0
nc
= 660
0
C
- L kim loi nh, d dt
mng, do.
- Kim loi mu trng xm,
c nh kim, dn in nhit
km hn Nhm.
- t
0
nc
= 1539
0
C
- L kim loi nng, do nn
d rn.
Tc dng
vi
phi kim
2Al + 3Cl
2

0
t

2AlCl
3
2Al + 3S
0
t

Al
2
S
3
2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t

2FeCl
3
Fe + S
0
t

FeS
Tc dng
vi
axit
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
Tc dng
vi
dd mui
2Al + 3FeSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+
3Fe
Fe + 2AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+
2Ag
Tc dng
vi
dd Kim
2Al + 2NaOH + H
2
O
2NaAlO
2
+
3H
2
Khng phn ng
Hp cht - Al
2
O
3
c tnh lng tnh
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+
3H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH2NaAlO
2
+
H2O
- Al(OH)
3
kt ta dng keo,
l hp cht lng tnh
- FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
u
l cc oxit baz
- Fe(OH)
2
mu trng
xanh
- Fe(OH)
3
mu nu
Kt lun - Nhm l kim loi lng tnh, - St th hin 2 ho tr: II,
c th tc dng vi c dd
Axit v dd Kim. Trong cc
phn ng ho hc, Nhm
th hin ho tr III
III
+ Tc dng vi axit thng
thng, vi phi kim yu, vi
dd mui: II
+ Tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c
nng, dd HNO
3
, vi phi kim
mnh: III
Gang v thp Gang v thp
Gang Thp
/N - Gang l hp kim ca St
vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn
t khc nh Mn, Si, S
(%C=2 5%)
- Thp l hp kim ca St
vi Cacbon v 1 s nguyn
t khc (%C<2%)
Sn xut C + O2
0
t

CO
2
CO
2
+ C
0
t

2CO
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t

2Fe +
3CO
2
4CO + Fe
3
O
4

0
t

3Fe +
4CO
2
CaO + SiO
2

0
t

CaSiO
3
2Fe + O2
0
t

2FeO
FeO + C
0
t

Fe + CO
FeO + Mn
0
t

Fe + MnO
2FeO + Si
0
t

2Fe + SiO
2
Tnh cht Cng, gin Cng, n hi
tnh cht ho hc ca phi kim. tnh cht ho hc ca phi kim.
+ Oxit KL + O
2
Ba dng th hnh ca Cacbon
+ NaOH
+ KOH, t
0
+ NaOH
+ H
2
O
+ Kim loi
+ Hidro
+ Hidro
+ O
2
+ Kim loi
Phi
Kim
Oxit axit
Mui clorua
sn phm kh
Clo
HCl
Oxit kim loi hoc mui
HCl + HClO NaCl +
NaClO
Nc Gia-ven
KCl + KClO
3
cacbon
Kim cng: L cht
rn trong sut, cng,
khng dn in
Lm trang sc,
mi khoan, dao ct
knh
Than ch: L cht
rn, mm, c kh
nng dn in
Lm in cc, cht
bi trn, rut bt
ch
Cacbon v nh
hnh: L cht rn,
xp, khng c kh
nng dn in, c
nh hp ph.
Lm nhin liu, ch
to mt n phng
CO
2
Kim loi + CO
2
Cc phng trnh ho hc ng nh
1. 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
2. Fe + S
0
t

FeS
3. H
2
O + Cl
2
HCl + HClO
4. 2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaClO +
H
2
O
5. 4HCl + MnO
2

0
t

MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+
6. NaCl + 2H
2
O
dpdd
mnx

2NaOH +
Cl
2
+ H
2
6. C + 2CuO
0
t

2Cu + CO
2
7. 3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t

2Fe +
3CO
2
8. NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
9. 2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+
Hp cht hu c Hidro cacbon Dn xut ca RH
Hidrocab
on no
Ankan
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n+2
VD: CH
4
(Metan)
Hidrocacbo
n khng no
Anken
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n
VD: C
2
H
4
(Etilen)
Hidrocacb
on khng
no
Ankin
CTTQ:
C
n
H
2n-2
VD: C
2
H
4
Hidrocacb
on thm
Aren
CTTQ
C
n
H
2n-6
VD: C
6
H
6
(Benzen)
Dn
xut
cha
Halogen
VD:
C2H5Cl
C6H5Br
Dn
xut
cha
Oxi
VD:
C2H5OH
CH
3
COO
Dn
xut
cha
Nit
VD:
Protein
Phn loi hp cht hu c
Hp
cht
Metan Etilen Axetilen Benzen
CTPT.
PTK
CH4 = 16 C2H4 = 28 C2H2 = 26 C6H6 = 78
Cng
thc
cu to
C
H
H
H
H
Lin kt n
C
H H
H
C
H
Lin kt i gm 1 lin
kt bn v 1 lin kt
km bn
C
H
H C
Lin kt ba gm 1
lin kt bn v 2 lin
kt km bn
3lk i v 3lk n
xen k trong vng 6
cnh u
Trng
thi
Kh Lng
Tnh
cht
vt l
Khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc, nh hn khng kh. Khng mu, khng
tan trong nc, nh
hn nc, ho tan
nhiu cht, c
Tnh
cht
ho hc
- Ging
nhau
C phn ng chy sinh ra CO
2
v H
2
O
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2C
2
H
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2C
6
H
6
+ 15O
2
12CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
- Khc
nhau
Ch tham gia phn
ng th
CH
4
+ Cl
2

anhsang

CH
3
Cl + HCl
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
C
2
H
4
+ H
2

0
, , Ni t P

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH
C phn ng cng
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
2
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
Va c phn ng th
v phn ng cng
(kh)
C
6
H
6
+ Br
2

0
, Fe t

C
6
H
5
Br + HBr
C
6
H
6
+ Cl
2

asMT

C
6
H
6
Cl
6
ng
dng
Lm nhin liu,
nguyn liu trong
Lm nguyn liu iu
ch nha PE, ru Etylic,
Lm nhin liu hn
x, thp sng, l
Lm dung mi, diu
ch thuc nhum, d-
i sng v trong
cng nghip
Axit Axetic, kch thch
qu chn.
nguyn liu sn xut
PVC, cao su
c phm, thuc
BVTV
iu
ch
C trong kh thin
nhin, kh ng
hnh, kh bn ao.
Sp ch ho du m,
sinh ra khi qu chn
C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t

C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
Cho t n + nc,
sp ch ho du m
CaC
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Sn phm chng nha
than .
Nhn
bit
Khg lm mt mu
dd Br
2
Lm mt mu Clo
ngoi as
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom
Lm mt mu dung
dch Brom nhiu
hn Etilen
Ko lm mt mu dd
Brom
Ko tan trong nc
r ru Etylic u Etylic Axit Axetic Axit Axetic
Cng thc
CTPT: C
2
H
6
O
CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
OH
c
h
o c h
h
h
h
h
CTPT: C
2
H
4
O
2
CTCT: CH
3
CH
2
COOH
c
h
o c h
h
h o
Tnh cht
vt l
L cht lng, khng mu, d tan v tan nhiu trong nc.
Si 78,3
0
C, nh hn nc, ho tan c
nhiu cht nh Iot, Benzen
Si 118
0
C, c v chua (dd Ace 2-5% lm
gim n)
Tnh cht
ho hc.
- Phn ng vi Na:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
2CH
3
COOH + 2Na
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
- Ru Etylic tc dng vi axit axetic to thnh este Etyl Axetat
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
0
2 4
, H SO d t

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
- Chy vi ngn la mu xanh, to
nhiu nhit
C
2
H
6
O + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
- B OXH trong kk c men xc tc
- Mang tnh cht ca axit: Lm qu
tm, tc dng vi kim loi trc H, vi baz,
oxit baz, dd mui
2CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
ng dng
Dng lm nhin liu, dung mi pha sn,
ch ru bia, dc phm, iu ch axit
axetic v cao su
Dng pha gim n, sn xut cht do,
thuc nhum, dc phm, t
iu ch
Bng phng php ln men tinh bt hoc
ng
C
6
H
12
O
6

0
30 32
Men
C
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
Hoc cho Etilen hp nc
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O

ddaxit
C
2
H
5
OH
- Ln men dd ru nht
C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

mengiam
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
- Trong PTN:
2CH
3
COONa + H
2
SO
4
2CH
3
COOH +
Na
2
SO
4
glucoz glucoz saccaroz saccaroz tinh bt v xenluloz tinh bt v xenluloz
Cng
thc
phn
t
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
12
H
22
O
11 (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
Tinh bt: n 1200
6000
Xenluloz: n 10000
14000
Trng
thi
Tnh
cht
vt l
Cht kt tinh, khng mu,
v ngt, d tan trong nc
Cht kt tinh, khng mu,
v ngt sc, d tan trong
nc, tan nhiu trong nc
nng
L cht rn trng. Tinh bt tan -
c trong nc nng h tinh bt.
Xenluloz khng tan trong nc k
c un nng
Tnh
cht
ho hc
quan
trng
Phn ng trng gng
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ Ag2O
C
6
H
12
O
7
+ 2Ag
Thu phn khi un nng
trong dd axit long
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O

,
o
ddaxit t
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
glucoz fructoz
Thu phn khi un nng trong dd
axit long
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O

,
o
ddaxit t

nC
6
H
12
O
6

H tinh bt lm dd Iot chuyn mu
xanh
ng
dng
Thc n, dc phm Thc n, lm bnh ko
Pha ch dc phm
Tinh bt l thc n cho ngi v
ng vt, l nguyn liu sn
xut ng Glucoz, ru Etylic.
Xenluloz dng sn xut giy,
vi, g v vt liu xy dng.
iu
ch
C trong qu chn (nho),
ht ny mm; iu ch
t tinh bt.
C trong ma, c ci ng Tinh bt c nhiu trong c, qu,
ht. Xenluloz c trong v ay,
gai, si bng, g
Nhn
bit
Phn ng trng gng C phn ng trng gng
khi un nng trong dd axit
Nhn ra tinh bt bng dd Iot: c
mu xanh c trng
Chuyn 1: Chuyn 1:
Nguyn t- Nguyn t ho hc Nguyn t- Nguyn t ho hc
I. Kin thc c bn
1/ NT l ht v cng nh ,trung ho v in v t to mi
cht .NT gm ht nhn mang in tch + v v to bi
electron (e) mang in tch -
2/ Ht nhn to bi prton (p) mang in tch (+) v ntron
(n) ko mang in .Nhng NT cng loi c cng s p trong ht
nhn .Khi lng HN =khi lng NT
3/Bit trong NT s p = s e .E lun chuyn ng v sp xp
thnh tng lp.Nh e m NT c kh nng lin kt cvi nhau
1/ Nguyn t ho hc l nhng nguyn t cng loi,c cng s p
trong ht nhn .
Vy : s P l s c trng cho mt nguyn t ho hc .
4/ Cch biu din nguyn t:Mi nguyn t c biu din bng
mt hay hai ch ci ,ch ci u c vit dng hoa ,ch ci hai
nu c vit thng ..Mi k hiu cn ch mt nguyn t ca
nguyn t .
Vd:K hiu Na biu din {nguyn t natri ,mt nguyn t
natri }
5/Mt n v cacbon ( vC) = 1/12khi lg ca mt ngun t C
m
C
=19,9206.10
-27
kg
1vC =19,9206.10
-27
kg/12 = 1,66005.10
-27
kg.
6/Nguyn t khi l khi lng ca1 nguyn t tnh bng n v
C .
II. Bi Tp
Bi 1: Tng s ht p ,e ,n trong nguyn t l 28 ,trong s
ht ko mang in chim xp x 35% .Tnh s ht mi loa .V
s cu to nguyn t .
Bi 2 :nguyn t st gm 26 p,30 n ,26 e ,
a) Tnh khi lng e c trong 1 kg st '
b) Tnh khi lng st cha 1kg e .
Bi 3:Nguyn t oxi c 8 p trong ht nhn.Cho bit thnh phn
ht nhn ca 3 nguyn t X,Y ,Z theo bng sau:
Nguyn t Ht nhn
X 8p , 8 n
Y 8p ,9n
Z 8p , 10 n
Nhng nguyn t ny thuc cng mt nguyn t no ? v sao ?
Bi 4: a)Nguyn t X nng gp hai ln nguyn t oxi .
b)nguyn t Y nh hn nguyn t magie 0,5 ln .
c) nguyn t Z nng hn nguyn t natri l 17 vc .
Hy tnh nguyn t khi ca X,Y ,Z .tn nguyn t ,k hiu ho hc
ca nguyn t ?
Bi 5 : Mt hp cht c PTK bng 62 .Trong phn t oxi chim
25,8% theo khi lng , cn li l ngun t natri .Hy cho bit s
nguyn t ca mi ngun t c trong phn t hp cht .
Bi 6
Nguyn t X c tng cc ht l 52 trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 16 bht.
a)Hy xc nh s p, s n v s e trong nguyn t X.
b) V s nguyn t X.
c) Hy vit tn, k hiu ho hc v nguyn t khi ca nguyn t X.
Bi 7.
Nguyn t M c s n nhiu hn s p l 1 v s ht mang in
nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10.Hy xc nh M l nguyn
t no?
Bi 8.Trong phn ng ho hc cho bit:
a) Ht vi m no c bo ton, ht no c th b chia nh ra?
b) Nguyn t c b chia nh khng?
c)V sao c s bin i phn t ny thnh phn t khc?
V sao c s bin i cht ny thnh cht khc trong phn
ng ha hc?
Chuyn 2 Chuyn 2
Cht v s bin i cht Cht v s bin i cht
A/Kin thc cn nh
1/.Hin tng vt l l s bin i hnh dng hay trng thi
ca cht.
2/.Hin tng ho hc: l s bin i cht ny thnh cht
khc.
3/ n cht: l nhng cht c to nn t mt nguyn t ho
hc t mt nguyn t hh c th to nhiu n cht khc nhau
4/Hp cht : l nhng cht c to nn t hai nguyn t
ho hc tr ln.
5/Phn t:l ht gm 1s nguyn t lin kt vi nhau v
th hin y tnh cht ho hc ca cht .
6/Phn t khi :- L khi lng ca nguyn t tnh bng
n v cacbon
- PTK bng tng cc nguyn t khi c trong
phn t.
7/Trng thi ca cht:Tu iu kin mt cht c th tn ti
trangj thi lng ,rn hi
B/ Bi tp
Bi 1:Khi un nng , ng b phn hu bin i thnh
than v nc.Nh vy ,phn t ung do nguyn t no to nn ?
ng l n cht hay hp cht .
Bi 2:a) Khi nh dim c la bt chy, hin tng l hin tng
g?
b) Trong cc hin tng sau y, hin tng no l hin tng
ha hc: trng b thi; mc ha tan vo nc; ty mu vi xanh
thnh trng.
Bi 3:Em hy cho bit nhng phng php vt l thng dng dng
tch cc cht ra khi mt hn hp. Em hy cho bit hn hp gm
nhng cht no th p dng c cc phng php . Cho v d
minh ha.
Bi 4:Phn t ca mt cht A gm hai nguyn t, nguyn t X lin
kt vi mt nguyn t oxi v nng hn phn t hiro 31 ln.
a) A l n cht hay hp cht
b) Tnh phn t khi ca A
c) Tnh nguyn t khi ca X. Cho bit tn v k hiu ca
nguyn t.
Chuyn 3 huyn 3
Hiu xut phn ng (H%) Hiu xut phn ng (H%)
A. L thuyt
Cch 1: Da vo lng cht thiu tham gia phn ng
H = L ng thc t phn ng .100%
Lng tng s ly
- Lng thc t phn ng c tnh qua phng trnh phn ng
theo lng sn phm bit.
- Lng thc t phn ng < lng tng s ly.
Lng thc t phn ng , lng tng s ly c cng n v.
Cch 2: Da vo 1 trong cc cht sn phm
H = L ng sn phm thc t thu c .100%
Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt
- Lng sn phm thu theo l thuyt c tnh qua phng trnh phn
ng theo lng cht tham gia phn ng vi gi thit H = 100%
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c thng cho trong bi.
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c < Lng sn phm thu theo l
thuyt
- Lng sn phm thc t thu c v Lng sn phm thu theo l
thuyt phi c cng n v o.
B. Bi tp
Bi 1: Nung 1 kg vi cha 80% CaCO
3
thu c 112 dm
3
CO
2
(ktc) .Tnh hiu sut phn hu CaCO
3
.
Bi 2:
a) Khi cho kh SO
3
hp nc cho ta dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Tnh lng H
2
SO
4
iu ch c khi cho 40 Kg SO
3
hp nc. Bit Hiu sut phn ng l
95%.
b) Ngi ta dng qung boxit sn xut nhm theo s phn
ng sau:
Al
2
O
3
in phn nng chy, xc tc Al + O
2
Hm lng Al
2
O
3
trong qung boxit l 40% . c c 4 tn nhm
nguyn cht cn bao nhiu tn qung. Bit H ca qu trnh sn
xut l 90%
Bi 3:
C th iuch bao nhiu kg nhm t 1 tn qung bxit c cha
95% nhm oxit, bit hiu sut phn ng l 98%.
PT: Al
2
O
3
in phn nng chy, xc tc Al + O
2
Bi 4
Ngi ta dng 490kg than t l chy my. Sau khi l ngui, thy
cn 49kg than cha chy.
a) Tnh hiu sut ca s chy trn.
b) Tnh lng CaCO
3
thu c, khi cho ton b kh CO
2
vo nc vi
trong d.
Bi 5:Ngi ta iu ch vi sng (CaO) bng cch nung vi
(CaCO
3
). Lng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi c cha 10% tp
cht l 0,45 tn. Tnh hiu sut phn ng.
p s: 89,28%
Bi 6:C th iu ch bao nhiu kg nhm t 1tn qung boxit c
cha 95% nhm oxit, bit hiu sut phn ng l 98%.
p s: 493 kg
Bi 7:Khi cho kh SO
3
tc dng vi nc cho ta dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Tnh
lng H
2
SO
4
iu ch c khi cho 40 kg SO
3
tc dng vi nc. Bit
hiu sut phn ng l 95%.
p s: 46,55 kg
Bi 8.Ngi ta iu ch vi sng (CaO) bng cch nung vi
CaCO
3
. Lng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi c cha 10% tp cht
l:
A. O,352 tn B. 0,478 tn C. 0,504 tn
D. 0,616 tn
Hy gii thch s la chn? Gi s hiu sut nung vi t
100%.
Chuyn 4 Chuyn 4
Tp cht v l Tp cht v lng dng d ng dng d trong phn ng trong phn ng
I: Tp cht
Tp cht l cht c ln trong nguyn liu ban u nhng l
cht khng tham gia phn ng. V v phi tnh ra lng nguyn
cht trc khi thc hin tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 1: Nung 200g vi c ln tp cht c vi sng CaO v CO
2
.Tnh khi lng vi sng thu c nu H = 80%
Bi 2
t chy 6,5 g lu hunh khng tinh khit trong kh oxi d c 4,48l
kh SO
2
ktc
a) Vit PTHH xy ra.
b) Tnh tinh khit ca mu lu hunh trn?
Ghi ch: tinh khit = 100% - % tp cht
Hoc tinh khit = khi l ng cht tinh khit .100%
Khi lng ko tinh khit
Bi 3:
Ngi ta iu ch vi sng bng cch nung vi( CaCO
3
) .Tnh l-
ng vi sng thu c t 1 tn vi cha 10% tp cht.
Bi 4: 1 nng trng ngi ta dng mui ngm nc CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
bn rung. Ngi ta bn 25kg mui trn 1ha t >Lng Cu c a
v t l bao nhiu ( vi lng phn bn trn). Bit rng mui
cha 5% tp cht.
( S 6,08 kg)
II. Lng dng d trong phn ng
Lng ly d 1 cht nhm thc hn phn ng hon ton 1 cht
khc. Lng ny khng a vo phn ng nn khi tnh lng cn dng
phi tnh tng lng cho phn ng + lng ly d.
Th d: Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng ho tan ht
10,8g Al, bit dng d 5% so vi lng phn ng.
Gii: -
10, 8
0, 4
27
Al
mol
n

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
0,4mol 1,2mol
-
1, 2
HCl
mol
n

Vdd HCl (p) = 1,2/2 = 0,6 lit
V dd HCl(d) = 0,6.5/100 = 0,03 lit
-----> Vdd HCl dng = Vp + Vd = 0,6 + 0,03 = 0,63 lit
Bi 1. Trong phng th nghim cn iu ch 5,6 lt kh O
2
(ktc). Hi phi dng bao
nhiu gam KClO
3
?
Bit rng kh oxi thu c sau phn ng b hao ht 10%)
Chuyn 5 Chuyn 5
Lp cng thc ho hc Lp cng thc ho hc
A: L thuyt
Dng 1: Bit t l khi l ng cc nguyn t trong hp cht.
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: M
A
.x : M
B.
.y =
m
A
: m
B
- Tm c t l :x : y= m
A
: m
B
= t l cc s nguyn
dng
M
A
M
B
VD: Tm cng thc ho hc ca hp cht khi phn tch c kt
qu sau: m
H
/m
O
= 1/8
Gii: - y cng thc hp cht l: H
x
O
y

- Ta c t l: x/16y = 1/8----> x/y = 2/1
Vy cng thc hp cht l H
2
O
Dng 2: Nu bi cho bit phn t khi ca hp cht l M A
x
B
y
Cch gii: Ging trn thm bc: M
A
.x + M
B.
.y = MA
x
B
y

Dng 3: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng cc nguyn t v
Phn t khi( M )
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y

. .
% % 100
X Y
A B
A B
x y
A B
M
M M

- Gii ra c x,y
Bi 1: hp cht X c phn t khi bng 62 vC. Trong phn t ca
hp cht nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% theo khi lng, cn li l nguyn
t Na. S nguyn t ca nguyn t O v Na trong phn t hp cht
l bao nhiu ?
Dng 4: Bit thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng cc nguyn t m
bi khng cho phn t khi.
Cch gii: - t cng thc tng qut: A
x
B
y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: M
A
.x = %
A
M
B.
.y %
B
- Tm c t l :x v y l cc s nguyn dng
Bi 2: hai nguyn t X kt hp vi 1 nguyn t oxi to ra phn t
oxit . Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v khi lng .Tm
nguyn t X (s: Na)
B/Bi Tp:
Bi 1: Hy xc nh cng thc cc hp cht sau:
a) Hp cht A bit : thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t l:
40%Cu. 20%S v 40% O, trong phn t hp cht c 1 nguyn t S.
b) Hp cht B (hp cht kh ) bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t
to thnh: m
C
: m
H
= 6:1, mt lt kh B (ktc) nng 1,25g.
c) Hp cht C, bit t l v khi lng cc nguyn t l : m
Ca
: m
N
: m
O
= 10:7:24 v 0,2 mol hp cht C nng 32,8 gam.
d) Hp cht D bit: 0,2 mol hp cht D c cha 9,2g Na, 2,4g C v
9,6g O
Bi 2:Nung 2,45 gam mt cht ha hc A thy thot ra 672 ml kh
O
2
(ktc). Phn rn cn li cha 52,35% kali v 47,65% clo (v
khi lng).
Tm cng thc ha hc ca A.
Bai 3:Tm cng thc ho hc ca cc hp cht sau.
a) Mt cht lng d bay hi ,thnh phn t c 23,8% C .5,9%H ,
70,3%Cl v c PTK bng 50,5
b ) Mt hp cht rn mu trng ,thnh phn t c 4o% C .6,7%H .
53,3% O v c PTK bng 180
Bi 4:Mui n gm 2 nguyn t ho hc l Na v Cl Trong Na
chim39,3% theo khi lng .Hy tm cng thc ho hc ca mui n
,bit phn t khi ca n gp 29,25 ln PT Khu m st Tri Cau
(Thi Nguyn) c mt loi qung st. Khi phn tch mu qung
ny ngi ta nhn thy c 2,8 gam st. Trong mu qung trn, khi
lng Fe
2
O
3
ng vi hm lng st ni trn l:
A. 6 gam B. 8 gam C. 4 gam D. 3
gam
p s: C
Bi 5.Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Cu
x
O
y
, bit t l khi lng
gia ng v oxi trong oxit l 4 : 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng
iu ch ng v ng sunfat t Cu
x
O
y
(cc ha cht khc t
chn).
Bi 6:Trong phng th nghim c cc kim loi km v magi, cc
dung dch axit sunfuric long H
2
SO
4
v axit clohiric HCl. Mun
iu ch c 1,12 lt kh hiro (ktc) phi dng kim loi no, axit
no ch cn mt lng nh nht.
A. Mg v H
2
SO
4
B. Mg v HCl
C. Zn v H
2
SO
4
D. Zn v HCl
p s: B
Bi 8: a)Tm cng thc ca oxit st trong c Fe chim 70%
khi lng.
b) Kh hon ton 2,4 gam hn hp CuO v Fe
x
O
y
cng s mol nh
nhau bng hiro c 1,76 gam kim loi. Ho tan kim loi bng
dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 0,488 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc nh cng
thc ca oxit st.
p s: a) Fe
2
O
3

b) Fe
2
O
3.
.
Chuyn 6 Chuyn 6
Tnh theo ph Tnh theo phng trnh ho hc ng trnh ho hc
A.L thuyt
1.Dng 1:Tnh khi lng (hoc th tch kh, ktc) ca cht ny khi
bit (hoc th tch) ca 1 cht khc trong phng trnh phn
ng.
2. Dng 2: Cho bit khi lng ca 2 cht tham gia, tm khi lng
cht to thnh.
3. Dng 3: Tnh theo nhiu phn ng
B. Bi tp
Bi 1:Cho 8,4 gam st tc dng vi mt lng dung dch HCl va .
Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra qua 16 gam ng (II) oxit nng.
a) Tnh th tch kh hiro sinh ra (ktc)
b) Tnh khi lng kim loi ng thu c sau phn ng.
Bi 2:Khi t, than chy theo s sau:
Cacbon + oxi kh cacbon ioxit
a) Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng.
b) Cho bit khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 9 kg, khi lng oxi tc
dng bng 24 kg. Hy tnh khi lng kh cacbon ioxit to thnh.
c) Nu khi lng cacbon tc dng bng 6 kg, khi lng kh cacbonic
thu c bng 22 kg, hy tnh khi lng oxi phn ng.
p s: b) 33 kg
c) 16 kg
Bi 3:Cho 5,1 gam hn hp Al v Mg vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, d
thu c 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh khi lng mi kim loi ban u.
Bit phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Ba 4:Cho 2,8 gam st tc dng vi 14,6 gam dung dch axit
clohiric HCl nguyn cht.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Cht no cn d sau phn ng v d bao nhiu gam?
c) Tnh th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc)?
d) Nu mun cho phn ng xy ra hon ton th phi dng thm
cht kia mt lng l bao nhiu?
p s: b) 8, 4 gam; c) 3,36 lt; d) 8, 4 gam st.
Bi 5:Cho hn hp CuO v Fe
2
O
3
tc dng vi H
2
nhit thch
hp. Hi nu thu c 26,4 gam hn hp ng v st, trong khi
lng ng gp 1,2 ln khi lng st th cn tt c bao nhiu lt kh
hiro.
p s: 12,23 lt.
Bi 6:Cho mt hn hp cha 4,6 gam natri v 3,9 gam kali tc dng
vi nc.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh th tch kh hiro thu c (ktc)
c) Dung dch sau phn ng lm qu tm bin i mu nh th
no?
p s: b) 3,36 lt;
c) mu xanh
Bi 7:C mt hn hp gm 60% Fe
2
O
3
v 40% CuO. Ngi ta dng H
2
(d) kh 20 gam hn hp .
a) Tnh khi lng st v khi lng ng thu c sau phn ng.
b) Tnh s mol H
2
tham gia phn ng.
Bi 8: Trong phng th nghim c cc kim loi km v magi, cc
dung dch axit sunfuric long H
2
SO
4
v axit clohiric HCl. Mun
iu ch c 1,12 lt kh hiro (ktc) phi dng kim loi no, axit
no ch cn mt lng nh nht.
A. Mg v H
2
SO
4
B. Mg v HCl
C. Zn v H
2
SO
4
D. Zn v HCl
Bi 9:Cho 60,5 gam hn hp gm hai kim loi km Zn v st Fe tc
dng vi dung dch axit clohiric. Thnh phn phn trm v khi l-
ng ca st chim 46,289% khi lng hn hp.Tnh
a) Khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
b) Th tch kh H
2
(ktc) sinh ra khi cho hn hp 2 kim loi trn tc
dng vi dung dch axit clohiric.
c) Khi lng cc mui to thnh.
p s: a) 28 gam Fe v 32,5 gam km
b) 22,4 lt
c)
2
FeCl
m
= 63,5gam v
2
ZnCl
m
= 68 gam
Chuyn 7 : Chuyn 7 :
Oxi- hiro v hp cht v c Oxi- hiro v hp cht v c
Bi 1:
C 4 bnh ng ring cc kh sau: khng kh, kh oxi, kh
hiro, kh cacbonic. Bng cch no nhn bit cc cht kh
trong mi bnh. Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng
(nu c).
Bi 2:Vit phng trnh ha hc biu din s chy trong oxi ca
cc n cht: cacbon, photpho, hiro, nhm, magi, lu
hunh . Hy gi tn cc sn phm.
Bi 3: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ln lt xy ra theo s :
C
) 1 (
CO
2

) 2 (
CaCO
3

) 3 (
CaO
) 4 (
Ca(OH)
2
sn xut vi trong l vi ngi ta thng sp xp mt lp than,
mt lp vi, sau t l. C nhng phn ng ha hc no
xy ra trong l vi? Phn ng no l phn ng to nhit; phn
ng no l phn ng thu nhit; phn ng no l phn ng phn
hu; phn ng no l phn ng ha hp?
Bi 4: T cc ha cht: Zn, nc, khng kh v lu hunh

hy iu
ch 3 oxit, 2 axit v 2 mui. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 5.C 4 l mt nhn ng bn cht bt mu trng gm: Na
2
O,
MgO, CaO, P
2
O
5
.Dng thuc th no nhn bit cc cht trn?
A. dng nc v dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
B. dng dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
v phenolphthalein
C. dng nc v giy qu tm.
D. khng c cht no kh c
Bi 6. iu ch kh oxi, ngi ta nung KClO
3
. Sau mt thi gian
nung ta thu
c 168,2 gam cht rn v 53,76 lt kh O
2
(ktc).
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung KClO
3
.
b) Tnh khi lng KClO
3
ban u em nung.
c) Tnh % khi lng mol KClO
3
b nhit phn.
p s: b) 245 gam.
c) 80%
Bi 7. C 3 l ng cc ha cht rn, mu trng ring bit nhng
khng c nhn :
Na
2
O, MgO, P
2
O
5
. Hy dng cc phng php ha hc nhn
bit 3 cht
trn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Bi 8. Ly cng mt lng KClO
3
v KMnO
4
iu ch kh O
2
.
Cht no cho
nhiu kh oxi hn?
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
b) Nu iu ch cng mt th tch kh oxi th dng cht no kinh
t hn? Bit rng gi ca KMnO
4
l 30.000/kg v KClO
3
l
96.000/kg.
p s: 11.760 (KClO
3
) v 14.220 (KMnO
4
)
Bi 9.Hy lp cc phng trnh ha hc theo s phn ng sau:
a) St (III) oxit + nhm nhm oxit + st
b) Nhm oxit + cacbon nhm cacbua + kh cacbon oxit
c) Hiro sunfua + oxi kh sunfur + nc
d) ng (II) hiroxit ng (II) oxit + nc
e) Natri oxit + cacbon ioxit Natri cacbonat.
Trong cc phn ng trn, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha
kh? Xc nh cht oxi ha, cht kh, s oxi ha, s kh.
Bi 10. C 4 cht rn dng bt l Al, Cu, Fe
2
O
3
v CuO. Nu ch
dng thuc th l dung dch axit HCl c th nhn bit c 4 cht
trn c khng? M t hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng
(nu c).
Bi 11.
a) C 3 l ng ring r cc cht bt mu trng: Na
2
O, MgO, P
2
O
5
.
Hy nu phng php ha hc nhn bit 3 cht . Vit cc ph-
ng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) C 3 ng nghim ng ring r 3 cht lng trong sut, khng
mu l 3 dung dch NaCl, HCl, Na
2
CO
3
. Khng dng thm mt cht
no khc (k c qu tm), lm th no nhn bit ra tng cht.
Bi 12. Cho 2,8 gam st tc dng vi 14,6 gam dung dch axit
clohiric HCl nguyn cht.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Cht no cn d sau phn ng v d bao nhiu gam?
c) Tnh th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc)?
d) Nu mun cho phn ng xy ra hon ton th phi dng thm
cht kia mt lng l bao nhiu?
p s: b) 8, 4 gam; c) 3,36 lt; d) 8, 4 gam st.
Bi 13.Hon thnh phng trnh ha hc ca nhng phn ng
gia cc cht sau:
a) Al + O
2
.....
b) H
2
+ Fe
3
O
4
.... + ...
c) P + O
2
.....
d) KClO
3
.... + .....
e) S + O
2
.....
f) PbO + H
2
.... + ....
Bi 14. Trong phng th nghim c cc kim loi km v magi, cc
dung dch axit
sunfuric long H
2
SO
4
v axit clohiric HCl.
Mun iu ch c 1,12 lt kh hiro (ktc) phi dng kim
loi no, axit no
ch cn mt lng nh nht.
A. Mg v H
2
SO
4
B. Mg v HCl
C. Zn v H
2
SO
4
D. Zn v HCl
p s: B
Bi 15. a ) Hy nu phng php nhn bit cc kh: cacbon ioxit,
oxi,nit v hiro
b) Trnh by phng php ha hc tch ring tng kh oxi v
kh cacbonic ra
khi hn hp. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Theo em
thu c kh CO
2

c th cho CaCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl c
khng? Nu khng
th ti sao?
Bi 16.a) T nhng ha cht cho sn: KMnO
4
, Fe, dung dch
CuSO
4
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc
iu ch cc cht theo s chuyn ha sau:
Cu CuO Cu
a) Khi in phn nc thu c 2 th tch kh H
2
v 1 th
tch kh O
2
(cng iu kin nhit , p sut). T kt qu ny
em hy chng minh cng thc ha hc ca nc.
Bi 17.Cho cc cht nhm., st, oxi, ng sunfat, nc, axit
clohiric. Hy iu ch ng (II) oxit, nhm clorua ( bng hai ph-
ng php) v st (II) clorua. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 18. C 6 l mt nhn ng cc dung dch cc cht sau:
HCl; H
2
SO
4
; BaCl
2
; NaCl; NaOH; Ba(OH)
2
Hy chn mt thuc th nhn bit cc dung dch trn,
A. qu tm
B. dung dch phenolphthalein
C. dung dch AgNO
3
D. tt c u sai
chuyn 8 chuyn 8
dung dch dung dch
L u khi lm bi tp:
1. S chuyn i gia nng phn trm v nng mol
Cng thc chuyn t nng % sang nng C
M
.
d l khi l ng ring ca
dung dch g/ml
1000 .
%.
M
d c
C
M

M l phn t khi ca cht
tan


Chuyn t nng mol (M) sang nng %.


2. Chuyn i gia khi lng dung dch v th tch dung dch.
Th tch ca cht rn v cht lng:
D
m
V
Trong d l khi lng ring: d(g/cm
3
) c m (g) v V (cm
3
)
hay ml.
d(kg/dm
3
) c m (kg) v V (dm
3
) hay lit.
3. Pha trn dung dch
a) Phng php ng cho
Khi pha trn 2 dung dch c cng loi nng ( C
M
hay C%),
cng loi
cht tan th c th dng phng php ng cho.
Trn m
1
gam dung dch c nng C
1
% vi m
2
gam dung
dch c nng C
2
% th thu c dung dch mi c nng
C%.
m
1
gam dung dch C
1
C
2
- C

C
C C
C C
m
m

1
2
2
1
m
2
gam dung dch C
2
C
1
- C
Trn V
1
ml dung dch c nng C
1
mol vi V
2
ml dung dch
c nng C
2
mol th thu c dung dch mi c nng C
mol v gi s c th tch V
1
+V
2
ml:
V
1
ml dung dch C
1
C
2
- C


d
C M
C
M
1000 .
%

C
C C
C C
V
V

1
2
2
1

V
2
ml dung dch C
2
C
1
- C
S ng cho cn c th p dng trong vic tnh khi l-
ng ring D
V
1
lt dung dch D
1


D
2
- D


D
D D
D D
V
V

1
2
2
1

V
2
lt dung dch D
2
D
1
- D
(Vi gi thit V = V
1
+ V
2
)
b) Dng phng trnh pha trn: m
1
C
1
+ m
2
C
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
).C
Trong : m
1
v m
2
l s gam dung dch th nht v dung
dch th hai.
C
1
v C
2
l nng % dung dch th nht v dung
dch th hai.
C l nng dung dch mi to thnh sau khi pha
trn
m
1
(C
1
-C) = m
2
( C -C
2
)
C
1
> C > C
2
T phng trnh trn ta rt ra:
C C
C C
m
m

1
2
2
1
Khi pha trn dung dch, cn ch :
C xy ra phn ng gia cc cht tan hoc gia cht tan vi
dung mi? Nu c cn phn bit cht em ha tan vi cht
tan.
V d: Cho Na
2
O hay SO
3
ha tan vo nc, ta c cc phng
trnh sau:
Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
Khi cht tan phn ng vi dung mi, phi tnh nng ca
sn phm ch khng phi tnh nng ca cht tan .
V d: Cn thm bao nhiu gam SO
3
vo 100 gam dung dch
H
2
SO
4
10%
c dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%.
Hng dn cch gii: Gi s x l s mol SO
3
cho thm vo
Phng trnh: SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
x mol x mol

4 2
SO H
m
to thnh l 98x;
3
SO
m
cho thm vo l 80x
C% dung dch mi:
100
20
100 80
98 10

+
+
x
x
Gii ra ta c
mol x
410
50

3
SO
m
thm vo 9,756 gam
Cng c th gii theo phng trnh pha trn nh nu
trn.
4. Tnh nng cc cht trong trng hp cc cht tan c phn ng
vi nhau.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng ha hc xy ra bit cht to
thnh sau phn
ng.
b) Tnh s mol (hoc khi lng) ca cc cht sau phn ng.
c) Tnh khi lng hoc th tch dung dch sau phn ng.
Cch tnh khi lng sau phn ng:
Nu cht to thnh khng c cht bay hi hoc kt ta
m
dd sau phn ng
= m
cc cht tham gia
Nu cht to thnh c cht bay hi hay kt ta
m
dd sau phn ng
= m
cc cht tham gia
- m
kh
m
dd sau phn ng
= m
cc cht tham gia
- m
kt ta
hoc: m
dd sau phn ng
= m
cc cht tham gia
- m
kt ta
- m
kh
Ch : Trng hp c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u cho bit s
mol (hoc khi
lng) ca 2 cht, th lu c th c mt cht d. Khi
tnh s mol
(hoc khi lng) cht to thnh phi tnh theo lng cht
khng d.
d) Nu u bi yu cu tnh nng phn trm cc cht sau
phn ng, nn tnh
khi lng cht trong phn ng theo s mol, sau t s mol
qui ra khi
lng tnh nng phn trm.
5. S chuyn t tan sang nng phn trm v ngc li
Chuyn t tan sang nng phn trm: Da vo nh
ngha tan, t tnh khi lng dung dch suy ra s gam
cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch.
Chuyn t nng phn trm sang tan: T nh ngha
nng phn trm, suy ra khi lng nc, khi lng cht tan, t
tnh 100 gam nc cha bao nhiu gam cht tan.
Biu thc lin h gia tan (S) v nng phn trm ca
cht tan trong dung dch bo ha:
C% =
% 100
100

+ S
S
6. Bi ton v khi lng cht kt tinh
Khi lng cht kt tinh ch tnh khi cht tan vt qu bo
ha ca dung dch
1. Khi gp dng bi ton lm bay hi c gam nc t dung dch c
nng a% c dung dch mi c nng b%. Hy xc nh
khi lng ca dung dch ban u ( bit b% > a%).
Gp dng bi ton ny ta nn gii nh sau:
- Gi s khi lng ca dung dch ban u l m gam.
- Lp c phng trnh khi lng cht tan trc v sau phn ng
theo m, c,
a, b.
+ Trc phn ng:
100
m a
+ Sau phn ng:
100
) ( c m b
- Do ch c nc bay hi cn khi lng cht tan khng thay
i
Ta c phng trnh:
Khi lng cht tan:
100
) (
100
c m b m a

T phng trnh trn ta c:
a b
bc
m

(gam)
B. Cu hi v Bi tp
1. Ho tan 25,5 gam NaCl vo 80 gam nc 20
0
C c dung dch A.
Hi dung dch A bo ha hay cha? Bit tan ca NaCl
20
0
C l 38 gam.
2. Khi lm lnh 600 gam dung dch bo ha NaCl t 90
0
C xung
10
0
C th c bao nhiu gam mui NaCl tch ra. Bit rng tan
ca NaCl 90
0
C l 50 gam v 10
0
C l 35 gam.
3. Mt dung dch c cha 26,5 gam NaCl trong 75 gam H
2
O
20
0
C. Hy xc nh lng dung dch NaCl ni trn l bo ha hay
cha bo ha? Bit rng tan ca NaCl trong nc 20
0
C l 36
gam.
4. Ha tan 7,18 gam mui NaCl vo 20 gam nc 20
0
C th c
dung dch bo ha. tan ca NaCl nhit l :
A. 35 gam B.35,9 gam C. 53,85 gam D.
71,8 gam
Hy chn phng n ng.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh nng mol/l ca
dung dch A.
b) Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% (d =1,14 g/ml) cn
trung ha dung
dch A.
c) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch thu c sau khi trung ha.
5. a) Ha tan 4 gam NaCl trong 80 gam H
2
O. Tnh nng phn
trm ca dung dch.
b) Chuyn sang nng phn trm dung dch NaOH 2M c khi l-
ng
ring d = 1,08 g/ml.
c) Cn bao nhiu gam NaOH pha ch c 3 lt dung dch NaOH
10%. Bit khi lng ring ca dung dch l 1,115 g/ml.
6. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng 0,2 M (dung dch A). Dung
dch H
2
SO
4
c nng 0,5M (dung dch B).
a) Nu trn A v B theo t l th tch V
A
: V
B
= 2 : 3 c dung
dch C. Hy xc nh nng mol ca dung dch C.
b) Phi trn A v B theo t l no v th tch c dung
dch H
2
SO
4
c nng 0,3 M.
7. ng sunfat tan vo trong nc to thnh dung dch c
mu xanh l, mu xanh cng m nu nng dung dch
cng cao. C 4 dung dch c pha ch nh sau (th tch dung
dch c coi l bng th tch nc).
A. dung dch 1: 100 ml H
2
O v 2,4 gam CuSO
4
B. dung dch 2: 300 ml H
2
O v 6,4 gam CuSO
4
C. dung dch 3: 200 ml H
2
O v 3,2 gam CuSO
4
D. dung dch 4: 400 ml H
2
O v 8,0 gam CuSO
4
Hi dung dch no c mu xanh m nht?
A. dung dch 1 B. Dung dch 2
C. Dung dch 3 D. Dung dch 4
8. Ho tan 5,72 gam Na
2
CO
3
.10 H
2
O (Sa tinh th) vo
44,28 ml nc. Nng phn trm ca dung dch thu c l:
A. 4,24 % B. 5,24 % C. 6,5 %
D. 5%
Hy gii thch s la chn.
9. Ha tan 25 gam CaCl
2
.6H
2
O trong 300ml H
2
O. Dung dch
c D l 1,08 g/ml
a) Nng phn trm ca dung dch CaCl
2
l:
A. 4% B. 3,8% C. 3,9 % D. Tt
c u sai
b) Nng mol ca dung dch CaCl
2
l:
A. 0,37M B. 0,38M C. 0,39M D.
0,45M
Hy chn p s ng.
10. a) Phi ly bao nhiu ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
96%(D =1,84
g/ml) trong c 2,45 gam H
2
SO
4
?
11. b) Oxi ha hon ton 5,6 lt kh SO
2
(ktc) vo trong
57,2 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
60% (D =1,5 g/ml). Tnh nng %
ca dung dch axit thu c
12. Tnh khi lng mui natri clorua c th tan trong 830
gam nc 25
0
C. Bit rng nhit ny tan ca NaCl l
36,2 gam.
p s: 300,46 gam
13. Xc nh tan ca mui Na
2
CO
3
trong nc 18
0
C. Bit
rng nhit
ny 53 gam Na
2
CO
3
ha tan trong 250 gam nc th c dung
dch bo ha.
p s: 21,2 gam
20. Ha tan m gam SO
3
vo 500 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
24,5% (D =
1,2 g/ml) thu c dung dch H
2
SO
4
49%. Tnh m?
p s: m = 200 gam
21. Lm bay hi 300 gam nc ra khi 700 gam dung dch mui
12% nhn thy c 5 gam mui tch ra khi dung dch bo ha.
Hy xc nh nng phn trm ca dung dch mui bo ha
trong iu kin th nghim trn.
p s: 20%
22. a) tan ca mui n NaCl 20
0
C l 36 gam. Xc nh nng
phn trm
ca dung dch bo ha nhit trn.
b) Dung dch bo ha mui NaNO
3
10
0
C l 44,44%. Tnh
tan ca NaNO
3
.
p s: a) 26,47% b) 80 gam
23. Trn 50 ml dung dch HNO
3
nng x mol/l vi 150 ml dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2 mol/l thu c dung dch A. Cho mu qu tm
vo dung dch A thy qu tm chuyn mu xanh. Them t t
100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1mol/l vo dung dch A th thy qu
tm tr li mu tm. Tnh nng x mol/l.
p s: x = 1 mol/l
24. Ha tan 155 gam natri oxit vo 145 gam nc to thnh dung
dch c tnh kim.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
- Tnh nng % dung dch thu c.
p s: 66,67%
25. Ha tan 25 gam cht X vo 100 gam nc, dung dch c khi lng
ring l 1,143 g/ml. Nng phn trm v th tch dung dch ln
lt l:
A. 30% v 100 ml B. 25% v 80 ml
C. 35% v 90 ml D. 20% v 109,4
ml
Hy chn p s ng?
p s: D ng
26. Ha tan hon ton 6,66 gam tinh th Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. xH
2
O vo nc
thnh dung dch
A. Ly 1/10 dung dch A cho tc dng vi dung dch BaCl
2
d th
thu c 0,699 gam kt ta. Hy xc nh cng thc ca tinh th
mui sunfat nhm ngm nc trn.
p s: Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O
27. C 250 gam dung dch NaOH 6% (dung dch A).
a) Cn phi trn thm vo dung dch A bao nhiu gam dung
dch NaOH 10% c dung dch NaOH 8%?
b) Cn ha tan bao nhiu gam NaOH vo dung dch A c
dung dch NaOH 8%?
c) Lm bay hi nc dung dch A, ngi ta cng thu c dung dch
NaOH 8%. Tnh khi lng nc bay hi?
p s: a) 250 gam
b) 10,87 gam
c) 62,5 gam
28. a) Cn ly bao nhiu ml dung dch c nng 36 % ( D=1,16
g/ ml) pha 5 lt dung dch axit HCl c nng 0,5 mol/l?
b) Cho bt nhm d vo 200 ml dung dch axit HCl 1 mol/l ta thu
c kh H
2
bay ra.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh th tch kh H
2
thot
ra ktc.
- Dn ton b kh hiro thot ra trn cho i qua ng ng
bt ng oxit d nung nng th thu c 5,67 gam ng. Vit ph-
ng trnh phn ng v tnh hiu sut ca phn ng ny?
p s: a) 213 ml
b) 2,24 lt hiu sut : 90%.
31. Trn ln 50 gam dung dch NaOH 10% vi 450 gam dung dch
NaOH 25 %.
a) Tnh nng sau khi trn.
b) Tnh th tch dung dch sau khi trn bit t khi dung dch
ny l 1,05.
p s: a) 23,5 %
b) 0,4762 lt
32. Trn 150 gam dung dch NaOH 10% vo 460 gam dung dch
NaOH x% to thnh dung dch 6%. x c gi tr l:
A. 4,7 B. 4,65 C. 4,71 D.
6
Hy chn p s ng?
p s: A ng.
33. a) Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500 gam dung dch NaCl
12% c dung dch 8%.
b) Phi pha thm nc vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
50% thu c mt
dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%. Tnh t l v khi lng nc v lng dung dch
axit phi dng?
c) Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
. 5 H
2
O v bao nhiu
gam dung dch CuSO
4
4% iu ch 500 gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%?
p s: a) 250 g
b)
2
3

c) 466,67 gam
44. Bit tan ca mui KCl 20
0
C l 34 gam. Mt dung dch KCl
nng c cha 50 gam KCl trong 130 gam nc c lm lnh v nhit
20
0
C.Hy cho bit:
a) C bao nhiu gam KCl tan trong dung dch
b) c bao nhiu gam KCl tch ra khi dung dch.
p s: a) 44,2 gam
b) 5,8 gam
47.a) Lm bay hi75 ml nc t dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng 20%
c dung dc mi c nng 25%.Hy xc nh khi lng ca
dung dch ban u. Bit khi lng ring ca nc D = 1 g/ml.
b) Xc nh khi lng NaCl kt tinh tr li khi lm lnh 548 gam
dung dch mui n bo ha 50
0
C xung 0
0
C. Bit tan ca
NaCl 50
0
C l 37 gam v 0
0
C l 35 gam.
p s: a) 375 gam
b) 8 gam
48. Ho tan NaOH rn vo nc to thnh hai dung dch A v
dung dch B vi nng phn trm ca dung dch A gp 3 ln
nng phn trm ca dung dch B. Nu em pha trn hai dung
dch A v dung dch B theo t l khi lng m
A
: m
B
= 5 : 2 th thu
c dung dch C c nng phn trm l 20%. Nng
phn trm ca hai dung dch A v dung dch B ln lt l:
A. 24,7% v 8,24%
B. 24% v 8%
C. 27% v 9 %
D. 30% v 10%
Hy chn phng n ng.
p s: A ng.
49. a)Ha tan 24,4 gam BaCl
2
. xH
2
O vo 175,6 gam H
2
O thu c
dung dch 10,4%. Tnh x.
b) C cn t t 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,2M thu c 10 gam tinh
th CuSO
4
. yH
2
O. Tnh y.
Kim loi Phi kim
Oxit baz Oxit axit
Baz
Axit
Mui
Mui
Nc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
3
1
0
1
4
1
2
1
5
Ch mi quan h to thnh
nt Ch mi quan h tng tc

Mi quan h gia cc cht v c
11
Oxit
baz
Kim loi
Phi kim
Mui
Mui
Baz khng
tan
Baz tan
Oxit
baz
Oxit axit
Axit c
oxi
Axit khng c
oxit
Mui Mui
+ dd axit
+ dd
kim
+ O
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
+ H
2
Oxit baz
o
t

Bi ca ho tr
Kali(K) iot (I) hiro(H)
Natri(Na)vi bc(Ag) clo(Cl) mt loi.
L ho tr 1 em i.
Nh ghi cho k ko thi phn vn.
Magie(Mg) vi km (Zn) thu ngn (Hg).
Oxi (O) ng(Cu) y cng gn bari(Ba).
Cui cng thm ch canxi(Ca).
Ho tr 2 c g kh khn.
Bc nhm (Al) ho tr 3 ln.
Ghi su trong d khi cn nh ngay.
Cacbon (C) silic (Si) ny y .
Ho tr l 4 chng ngy no qun.
St (Fe) kia ta thy quen tn.
2,3 ln xung tht phin lm thi.
Nit(N) rc ri nht i.
1,2,3,4 lc thi l 5
Lu hunh (S) lm lc chi khm.
Khi 2 ln 6 lc nm th 4.
Photpho (P) th c kh kh.
Ni n ho tr th rng 5.
Mt s gc axit v tn gi
Gc axit Tn gi Gc axit Tn gi
= CO
3
Cacbonat -H SO
4
Hiro sunfat
= SO
4
Sunfat - H SO
3
Hiro sunfit
- Cl Clorua -HS Hiro sunfua
= SO
3
Sunfit -H
2
PO
4
ihiro
photphat
= S Sunfua =H PO
4
Hir
photphat
PO
4
Photphat - NO
3
Nitrat
- CH
3
COO Axetat = SiO
3
Silicat
- HCO
3
Hiro
cacbonat

L thuyt c bn v thuc th L thuyt c bn v thuc th
( (p dng phn bit v nhn bit cc cht)
St
t
Thuc th Dng nhn Hin tng
1 Qu tm - Axit
- Baz tan
Qu tm ho
Qu tm ho xanh
2 Phenolphtale
in
(khng mu)
Baz tan Ho mu hng
3 Nc(H
2
O) - Cc kim loi mnh(Na,
Ca, K, Ba)
- Ccoxit ca kim loi
mnh(Na
2
O, CaO, K
2
O,
BaO)
- P
2
O
5
- Cc mui Na, K, - NO
3
H
2
(c kh khng
mu, bt kh bay ln)
Ring Ca cn to dd
c Ca(OH)
2
Tan to dd lm qu
tm ho . Ring
CaO cn to dd c
Ca(OH)
2
- Tan to dd lm
qu
- Tan
4 dung dch
Kim
- Kim loi Al, Zn
- Mui Cu
Tan + H
2
bay ln
C kt ta xanh
lamCu(OH)
2
5 dung dch
axit
- HCl, H
2
SO
4
- HNO
3
,
H
2
SO
4
, n
- HCl
- H
2
SO
4
- Mui = CO
3
, = SO
3
- Kim loi ng trc H
trong dy hot ng
ca KL
- Tan hu ht KL k
c Cu, Ag, Au( ring Cu
cn to mui ng
mu xanh)
- MnO
2
( khi un nng)
AgNO
3
CuO
- Ba, BaO, Ba(OH)
2
,
mui Ba
Tan + c bt kh CO
2
,
SO
2
bay ln
Tan + H
2
bay ln ( si
bt kh)
Tan v c kh
NO
2
,SO
2
bay ra
Cl
2
bay ra
AgCl kt ta mu
trng sa
dd mu xanh
BaSO
4
kt ta
trng
6 Dung dch

mui
BaCl
2
,
Ba(NO
3
)
2
,
Ba(CH
3
COO)
2
AgNO
3
Pb(NO
3
)
2
Hp cht c gc = SO
4
Hp cht c gc - Cl
Hp cht c gc =S
BaSO
4
trng
AgCl trng sa
PbS en
Nhn bit mt s loi cht Nhn bit mt s loi cht
STT Cht
cn
nhn
bit
Thuc th Hin tng
1 Cc kim
loi
Na,
K( kim
loi
kim
ho tr
1)
Ba(ho
tr 2)
Ca(ho
tr 2)
Al, Zn
Phn
bit Al
v Zn
Cc kim
loi t
Mg Pb
Kim loi
Cu
+H
2
O
t chy quan
st mu ngn
la
+H
2
O
+H
2
O
t chy quan
st mu ngn
la
+ dd NaOH
+HNO
3
c
ngui
+ ddHCl
+ HNO
3
c
+ AgNO
3
tan + dd trong c kh H
2
bay
ln
mu vng(Na)
mu tm (K)
tan + dd trong c kh H
2
bay
ln
tan +dd c + H
2

mu lc (Ba)
mu (Ca)
tan v c kh H
2

Al khng phn ng cn Zn c
phn ng v c kh bay ln
tan v c H
2
( ring Pb c
PbCl
2
trng)
tan + dd mu xanh c kh bay
ln
tan c Ag trng bm vo
2 Mt s
phi kim
S ( mu
vng)
P( mu
t chy
t chy
t chy
to SO
2
mi hc
to P
2
O
5
tan trong H
2
O lm lm

)
C (mu
en)
qu tm ho
CO
2
lm c dd nc vi trong
3 Mt s
cht
kh
O
2
CO
2
CO
SO
2
SO
3
Cl
2
H
2
+ tn m
+ nc vi trong
+ t trong
khng kh
+ nc vi trong
+ dd BaCl
2
+ dd KI v h
tinh bt
AgNO
3
t chy
bng chy
Vn c CaCO
3
CO
2
Vn c CaSO
3
BaSO
4
trng
c mu xanh xut hin
AgCl trng sa
git H
2
O
Oxit
th
rn
Na
2
O,
BaO,
K
2
O
CaO
P
2
O
5
CuO
+H
2
O
+H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+H
2
O
+ dd HCl
( H
2
SO
4
long)
dd trong sut lm qu tm ho
xanh
tan + dd c
Kt ta CaCO
3
dd lm qu tm ho
dd mu xanh
4 Cc
dung
dch
mui
a) Nhn
gc axit
- Cl
= SO
4
= SO
3
= CO
3
PO
4
+ AgNO
3
+dd BaCl
2
,
Ba(NO
3
)
2
,
Ba(OH)
2
+ dd HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
+ dd HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
+ AgNO
3
AgCl trng sa
BaSO
4
trng
SO
2
mi hc
CO
2
lm c dd Ca(OH)
2
Ag
3
PO
4
vng

b) Kim
loi
trong
mui
Kim loi
kim
Mg(II)
Fe(II)
Fe(III)
Al(III)
Cu(II)
Ca(II)
Pb(II)
Ba(II)
t chy v
quan st mu
ngn la
+ dd NaOH
+ dd NaOH
+ dd NaOH
+ dd NaOH
(n d)
+ dd NaOH
+ dd Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Hp cht c gc
SO
4
mu vng muiNa
mu tm mui K
Mg(OH)
2
trng
Fe(OH)
2
trng lu trong
khng kh to Fe(OH)
3
nu
Fe(OH)
3
nu
Al(OH)
3
trng khi d NaOH s
tan dn
Cu(OH)
2
xanh
CaCO
3
trng
PbSO
4
trng
BaSO
4
trng
Bng tnh cht chung Bng tnh cht chung
ca cc cht v c ca cc cht v c
Cc cht
Kim loi
M
Phi kim
X
Oxit
baz
M
2
O
n
Oxit
axit
X
2
O
n
Baz
M(OH)
n
Axit
H
n
A
Mui
M
x
A
y
Kim loi

Oxit
Mui Mui +
H
2

Mui
(mi)
+ KL
(m)
Phi kim

Oxit
Mui
Oxit
baz
Mui Mui +
H
2
O
Oxit axit
Mui Mui +
H
2
O
Baz
Mui +
H
2
O
Mui +
H
2
O
Mui
(mi)
+
Baz
(m)
Axit
Mui +
H
2

Mui +
H
2
O
Mui +
H
2
O
Mui
(mi)
+

Axit
(m)
Mui
Mui
(mi)+
KL (m)
Mui
(mi)+
Baz
(m)
Mui
(mi)+
Axit (m)
2
mui
mi
Nhn bit cc cht hu c Nhn bit cc cht hu c
Stt Cht cn nhn
bit
Thuc th Hin tng
CH
4
Kh Cl
2
Kh clo mt mu,
khi c giy qu tm
tm t
C
2
H
4
Nc brom Mt mu vng
C
2
H
2
Nc brom Mt mu vng
Ru etylic Na Si bt kh khng
mu
Axit axetic Qu tm, CaCO
3 Qu tm ,
vi tan v c bt
kh
Glucoz AgNO
3
trong
ddNH
3
C bc sng bm vo
thnh ng nghim
Tinh bt Iot H tinh bt c xut
hin mu xanh
iu ch hp cht v c iu ch hp cht v c
1. iu ch oxit
2.iu ch axit
Kim loi + oxi
Phi kim + oxi
Oxi + hp cht
Oxit
Nhit phn baz
khng tan
Nhit phn mui
Phi kim + Hiro
Oxit axit + nc
Axit mnh + mui
( Khng bay hi ) (khan)
Axit

3.iu ch baz

4. iu ch mui
Tnh cht ha hc
cc hp cht v c - KL - PK
I - Oxit
1- Oxit axit
o Oxit axit + dd baz Mui +
H
2
O
o Oxit axit +H
2
O dd axit
o Oxit axit + mt s oxit baz
Mui
2- oxit baz
o Mt s oxit baz + H
2
O dd
baz
o oxit baz + dd axit Mui
+ H
2
O
o Mt s oxit baz + Oxit axit
Mui
II - Axit
- Dd axit lm qu tm i mu

IV- Mui
Dd mui + Kim loi Mui(mi) +
KL (mi)
Mui + dd axit Mui (mi) +
Axit (mi)
Dd mui + dd baz mui ( mi)
+ Baz (mi)
Dd mui + Dd mui 2 mui
(mi)
Mui axit + dd baz Mui +
H
2
O
Mt s mui b nhit phn
Phn ng trao i(p gia axit
v baz, axit v mui, baz v
mui, mui v mui) xy ra khi
sn phm c cht khng tan,
cht d phn hy,cht t tan
Kim + dd mui
Oxit baz + nc
in phn dd
mui
Baz Kim loi + nc
Axit + baz
Axit + oxit baz
Oxit axit + dd baz
Oxit axit + oxit baz
Dd mui + dd mui
Dd baz + dd mui
Dd mui + dd axit
Kim loi + dd mui
Kim loi + axit
Kim loi + phi kim
Mui

- Dd axit + baz Mui +H
2
O
Phn ng trao i: l phn ng
ha hc gia axit v baz
- Dd axit + oxit baz Mui +
H
2
O
- Dd axit + KL( ng trc H trong
dy HHH KL) Mui + H
2

- Dd axit + Mui Axit (mi) +
Mui (mi)
II - Baz
1- Baz tan
- Dd baz lm i mu ch
th
Lm qu tm ha xanh
Lm phenolphtalein khng mu
ha hng
- dd baz + Oxit axit Mui +
H
2
O
- dd baz + axit Mui + H
2
O
- dd baz + dd mui
Baz( mi) + mui (mi)
2- baz khng tan
- baz + dd axit Mui + H
2
O
- Baz
0
t

oxit baz +H
2
O
hn so vi cht ban u
V - Kim loi
KL( ng trc H trong dy HHH
KL) + dd axit Mui + H
2
KL + phi kim Mui( oxit KL)
KL + dd mui KL (mi) + mui
(mi)
Dy hot ng ha hc ca KL
K,Ba,Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn,Fe, Ni,
Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
ngha dy hot ng ha hc
ca KL
Theo chiu t tri sang phi
Mc hot ng ca KL gim
dn
Kim loi ng trc Mg tc dng
vi nc dd baz + H
2
KL ng trc H tc dng vi dd
axit ( HCl, H
2
SO
4 long
) to ra mui
v H
2
T Mg tr i KL ng trc y
KL ng sau ra khi dd mui
Tnh cht ha hc ca oxi:
Cht + O
2
Oxit
VD: Tc dng vi kim loi:
Oxi oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to thnh oxit
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
i vi phi kim (tr halogen) oxi tc dng trc tip khi t nng (ring P trng tc
dng vi O
2
t
o
thng)
4P + 5O
2
2P
2
O
5
: S + O
2
SO
2
Tnh cht ha hc ca hiro
- Tc dng vi oxi: 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
- Kh mt s oxit kim loi( ng sau Zn trong dy hot
ng ha hc ca KL):
H
2
+ oxit kim loi KL + H
2
O
MOT SO CONG THC GIUP
GIAI BAI TAP HOA HOC
TRUNG HOC C S

Cong thc K
hieu
Chu thch n v tnh
Tnh
so
mol
n= m : M n
m
M
So mol chat
Khoi lng chat
Khoi lng mol chat
mol
gam
gam
n = V : 22,4 n
V
So mol chat kh kc
The tch chat kh kc
mol
lit
n = C
M
. V n
C
M
V
So mol chat
Nong o mol
The tch dung dch
mol
mol / lit
lit
A
n
N

n
A
N
So mol (nguyen t
hoac phan t)
So nguyen t hoac
phan t
So Avogaro
mol
nt hoac
pt
6.10
-23
.
.
PV
n
RT

n
P
V
R
T
So mol chat kh
Ap suat
The tch chat kh
Hang so
Nhiet o
mol
atm
( hoacmmHg)
1 atm =
760mmHg
lit ( hoac ml )
0,082 ( hoac
62400 )
273 +t
o
C
Kho
i
ln
g
chat
tan
m =n. M m
n
M
Khoi lng chat
So mol chat
Khoi lng mol chat
gam
mol
gam
m
ct
= m
dd
-
m
dm
m
ct
m
dd
m
dm
Khoi lng chat tan
Khoi lng dung dch
Khoi lng dung moi
gam
gam
gam
%.
100
dd
ct
c m
m
m
ct
C%
m
dd
Khoi lng chat tan
Nong o phan tram
Khoi lng dung dch
gam
%
gam
.
100
dm
ct
S m
m
m
ct
m
dm
S
Khoi lng chat tan
Khoi lng dung moi
o tan
gam
gam
gam
Kho
i
ln
g
dung
dch
100
%
ct
dd
m
m
c

m
dd
m
ct
C%
Khoi lng dung dch
Khoi lng chat tan
Nong o phan tram
gam
gam
%
m
dd
= m
ct
+
m
dm
m
dd
m
ct
m
dm
Khoi lng dung dch
Khoi lng chat tan
Khoi lng dung moi
gam
gam
gam
m
dd
= V.D m
dd
V
D
Khoi lng dung dch
The tch dung dch
Khoi lng rieng cua
dung dch
gam
ml
gam/ml
.100
%
ct
dd
m
C
m

m
dd
m
ct
C%
Khoi lng dung dch
Khoi lng chat tan
Nong o phan tram
gam
gam
%
.
%
10.
M
C M
c
D

C% Nong o phan tram %

Phn II. Bi tp
DANG 1: CAU HOI IEU
CHE
A. S O PHAN NG
Cau 1: Viet phng trnh phan ng hoan thanh s o
sau:
1) Ca CaO Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCl
2
CaCO
3

2)



FeCl
2
FeSO
4
Fe(NO
3
)
2
Fe(OH)
2

Fe
Fe
2
O
3

FeCl
3
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
Fe(OH)
3

* Phng trnh kho:
- Chuyen muoi clorua

muoi sunfat: can dung

Ag
2
SO
4
e tao ket tua AgCl.
- Chuyen muoi sat (II)

muoi sat (III): dung chat

oxi hoa (O
2
, KMnO
4
,)
V du: 10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4

5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+
K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 8H
2
O
4Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ O
2
+ 4HNO
3

4Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2H
2
O
- Chuyen muoi Fe(III)

Fe(II): dung chat kh la

kim loai (Fe, Cu,...)
V du: Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Fe

3FeSO
4
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ Cu

2Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu(NO
3
)
2

SO
3
H
2
SO
4
3) FeS
2
SO
2

SO
2
NaHSO
3
Na
2
SO
3
NaH
2
PO
4
4) P P
2
O
5
H
3
PO
4
Na
2
HPO
4

Na
3
PO
4


* Phng trnh kho:
- 2K
3
PO
4
+ H
3
PO
4

3K
3
HPO
4
- K
2
HPO
4
+ H
3
PO
4

2KH
2
PO
4
ZnO Na
2
ZnO
2
5) Zn Zn(NO
3
)
2
ZnCO
3
CO
2
KHCO
3

CaCO
3
* Phng trnh kho:
- ZnO + 2NaOH

Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2
O
- KHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3
+ KOH + H
2
O


A

o
+X ,t

6) A

Fe
B +
D
E +
G
A


7) CaCl
2

Ca

Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Clorua voi Ca(NO
3
)
2
8) KMnO
4

Cl
2

nc Javen

Cl
2
NaClO
3

O
2
Al
2
O
3
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

NaAlO 9) Al
Al(OH)
3


AlCl
3
Al(NO
3
)
3



Al
2
O
3
Cau 2: Hay tm 2 chat vo c thoa man chat R trong s
o sau:
A B C
R R R R
X Y Z
Cau 3: Xac nh cac chat theo s o bien hoa sau:
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A A A A A
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4

o
+Y ,t

o
+Z,t

(1)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) (6)
(7)
(9)
(10)
(11) (12)

Cau 4: Hoan thanh cac phan ng sau:
X + A
(5)
E
F
+

X + B
(6) (7)
G E
H F
+ +

Fe
X + C

4 (8) (9)
I L
K H BaSO
+ +
+
X + D
(10) (11)
M G
X H
+ +

B. IEN CHAT VA HOAN THANH PHNG
TRNH PHAN NG
Cau 1: Bo tuc cac phan ng sau:
FeS
2
+ O
2

o
t

A + B J
o
t

B + D
A + H
2
S

C + D B + L
o
t

E + D
C + E

F F + HCl

G +
H
2
S
G + NaOH

H + I H + O
2
+ D

J
Cau 2: Xac nh chat va hoan thanh cac phng trnh
phan ng:
FeS + A

B
(kh)
+ C B + CuSO
4

D
(en)
+ E
B + F

G
vang
+ H C + J
(kh)

L
L + KI

C + M + N
Cau 3: Chon cac chat thch hp e hoan chnh cac PTP
sau:
a) X
1
+ X
2

o
t

Cl
2
+ MnCl
2
+ KCl + H
2
O
b) X
3
+ X
4
+ X
5

HCl + H
2
SO
4
c) A
1
+ A
2 (d)

SO
2
+ H
2
O
d) Ca(X)
2
+ Ca(Y)
2

Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ H
2
O
e) D
1
+ D
2
+ D
3

Cl
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
f) KHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
d

G
1
+ G
2
+ G
3

g) Al
2
O
3
+ KHSO
4

L
1
+ L
2
+ L
3
Cau 4: Xac nh cong thc ng vi cac ch cai sau.
Hoan thanh PTP:
a) X
1
+ X
2

BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
b) X
3
+ X
4

Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
c) X
5
+ X
6
+ H
2
O

Fe(OH)
3
+ CO
2
+ NaCl
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

C. IEU CHE MOT CHAT T NHIEU CHAT
1. ieu che oxit.
Phi kim + oxi Nhiet phan axit (axit
mat nc)
Kim loai + oxi OXIT Nhiet phan
muoi
Oxi + hp chat Nhiet phan baz
khong tan
Kim loai manh + oxit
kim loai yeu
V du: 2N
2
+ 5O
2

2N
2
O
5
; H
2
CO
3

o
t

CO
2
+ H
2
O
3Fe + 2O
2

o
t

Fe
3
O
4
; CaCO
3

o
t

CaO + CO
2
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2

o
t

2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
; Cu(OH)
2
o
t

CuO + H
2
O
2Al + Fe
2
O
3

o
t

Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
2. ieu che axit.
Oxit axit + H
2
O
Phi kim + Hiro AXIT
Muoi + axit manh
V du: P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O

2H
3
PO
4
; H
2
+ Cl
2

as
2HCl
2NaCl + H
2
SO
4

Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
3. ieu che baz.
Kim loai + H
2
O Kiem + dd muoi
BAZ
Oxit baz + H
2
O ien phan dd
muoi (co mang ngan)
V du: 2K + 2H
2
O

2KOH + H
2
; Ca(OH)
2
+ K
2
CO
3

CaCO
3
+ 2KOH
Na
2
O + H
2
O

2NaOH ; 2KCl + 2H
2
O
ienphan
comangngan

2KOH + H
2
+ Cl
2
4. ieu che hiroxit lng tnh.
Muoi cua nguyen to lng tnh + NH
4
OH (hoac kiem
va u)

Hiroxit lng tnh + Muoi mi

V du: AlCl
3
+ NH
4
OH

3NH
4
Cl + Al(OH)
3

ZnSO
4
+ 2NaOH
(va u)

Zn(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

5. ieu che muoi.
a) T n chat b) T hp
chat
Axit + Bz
Kim loai + Axit Axit + Oxit
baz
Oxit axit + Oxit
baz
Kim loai + Phi kim MUOI Muoi axit
+ Oxit baz
Muoi axit + Baz
Kim loai + DD muoi Axit + DD
muoi
Kiem + DD muoi
DD muoi + DD
muoi
* Bai tap:
Cau 1: Viet cac phng trnh phan ng ieu che trc
tiep FeCl
2
t Fe, t FeSO
4
, t FeCl
3
.
Cau 2: Viet phng trnh phan ng bieu dien s ieu
che trc tiep FeSO
4
t Fe bang cac cach khac
nhau.
Cau 3: Viet cac phng trnh ieu che trc tiep:
a) Cu

CuCl
2
bang 3 cach.
b) CuCl
2

Cu bang 2 cach.
c) Fe

FeCl
3
bang 2 cach.
Cau 4: Ch t quang pirit FeS
2
, O
2
va H
2
O, co chat xuc
tac thch hp. Hay viet phng trnh phan ng
ieu che muoi sat (III) sunfat.
Cau 5: Ch t Cu, NaCl va H
2
O, hay neu cach ieu che
e thu c Cu(OH)
2
. Viet cac PTHH xay ra.
Cau 6: T cac chat KCl, MnO
2
, CaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4

ac
. Hay viet
PTP ieu che: Cl
2
, hiroclorua.
Cau 7: T cac chat NaCl, KI, H
2
O. Hay viet PTP ieu
che: Cl
2
, nc Javen, dung dch KOH, I
2
, KClO
3
.
Cau 8: T cac chat NaCl, Fe, H
2
O, H
2
SO
4

ac
. Hay viet PTP
ieu che: FeCl
2
, FeCl
3
, nc clo.
Cau 9: T Na, H
2
O, CO
2
, N
2
ieu che xoa va am 2 la.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.

Cau 10: Phan am 2 la co cong thc NH
4
NO
3
, phan am
ure co cong thc (NH
2
)
2
CO. Viet cac phng trnh ieu
che 2 loai phan am tren t khong kh, nc va a voi.
Cau 11: Hon hp gom CuO, Fe
2
O
3
. Ch dung Al va HCl hay
neu 2 cach ieu che Cu nguyen chat.
Cau 12: T quang pyrit sat, nc bien, khong kh, hay
viet cac phng trnh ieu che cac chat: FeSO
4
, FeCl
3
,
FeCl
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaHSO
4
.
--------------------------------------------
Dang 2: NHAN BIET VA TACH CAC
CHAT VO C
A. NHAN BIET CAC CHAT
I. Nhan biet cac chat trong dung dch.
Hoa
chat
Thuoc
th
Hien tng Phng trnh minh hoa
- Axit
- Baz
kiem
Quy
tm
- Quy tm hoa o
- Quy tm hoa
xanh
Goc
nitrat
Cu
Tao kh khong
mau, e ngoai
khong kh hoa
nau
8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO +
4H2O
(khong
mau)
2NO + O2 2NO2 (mau nau)
Goc
sunfat
BaCl
2
Tao ket tua
trang khong tan
trong axit
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4
+ 2HCl
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4
+ 2NaCl
Goc
sunfit
- BaCl
2
- Axit
- Tao ket tua
trang khong tan
trong axit.
- Tao kh khong
mau.
Na2SO3 + BaCl2 BaSO3
+ 2NaCl
Na2SO3 + HCl BaCl2 + SO2

+ H2O
Goc
cacbonat
Axit,
BaCl
2
,
AgNO
3
Tao kh khong
mau, tao ket tua
trang.
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2

+ H2O
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3

+ 2NaCl
Na2CO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CO3

+ 2NaNO3
Goc
photphat
AgNO
3
Tao ket tua mau
vang
Na3PO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3PO4

+ 3NaNO3
(mau vang)
Goc
clorua
AgNO
3
,
Pb(NO
3
)
2
Tao ket tua
trang
HCl + AgNO3 AgCl

+ HNO3
2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2

+ 2NaNO3

Muoi
sunfua
Axit,
Pb(NO
3
)
2
Tao kh mui trng
ung.
Tao ket tua en.
Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S

Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS

+ 2NaNO3
Muoi
sat (II)
NaOH
Tao ket tua
trang xanh, sau o
b hoa nau ngoai
khong kh.
FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2
+ 2NaCl
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3

Muoi
sat (III)
Tao ket tua mau
nau o
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3
+ 3NaCl
Muoi
magie
Tao ket tua
trang
MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2
+ 2NaCl
Muoi
ong
Tao ket tua xanh
lam
Cu(NO3)2 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2
+
2NaNO3
Muoi
nhom
Tao ket tua
trang, tan trong
NaOH d
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3
+ 3NaCl
Al(OH)3 + NaOH (d) NaAlO2 + 2H2O
II. Nhan biet cac kh vo c.
Kh SO
2
Ca(OH)
2
,
dd
nc
brom
Lam uc nc
voi trong.
Mat mau vang
nau cua dd nc
brom
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3
+ H2O
SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr
Kh CO
2
Ca(OH)
2
Lam uc nc
voi trong
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3
+ H2O
Kh N
2
Que
diem
o
Que diem tat
Kh NH
3
Quy
tm am
Quy tm am hoa
xanh
Kh CO CuO
(en)
Chuyen CuO (en)
thanh o.
CO + CuO
o
t
Cu + CO2

(en) (o)
Kh HCl
- Quy
tm am
t
- AgNO
3
- Quy tm am t
hoa o
- Tao ket tua
trang
HCl + AgNO3 AgCl

+ HNO3
Kh H
2
S Pb(NO
3
)
2
Tao ket tua en
H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS

+ 2HNO3
Kh Cl
2
Giay
tam
ho tinh
bot
Lam xanh giay
tam ho tinh bot
Axit HNO
3
Bot Cu Co kh mau nau
4HNO3 + Cu

Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2

+ 2H2O

xuat hien
* Bai tap:
@. Nhan biet bang thuoc th t chon:
Cau 1: Trnh bay phng phap phan biet 5 dung dch:
HCl, NaOH, Na
2
SO
4
, NaCl, NaNO
3
.
Cau 2: Phan biet 4 chat long: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, H
2
O.
Cau 3: Co 4 ong nghiem, moi ong cha 1 dung dch
muoi (khong trung kim loai cung nh goc axit) la:
clorua, sunfat, nitrat, cacbonat cua cac kim loai Ba, Mg, K,
Pb.
a) Hoi moi ong nghiem cha dung dch cua muoi
nao?
b) Neu phng phap phan biet 4 ong nghiem o?.
Cau 4: Phan biet 3 loai phan bon hoa hoc: phan
kali (KCl), am 2 la (NH
4
NO
3
), va supephotphat kep
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
Cau 5: Co 8 dung dch cha: NaNO
3
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
,
Cu(NO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, MgSO
4
, FeSO
4
, CuSO
4
. Hay neu cac
thuoc th va trnh bay cac phng an phan biet
cac dung dch noi tren.
Cau 6: Co 4 chat ran: KNO
3
, NaNO
3
, KCl, NaCl. Hay
neu cach phan biet chung.
Cau 7: Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet
cac hon hp sau: (Fe + Fe
2
O
3
), (Fe + FeO), (FeO + Fe
2
O
3
).
Cau 8: Co 3 lo ng ba hon hp dang bot: (Al +
Al
2
O
3
), (Fe + Fe
2
O
3
), (FeO + Fe
2
O
3
). Dung phng phap
hoa hoc e nhan biet chung. Viet cac phng trnh
phan ng xay ra.
@. Nhan biet ch bang thuoc th qui nh:
Cau 1: Nhan biet cac dung dch trong moi cap sau
ay ch bang dung dch HCl:
a) 4 dung dch: MgSO
4
, NaOH, BaCl
2
, NaCl.
b) 4 chat ran: NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
.
Cau 2: Nhan biet bang 1 hoa chat t chon:
a) 4 dung dch: MgCl
2
, FeCl
2
, FeCl
3
, AlCl
3
.
b) 4 dung dch: H
2
SO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, MgSO
4
.
c) 4 axit: HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
.
Cau 3: Ch c dung them quy tm va cac ong
nghiem, hay ch ro phng phap nhan ra cac dung
dch b mat nhan: NaHSO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
, BaCl
2
, Na
2
S.
Cau 4: Cho cac hoa chat: Na, MgCl
2
, FeCl
2
, FeCl
3
, AlCl
3
.
Ch dung them nc hay nhan biet chung.

@. Nhan biet khong co thuoc th khac:
Cau 1: Co 4 ong nghiem c anh so (1), (2), (3),
(4), moi ong cha mot trong 4 dung dch sau: Na
2
CO
3
,
MgCl
2
, HCl, KHCO
3
. Biet rang:
- Khi o ong so (1) vao ong so (3) th thay ket
tua.
- Khi o ong so (3) vao ong so (4) th thay co kh
bay len.
Hoi dung dch nao c cha trong tng ong
nghiem.
Cau 2: Trong 5 dung dch ky hieu A, B, C, D, E cha
Na
2
CO
3
, HCl, BaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, NaCl. Biet:
- o A vao B

co ket tua.
- o A vao C

co kh bay ra.
- o B vao D

co ket tua.
Xac nh cac chat co cac k hieu tren va giai
thch.
Cau 3: Hay phan biet cac chat trong moi cap dung
dch sau ay ma khong dung thuoc th khac:
a) NaCl, H
2
SO
4
, CuSO
4
, BaCl
2
, NaOH.
b) NaOH, FeCl
2
, HCl, NaCl.
Cau 4: Co 6 dung dch c anh so ngau nhien t
1 en 6. moi dung dch cha mot chat gom: BaCl
2
,
H
2
SO
4
, NaOH, MgCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
. lan lt thc hien cac th
nghiem va thu c ket qua nh sau:
Th nghiem 1: Dung dch 2 cho ket tua vi cac
dung dch 3 va 4.
Th nghiem 2: Dung dch 6 cho ket tua vi cac
dung dch 1 va 4.
Th nghiem 3: Dung dch 4 cho kh bay len khi tac
dung vi cac dung dch 3 va 5.
Hay xac nh so cua cac dung dch.
Cau 5: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac ,
hay nhan biet cac chat ng trong cac lo mat
nhan sau: KOH, HCl, FeCl
3
, Pb(NO
3
)
2
, Al(NO
3
)
3
, NH
4
Cl.
Cau 6: Khong c dung them hoa chat nao khac ,
hay nhan biet 5 lo mat nhan sau: NaHSO
4
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2
,
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
.
B. TACH CAC CHAT VO C.
I. Nguyen tac:
@ Bc 1: Chon chat X ch tac dung vi A (ma
khong tac dung vi B) e chuyen A thanh AX

dang ket tua, bay hi hoac hoa tan; tach khoi B
(bang cach loc hoac t tach).
@ Bc 2: ieu che lai chat A t AX
* S o tong quat:
B
A, B

+

X
Ptach

XY
AX ( , , tan)
+

Y
Ptai tao

A
II. Bai tap:
Cau 1: Tach rieng dung dch tng chat sau ra khoi
hon hp dung dch AlCl
3
, FeCl
3
, BaCl
2
.
Cau 2: Neu phng phap tach hon hp gom 3 kh: Cl
2
,
H
2
va CO
2
thanh cac chat nguyen chat.
Cau 3: Neu phng phap tach hon hp a voi, voi
song, silic ioxit va sat (II) clorua thanh tng chat
nguyen chat.
Cau 4: Trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc e lay tng
oxit t hon hp : SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
va CuO.
Cau 5: Trnh bay phng phap hoa hoc e lay tng
kim loai Cu va Fe t hon hp cac oxit SiO
2
,
Al
2
O
3
, CuO va FeO.
Cau 6: Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay tach tng
kim loai Al, Fe, Cu ra khoi hon hp 3 kim loai.
--------------------------------------------------------
Dang 3: BAI TOAN VE
O TAN.
@ Hng giai: Da vao nh ngha va d kien bai
toan ta co cong thc:
1.
2
100
ct
H O
m
S
m
Trong o: S la o tan
ct
m
la khoi lng chat tan

2.

ct
ddbh
m S
S+100 m
ddbh
m
la khoi lng dung dch
bao hoa
2
H O
m
la khoi lng dung moi
@ Bai tap:
Cau 1: Xac nh lng NaCl ket tinh tr lai khi lam lanh
548 gam dung dch muoi an bao hoa 50
o
C xuong O
o
C.
Biet o tan cua NaCl 50
o
C la 37 gam va O
o
C la 35
gam.
S: NaCl ket tinh
8( ) m g

Cau 2: Hoa tan 450g KNO
3
vao 500g nc cat 250
0
C
(dung dch X). Biet o tan cua KNO
3
20
0
C la32g. Hay
xac nh khoi lng KNO
3
tach ra khoi dung dch khi lam
lanh dung dch X en 20
0
C.
S:
3
KNO tach ra khoi dd
290( ) m g

Cau 3: Cho 0,2 mol CuO tan het trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%
un nong (lng va u). Sau o lam nguoi dung dch
en 10
0
C. Tnh khoi lng tinh the CuSO
4
.5H
2
O a tach
khoi dung dch, biet rang o tan cua CuSO
4
10
0
C la
17,4g.
S:
4 2
CuSO .5H O
30, 7( ) m g

DANG 4:
BAI TAP VE CONG THC
HOA HOC
BAI TAP
Cau 1: Khi hoa tan 21g mot kim loai hoa tr II trong dung
dch H
2
SO
4
loang d, ngi ta thu c 8,4 lt hiro (ktc) va
dung dch A. Khi cho ket tinh muoi trong dung dch A th thu
c 104,25g tinh the hirat hoa.
a) Cho biet ten kim loai.
b) Xac nh CTHH cua tinh the muoi hirat hoa o.
S: a) Fe ; b)
FeSO
4
.7H
2
O
Cau 2: Cho 4,48g oxit cua 1 kim loai hoa tr II tac dung
va u vi 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,8M roi co can dung

dch th nhan c 13,76g tinh the muoi ngam nc. Tm
cong thc muoi ngam H
2
O nay.
S:
CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
Cau 3: Mot hon hp kim loai X gom 2 kim loai Y, Z co t
so khoi lng 1 : 1. Trong 44,8g hon hp X, so hieu mol
cua Y va Z la 0,05 mol. Mat khac nguyen t khoi Y > Z
la 8. Xac nh kim loai Y va Z.
S: Y = 64
(Cu) va Z = 56 (Fe)
Cau 4: Hoa tan hoan toan 4 gam hon hp gom 1 kim loai
hoa tr II va 1 kim loai hoa tr III can dung het 170 ml HCl
2M.
a) Co can dung dch thu c bao nhieu gam muoi kho.
b) Tnh
2
H
V
thoat ra ktc.
c) Neu biet kim loai hoa tr III la Al va so mol bang 5
lan so mol kim loai hoa tr II th kim loai hoa tr II la
nguyen to nao?
S: a)
16, 07 m gam
muoi
; b)
2
3,808
H
V lt
; c) Kim loai
hoa tr II laZn
Cau 5: Oxit cao nhat cua mot nguyen to co cong thc
R
2
O
x
phan t khoi cua oxit la 102 vC, biet thanh phan
khoi lng cua oxi la 47,06%. Xac nh R.
S: R la
nhom (Al)
Cau 6: Nguyen to X co the tao thanh vi Fe hp chat
dang Fe
a
X
b
, phan t nay gom 4 nguyen t co khoi lng
mol la 162,5 gam. Hoi nguyen to X la g?
S: X la clo
(Cl)
Cau 7: Cho 100 gam hon hp 2 muoi clorua cua cung 1 kim
loai M (co hoa tr II va III) tac dung het vi NaOH d. Ket
tua hiroxit hoa tr 2 bang 19,8 gam con khoi lng clorua
kim loai M hoa tr II bang 0,5 khoi lng mol cua M. Tm
cong thc 2 clorua va % hon hp.
S: Hai muoi la FeCl
2
va FeCl
3
; %FeCl
2
= 27,94%
va %FeCl
3
= 72,06%
Cau 8: Hoa tan 18,4 gam hon hp 2 kim loai hoa tr II va
III bang axit HCl thu c dung dch A + kh B. Chia oi B.
a) Phan B
1
em ot chay thu c 4,5 gam H
2
O. Hoi co
can dd A thu c bao nhieu gam muoi khan.

b) Phan B
2
tac dung het clo va cho san pham hap thu
vao 200 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,2). Tm C% cac
chat trong dung dch tao ra.
c) Tm 2 kim loai, neu biet t so mol 2 muoi khan = 1 : 1
va khoi lng mol cua kim loai nay gap 2,4 lan khoi
lng mol cua kim loai kia.
S: a)
26, 95 m gam
muoi
; b) C% (NaOH) = 10,84%
va C% (NaCl) = 11,37%
c) Kim loai hoa tr II la Zn va kim loai
hoa tr III la Al
Cau 9: Kim loai X tao ra 2 muoi XBr
2
va XSO
4
. Neu so mol
XSO
4
gap 3 lan so mol XBr
2
th lng XSO
4
bang 104,85 gam,
con lng XBr
2
ch bang 44,55 gam. Hoi X la nguyen to
nao?
S: X = 137 la
Ba
Cau 10: Hon hp kh gom NO, NO
2
va 1 oxit N
x
O
y
co thanh
phan 45%
NO
V
; 15%
2
NO
V
va 40%
x y
N O
V
. Trong hon hp co 23,6%
lng NO con trong N
x
O
y
co 69,6% lng oxi. Hay xac nh
oxit N
x
O
y
. S: Oxit la N
2
O
4
Cau 11: Co 1 oxit sat cha biet.
- Hoa tan m gam oxit can 150 ml HCl 3M.
- Kh toan bo m gam oxit bang CO nong, d thu c
8,4 gam sat. Tm cong thc oxit.
S: Fe
2
O
3
Cau 12: Kh 1 lng oxit sat cha biet bang H
2
nong d.
San pham hi tao ra hap thu bang 100 gam axit H
2
SO
4
98%
th nong o axit giam i 3,405%. Chat ran thu c sau
phan ng kh c hoa tan bang axit H
2
SO
4
loang thoat
ra 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Tm cong thc oxit sat b kh.
S: Fe
3
O
4
Cau 13: Hon hp X gom 2 kim loai A va B co t le khoi
lng 1 : 1 va khoi lng mol nguyen t cua A nang hn B
la 8 gam. Trong 53,6 gam X co so mol A khac B la 0,0375
mol. Hoi A, B la nhng kim loai nao?
S: B la Fe va A la Cu
Cau 14: ot chay hoan toan m gam chat A can dung
het 5,824 dm
3
O
2
(ktc). San pham co CO
2
va H
2
O c chia
oi. Phan 1 cho i qua P
2
O
5
thay lng P
2
O
5
tang 1,8 gam.
Phan 2 cho i qua CaO thay lng CaO tang 5,32 gam. Tm m
va cong thc n gian A. Tm cong thc phan t A va
biet A the kh (k thng) co so C 4.

S: A la C
4
H
10
Cau 15: Hoa tan 18,4g hon hp 2 kim loai hoa tr II va III
bang axit HCl thu c dung dch A + kh B. Chia oi B
a) Phan B
1
em ot chay thu c 4,5g H
2
O. Hoi co can
dung dch A thu c bao nhieu gam muoi khan.
b) Phan B
2
tac dung het clo va cho san pham hap thu
vao 200 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,2). Tm % cac
chat trong dung dch tao ra.
c) Tm 2 kim loai, neu biet t so mol 2 muoi khan = 1 : 1
va khoi lng mol kim loai nay gap 2,4 lan khoi
lng mol cua kim loai kia.
S: a) Lng muoi
khan = 26,95g
b) %NaOH =
10,84% va %NaCl = 11,73%
c) KL hoa tr II
la Zn va KL hoa tr III la Al
Cau 16: Hai nguyen to X va Y eu the ran trong ieu
kien thng 8,4 gam X co so mol nhieu hn 6,4 gam Y la
0,15 mol. Biet khoi lng mol nguyen t cua X nho hn
khoi lng mol nguyen t cua Y la 8. Hay cho biet ten
cua X, Y va so mol moi nguyen to noi tren.
S: - X (Mg), Y (S)
-
0, 2
S
n mol
va
0, 35
Mg
n mol
Cau 17: Nguyen to R tao thanh hp chat RH
4
, trong o
hiro chiem 25% khoi lng va nguyen to R tao thanh
hp chat RO
2
trong o oxi chiem 69,57% khoi lng.
a) Hoi R va R la cac nguyen to g?
b) Hoi 1 lt kh RO
2
nang hn 1 lt kh RH
4
bao nhieu lan
( cung ieu kien nhiet o, ap suat).
c) Neu ktc, V
1
lt RH
4
nang bang V
2
lt RO
2
th t le
V
1
/V
2
bang bao nhieu lan?
S: a) R (C), R(N) ; b) NO
2
nang hn CH
4
=
2,875 lan ; c) V
1
/V
2
= 2,875 lan
Cau 18: Hp chat vi oxi cua nguyen to X co dang X
a
O
b
gom 7 nguyen t trong phan t. ong thi t le khoi
lng gia X va oxi la 1 : 1,29. Xac nh X va cong thc
oxit.
S: X la P

oxit cua X la P
2
O
5

Cau 19: Hoa tan hoan toan 12,1 gam hon hp bot gom
CuO va mot oxit cua kim loai hoa tr II khac can 100 ml
dung dch HCl 3M. Biet t le mol cua 2 oxit la 1 : 2.
a) Xac nh cong thc cua oxit con lai.
b) Tnh % theo khoi lng cua moi oxit trong hon hp ban
au.
S: a) ZnO ; b) %CuO = 33,06% va %ZnO =
66,94%
Cau 20: Cho A gam kim loai M co hoa tr khong oi vao
250 ml dung dch hon hp gom Cu(NO
3
)
2
va AgNO
3
eu co
nong o 0,8 mol/l. Sau khi phan ng xay ra hoan toan ta
loc c (a + 27,2) gam chat ran gom ba kim loai va c
mot dung dch ch cha mot muoi tan. Xac nh M va
khoi lng muoi tao ra trong dung dch. S:
M la Mg va Mg(NO
3
)
2
= 44,4g
Cau 21: Nung 25,28 gam hon hp FeCO
3
va Fe
x
O
y
d ti
phan ng hoan toan, thu c kh A va 22,4 gam Fe
2
O
3
duy
nhat. Cho kh A hap thu hoan toan vao 400ml dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
0,15M thu c 7,88g ket tua.
a) Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra.
b) Tm cong thc phan t cua Fe
x
O
y
.
S: b) Fe
2
O
3
Cau 22: Hai thanh kim loai giong nhau (eu cung nguyen
to R hoa tr II) va co cung khoi lng. Cho thanh th
nhat vao vao dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
va thanh th hai vao
dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Sau mot thi gian, khi so mol 2 muoi
bang nhau, lay hai thanh kim loai o ra khoi dung dch
thay khoi lng thanh th nhat giam i 0,2% con khoi
lng thanh th hai tang 28,4%. Xac nh nguyen to R.
S: R (Zn)
Cau 23: Hon hp M gom oxit cua mot kim loai hoa tr II
va mot cacbonat cua kim loai o c hoa tan het bang
axit H
2
SO
4
loang va u tao ra kh N va dung dch L. em
co can dung dch L thu c mot lng muoi khan bang
168% khoi lng M. Xac nh kim loai hoa tr II, biet kh N
bang 44% khoi lng cua M.
S: Mg
Cau 24: Cho Cho 3,06g axit M
x
O
y
cua kim loai M co hoa tr
khong oi (hoa tr t I en III) tan trong HNO
3
d thu c
5,22g muoi. Hay xac nh cong thc phan t cua oxit
M
x
O
y
. S: BaO
Cau 25: Cho 15,25 gam hon hp mot kim loai hoa tr II co
lan Fe tan het trong axit HCl d thoat ra 4,48 dm
3
H
2
(ktc) va

thu c dung dch X. Them NaOH d vao X, loc ket tua
tach ra roi nung trong khong kh en lng khong oi can
nang 12 gam. Tm kim loai hoa tr II, biet no khong tao
ket tua vi hiroxit.
S: Ba
Cau 26: Cho 2 gam hon hp Fe va kim loai hoa tr II vao
dung dch HCl co d th thu c 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Mat khac,
neu hoa tan 4,8g kim loai hoa tr II o can cha en 500
ml dung dch HCl. Xac nh kim loai hoa tr II.
S: Mg
Cau 27: Kh hoan toan 4,06g mot oxit kim loai bang CO
nhiet o cao thanh kim loai. Dan toan bo kh sinh ra vao
bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d, thay tao thanh 7g ket tua. Neu lay
lng kim loai sinh ra hoa tan het vao dung dch HCl d th
thu c 1,176 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
a) Xac nh cong thc phan t oxit kim loai.
b) Cho 4,06g oxit kim loai tren tac dung hoan toan vi
500 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
ac, nong (d) thu c dung
dch X va kh SO
2
bay ra. Hay xac nh nong o mol/l
cua muoi trong dung dch X (coi the tch dung dch
khong thay oi trong qua trnh phan ng)
S: a) Fe
3
O
4
; b)
2 4 3
( )
0, 0525
M Fe SO
C M
Cau 28: Hoa tan hoa toan m gam kim loai M bang dung
dch HCl d, thu c V lt H
2
(ktc). Mat khac hoa tan hoan
toan m gam kim loai M bang dung dch HNO
3
loang, thu c
muoi nitrat cua M, H
2
O va cung V lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc).
a) So sanh hoa tr cua M trong muoi clorua va trong
muoi nitrat.
b) Hoi M la kim loai nao? Biet rang khoi lng muoi
nitrat tao thanh gap 1,905 lan khoi lng muoi clorua.
S: a)
2
3
x
y

; b) Fe
Cau 29: Hoa tan hoan toan 14,2g hon hp C gom MgCO
3
va muoi cacbonat cua kim loai R vao dung dch HCl 7,3%
va u, thu c dung dch D va 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Nong o MgCl
2
trong dung dch D bang 6,028%.
a) Xac nh kim loai R va thanh phan % theo khoi lng
cua moi chat trong C.
b) Cho dung dch NaOH d vao dung dch D, loc lay ket
tua nung ngoai khong kh en khi phan ng hoan
toan. Tnh so gam chat ran con lai sau khi nung.

S: a) R (Fe) va %MgCO
3
= 59,15% , %FeCO
3
=
40,85% ; b)
4
MgO
m g
va
2 3
4
Fe O
m g
Cau 30: Hoa tan hoan toan a gam kim loai M co hoa tr
khong oi vao b gam dung dch HCl c dung dch D.
Them 240 gam dung dch NaHCO
3
7% vao D th va u tac
dung het vi lng HCl con d, thu c dung dch E trong
o nong o phan tram cua NaCl va muoi clorua km loai
M tng ng la 2,5% va 8,12%. Them tiep lng d dung
dch NaOH vao E, sau o loc lay ket tua, roi nung en
khoi lng khong oi th thu c 16 gam chat ran. Viet
cac phng trnh phan ng.
Xac nh kim loai va nong o phan tram cua dung
dch a dung.
S: M (Mg) va %HCl = 16%
Dang 5:
BAI TOAN NONG O DUNG
DCH
I. Cac loai nong o:
1. Nong o phan tram (C%): la lng chat tan co
trong 100g dung dch.
Cong Thc:
% 100%
ct
dd
m
C
m

ct
m
: Khoi lng
chat tan (g)

dd
m
: Khoi lng dung
dch (g)
Vi:
dd
m
= V.D V: The tch dung
dch (ml)
D: Khoi lng rieng
(g/ml)
Vay:
% 100%
ct
dd
m
C
m
=
100%
ct
m
V.D

II. Nong o mol (C

M
): Cho biet so mol chat tan co trong
1 lt dung dch.
Cong thc:
M
n
C
V

(mol/l)
2
1

1
2
C C
m
m C C
2
1

1
2
C C
V
V C C
2
1

1
2
D D
V
V D D

Ma
m
n
M

suy ra:
M
m
m
M
C
V M.V

(mol/l) hay (M)
III. Quan he gia nong o phan tram va o tan S
% 100%
S
C
S+100

IV. Quan he gia nong o phan tram va nong o
mol.
Ta co:
.1000 10 10
.100.
ct
ct ct
M
dd
dd dd
m
m D m n D D
M
C C%.
m
V m .M m M M
1000.D
10
M
D
C C%.
M

hay
10
M
M
C% C .
D

V. Khi pha tron dung dch:

1) S dung quy tac ng cheo:
@ Tron m
1
gam dung dch co nong o C
1
% vi m
2
gam
dung dch co nong o C
2
%, dung dch thu c co nong
o C% la:
1
m
gam dung dch
1
C

2
C C
2
m
gam dung dch
2
C

1
C C
@ Tron V
1
ml dung dch co nong o C
1
mol/l vi V
2
ml
dung dch co nong o C
2
mol/l th thu c dung dch co
nong o C (mol/l), vi V
dd
= V
1
+ V
2
.
1
V
ml dung dch
1
C

2
C C
C
2
V
ml dung dch
2
C

1
C C
@ Tron V
1
ml dung dch co khoi lng rieng D
1
vi V
2
ml
dung dch co khoi lng rieng D
2
, thu c dung dch co
khoi lng rieng D.
1
V
ml dung dch
1
D

2
D D
D
2
V
ml dung dch
2
D

1
D D
2) Co the s dung phng trnh pha tron:
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
mC mC m +m C +
(1)
1
m
,
2
m
la khoi lng cua dung dch 1 va dung dch 2.
1
C
,
2
C
la nong o % cua dung dch 1 va dung dch 2.
C la nong o % cua dung dch mi.
(1)
1 2 1 2 1 2
mC mC mC+mC +
C

( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
m C -C m C-C

2
1
1
2
m C -C
m C -C

3) e tnh nong o cac chat co phan ng vi nhau:
- Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
- Tnh so mol (khoi lng) cua cac chat sau phan ng.
- Tnh khoi lng hoac the tch dung dch sau phan ng.
Lu y: Cach tnh khoi lng dung dch sau phan ng.
Neu san pham khong co chat bay hi hay ket
tua.
ddsauphanng khoi lngcacchat thamgia
m

Neu san pham tao thanh co chat bay hi hay

ket tua.

ddsauphanng khi khoi lngcacchat thamgia
m m

ddsauphanng khoi lngcacchat thamgia ket tua

m m

Neu san pham va co ket tua va bay hi.

ddsauphanng khi khoi lngcacchat thamgia ket tua
m m m

BAI TAP:
Cau 1: Tnh khoi lng AgNO
3
b tach ra khoi 75 gam dung
dch bao hoa AgNO
3
50
o
C, khi dung dch c ha nhiet
o en 20
o
C. Biet
( )
0
3
20
222
AgNO C
S g
;
( )
0
3
50
455
AgNO C
S g
.
Cau 2: Co 2 dung dchHCl nong o 0,5M va 3M. Tnh the
tch dung dch can phai lay e pha c 100ml dung dch
HCl nong o 2,5M.
Cau 3: Khi hoa tan m (g) muoi FeSO
4
.7H
2
O vao 168,1 (g)
nc, thu c dung dch FeSO
4
co nong o 2,6%. Tnh m?
Cau 4: Lay 12,42 (g) Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O c hoa tan trong 50,1ml
nc cat (D = 1g/ml). Tnh nong o phan tram cua dung
dch thu c.
Cau 5: Lay 8,4 (g) MgCO
3
hoa tan vao 146 (g) dung dch HCl
th va u.
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng.
b) Tnh nong o phan tram cua dung dch HCl au?
c) Tnh nong o phan tram cac chat trong dung dch
sau phan ng?
Cau 6: Hoa tan 10 (g) CaCO
3
vao 114,1 (g) dung dch HCl 8%.
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng.

b) Tnh nong o phan tram cac chat thu c sau phan
ng?
Cau 7: Hoa tan hoa toan 16,25g mot kim loai hoa tr (II)
bang dung dch HCl 18,25% (D = 1,2g/ml), thu c dung dch
muoi va 5,6l kh hiro (ktc).
a) Xac nh kim loai?
b) Xac nh khoi lng ddHCl 18,25% a dung?
Tnh C
M
cua dung dch HCl tren?
c) Tm nong o phan tram cua dung dch muoi sau
phan ng?
Cau 8: Cho a (g) Fe tac dung va u 150ml dung dch HCl (D
= 1,2 g/ml) thu c dung dch va 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Cho toan
bo lng dung dch tren tac dung vi dung dch AgNO
3
d,
thu c b (g) ket tua.
a) Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
b) Tm gia tr a, b?
c) Tnh nong o phan tram va nong o mol/l dung dch
HCl?
Cau 9: Mot hon hp gom Na
2
SO
4
va K
2
SO
4
tron theo t le
1 : 2 ve so mol. Hoa tan hon hp vao 102 (g) nc, thu
c dung dch A. Cho 1664 (g) dung dch BaCl
2
10% vao dung
dch A, xuat hien ket tua. Loc bo ket tua, them H
2
SO
4
d vao nc loc thay tao ra 46,6 (g) ket tua.
Xac nh nong o phan tram cua Na
2
SO
4
va K
2
SO
4
trong dung dch A ban au?
Cau 10: Cho 39,09 (g) hon hp X gom 3 muoi: K
2
CO
3
, KCl,
KHCO
3
tac dung vi Vml dung dch HCl d 10,52% (D =
1,05g/ml), thu c dung dch Y va 6,72 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Chia Y thanh 2 phan bang nhau.
- Phan 1: e trung hoa dung dch can 250ml dung dch
NaOH 0,4M.
- Phan 2: Cho tac dung vi AgNO
3
d thu c 51,66 (g)
ket tua.
a) Tnh khoi lng cac chat trong hon hp ban au?
b) Tm Vml?
Cau 11: Cho 46,1 (g) hon hp Mg, Fe, Zn phan ng vi dung
dch HCl th thu c 17,92 lt H
2
(ktc). Tnh thanh phan
phan tram ve khoi lng cac kim loai trong hon hp.
Biet rang the tch kh H
2
do sat tao ra gap oi the tch H
2
do Mg tao ra.
Cau 11: e hoa tan hoan toan 4 (g) hon hp gom mot
kim loai hoa tr (II) va mot kim loai hoa tr (III) phai dung
170ml dung dch HCl 2M.

a) Co can dung dch sau phan ng se thu c bao
nhieu gam hon hp muoi khan.
b) Tnh the tch kh H
2
( ktc) thu c sau phan ng.
c) Neu biet kim loai hoa tr (III) tren la Al va no co
so mol gap 5 lan so mol kim loai hoa tr (II). Hay
xac nh ten kim loai hoa tr (II).
Cau 12: Co mot oxit sat cha cong thc. Chia lng oxit
nay lam 2 phan bang nhau.
a) e hoa tan het phan 1 phai dung 150ml dung dch
HCl 3M.
b) Cho mot luong kh CO d i qua phan 2 nung nong,
phan ng xong thu c 8,4 (g) sat.
Tm cong thc oxit sat tren.
Cau 13: A la mot hon hp bot gom Ba, Mg, Al.
- Lay m gam A cho vao nc ti khi het phan ng
thay thoat ra 6,94 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Lay m gam A cho vao dung dch xut d ti het
phan ng thay thoat ra 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Lay m gam A hoa tan bang mot lng va u dung
dch axit HCl c mot dung dch va 9,184 lt H
2
(ktc).
Hay tnh m va % khoi lng cac kim loai trong A.
Cau 14: X la hon hp hai kim loai Mg va Zn. Y la dung dch
H
2
SO
4
cha ro nong o.
Th nghiem 1: Cho 24,3 gam X vao 2 lt Y, sinh ra 8,96 lt kh
H
2
.
Th nghiem 2: Cho 24,3 gam X vao 3 lt Y, sinh ra 11,2 lt kh
H
2
.
(Cac the tch kh eu o ktc)
a) Chng to rang trong th nghiem 1 th X cha tan het,
trong th nghiem 2 th X tan het.
b) Tnh nong o mol cua dung dch Y va khoi lng moi
kim loai trong X.
Cau 15: Tnh nong o ban au cua dung dch H
2
SO
4
va
dung dch NaOH biet rang:
- Neu o 3 lt dung dch NaOH vao 2 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau khi phan ng dung dch co tnh kiem vi
nong o 0,1 M.
- Neu o 2 lt dung dch NaOH vao 3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sau phan ng dung dch co tnh axit vi nong
o 0,2M.
Cau 16: Hoa tan hoan toan a gam kim loai M co hoa tr
khong oi vao b gam dung dch HCl c dung dch D.

Them 240 gam dung dch NaHCO
3
7% vao D th va u tac
dung het vi lng HCl con d, thu c dung dch E trong
o nong o phan tram cua NaCl va muoi clorua km loai
M tng ng la 2,5% va 8,12%. Them tiep lng d dung
dch NaOH vao E, sau o loc lay ket tua, roi nung en
khoi lng khong oi th thu c 16 gam chat ran. Viet
cac phng trnh phan ng.
Xac nh kim loai va nong o phan tram cua dung
dch a dung.
Cau 17: Hoa tan hoan toan m gam kim loai M bang dung
dch HCl d, thu c V lt H
2
(ktc). Mat khac hoan tan hoan
toan m gam kim loai M bang dung dch HNO
3
loang, thu c
muoi nitrat cua M, H
2
O va cung V lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc).
a) So sanh hoa tr cua M trong muoi clorua va trong
muoi nitrat.
b) Hoi M la kim loai nao? biet rang khoi lng muoi
nitrat tao thanh gap 1,095 lan khoi lng muoi clorua.
Cau 18: Hoa tan hoan toan 14,2 gam hon hp C gom
MgCO
3
va muoi cacbonat cua kim loai R vao axit HCl 7,3%
va u, thu c dung dch D va 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Nong o MgCl
2
trong dung dch D bang 6,028%.
a) Xac nh kim loai R va thanh phan phan % theo khoi
lng cua moi chat trong C.
b) Cho dung dch NaOH d vao dung dch D, loc lay ket
tua roi nung ngoai khong kh en khi phan ng
hoan toan. Tnh so gam chat ran con lai sau khi nung.
Cau 19: Khi cho a gam Fe vao trong 400ml dung dch HCl, sau
khi phan ng ket thuc em co can dung dch thu c 6,2
gam chat ran X.
Neu cho hon hp gom a gam Fe va b gam Mg vao trong
400ml dung dch HCl th sau khi phan ng ket thuc, thu
c 896ml H
2
(ktc) va co can dung dch th thu c 6,68
gam chat ran Y. Tnh a, b, nong o mol cua dung dch HCl
va thanh phan khoi lng cac chat trong X, Y. (Gia s
Mg khong phan ng vi nc va khi phan ng vi axit
Mg phan ng trc het Mg mi en Fe. Cho biet cac
phan ng xay ra hoan toan).
Cau 20: Dung dch X la dung dch H
2
SO
4
, dung dch Y la dung
dch NaOH. Neu tron X va Y theo t le the tch la V
X
: V
Y
=
3 : 2 th c dung dch A co cha X d. Trung hoa 1 lt A
can 40 gam KOH 20%. Neu tron X va Y theo t le the tch
V
X
: V
Y
= 2 : 3 th c dung dch B co cha Y d. Trung hoa 1

lt B can 29,2 gam dung dch HCl 25%. Tnh nong o mol cua
X va Y.
====================================
Dang 6:
BAI TOAN VE LNG CHAT
D
* Khi trng hp gap bai toan cho biet lng cua hai
chat tham gia va yeu cau tnh lng chat tao thanh. Trong
so hai chat tham gia phan ng se co mot chat tham gia
phan ng het. Chat kia co the phan ng het hoac d.
Lng chat tao thanh tnh theo lng chat nao phan ng
het, do o phai tm xem trong hai chat cho biet, chat nao
phan ng het. Cach giai: Lap t so, v du phng trnh
phan ng:
A + B

C + D
+ Lap t so:
)
)
Somol chat A (theoe
Somol chat A (theo PTHH

)
)
Somol chat B(theoe
Somol chat B(theo PTHH
So sanh 2 t so, t so nao ln hn chat o d,
chat kia phan ng het. Tnh lng cac chat theo
chat phan ng het.
BAI TAP:
Cau 1: un nong 16,8 gam bot sat va 6,4 gam bot lu
huynh (khong co khong kh) thu c chat ran A. Hoa tan
A bang HCl d thoat ra kh B. Cho kh B i cham qua dung
dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
tach ra ket tua D mau en. Cac phan ng
eu xay ra 100%.
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng e cho biet A, B, D la
g?
b) Tnh the tch kh B (ktc) va khoi lng ket tua D.
c) Can bao nhieu the tch O
2
(ktc) e ot hoan toan
kh B.
Cau 2 : un nong hon hp Fe, S (khong co khong kh) thu
c chat ran A. Hoa tan A bang axit HCl d thoat ra 6,72
dm
3
kh D (ktc) va con nhan c dung dch B cung chat
ran E. Cho kh D i cham qua dung dch CuSO
4
tach ra 19,2
gam ket tua en.
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng.

b) Tnh lng rieng phan Fe, S ban au biet lng E
bang 3,2 gam.
Cau 3: Dan 4,48 dm
3
CO ( ktc) i qua m gam CuO nung
nong nhan c chat ran X va kh Y. Suc kh Y vao dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
d tach ra 20 gam ket tua trang. Hoa tan
chat ran X bang 200ml dung dch HCl 2M th sau phan ng
phai trung hoa dung dch thu c bang 50 gam Ca(OH)
2
7,4%. Viet PTP va tnh m.
Cau 4: 6,8 gam hon hp Fe va CuO tan trong 100 ml axit HCl

dung dch A + thoat ra 224 ml kh B (ktc) va loc c

chat ran D nang 2,4 gam. Them tiep HCl d vao hon hp
A + D th D tan 1 phan, sau o them tiep NaOH en d va
loc ket tua tach ra nung nong trong khong kh en lng
khong oi can nang 6,4 gam. Tnh thanh phan khoi lng
Fe va CuO trong hon hp au.
Cau 5: Tron 100 ml dung dch Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
1,5M vi 150 ml dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
2M thu c ket tua A va dung dch B. Nung
ket tua A trong khong kh en lng khong oi thu c
chat ran D. Them BaCl
2
d vao dung dch B th tach ra ket
tua E.
a) Viet phong trnh phan ng. Tnh D va E.
b) Tnh nong o mol chat tan trong dung dch B (coi the
tch thay oi khong ang ke khi xay ra phan ng).
Cau 6: Cho13,6 gam hon hp gom Mg va Fe c hoa tan
trong 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau phan ng nhan c
dung dch A va 18,4 gam chat ran B gom 2 kim loai. Them
NaOH d vao A roi loc ket tua tach ra nung nong trong
khong kh en khoi lng khong oi nhan c chat
ran D gom MgO va Fe
2
O
3
nang 1,2 gam. Tnh lng Fe, Mg
ban au.
Dang 7:
BAI TOAN XAC NH HON HP 2
KIM LOAI (HOAC 2 MUOI) HAY AXIT
CON D
* Lu y: Khi gap bai toan cho hon hp 2 kim loai
(hoac 2 muoi) tac dung vi axit, e bai yeu cau chng

minh axit con d hay hon hp 2 kim loai con d. Ta giai nh
sau:
Gia s hon hp ch gom mot kim loai (hoac muoi)
co M nho, e khi chia khoi lng hon hp 2 kim loai (hoac
hon hp 2 muoi) cho M co so mol ln, roi so sanh so mol
axit e xem axit con d hay hon hp con d:
( )
hh
HCl hh 2 kim loai hoac 2 muoi
m
n
M
n < <

BAI TAP
Cau 1: Cho 31,8g hon hp (X) gom 2 muoi MgCO
3
va CaCO
3
vao 0,8 lt dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch (Z).
a) Hoi dung dch (Z) co d axit khong?
b) Lng CO
2
co the thu c bao nhieu?
Cau 2: Cho 39,6g hon hp gom KHSO
3
va K
2
CO
3
vao 400g
dung dch HCl 7,3%,khi xong phan ng thu c kh (X) co t
khoi so vi kh hiro bang 25,33% va mot dung dch (A).
a) Hay chng minh rang axit con d.
b) Tnh C% cac chat trong dung dch (A).
Cau 3: Hoa tan 13,2 gam hon hp A gom 2 kim loai co
cung hoa tr vao 400 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M. Co can dung
dch sau phan ng thu c 32,7 gam hon hp muoi khan.
a) Chng minh hon hp A khong tan het.
b) Tnh the tch hiro sinh ra.
Cau 4: Hon hp A gom 2 kim loai Mg va Zn. B la dung dch
H
2
SO
4
co nong o mol la x mol/l.
- Trng hp 1: Cho 24,3g (A) vao 2 lt (B) sinh ra 8,96 lt
kh H
2
.
- Trng hp 1: Cho 24,3g (A) vao 3 lt (B) sinh ra 11,2 lt
kh H
2
.
(Cac the tch kh eu o ktc).
a. Hay chng minh trong trng hp 1 th hon hp
kim loai cha tan het, trong trng hp 2 axit con d.
b. Tnh nong o x mol/l cua dung dch (B) va % khoi
lng moi kim loai trong (A)
Dang 8: BAI TOAN TANG, GIAM
KHOI LNG

Trng hp 1: Kim loai phan ng vi muoi cua kim
loai yeu hn.
* Hng giai: - Goi x (g) la khoi lng cua kim loai
manh.
- Lap phng trnh hoa hoc.
- Da vao d kien e bai va PTHH e tm
lng kim loai tham gia.
- T o suy ra lng cac chat khac.
* Lu y: Khi cho mieng kim loai vao dung dch muoi,
Sau phan ng thanh kim loai tang hay giam:
- Neu thanh kim loai tang:

kimloai sau kimloai trc kimloai tang
m m m
- Neu khoi lng thanh kim loai giam:

kimloai trc kimloai sau kimloai giam
m m m
- Neu e bai cho khoi lng thanh kim loai
tang a% hay giam b% th nen at thanh kim
loai ban au la m gam. Vay khoi lng thanh
kim loai tang a%

m hay b%

m.
BAI TAP
Cau 1: Cho mot la ong co khoi lng la 6 gam vao
dung dch AgNO
3
. Phan ng xong, em la kim loai ra ra
nhe, lam kho can c 13,6 gam. Tnh khoi lng ong
a phan ng.
Cau 2: Ngam mot mieng sat vao 320 gam dung dch
CuSO
4
10%. Sau khi tat ca ong b ay ra khoi dung dch
CuSO
4
va bam het vao mieng sat, th khoi lng mieng
sat tang len 8%. Xac nh khoi lng mieng sat ban
au.
Cau 3: Nhung thanh sat co khoi lng 50 gam vao 400ml
dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi gian khoi lng thanh sat
tang 4%.
a) Xac nh lng Cu thoat ra. Gia s ong thoat ra
eu bam vao thanh sat.
b) Tnh nong o mol/l cua dung dch sat(II) sunfat tao
thanh. Gia s the tch dung dch khong thay oi.
Trng hp 2: Tang giam khoi lng cua chat ket
tua hay khoi lng dung dch sau phan ng
a) Khi gap bai toan cho a gam muoi clorua (cua kim
loai Ba, Ca, Mg) tac dung vi dung dch cacbonat tao muoi
ket tua co khoi lng b gam. Hay tm cong thc muoi
clorua.

- Muon tm cong thc muoi clorua phai tm so mol (n)
muoi.
o giam khoi lng muoi clorua = a b la do thay Cl
2
(M = 71) bang CO
3
(M = 60).
muoi
71 60

a- b
n
Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi: muoi clorua
muoi
a

M
n
T o xac nh cong thc phan t muoi.
b) Khi gap bai toan cho m gam muoi cacbonat cua kim
loai hoa tr II tac dung vi H
2
SO
4
loang d thu c n
gam muoi sunfat. Hay tm cong thc phan t muoi
cacbonat.
Muon tm cong thc phan t muoi cacbonat phai tm
so mol muoi.
muoi
96 60

n-m
n
(do thay muoi cacbonat (60) bang muoi sunfat
(96)
Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi RCO
3
:
muoi
muoi

m
R+60 R
n
Suy ra cong thc phan t cua RCO
3
.
BAI TAP
Cau 1: Hai thanh kim loai giong nhau (eu tao bi cung
nguyen to R hoa tr II) va co cung khoi lng. Tha thanh
th nhat vao dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
va thanh thu hai vao
dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Sau mot thi gian, khi so mol 2 muoi
phan ng bang nhau lay 2 thanh kim loai o ra khoi dung
dch thay khoi lng thanh th nhat giam i 0,2%, con
khoi lng thanh th hai tang them 28,4%. Tm nguyen to
R.
Cau 2: Co 100 ml muoi nitrat cua kim loai hoa tr II (dung
dch A). Tha vao A mot thanh Pb kim loai, sau mot thi gian
khi lng Pb khong oi th lay no ra khoi dung dch thay
khoi lng cua no giam i 28,6 gam. Dung dch con lai
c tha tiep vao o mot thanh Fe nang 100 gam. Khi
lng sat khong oi na th lay ra khoi dung dch, tham
kho can nang 130,2 gam. Hoi cong thc cua muoi ban
au va nong o mol cua dung dch A.

Cau 3: Cho mot thanh Pb kim loai tac dung va u vi
dung dch muoi nitrat cua kim loai hoa tr II, sau mot thi
gian khi khoi lng thanh Pb khong oi th lay ra khoi dung
dch thay khoi lng no giam i 14,3 gam. Cho thanh sat
co khoi lng 50 gam vao dung dch sau phan ng tren,
khoi lng thanh sat khong oi na th lay ra khoi dung
dch, ra sach, say kho can nang 65,1 gam. Tm ten kim
loai hoa tr II.
Cau 4: Hoa tan muoi nitrat cua mot kim loai hoa tr II
vao nc c 200 ml dung dch (A). Cho vao dung dch (A)
200 ml dung dch K
3
PO
4
, phan ng xay ra va u, thu c
ket tua (B) va dung dch (C). Khoi lng ket tua (B) va
khoi lng muoi nitrat trong dung dch (A) khac nhau 3,64
gam.
a) Tm nong o mol/l cua dung dch (A) va (C), gia
thiet the tch dung dch thay oi do pha tron va the
tch ket tua khong ang ke.
b) Cho dung dch NaOH (lay d) vao 100 ml dung dch (A)
thu c ket tua (D), loc lay ket tua (D) roi em
nung en khoi lng khong oi can c 2,4 gam
chat ran. Xac nh kim loai trong muoi nitrat.
Dang 9: BAI TOAN CO HIEU
SUAT PHAN NG
Cau 1:Trong cong nghiep ieu che H
2
SO
4
t FeS
2
theo s
o sau:
FeS
2

SO
2

SO
3

H
2
SO
4
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b) Tnh lng axit 98% ieu che c t 1 tan quang
cha 60% FeS
2
.
Biet hieu suat cua qua trnh la 80%.
Cau 2:ieu che HNO
3
trong cong nghiep theo s o:
NH
3

NO

NO
2

HNO
3
a) Viet phng trnh phan ng va ghi ro ieu kien.
b) Tnh the tch NH
3
( ktc) cha 15% tap chat khong
chay can thiet e thu c 10 kg HNO
3
31,5%. Biet
hieu suat cua qua trnh la 79,356%.
Cau 3:Ngi ta ieu che C
2
H
2
t than va a voi theo s
o:
CaCO
3

95%
CaO
80%
CaC
2

90%
C
2
H
2
Vi hieu suat moi phan ng ghi tren s o.

a) Viet phng trnh phan ng.
b) Tnh lng a voi cha 75% CaCO
3
can ieu che
c 2,24 m
3
C
2
H
2
(ktc) theo s o.
Dang 10: BAI TOAN KHI GIAI QUY
VE 100
Cau 1: Hon hp gom CaCO
3
lan Al
2
O
3
va Fe
2
O
3
trong o
co Al
2
O
3
chiem 10,2% con Fe
2
O
3
chiem 98%. Nung hon hp
nay nhiet o cao thu c chat ran co lng bang
67% lng hon hp ban au. Tnh % lng chat ran tao ra.
ap so: % Al
2
O
3
= 15,22% ; %Fe
2
O
3
= 14,63% ;
%CaCO
2
(d) = 7,5% va %CaO = 62,7%
Cau 2: Hon hp A gom oxit cua mot kim loai hoa tr II
va muoi cacbonat cua kim loai o c hoa tan het bang
axit H
2
SO
4
loang va u tao ra kh B va con dung dch D.
em co can D thu c mot lng muoi khan bang 168%
lng A. Biet lng kh B bang 44% lng A. Hoi kim loai
hoa tr II noi tren la nguyen to nao ? % lng moi chat
trong A bang bao nhieu.
ap so: A la Mg ; %MgO = 16% va %MgCO
3
=
84%
Cau 3: Muoi A tao bi kim loai M (hoa tr II) va phi kim X
(hoa tr I). Hoa tan mot lng A vao nc c dung dch
A. Neu them AgNO
3
d vao A th lng ket tua tach ra
bang 188% lng A. Neu them Na
2
CO
3
d vao dung dch A
th lng ket tua tach ra bang 50% lng A. Hoi kim loai M
va phi kim X la nguyen to nao ? Cong thc muoi A.
ap so: M la Ca va X la Br ; CTHH cua A la
CaBr
2
Dang 11: BAI TOAN
TONG HP
Cau 1: Tron 100g dung dch cha mot muoi sunfat cua
kim loai kiem nong o 13,2% vi 100g dung dch NaHCO
3
4,2%. Sau khi phan ng xong thu c dung dch A co khoi
lng m (dd A) < 200g. Cho 100g dung dch BaCl
2
20,8% vao
dung dch A, khi phan ng xong ngi ta thay dung dch

van con d muoi sunfat. Neu them tiep vao o 20g dung
dch BaCl
2
20,8% na th dung dich lai d BaCl
2
va luc nay
thu c dung dch D.
a) Hay xac nh cong thc muoi sunfat kim loai kiem
ban au.
b) Tnh nong o % cua cac chat tan trong dung dch A
va dung dch D.
c) Dung dch muoi sunfat kim loai kiem ban au co the
tac dung c vi nhng chat nao di ay? Viet
cac PTP: Na
2
CO
3
; Ba(HCO
3
)
2
; Al
2
O
3
; NaAlO
2
; Na ; Al ; Ag ;
Ag
2
O.
Cau 2: Hoa tan hoan toan a gam kim loai M co hoa tr
khong oi vao b gam dung dch HCl c dung dch D.
Them 240 gam dung dch NaHCO
3
7% vao dung dch D th
va u tac dung het vi lng HCl con d, thu c dung
dch E trong o nong o phan tram cua NaCl va muoi
clorua kim loai M tng ng la 2,5% va 8,12%. Them tiep
lng d dung dch NaOH vao E, sau o loc lay ket tua,
roi nung en khoi lng khong oi th thu c 16 gam
chat ran. Viet PTP.
Xac nh kim loai M va nong o phan tram cua dung
dch HCl a dung.
Cau 3: Hoa tan hoan toan 14,2 gam hon hp C gom
MgCO
3
va muoi cacbonat cua kim loai R vao axit HCl 7,3%
va u, thu c dung dch D va 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
Nong o MgCl
2
trong dung dch D bang 6,028%.
a) Xac nh kim loai R va thanh phan % theo khoi lng
cua moi chat trong C.
b) Cho dd NaOH d vao dung dch D, loc lay ket tua roi
nung ngoai khong kh en khi phan ng hoan toan.
Tnh so gam chat ran con lai sau khi nung.
Cau 4: Hoa tan hoan toan m gam kim loai M bang dung
dch HCl d, thu c V lt H
2
(ktc). Mat khac hoa tan hoan
toan m gam kim loai M bang dung dch HNO
3
loang, thu c
muoi nitrat cua M, H
2
O va cung V lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc).
a) So sanh hoa tr cua M trong muoi clorua va muoi
nitrat.
b) Hoi M la kim loai nao? Biet rang khoi lng muoi
nitrat tao thanh gap 1,905 lan khoi lng muoi clorua.
Cau 5: Khi lam nguoi 1026,4g dung dch bao hoa muoi
sunfat cua kim loai ngam nc, co cong thc M
2
SO
4
.H
2
O
vi 7 < n < 12 t nhiet o 80
0
C xuong nhiet o 10
0
C th

thay co 395,4g tinh the ngam nc tach ra. o tan cua
muoi khan o 80
0
C la 28,3 va 10
0
C la 9g.
Cau 6: Cho hai chat A va B (eu the kh) tng tac
hoan toan vi nhau co mat xac tac th thu c mot
hon hp kh X co t trong la 1,568g/l. Hon X co kha
nang lam mat mau dung dch nc cua KMnO
4
, nhng
khong phan ng vi NaHCO
3
. Khi ot chay 0,896 lt hon
hp kh X trong O
2
d, sau khi lam lanh san pham chay thu
c 3,52 gam cacbon (IV) oxit va 1,085g dung dch chat Y.
Dung dch chat Y khi cho tac dung va u vi dung dch
AgNO
3
th thu c 1,435g mot ket tua trang, con dung
dich thu c khi o cho tac dung vi dung dch NaHCO
3
d
th thu c 224 ml kh (the tch va t trong cua cac kh
c ktc).
a) Xac nh trong hon hp X co nhng kh nao va t
le mol hay t le the tch la bao nhieu?
b) Xac nh ten kh A, B va t le the tch a lay e
phan ng.
Cau 7: Mot hon hp kim loai X gom 2 kim loai Y, Z co t
so khoi lng 1 : 1. Trong 44,8g hon hp X, so hieu mol
cua A va B la 0,05 mol. Mat khac nguyen t khoi Y > Z
la 8. Xac nh kim loai Y va Z.
Cau 8: Cho a gam Na tac dung vi p gam nc thu c
dung dch NaOH nong o x%. Cho b gam Na
2
O tac dung vi
p gam nc cung thu c dung dch NaOH nong o x%.
Lap bieu thc tn p theo a va b.
Cau 9: Hoa tan 199,6g CuSO
4
.5H
2
O. Xac nh CuSO
4
sach
hay co lan tap chat. Biet rang o tan cua CuSO
4
10
0
C
la 17,4.
Cau 10: Hon hp M gom oxit cua mot kim loai hoa tr II
va muoi cacbonat cua kim loai o c hoa tan het bang
axit H
2
SO
4
loang va u tao ra kh N va dung dch L. em
co can dung dch L thu c mot lng muoi khan bang
168% khoi lng M. Xac nh kim loai hoa tr II, biet kh N
bang 44% khoi lng cua M.
Cau 11: Cho hon hp gom 3 oxit: Al
2
O
3
, CuO va K
2
O. Tien
hanh th nghiem:
- Th nghiem 1: Neu cho hon hp A vao nc d,
khuay k thay con 15g chat ran khong tan.
- Th nghiem 2: Neu cho them vao hon hp A mot
lng Al
2
O
3
bang 50% lng Al
2
O
3
trong A ban au roi
lai hoa tan vao nc d. Sau th nghiem con lai 21g
chat ran khong tan.

- Th nghiem 3: Neu cho vao hon hp A mot lng
Al
2
O
3
bang 75% lng Al
2
O
3
trong A, roi lai hoa tan
vao nc d, thay con lai 25g chat ran khong tan.
Tnh khoi lng moi oxit trong hon hp A.
Cau 12: Nung x
1
gam Cu vi x
2
gam O
2
thu c chat ran A
1
.
un nong A
1
trong x
3
gam H
2
SO
4
98%, sau khi tan het thu c
dung dch A
2
va kh A
3
. Hap thu toan bo A
3
bang 200 ml
NaOH 0,15M tao ra dung dch cha 2,3 gam muoi. Khi co can
dung dch A
2
thu c 30 gam tinh the CuSO
4
.5H
2
O. Neu cho
A
2
tac dung vi dung dch NaOH 1M th e tao ra lng ket
tua nhieu nhat phai dung het 300 ml NaOH. Viet PTP.
Tnh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CAC BAI TOAN TONG
HP CAN LU Y
Bai 1: A la hon hp Fe + Fe
2
O
3
Cho mot luong CO (d) i qua ong ng m gam hon hp A
nung nong ti phan ng hoan toan th thu c 28,0 gam
chat ran con lai trong ong.
Hoa tan m gam hon hp A bang dung dch HCl d thay
thoat ra 2,016 lt H
2
( ktc) biet rang co 10% hiro mi
sinh tham gia kh Fe
3+
thanh Fe
2+
. Tnh % khoi lng moi
chat trong hon hp A.
ap so: %Fe = 14,9% va
%Fe
2
O
3
= 85,1%
Bai 2: Hoa tan hoan toan mot t oxit Fe
x
O
y
bang H
2
SO
4
ac, nong thu c 2,24 lt SO
2
(ktc). Phan dung dch em
co can c 120 gam muoi khan. Xac nh cong thc
Fe
x
O
y
.
ap so: Fe
3
O
4
Bai 3: Hoa tan 26,64 gam chat X la tinh the muoi sunfat
ngam nc cua kim loai M (hoa tr x) vao nc c dung
dch A.
Cho A tac dung vi dung dch NH
3
va u c ket tua
B. Nung B nhiet o cao en khoi lng khong oi con
lai 4,08 gam chat ran.
Cho dung dch A tac dung vi dung dch BaCl
2
va u
c 27,84 gam ket tua.
Tm cong thc X.
ap so: Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O
Bai 4: e hoa tan 4 gam Fe
x
O
y
can 52,14 ml dung dch HCl
10% (d = 1,05). Xac nh cong thc phan t sat oxit tren.
ap so: Fe
2
O
3
Bai 5: Cho ba kim loai X, Y, Z co khoi lng nguyen t
theo t le 10 : 11 : 23. T le ve so mol trong hon hp cua
3 kim loai tren la 1 : 2 : 3 (hon hp A).
Khi cho mot lng kim loai X bang lng cua no co
trong 24,582 gam hon hp A tac dung vi dung dch HCl
c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc).
Neu cho
1
10
hon hp A tac dung vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH
1M c dung dch B va hon hp chat ran C.
Xac nh X, Y, Z

ap so: X (Mg) ; Y (Al) ; Z (Fe)
Bai 6: Khi hoa tan cung mot kim loai R vao dung dch HNO
3
ac nong va H
2
SO
4
loang th the tch NO
2
thu c gap 3
the tch H
2
trong cung ieu kien. Khoi lng muoi sunfat
thu c bang 62,81% muoi nitrat. Tnh khoi lng nguyen
t R.
ap so: R = 56 (Fe)
Bai 7: Cho oxit M
x
O
y
cua kim loai M co hoa tr khong oi.
Biet rang 3,06 gam M
x
O
y
nguyen chat tan trong HNO
3
d thu
c 5,22 gam muoi. Hay xac nh cong thc cua oxit
tren.
ap so: BaO
Bai 8: Cho 7,22 gam hon hp X gom Fe va kim loai M co
hoa tr khong oi. Chia hon hp thanh 2 phan bang
nhau.
- Hoa tan het phan 1 trong dung dch HCl, c 2,128
lt H
2
.
- Hoa tan het phan 2 trong dung dch HNO
3
, c 1,792
lt kh NO duy nhat.
Xac nh kim loai M va % khoi lng moi kim loai
trong hon hp X.
ap so: M (Al) va %Fe =
77,56% ; %Al = 22,44%
Bai 9: Chia hon hp 2 kim loai A va B co hoa tr tng
ng la n va m thanh 3 phan bang nhau.
- Phan 1: cho hoa tan het trong dung dch HCl, thu
c 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phan 2: cho tac dung vi dung dch NaOH d, thu
c 1,344 lt kh (ktc), con lai chat ran khong tan
co khoi lng bang
4
3
khoi lng moi phan.
- Phan 3: nung trong oxi d c 2,84 gam hon hp oxit
la A
2
O
n
va B
2
O
m
a) Tnh tong khoi lng cua 2 kim loai trong
1
3
hon hp
ban au.
b) Hay xac nh 2 kim loai A va B.
ap so: a) 2 kim loai nang
1,56 gam
b) A (Al) va B (Mg)
Bai 10: Hoa tan 2,84 hon hp 2 muoi cacbonat cua 2 kim
loai A va B ke tiep nhau trong phan nhom chnh nhom II

bang 120 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M thu c 0,896 lt kh CO
2
(o
54,6
0
C va 0,9 atm) va dung dch X.
1. a) Tnh khoi lng nguyen t cua A va B.
c) Tnh khoi lng muoi tao thanh trong dung dch X.
2. Tnh % khoi lng cua moi muoi trong hon hp ban
au.
ap so: 1. a) A = 24 (Mg) va B
= 40 (Ca)
b) Khoi lng muoi =
3,17g
2. % MgCO
3
= 29,57% va
% CaCO
3
= 70,43%
Bai 11: Chia hon hp 2 kim loai A, B co hoa tr n va m
lam thanh 3 phan bang nhau.
- Phan 1: hoa het trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phan 2: cho tac dung vi dd NaOH d thu c 1,344
lt kh (ktc) va con lai chat ran khong tan co khoi
lng bang
4
13
khoi lng moi phan.
- Phan 3: nung trong oxi (d) thu c 2,84g hon hp
oxit A
2
O
n
va B
2
O
m
.
Tnh tong khoi lng moi phan va ten 2 kim loai A, B.
ap so:
1, 56 m g
moi phan
; A (Al) va B (Mg)
----------------------------------------

Dang 12: BAI TOAN BIEN
LUAN
* BAI TOAN XAC NH LOAI MUOI TAO
THANH KHI CHO CO
2
, SO
2
TAC DUNG VI
KIEM.
a) Phan ng cua CO
2
hoac SO
2
tac dung vi kiem
cua kim loai hoa tr I (Na, K,)
CO
2
+ NaOH

NaHCO
3
CO
2
+ 2NaOH

Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Co 3 trng hp xay ra:
(1) Neu 1 <
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
< 2

tao 2 muoi
(2) Neu
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
1

tao muoi NaHCO

3
(3) Neu
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
2

tao muoi Na
2
CO
3
b) Phan ng cua CO
2
hoac SO
2
vi kiem cua kim loai
hoa tr II (Ca, Ba,)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Co 3 trng hp xay ra:
(1) Neu 1 <
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
< 2

tao 2 muoi
(2) Neu
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
1

tao muoi CaCO

3
(3) Neu
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
2

tao muoi Ca(HCO

3
)
2
* Lu y: e biet loai muoi tao thanh thng phai
lap t le gia so mol kiem va oxit. Chu y lay so mol
cua chat nao khong thay oi 2 phng trnh lam mau
so e xet bat ang thc.
BAI TAP:
Bai 1: Cho 7,2 gam hon hp A gom 2 muoi cacbonat cua 2
kim loai ke tiep nhau trong phan nhom chnh nhom II. Cho
A hoa tan het trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
loang, thu c kh B.
Cho toan bo B hap thu het bi 450 ml Ba(OH)
2
0,2M thu

c 15,76 gam ket tua. Xac nh hai muoi cacbonat va
tnh % theo khoi lng cua chung trong A.
ap so: - 2 muoi: MgCO
3
va CaCO
3
- %MgCO
3
= 58,33%
va %CaCO
3
= 41,67%
Bai 2: Hoa tan hoan toan 20 gam hon hp gom MgCO
3
va RCO
3
(t le mol 1 : 1) bang dung dch HCl. Lng kh CO
2
sinh ra cho hap thu hoan toan bi 200ml dung dch NaOH
2,5M c dung dch A. Them BaCl
2
d vao dung dch A thu
c 39,4g ket tua.
a) nh kim loai R.
b) Tnh % khoi lng cac muoi cacbonat trong hon hp
au.
ap so: a) Fe ; b) %MgCO
3
= 42% va %FeCO
3
= 58%
Bai 3: Cho 4,58g hon hp A gom Zn, Fe va Cu vao coc
ng dung dch CuSO
4
1M. Sau phan ng thu c dung dch
B va ket tua C. nung C trong khong kh en khoi lng
khong oi c 6g chat ranD. Them NaOH d vao dung
dch B, loc ket tua ra sach roi nung nhiet o cao
en khoi lng khong oi c 5,2g chat ran E.
a) Viet toan bo phan ng xay ra.
b) Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp.
Gia thiet cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan.
ap so: %Zn = 28,38% ; %Fe =
36,68% va %Cu = 34,94%
Bai 4: Cho 10,72g hon hp gom Fe va Cu tac dung vi
500ml dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau khi cac phan ng xay ra hoan
toan thu c dung dch A va 35,84g chat ran B.
Chng minh chat ran B khong phai hoan toan la
bac.
Bai 5: Cho 0,774g hon hp gom Zn va Cu tac dung vi
500ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,04M. Sau khi cac phan ng xay ra
hoan toan thu c mot chat ran X nang 2,288g.
Chng to rang chat X khong phai hoan toan la Ag.
Bai 6: Khi hoa tan cung mot lng kim loai R vao dung
dch HNO
3
loang va dung dch H
2
SO
4
loang th thu c kh
NO va H
2
co the tch bang nhau (o cung ieu kien).
Biet khoi lng muoi nitrat thu c bang 159,21% khoi
lng muoi sunfat. Xac nh kim loai R.
ap so: R la Fe

Bai 7: Cho 11,7g mot kim loai hoa tr II tac dung vi
350ml dung dch HCl 1M. Sau khi phan ng xong thay kim
loai van con d. Cung lng kim loai nay neu tac dung
vi 200ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau khi phan ng xong thay
axit van con d. Xac nh kim loai noi tren.
ap so: Zn
Bai 8: Mot hon hp A gom M
2
CO
3
, MHCO
3
, MCl (M la kim
loai kiem).
Cho 43,71g A tac dung het vi V ml (d) dung dch HCl
10,52% (d = 105g/ml) thu c dung dch B va 17,6g kh C.
Chia B lam 2 phan bang nhau.
- Phan 1: phan ng va u vi 125ml dung dch KOH
0,8M, co can dung dch thu c m (gam) muoi khan.
- Phan 2: tac dung hoan toan vi AgNO
3
d thu c
68,88g ket tua trang.
1. a) Tnh khoi lng nguyen t cua M.
b) Tnh % ve khoi lng cac chat trong A.
2. Tnh gia tr cua V va m.
ap so: 1. a) Na ; b) %Na
2
CO
3
= 72,75% ,
%NaHCO
3
= 19,22% va %NaCl = 8,03%
2. V = 297,4ml va m = 29,68g
Bai 9: Hoa tan hoan toan 0,5g hon hp gom Fe va mot
kim loai hoa tr II bang dung dch HCl thu c 1,12 lt (ktc)
kh hiro. Xac nh kim loai hoa tr II a cho.
ap so: Be
Bai 10: Hoa tan hoan toan 28,4g hon hp gom 2 muoi
cacbonat cua hai kim loai kiem tho bang dung dch HCl d
c 10 lt kh (54,6
0
C va 0,8604 atm) va dung dch X.
a) Tnh tong so gam cac muoi trong dung dch X.
b) Xac nh 2 kim loai tren neu chung thuoc hai chu
ky lien tiep.
c) Tnh % moi muoi trong hon hp.
ap so: a) m = 31,7g ; b) Mg va Ca ; c) %MgCO
3
=
29,5% va %CaCO
3
= 70,5%
------------------------------------------------------------

BAI TAP HOA HOC
- S DUNG CHO LP BOI DNG HOA THCS
--------------
I/ Viet PTHH bieu dien s chuyen hoa :
1/ Cu CuO CuSO
4
CuCl
2
Cu(OH)
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
Cu
2/ FeCl
2
Fe(OH)
2

FeSO
4
Fe(NO
3
)
2
Fe
Fe
FeCl
3
Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
Fe
Fe
3
O
4
3/ Al Al
2
O
3
NaAlO
2
Al(OH)
3
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
AlCl
3

Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
Al
4/ FeS
2
SO
2
SO
3
H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
Zn(OH)
2

ZnO Zn
5/ S SO
2
H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
K
2
SO
3


6/ a. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

1
2
Fe(OH)
3
b. Cu
1
2
CuCl
2


4

3 5 6
3
6
FeCl
3

4
CuSO
4

5

7/ Hoan thanh 4 PTPU co dang : BaCl
2
+ ?
NaCl + ?
8/ Fe + A FeCl
2
+ B 9/ Cu + A
B + C + D
B + C A C + NaOH
E
FeCl
2
+ C D E + HCl
F + C + D
D + NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ E A + NaOH
G + D

10/ A
+ H Cl
B
+ NaOH
C
O
t
D
+
O
t CO,
Cu
11/ A C
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
B D
12/ A C E
Cu(OH)
2
Cu(OH)
2
Cu(OH)
2

B D F

13/ A
1

+ X
A
2

+ Y
A
3

CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
B
1

+ Z
B
2

+ T
B
3

14/
A
1

+ X
A
2

+ Y
A
3

Fe(OH)
3

t
Fe(OH)
3
Fe(OH)
3

B
1

+ Z
B
2

+ T
B
3

15/
A
1

+ X
A
2

+ Y
A
3

Fe(OH)
3

t
Fe(OH)
3
Fe(OH)
3

B
1

+ Z
B
2

+ T
B
3

HD : A
1
: Fe
2
O
3
; A
2
: FeCl
3
; A
3
:Fe(NO
3
)
2
; B
1
: H
2
O B
2
:
Ba(OH)
2
; B
3
: NaOH

16/ Biet A la khoang san dung e san xuat voi 17/
Xac nh X , Y , Z va viet cac PTPU
song , B la kh dung nap vao bnh cha la theo
s o sau ?
A
Y

B Cu(NO
3
)
2
X CuCl
2


C D
Z

18/ Phan ng : X + H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
X la nhng chat nao ? viet cac PTPU minh hoa ?

O
O

19/ Chon chat thch hp va viet PTPU hoan thanh day
chuyen hoa sau :
Kim loai oxit baz (1) dd baz (1) dd baz (2) dd
baz (3) baz khong tan oxit baz (2) Kim loai (2)
II/ ieu che va tach cac chat :
1/ Viet 3 PTPU khac nhau ieu che FeSO
4
t Fe ?
2/ T CuSO
4
trnh bay 2 phng phap khac nhau ieu
che Cu ?
3/ Co mot mau thuy ngan co lan thiec , ch . Lam
the nao thu c thuy ngan tinh khiet ?
4/ i t muoi an , nc , sat . Viet cac PTPU ieu che
Na , FeCl
2
, Fe(OH)
3
.
5/ T Fe , S , O
2
, H
2
O . Viet cac PTPU ieu che 3 oxit , 3
axit , 3 muoi .
6/ Bang cach nao co the :
a. ieu che Ca(OH)
2
t Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
b.ieu che CaCO
3
tinh khiet t a voi biet trong a
voi co CaCO
3
lan MgCO
3
, SiO
2
.
7/ Neu 3 phng phap ieu che H
2
SO
4
.
8/ Lam sach NaCl t hon hp NaCl va Na
2
CO
3

9/ Neu 3 phng phap lam sach Cu(NO
3
)
2
co lan AgNO
3

10/ Lam the nao tach chat kh :
a.H
2
S ra khoi hon hp HCl va H
2
S .
b.Cl
2
ra khoi hon hp HCl va Cl
2
.
c. CO
2
ra khoi hon hp SO
2
va CO
2
.
d.O
2
ra khoi hon hp O
3
va O
2
.
11/ Tach rieng Cu ra khoi hon hp gom vun ong , vun
sat va vun kem .
12/ Tach rieng kh CO
2
ra khoi hon hp gom CO
2
, N
2
, O
2
,
H
2
.
13/ Tach rieng tng kim loai ra khoi hon hp gom : Fe ,
Cu , Au bang phng phap hoa hoc .
14/ Bang phng phap hoa hoc tach rieng tng chat
kh CO
2
, SO
2
, N
2
.
15/ Lam sach Al
2
O
3
co lan Fe
2
O
3
va SiO
2
.?
16/ Tinh che CuO ra khoi hon hp gom CuO , Cu , Ag .
17/ Tach rieng tng chat ra khoi hon hp :
a. CuO , Cu , Au .
b. Fe
2
O
3
, CuO.
c. N
2
, CO
2
, hi nc .
18/ Thu oxi tinh khiet ra khoi hon hp gom Cl
2
, O
2
, CO
2
.

19/ Tach CO
2
tinh khiet ra khoi hon hp gom CO
2
, hi
nc , kh HCl .
20/ Chon cach nhanh nhat e tach Hg ra khoi hon hp
gom Hg , Sn , Pb .
21/ Tach rieng kh N
2
ra khoi hon hp gom CO
2
, N
2
, CO ,
H
2
, hi nc .?
22/ Tach rieng Cu(NO
3
)
2
va AgNO
3
bang phng phap
hoa hoc ?.
23/ Tach rieng tng chat ra khoi hon hp gom : Al
2
O
3
,
Fe
2
O
3
va SiO
2
bang p/phap hoa hoc .
24/ Tach rieng tng chat ra khoi hon hp gom CO va
CO
2 .
25/ Trnh bay phng phap lam sach Na
2
SO
4
co lan ZnCl
2
va CaCl
2
.
III/ Nhan biet cac chat :
1. Phan biet cac chat da vao tnh chat vat ly :
a. 2 chat bot : AgCl va AgNO
3

b. Fe , Cu va AgNO
3
c. Cl
2


, O
2
va CO
2
.
2. Phan biet da vao thuoc th :
a. Dung bat k hoa chat nao :
- CaSO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
S , MgCl
2

- Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH , NaCl , HCl
- HCl , H
2
SO
4
, H
2
SO
3
- KCl , KNO
3
, K
2
SO
4

- HNO
3
, HCl , H
2
SO
4

- Ca(OH)
2
, NaOH hoac Ba(OH)
2
, NaOH
- H
2
SO
4
, HCl , NaCl , Na
2
SO
4

b. Dung them mot thuoc th duy nhat :
- Na
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
.
- Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, HCl , BaCl
2
- H
2
SO
4
, HCl , BaCl
2
- Na
2
CO
3
, MgSO
4
, H
2
SO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
. ( dung qu tm
hoac NaOH)
- Fe , FeO , Cu . ( dung HCl hoac H
2
SO
4
)
- Cu , CuO , Zn ( dung HCl hoac H
2
SO
4
)
c. Khong dung thuoc th nao khac :
- HCl , BaCl
2
. Na
2
CO
3
.
- MgCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH , HCl
- K
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, MgCl
2
.
- Na
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, HCl
- HCl , CaCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, AgNO
3
.

3. Nhan biet : NaCl , MgCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
, CuSO
4
, NaOH ( khong
dung thuoc th nao )
4. Nhan biet : NaCl , HCl , NaOH , Phenolphtalein
5. Nhan biet : NO , CO , CO
2
, SO
2
.
6. Nhan biet tng chat kh co trong hon hp kh : H
2
,
CO , CO
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
7. Ch un nong nhan biet : NaHSO
4
, KHCO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
,
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, Ba(HCO
3
)
2
8. Ch dung them nc nhan biet 3 oxit mau trang :
MgO , Al
2
O
3
, Na
2
O .
9. Co 5 mau kim loai Ba , Mg , Fe , Ag , Al . Neu ch
dung H
2
SO
4
loang co the nhan biet nhng kim loai
nao ?
10. Ch dung kim loai e phan biet cac d dch :
HCl , HNO
3
, NaNO
3
, NaOH , HgCl
2
.
11. Lam the nao e biet trong bnh co :
a. SO
2
va CO
2
.
b. H
2
SO
4
, HCl , HNO
3

12. Co 4 lo ng 4 dung dch : K
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, HCl ,
K
2
SO
4
. Nhan biet bang cach :
a. Ch dung kim loai Ba .
b. Khong dung them thuoc th nao khac .
IV/ Toan ve o tan va nong o dung dch :
o tan :
1. Tnh o tan cua muoi an 20
o
C, biet rang nhiet
o o 50 gam nc hoa tan toi a 17,95 gam muoi
an
2. Co bao nhieu gam muoi an trong 5 kg dung dch bao
hoa muoi an 20
o
C, biet o tan cua muoi an
nhiet o o la 35, 9 gam .
3. o tan cua A trong nc 10
O
C la 15 gam , 90
O
C
la 50 gam. Hoi lam lanh 600 gam dung dch bao hoa
A 90
O
C xuong 10
O
C th co bao nhieu gam A ket tinh ?
4. Co bao nhieu gam tinh the NaCl tach ra khi lam lanh
1900 gam dung dch NaCl bao hoa t 90
O
C en 0
O
C .
Biet o tan cua NaCl 90
O
C la 50 gam va 0
O
C la
35 gam
5. Xac nh lng AgNO
3
tach ra khi lam lanh 2500 g dung
dch AgNO
3
bao hoa 60
o
C xuong con 10
o
C . Cho
biet o tan cua AgNO
3
60
o
C la 525 g va 10
o
C la
170 g .
Tinh the ngam nc :

* Tm % ve khoi lng cua nc ket tinh co trong tinh
the ngam nc
* Tnh khoi lng chat tan khi biet khoi lng tinh the
* Lap CTHH cua tinh the ngam nc
Phng phap giai :
Tnh khoi lng mol ( hoac so mol) tinh the
ngam nc
Tm khoi lng nc co trong mot mol tinh the
- Tm so mol nc ( o la so phan t nc co
trong tinh the ngam nc )
V du : Tm CTHH cua muoi ngam nc CaCl
2
.xH
2
O . Biet
rang lng Ca chiem 18,26%
HD :- at M la khoi lng mol cua CaCl
2
.xH
2
O . Theo
phan tram ve khoi lng cua Ca ta co :
M
m
Ca
=
M
40
=
100
26 , 18
M = 219(g)
Khoi lng nc trong tinh the : 219 111 = 108
(g)
So mol nc tinh the : x = 108 : 18 = 6 ( mol)
Vay CTHH cua tinh the muoi ngam nc la
CaCl
2
.6H
2
O
Nong o dung dch
:
1. Tnh C% cua ddch thu c khi hoa tan 25 gam
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O vao 175 gam nc ?
2. Tnh C% cua ddch thu c khi hoa tan 4,48 lt kh HCl
ktc vao 500 ml nc ?
3. Tnh C% cua ddch thu c khi hoa tan 56 lt kh NH
3
ktc vao 157 cm
3
nc ?
4. Can lay bao nhieu gam CaCl
2
.6H
2
O e khi hoa tan
vao nc th thu c 200 ml dung dch CaCl
2
30% (D=
1,28 g/ml) ?
5. Xac nh nong o mol cua dung dch thu c khi
hoa tan 12,5 gam CuSO
4
.5H
2
Ovao 87,5 ml nc ?
6. Tnh C% khi tron 200gam dung dch NaCl 20% vi 300
gam dung dch NaCl 5% ?

7. Tnh nong o mol khi tron 200 ml dung dch NaOH
0,01M vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1M cho rang khong
co s thay oi the tch khi tron lan ?
8. Can pha bao nhieu gam dung dch NaCl 8% vao 400
gam dung dch NaCl 20 % e c dung dch NaCl 16% ?
9. Can pha bao nhieu gam nc vao 600 gam dung dch
NaOH 18% e c dung dch NaOH 15% ? .
10. Can pha bao nhieu gam NaCl vao 800 gam dung
dch NaCl 10% e c dung dch NaCl 20% ?.
11. Can pha bao nhieu ml dung dch HCl 2M vao 500 ml
dung dch1M e c dung dch 1,2M .?
12. Hoa tan 6,66 gam tinh the Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.nH
2
O vao nc
thanh dung dch A . Lay 1/10 dung dch A tac dung
vi dung dch BaCl
2
thay tao thanh 0,699 gam ket
tua . Xac nh CTHH tinh the muoi sunfat cua
nhom ?
13. Hoa tan 24,4 gam BaCl
2
.xH
2
O vao 175,6 gam nc
tao thanh d/ dch 10,4% . Tm x?
14. Co can rat t t 200ml dd CuSO
4
0,2M thu c 10
g tinh the CuSO
4
.pH
2
O . Tnh p ?
15. Co can can than 600 gam dung dch CuSO
4
8% th
thu c bao nhieu gam tinh the CuSO
4
.5H
2
O ?
16. Can lay bao nhieu gam tinh the CuSO
4
.5H
2
Ova bao
nhieu gam dung dch CuSO
4
4% e ieu che 200 gam
dung dch CuSO
4
8% ?
17. Tron 300 gam dung dch HCl 7,3% vi 200 gam dung
dch NaOH 4% . Tnh C% cac chat tan co trong dung
dch ?
18. Tron 200 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% (D= 1,137 g/ml)
Vi 400 gam dd BaCl
2
5,2% thu c ket tua A va dd
B . Tnh khoi lng ket tua A va C% cac chat co
trong dd B ?
19. Trong mot chiec coc ng mot muoi cacbonat kim
loai hoa tr I . Them t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
10%vao
coc cho en khi kh va thoat het thu c muoi
Sunfat co nong o 13,63% . Hoi o la muoi
cacbonat cua kim loai nao?
20. ot chay hoan toan 6,2 gam phot pho thu c
chat A . Chia A lam 2 phan eu nhau .
Phan 1 hoa tan vao 500 gam nc thu c dung
dch B . Tnh C% cua d/dch B ?
Phan 2 hoa tan vao bao nhieu gam nc e thu
c dung dch 24,5% ?

21. Tron 50 ml dung dch HNO
3
nong o x M vi 150 ml
dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2 M thu c dung dch A . Cho mot
t quy tm vao dung dch A thay co mau xanh . Them
t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1 M vao d/dch A thay
quy tr lai thanh mau tm . Tnh x ?
22. Kh hoan toan 2,4 gam hon hp CuO va Fe
x
O
y
cung so mol nh nhau bang H
2
thu c 1,76 gam kim
loai . Hoa tan kim loai o bang dung dch HCl d thay
thoat ra 0,448 lt kh H
2
ktc Xac nh CTHH cua sat
oxit ?
V/ Tnh thanh phan
phan tram :
1. Cho 8 gam hon hp gom Cu va Fe tac dung vi
dung dch HCl d tao thanh 1,68 lt kh H
2
thoat ra
ktc . Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong
hon hp ?
2. Cho hon hp gom Ag va Al tac dung vi dung dch
H
2
SO
4
d tao thanh 6,72 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ktc va 4,6
g chat ran khong tan . Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng
kim loai co trong hon hp ?
3. Cho 11 gam hon hp gom Al va Fe tac dung va
u vi dung dch HCl 2M tao thanh 8,96 lt kh H
2
thoat
ra ktc .
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong hon
hp ?
b. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl a tham gia phan ng ?
4. Cho 8,8 gam hon hp gom Mg va MgO tac dung va
u vi dung dch HCl 14,6% .Co can dung dch sau
phan ng thu c 28,5 gam muoi khan
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng chat co trong
hon hp ?
b. Tnh khoi lng dung dch HCl a tham gia phan ng
?
c. Tnh nong o phan tram cua muoi tao thanh sau
phan ng ?
5. Cho 19,46 gam hon hp gom Mg , Al va Zn trong o
khoi lng cua Magie bang khoi lng cua nhom tac
dung vi dung dch HCl 2M tao thanh 16, 352 lt kh H
2
thoat ra ktc .

a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua tng kim loai co trong
hon hp ?
b. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl a dung biets ngi ta
dung d 10% so vi ly thuyet ?
6. Hoa tan 13,3 gam hon hp NaCl va KCl vao nc thu
c 500 gam dung dch A Lay 1/10 dung dch A cho phan
ng vi AgNO
3
tao thanh 2,87 gam ket tua
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi muoi co trong hon
hp ?
b. Tnh C% cac muoi co trong dung dch A
7. Dan 6,72 lt (ktc) hon hp kh gom CH
4
, C
2
H
4
qua
bnh Brom d thay khoi lng bnh ng dung dch Brom
tang 5,6 gam . Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi hiddro
cacbon co trong hon hp ?
8. Dan 5,6 lt (ktc) hon hp kh gom CH
4
, C
2
H
4
va C
2
H
2
qua bnh Brom d thay khoi lng bnh ng dung dch
Brom tang 5,4 gam . Kh thoat ra khoi bnh c ot
chay hoan toan thu c 2,2 gam CO
2
. Tnh % ve khoi
lng cua moi hiddro cacbon co trong hon hp ?
9. Chia 26 gam hon hp kh gom CH
4
, C
2
H
6
va C
2
H
4
lam
2 phan bang nhau
- Phan 1 : ot chay hoan toan thu c 39,6 gam CO2
- Phan 2 : Cho loi qua bnh ng d/dch brom d thay co
48 gam brom tham gia phan ng
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi hiddro cacbon co trong
hon hp ?
10. Hoa tan hoan toan 10 gam hon hp cua Mg va MgO
bang dung dch HCl . Dung dch thu c cho tac dung
vi vi dung dch NaOH d . Loc lay ket tua ra sach
roi nung nhiet o cao cho en khi khoi lng khong
oi thu c 14 gam chat ran
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi chat co trong hon
hp ban au ?
b. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl 2M toi thieu a dung ?
11. Hoa tan hoan toan 24 gam hon hp cua Al va Mg
bang dung dch HCl va u . Them mot lng NaOH d
vao dung dch . Sau phan ng xuat hien mot lng
ket tua Loc lay ket tua ra sach roi nung nhiet
o cao cho en khi khoi lng khong oi thu c 4 g
chat ran
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi kim loai co trong
hon hp ban au ?
b. Tnh the tch dung dch HCl 2M a dung ?

12. Chia mot lng hon hp gom MgCO
3
va CaCO
3
lam
2 phan bang nhau .
Phan 1 : nhiet phan hoan toan thu c 3,36 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc)
Phan 2 : hoa tan het trong dung dch HCl roi co can
dung dch thu c 15,85 gam hon hp muoi khan
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi muoi cacbonat co
trong hon hp ban au ?
13. Kh 15,2 gam hon hp gom Fe
2
O
3
va FeO bang H
2
nhiet o cao thu c sat kim loai . e hoa tan het
lng sat nay can 0,4 mol HCl
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong
hon hp ban au ?
b. Tnh the tch H
2
thu c ktc ?
14. Cho mot luong CO d i qua ong s cha 15,3 gam
hon hp gom FeO va ZnO nung nong , thu c mot
hon hp chat ran co khoi lng 12, 74 gam . Biet
trong ieu kien th nghiem hieu suat cac phan ng
eu at 80%
a. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi oxit co trong
hon hp ban au ?
b. e hoa tan hoan toan lng chat ran thu
c sau phan ng tren phai dung bao nhieu lt
dung dch HCl 2M ?
15. Chia hon hp gom Fe va Fe
2
O
3
lam 2 phan bang
nhau
Phan 1 : cho mot luong CO i qua va nung nong thu c
11,2 gam Fe
Phan 2 : ngam trong dung dch HCl . Sau phan ng thu c
2,24 lt kh H
2
ktc
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi chat co trong hon
hp ban au ?
VI/ Toan tang , giam
khoi lng :
1. Nhung mot thoi sat 100 gam vao dung dch CuSO
4
.
Sau mot thi gian lay ra ra sach , say kho can
nang 101,6 gam . Hoi khoi kim loai o co bao nhieu
gam sat , bao nhieu gam ong ?
2. Cho mot ban nhom co khoi lng 60 gam vao dung
dch CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi gian lay ra ra sach , say

kho can nang 80,7 gam . Tnh khoi lng ong bam
vao ban nhom ?
3. Ngam mot la ong vao dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau
phan ng khoi lng la ong tang 0,76 gam . Tnh so
gam ong a tham gia phan ng ?
4. Ngam inh sat vao dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mot thi
gian lay ra ra sach , say kho can nang hn luc au
0,4 gam
a.Tnh khoi lng sat va CuSO
4
a tham gia phan
ng ?
b.Neu khoi lng dung dch CuSO
4
a dung tren la
210 gam co khoi lng rieng la 1,05 g/ml . Xac nh
nong o mol ban au cua dung dch CuSO
4
?
5. Cho 333 gam hon hp 3 muoi MgSO
4
, CuSO
4
va BaSO
4
vao nc c dung dch D va mot phan khong tan
co khoi lng 233 gam . Nhung thanh nhom vao dung
dch D . Sau phan ng khoi lng thanh kim loai tang
11,5 gam . Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi muoi co
trong hon hp tren ?
6. Cho ban sat co khoi lng 100 gam vao 2 lt dung
dch CuSO
4
1M. Sau mot thi gian dung dch CuSO
4
co
nong o la 0,8 M . Tnh khoi lng ban kim loai , biet
rang the tch dung dch xem nh khong oi va khoi
lng ong bam hoan toan vao ban sat ?
7. Nhung mot la kem vao 500 ml dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
2M . Sau mot thi gian khoi lng la kem tang 2,84
gam so vi ban au .
a. Tnh lng Pb a bam vao la Zn , biet rang
lng Pb sinh ra bam hoan toan vao la Zn.
b. Tnh mong o M cac muoi co trong dung dch
sau khi lay la kem ra , biet rang the tch dung dch
xem nh khong oi ?
VII/ Toan hon hp
muoi axit muoi trung
hoa :
1. Dung 30 gam NaOH e hap thu 22 gam CO
2
a. Co nhng muoi nao tao thanh
b. Tnh khoi lng cac muoi tao thanh .

2. Cho 9,4 gam K
2
O vao nc . Tnh lng SO
2
can thiet
e phan ng vi dung dch tren e tao thanh :
a. Muoi trung hoa .
b. Muoi axit
c. Hon hp muoi axit va muoi trung hoa theo t le
mol la 2 : 1
3. Dung dch A cha 8 gam NaOH
a. Tnh the tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M can dung e
hoa tan hoan toan dung dch A
b. Tnh the tch SO
2
can thiet e khi tac dung vi
dung dch A tao ra hon hp muoi axit va muoi
trung hoa theo t le mol tng ng la 2 : 1 ?
4. Tnh the tch CO
2
can thiet e khi tac dung vi 16
gam dung dch NaOH 10% tao thanh:
a. Muoi trung hoa ?
b. Muoi axit ?
c. Hon hp muoi axit va muoi trung hoa theo t le
mol la 2 : 3 ?
5. Dung 1 lt dung dch KOH 1,1M e hap thu 80 gam SO
3

a. Co nhng muoi nao tao thanh ?
b. Tnh khoi lng cac muoi tao thanh ?
VIII/ Xac nh CTHH :
1. Hoa tan hoan toan 3,6 gam mot kim loai hoa
tr II bang dung dch HCl co 3,36 lt kh H
2
thoat ra
ktc. Hoi o la kim loai nao ?
2. Hoa tan 2,4 gam oxit cua mot kim loai hoa tr
II can dung 2,19 gam HCl . Hoi o la oxit cua kim loai
nao ?
3. Hoa tan 4,48 gam oxit cua mot kim loai hoa tr
II can dung 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,8M . Hoi o la
oxit cua kim loai nao ?
4. Cho dung dch HCl d vao 11,6 gam baz cua kim
loai R co hoa tr II thu c 19 gam muoi . Xac nh
ten kim loai R ?
5. Cho 10,8 gam kim loai hoa tri III tac dung vi
dung dch HCl d thay tao thanh 53,4 gam muoi . Xac
nh ten kim loai o /
6. Hoa tan 49,6 gam hon hp gom muoi sunfat
va muoi cacbonat cua mot kim loai hoa tr I vao
nc thu c dung dch A . Chia dung dch A lam 2
phan bang nhau .

- Phan 1 : Cho tac dung vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
d thu c
2,24 lt kh ktc
- Phan 1 : Cho tac dung vi dung dch BaCl
2
d thu c
43 gam ket tua trang .
a. Tm CTHH cua 2 muoi ban au
b. Tnh % ve khoi lng cua cac muoi tren co
trong hon hp ?
7. Hoa tan 1,84 gam mot kim loai kiem vao nc
. e trung hoa dung dch thu c phai dung 80 ml dung
dch HCl 1M . Xac nh kim loai kiem a dung ?
8. Hoa tan hoan toan 27,4 gam hon hp gom
M
2
CO
3
va MHCO
3
( M la kim loai kiem ) bang 500 ml dung
dch HCl 1M thay thoat ra 6,72 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) . e
trung hoa lng axit con d phai dung 50 ml dung dch
NaOH 2M
Xac nh 2 muoi ban au
Tnh % ve khoi lng cua moi muoi tren ?
9. Co mot hon hp X gom mot muoi cacbonat
cua kim loai hoa tr I va mot muoi cua kim loai hoa
tr II . Hoa tan hoan toan 18 gam X . bang dung dich HCl
va u thu c dung dch Y va 3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc)
a. Co can Y se thu c bao nhieu gam
muoi khan ?
b. Neu biet trong hon hp X so mol
muoi cacbonat cua kim loai hoa tr I gap 2 lan so mol
muoi cacbonat cua kim loai hoa tr II va nguyen t
khoi cua kim loai hoa tr I hn nguyen t khoi cua
kim loai hoa tr II la 15 vC. Tm CTHH 2 muoi tren ?
10. Co mot oxit sat cha ro CTHH . Chia lng oxit nay lam 2
phan bang nhau
- Phan 1 : tac dung va u vi 150 ml dung dch HCl 3M
- Phan 2 : nung nong va cho luong CO i qua , thu c
8,4 gam sat .
Xac nh CTHH cua sat oxit .
11. Hoa tan het m gam hon hp gom ACO
3
va
BCO
3
(A , B la 2 kim loai hoa tr II) can dung 300 ml dung
dch HCl 1M . Sau phan ng thu c V lt kh CO
2
(ktc)
va d/dch A . Co can dung dch A thu c 30,1 gam
muoi khan
a.Xac nh m ? b.Tm V ?
12. Oxi hoa hoan toan 8 gam 2 kim loai A , B (eu
co hoa tr II) thu c hon hp 2 oxit tng ng . e
hoa tan het 2 oxit tren can 150 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Sau

phan ng thu c dung dch co 2 muoi . Cho NaOH
vao dung dch muoi nay thu c mot ket tua cc ai
nang m gam gom hon hp 2 hiroxit kim loai
a.Viet cac PTPU xay ra ?
b. Xac nh m ?
13. A la oxit cua nit co phan t khoi la 92 co
t le so nguyen t N va O la 1 : 2 . B la mot oxit
khac cua nit . ktc 1 lt kh B nang bang 1 lt kh CO
2
.
Tm cong thc phan t cua A va B ?
14. Hoa tan hoan toan 1,44 gam kim loai hoa tr II
bang 250 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,3M . e trung hoa lng
axit d can dung 60 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M , Xac nh
ten kim loai ?
15. Nung 3 gam muoi cacbonat cua kim loai A ( cha
ro hoa tr ) thu c 1,68 gam oxit .
a. Xac nh CTHH cua muoi ?
b. Neu hoa tan hoan toan 8 gam muoi
tren bang V lt dung dch HCl 2M . Tnh V ?
IX/ Chng minh chat
tac dung het :
1. Cho 3,87 gam hon hp gom Mg va Al tac dung vi 500
ml dung dch HCl 1M
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng vi Mg va Al , axit
van con d ?
b. Neu phan ng tren lam thoat ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) . Hay tnh so gam Mg va Al a dung ban au ?
c. Tnh the tch dung dch ong thi NaOH 2M va
Ba(OH)
2
0,1M can dung e trung hoa het lng axit
con d ?
2. Hoa tan 31,9 gam hon hp BaCl
2
va CaCl
2
vao nc
c dung dch A . Cho toan bo dung dch A tac dung
vi 500 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
2M thay xuat hien mot
lng ket tua
a. Chng to rang lng ket tua tren thu c la
toi a ?
b. Neu cho toan bo lng dung dch A tac dung vi
lng d dung dch AgNO
3
th thu c 53,4 gam ket
tua . Xac nh % ve khoi lng moi muoi a dung
ban au ?

3. Cho 8,4 gam hon hp Zn va Mg tac dung vi 500 ml
dung dch HCl 2M
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng axit van con d ?
b. Neu thoat ra 4,48 lt kh ktc . Hay tnh so gam
Mg va Al a dung ban au
c. Tnh the tch ong thi cua 2 dung dch KOH 0,5 M
va Ba(OH)
2
1M can dung e trung hoa het lng axit
con d ?
4. Cho 7,8 gam hon hp Mg va Al tac dung vi 500 ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M
a. Chng minh rang sau phan ng vi Mg va Al , axit van
con d ?
b. Neu phan ng tren lam thoat ra 4,368 lt kh H
2
(ktc) . Hay tnh % ve khoi lng cua Mg va Al a
dung ban au ?
5. Cho 31,8 gam hon hp X gom 2 muoi MgCO
3
va CaCO
3
vao 0,8 lt dung dch HCl 1M
thu c dung dch Z .
a.Hoi dung dch Z co d axit khong ?
b.Cho vao dung dch Z mot lng NaHCO
3
d th the tch
CO
2
thu c la 2,24 lt . tnh khoi lng moi muoi co
trong hon hp X ?

X/ Ap dung s o
hp thc :
1. Tnh khoi lng H
2
SO
4
95% thu c t 60 kg quang pirit
neu hieu suat p/ ng la 85% ?
2. Dung 150 gam quang pirit cha 20% chat tr ieu che
H
2
SO
4
. em toan bo lng axit ieu che c hoa tan
va u m gam Fe
2
O
3
. Tat ca phan ng xay ra hoan
toan , hay
a. Tnh khoi lng H
2
SO
4
ieu che c ?
b. Tnh m ?
3. T 1 tan quang pirit cha 90% FeS
2
co the ieu che
bao nhieu lt H
2
SO
4
am ac 98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) , biet
hieu suat trong qua trnh ieu che la 80% ?
4. Co the ieu che bao nhieu tan CH
3
COOH t 100 tan
CaC
2
co 4% tap chat , gia s cac phan ng at
hieu suat 100% ?
XI/ Ap dung nh
luat bao toan khoi
lng :
1. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua A , biet rang khi
ot chay 1 mol chat A can 6,5 mol oxi thu c 4 mol
CO
2
va 5 mol nc
2. ot chay m gam chat A can dung 4,48 lt O
2
thu c
2,24 lt CO
2
va 3,6 gam nc . Tnh m biet the tch cac
chat kh eu dc o ktc
3. ot chay 16 gam chat A can 4,48 lt kh oxi (ktc) thu
c kh CO
2
va hi nc theo t le so mol la 1 : 2 .
Tnh khoi lng CO
2
va H
2
O tao thanh ?
4. Nung hon hp 2 muoi CaCO
3
va MgCO
3
thu c 76 gam
2 oxit va 33,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) . Tnh khoi lng hon hp ban
au ?
5. Cho hon hp 2 muoi A
2
SO
4
va BSO
4
co khoi lng 44,2
gam tac dung va u vi d/dch BaCl
2
tao thanh 69,9
gam BaSO
4
ket tua .Tm khoi lng 2 muoi tan mi tao
thanh ?

6. Hoa tan 10 gam hon hp 2 muoi cacbonat co hoa tr II
va III bang dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A va 0,672
lt kh (ktc) . Hoi co can dung dch A th thu c bao
nhieu gam muoi khan ?
7. Hoa tan 5,68 gam hon hp 2 muoi cacbonat cua kim
loai thuoc nhom IIA va thuoc 2 chu k lien tiep bang
dung dch HCl d thu c 1,344 lt kh (ktc) va dung dch
A . Hoi co can dung dch A th thu c bao nhieu gam
muoi khan ?
8. Cho luong kh CO i qua ong s ng m gam hon hp
gom Fe , FeO , Fe
2
O
3
nung nong . Sau khi ket thuc th
nghiem , thu c 64 gam chat ran A va 11,2 lt kh B
(ktc) co t khoi hi so vi hiro la 20,4 . Tnh m ?
XII/ Bien luan :
- Theo cac khanang
phan ng xay ra .
- Theo phng trnh vo
nh
- Theo gii han
- Theo hoa tr
- Theo lng chat ( gam ,
mol )
- Theo tnh chat
- Theo ket qua bai
toan
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Hoa tan hoan toan 3,78 gam mot kim loai M vao dung
dch HCl thu c 4,704 lt kh H2 (ktc) . Xac nh kim loai M
?
2. Hoa tan hoan toan hon hp 4 g hai kim loai A,B cung
hoa tr II va co t le mol la ! : 1 bang dung dch HCl thu
c 2,24 lt kh H
2
( ktc) . Hoi A , B la cac kim loai nao
trong cac kim loai sau : Mg , Ca , Ba , Zn , Fe , Ni .
Biet : Mg = 24 , Ca= 40 , Ba= 137 , Zn = 65, Fe = 56 , Ni = 58 .
3. A la hp chat vo c khi ot nong cho ngon la mau
vang . Nung nong A nhiet o cao c chat ran B , hi
nc va kh C khong mau , khong mui , lam uc nc
voi trong . biet chat ran B cung cho ngon la mau
vang khi ot nong . Xac nh CTHH cua A va B va viet
cac PTPU
4. A la hp chat vo c co nhieu ng dung trong nganh
xay dng . Nung nong A thu c chat ran b va kh C
khong mau khong mui . Cho C loi qua bnh ng nc
voi trong d lai thay xuat hie chat ran A . Xac nh
CTHH cua A va viet cac PTPU .
5. X la mot muoi vo c thng c dung trong phong th
nghiem . Nung nong X c 2 kh Y va Z , trong o kh Y
khong mau , khong mui , khong chay . Con Z la hp
chat c tao bi 2 nguyen to hiddro va oxi . Xac nh
CTHH cua X .
6. A , B , C la hp chat vo c cua mot kim loai khi ot
chay eu cho ngon la mau vang . A tac dung vi B
tao thanh C . Nung nong B nhiet o cao tao thanh C ,
hi nc va kh D la hp chat cua cacbon . Biet D tac
dung vi A tao c B hoac C . Xac nh CTHH cua A , B ,
C ..
7. Muoi A khi ot chay cho ngon la mau vang . Nung
nong A c chat ran B va co hi nc thoat ra , A
cung nh B eu tac dung c vi dung dch HCl tao kh C
khong mau , khong mui , khong chay . Xac nh CTHH
cua A .
XIII/ Phng phap t
chon lng chat :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mot so cach chon :
- Lng chat tham gia phan ng la 1 mol
- Lng chat tham gia phan ng theo so lieu cua e
bai .
1. Hoa tan mot muoi cacbonat kim loai M bang khoi lng
va u cua dung dch H
2
SO
4
9,8 % ta thu c dung dch
muoi sunfat 14,18% . Hoi M la kim loai g ?
2. Hoa tan oxit mot kim loai hoa tr II vao mot lng va
u dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% , thu c dung dch muoi co
nong o 22,6% . Xac nh ten kim loai a dung ?
3. Cho 16 gam hp kim cua Beri va mot kim loai kiem tac
dung vi nc ta c dung dch A va 3,36 liat kh H
2
(ktc)
a. Can bao nhieu ml dung dch HCl 0,5M e trung hoa het
1/10 dung dch A ?
b. Lay 1/10 dung dch A roi them vao o 99 ml dung dch
Na
2
SO
4
0,1 M th thay dung dch van con d Ba
2+
, nhng
neu them tiep 2 ml dung dch na th thay d SO
4
2-
.
Xac nh ten cua kim loai kiem ?
4. Nhiet phan 9,4 gam muoi nitrat kim loai ti phan ng
hoan toan thay con lai 4 gam chat ran . Xac nh kim
loai co trong muoi ?
5. Hoa tan 2,84 gam hon hp 2 muoi cacbonat cua 2 kim loai
thuoc phan nhom chnh nhom II va thuoc 2 chu k lien
tiep nhau bang dung dch HCl d ngi ta thu c dung
dch A va kh B . Co can dung dch A th thu c 3,17 gam
muoi khan .
a.Tnh the tch B (ktc) .?
b.Xac nh ten 2 kim loai ?
6. ot chay 1 gam n chat M can dung lng va u oxi
la 0,7 lt ( ktc) . Xac nh n chat M ?
7. Nung 3 gam muoi cacbonat cua kim loai A cha ro hoa tr
thu c 1,68 gam oxit kim loai A .
a.Xac nh A ?
b.Tnh the tch dd HCl can dung e hoa tan het 3 gam
muoi cacbonat cua A tren ?
XIV/ Phng phap dung
cac gia tr trung bnh :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A/ Phng phap dung cac gia tr mol trung bnh ( M )
Lu y :
a) Hon hp nhieu chat :
M =
hh
hh
n
m
=
i
i i
n n n
n M n M n M
+ + +
+ + +
...
.....
2 1
2 2 1 1
M =
hh
hh
n
m
=
i
i i
V V V
V M V M V M
+ + +
+ + +
...
.....
2 1
2 2 1 1
b) Hon hp 2 chat : a, b ; % so mol
M =
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
; M = M
1
n
1
+ M
2
(1-n
1
)
M =
n
V V M V M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
; M = M
1
X
1
+ M
2
(1-X
1
)
1. Hai kim loai kiem M va M
/
nam trong hai chu k ke tiep nhau
cua bang he thong tuan hoan . Hoa tan moyj t hon hp
M va M
/
trong nc c dung dch A va 0,336 lt kh H2 (ktc)
. Cho HCl d vao dung dch A va co can c 2,075 gam
muoi khan . Xac nh ten kim loai M va M
/
?
2. Hoa tan vao nc 7,14 gam hon hp muoi cacbonat va
hiddro cacbonat cua mot kim loai hoa tr I . Sau o them
vao dung dch thu c mot lng dung dch HCl va u th
thu c 0,672 lt kh ktc Xac nh ten kim loai ?
3. Nguyen t khoi cua 3 kim loai hoa tr 2 t le vi nhau
theo t so la 3 : 5 : 7 . T le so mol cua chung trong hon
hp la 4 : 2 : 1 . Sau khi hoa tan 2,32 gam hon hp trong HCl
d thu c 1,568 lt H
2
ktc . Xac nh 3 kim loai biet
chung eu ng trc H2 trong day Beketop .
4. Hoa tan 46 gam hon hp Ba va 2 kim loai kiem A , B thuoc
2 chu k lien tiep nhau c dung dch X va 11,2 lt kh (ktc)
- Neu them 0,18 mol Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch X th dung dch sau
phan ng van cha ket tua het Ba
2+

- Neu them 0,21 mol Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch X th dung dch sau
phan ng van con d ion SO
4
2-

Xac nh ten 2 kim loai kiem ?
n tp ha hc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dng I : Vit PTHH gia cc cht
v c
1. Vit PTHH biu din cc phn ng ho hc cc th nghim sau :
a. Nh vi git axit clohidric vo vi
b. Cho mt t diphotpho pentoxit vo dd kali hidroxit
c. Nhng thanh st vo dd ng (II) sunfat
d. Hp th N
2
O
5
vo H
2
O
2. Cho cc oxit sau : K
2
O, SO
2
, BaO, Fe
3
O
4
, N
2
O
5
, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
. Vit PTHH (nu c)
ca cc oxit ny ln lt tc dng vi H
2
O, H
2
SO
4
, KOH, HCl
3. Vit PTP :
a. Kim loi M ho tr n tan trong dd HCl
b. MgCO
3
+ HNO
3

c. Al + H
2
SO
4
(long)
d. Fe
x
O
y
+ HCl
e. Fe + Cl
2

f. Cl
2
+ NaOH
4. Cho t t bt Cu vo dd HNO
3
c. Lc u thy kh mu nu bay ra, sau
kh khng mu b ho nu trong khng kh, cui cng kh ngng thot
ra. GT hin tng, vit PTHH xy ra
5. C nhng baz sau : Fe(OH)
3
, Ca(OH)
2
, KOH, Mg(OH)
2
, Cu(OH)
2

a. Baz no b nhit phn hu ?
b. Tc dng c vi dd H
2
SO
4

c. i mu dd phenolphtalein ?
6. Hy m t hin tng quan st c, vit pthh khi th l Al vo nhng dd sau :
a. dd H
2
SO
4
2 M
b. dd NaOH d
c. dd CuCl
2

Dng II. S chuyn ho
1. Vit PTHH theo s sau :
MgSO
4

SO
2
H
2
SO
4
MgCl
2

HCl
2.Tm cc ch ci A,B,C,D,E thch hp, vit PTHH xy ra
(1) A + Cl
2
B
(2) B + Al (d) AlCl
3
+ A
(3) A + O
2
C
(4) C + H
2
SO
4
D + E + H
2
O
3. Chn cc cht A,B,C,D thch hp, vit PTHH xy ra
A
B CuSO
4
CuCl
2
Cu(NO
3
)
2
A B C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
4.Hon thnh cc phng trnh di y :
a. Na
2
SO
4
+ X
1
BaSO
4
+ Y
1

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ X
2
CaCO
3
+ Y
2

CuSO
4
+ X
3
CuS + Y
3

MgCl
2
+ X
4
Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ Y
4

b. A + B CaCO
3
+ NaCl
C + D ZnS + KNO
3

E + F Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ NaNO
3

G + H BaSO
4
+ MgCl
2

c. KHS + A H
2
S +
HCl + B CO
2
+
CaSO
3
+ C SO
2
+
H
2
SO
4
+ D BaSO
4
+ CO
2
+ .
7. Vit cc PTP theo cc s bin ho sau :
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
2
Fe(OH)
3
Cu CuCl
2

FeCl
3
CuSO
4

7.Vit cc PTP theo s bin ho
+X A +Y
Fe
2
O
3
FeCl
2
+Z B +T
trong A,B,X,Y,Z,T l cc cht khc nhau
8..Vit cc PTP theo s hai chiu sau :

S SO
2
H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4


K
2
SO
3
9.Cho s bin ho :
a. A
1
A
2
A
3

Fe(OH)
3
Fe(OH)
3
B
1
B
2
B
3
Tm cng thc ca cc cht ng vi cc cht A
1,
, A
2
, ..vit PTP theo s
b.
A
1
A
2
A
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3

B
1
B
2
B
3

.. +X,t
0
c. A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Y,t
0
+ B +E
A Fe D C
+Z,t
0
A
Bit rng : A + HCl D + C + H
2
O
Dng III. Nhn bit cc cht v
c
1. Ch c dng mt thuc th t chn, hy nhn bit dd cc cht ng trong
cc l ring r : FeSO
4
; Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
; MgCl
2
; AlCl
3
; CuCl
2
; NaOH
2. Dng mt thuc th nhn bit cc dd : Na
2
CO
3
; NaCl ; Na
2
S ; Ba(NO
3
)
2

3. Bng pp ho hc nhn bit cc kh ng trong cc l mt nhn : CO
2
; NH
3
;
O
2
; N
2

4. 5 bnh cha 5 kh : N
2
; O
2
; CO
2
; H
2
; CH
4
. Trnh by pp ho hc nhn ra
tng kh
5. C 5 dd : HCl ; NaOH ; Na
2
CO
3
; BaCl
2
; NaCl. Cho php s dng qu tm
nhn bit cc dd (bit Na
2
CO
3
cng lm xanh qu tm)
6. Ch c s dng dd HCl ; H
2
O nu pp nhn bit 5 gi bt trng cha cc
cht : KNO
3
; K
2
CO
3
; K
2
SO
4
; BaCO
3
; BaSO
4

7. c 5 cht rn : Fe ; Cu ; Al ; CuO ; FeO. Dng pp ho hc nhn bit tng
cht
8. 5 l mt nhn, mi l cha mt trong cc cht bt mu en hoc xm xm
sau : FeS ; Ag
2
O ; CuO ; MnO
2
; FeO. ch dng ng nghim, n cn, v mt
dd thuc th nhn bit
9. C 5 dd b mt nhn gm cc cht sau : H
2
SO
4
; Na
2
SO
4
; NaOH ; BaCl
2
;
MgCl
2
. Ch dng thm phenol phtalein nu cch xc nh tng dd
10. Ch dng 1 thuc th l kim loi hy nhn bit cc l cha cc dd : Ba(OH)
2
;
HNO
3
c, ngui ; AgNO
3

Dng IV: Tch cc cht v c
1.Trnh by pp ho hc tch ring tng kim loi ra khi hh cha : Ag ; Al ; Fe
2. Tch ring dd tng cht ra khi hh dd : AlCl
3
; FeCl
3
; BaCl
2

3. iu ch cht nguyn cht :
a. NaCl c ln mt t tp cht l Na
2
CO
3
. Lm th na c NaCl nguyn
cht ?
b. N
2
ln cc tp cht : CO ; CO
2
; H
2
v hi nc
c, C hh 3 oxit : SiO
2
; Al
2
O
3
; Fe
2
O
3
. Trnh by pp ho hc ly tng cht
dng nguyn cht
4. Mt loi thu ngn b ln tp cht l cc kim loi sau : Fe ; Zn ; Pb ; Sn. c th
dng dd Hg(NO
3
)
2
ly c Hg tinh khit. em hy nu pp lm v vit PTP
5. Bng pp hh tch ring
a. Bt Fe ra khi hh : Fe, Cu, CaO
b. Tch ring tng cht khi hh : Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Cu (khi lng bo ton)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dng V : Tnh theo phng trnh
ho hc, xc nh CT oxit baz
1.Ho tan 16,2 gam ZnO vo 400gam dd HNO
3
15% thu c dd A
a. Tnh khi lng axit phn ng b. Tnh khi lng mui km to thnh
c. Tnh C% cc cht trong dd A
2. Ho tan 10,8 gam Al tc dng va vi 600 gam dd HCl thu c dd X v V
lt kh KTC
a. Tnh V b. Tnh khi lng mui nhm thu c c. Tnh C
M
ca dd
HCl
3. Cho 325 gam dd FeCl
3
5% vo 112 gam dd KOH 25%
a. Cht no tha sau phn ng b. Tnh khi lng cht kt ta thu c
c. Tnh C% cc cht trong dd sau phn ng
4. Ho tan 8,9 gam hh Mg, Zn vo lng va dd H
2
SO
4
0,2M thu c dd A v
4,48 lt kh ktc
a. Tnh % theo khi lng 2 kim loi b. Tnh th tch dd axit dng
5. Cho 16,8 lt CO
2
ktc hp th hon ton vo 600ml dd NaOH 2M thu c dd
A
a. Tnh khi lng mui thu c trong dd A
b. Cho BaCl
2
d vo dd A th thu c bao nhiu gam kt ta
6. Nhng mt ming Al c khi lng 10 gam vo 500 ml dd CuSO
4
0,4M. Sau thi
gian phn ng ly ming Al ra, cn nng 11,38 gam
a. Tnh m Cu bm vo Al b. Tnh C
M
cc cht trong dd sau phn ng (coi V
khng i)
7. Cho 20 gam Al vo 400 ml dd CuCl
2
0,5 M. Khi nng dd CuCl
2
gim 25%
th ly ming Al ra, cn nng bao nhiu gam ?
8. ho tan 3,9 gam kim loi X cn dng V ml dd HCl v c 1,344 lt H
2
ktc.
Mt khc, ho tan 3,2 gam oxit ca kim loi Y cng dng va Vml dd HCl
trn. Hi X,Y l cc kim loi g ?
9. Cho 34,8 gam Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi 455,2 gam dd HCl 20% d thu c dd A. Tnh
C% cc cht tan c trong dd A
10. Cho 16 gam Fe
x
O
y
tc dng vi lng va 300 ml dd HCl 2 M. Xc nh CT
oxit st
11. Ho tan 8 gam oxit lim loi ho tr 2 cn 14,6 gam HCl nguyn cht. Tm CT
oxit
12. Ho tan 20,4 gam oxit kim loi A (ho tr 3) bng 300 ml dd H
2
SO
4
va
th thu c 68,4 gam mui khan
a. Tm CTHH ca oxit trn b. Tnh C
M
ca dd axit
13. ho tan 64 gam mt oxit kim loi (ho tr 3) cn va 800 ml dd HNO
3
3M
a. Tm CT oxit b. Tnh C
M
dd mui sau phn ng
14. Ha tan 5 gam vi nguyn cht trong 40 ml dd HCl. Sau phn ng phi
dng 20 ml dd NaOH trung ho axit d. Mt khc, c 50 ml dd HCl phn ng
va vi 150 ml dd NaOH. Tnh C
M
ca 2 dd
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Cho mt lng bt st vo dd va dd H
2
SO
4
1 M thu c dd A v kh B.
Cho ton b dd A phn ng vi 250 ml dd KOH va . Lc kt ta ri nung n
khi lng khng i thu c 20 gam cht rn
a. Tnh m Fe dng b. Tnh V kh ktc c. Tnh V ml dd axit
d. Tnh C
M
dd KOH
Dng VI : Bi tp v kim loi
1. Cho cc kim loi Al, Fe, Cu, Ag. Nhng KL tc dng no tc dng c vi axit
sunfuric long ? dd AgNO
3
? dd NaOH ? dd H
2
SO
4
c k thng v un nng ?.
Vit cc PTHH xy ra
2. Cho cc cp cht sau : a. Zn + AgCl ; Cu + Fe(NO
3
)
2
(dd) ; Ag + Cu(NO
3
)
2
(dd) ; Ni + dd CuCl
2
; Al + dd AgNO
3

3. Ho tan 5,5 gam hh 2 kim loi Al, Fe trong 500 ml dd HCl va thu c 4,48
lt kh ktc
a. Tnh % khi lng 2 kim loi
b. Tnh C
M
dd HCl
4. Ho tan 20 gam hh gm Ag, Zn, Mg trong dd H
2
SO
4
0,5 M (va ) thu c
6,72 lt H
2
ktc v 8,7 gam kim loi khng tan
a. Tnh % khi lng mi KL
b. Tnh V ml dd H
2
SO
4

5. Nhng 594 gam Al vo dd AgNO
3
2M. Sau thi gian khi lng thanh Al tng 5%
so vi ban u
a. Tm m Al phn ng b. Tnh m Ag thu c c. Tnh m mui Al
to ra
6. Ngm mt ming Fe vo 320 gam dd CuSO
4
10%. Sau khi tt c Cu bm ht
vo Fe, khi lng ming Fe tng 8%. Xc nh khi lng ming Fe ban u
7. Cho 19,6 gam mt Kl ho tr II phn ng hon ton vi 140 ml dd AgNO
3
thu
c 75,6 gam Ag
a. X KL b. Tnh C
M
dd AgNO
3
c. Tnh C
M
dd sau phn ng (coi V khng
i)
8.t chy hon ton 41,1 gam kim loi A (ho tr II) bng lng kh clo va ,
ho tan sp vo nc thu c ddB, cho ddB phn ng vi dd AgNO
3
d, thy c 86,1
gam kt ta trng xut hin
a. Tm A b. Tnh V
CLO
ktc c. Tnh m mui to thnh
9. Ho tan 13 gam kim loi A (ho tr II) bng dd HCl 2M va c dd B.Cho B
phn ng vi dd AgNO
3
d c 57,4 gam kt ta
a. Vit PTHH b. Tm A c. Tnh V dd HCl dng
10. Ho tan 11,7 gam kim loi X (ho tr I) vo 120,6 gam H
2
O th thu c 132
gam dd A
a. Tm X b. Tnh C% dd A
11. Ho tan 9 gam kim loi B (ho tr III) vo dd HCl d thu c kh C. Dn ton b
C sinh ra i qua bt CuO t nng va c 32 gam cht rn
a. Vit PThh b. Tnh V kh C ktc c. Tm B
12. t chy ht 4,48 g KLA ho tr III bng kh Clo va , ho tan sp vo nc
thu c dd B, B+ dd KOH d c kt ta C v dd D. Lc kt ta, nung nhit
cao c cht rn E (m = 6,4 g). X A v cho bit thnh phn dd D
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dng VII. Bi tp v phi kim
1. T cc cht : NaCl, H
2
O, MnO
2
, HCl, KMnO
4
. Hy vit ptp iu ch kh clo
2. t cc cht : CaCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, HCl.Vit pthh iu ch kh CO
2

3. Nung 30 gam vi ( tinh khit 80%) ti phn ng hon ton, kh sinh ra hp
th vo 200 gam dd NaOH 5%. Sau phn ng thu c nhng mui no ? bao
nhiu gam ?
4. Cho 50 gam CaCO
3
tc dng vi dd HCl 0,5M (d), kh sinh ra cho vo bnh cha
500ml dd KOH 2M n pht
a. Tnh V dd HCl, bit th nghim ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit
b. Tnh C
M
mui sinh ra khi hp th kh trong dd kim
5. Mui no b nhit phn : Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, K
2
CO
3
, BaCO
3
,
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
,KMnO
4
.Vit cc pthh xy ra
6. Cho cc s sau :
a. A B C D
A l kh mu vng lc, c. D l kh khng mu, khng chy v khng duy tr
s sng.Vit cc pthh, tm A,B,C,D
b. X Y Z T
Tm X,Y,Z,T. vit pthh. bit X l kh mu vng lc, c. T l oxit baz, rn
nng chy nhit cao
8. Vit 8 phn ng khc nhau iu ch CO
2

9. Vit CTHH ca cc oxit ca C, P, S m em bit.trong s oxit no l oxit
axit, vit CT axit tng ng v PTHH khi cho axit tc dng vi KOH d
10. cho dng CO i qua ng ng CuO nung nng, kh ra cho hp th ht
vo dd nc vi trong d thu c 16 gam kt ta
a. Tnh % CuO b kh
b. Nu ho tan cht rn cn li trong ng bng dd HNO
3
c th c bao
nhiu lt NO
2
bay ra
11. Tin hnh f 5 lt dd NaCl 2M (d = 1,2 g/ml) theo phn ng :
f, mnx, c tr
2NaCl + 2 H
2
O 2 NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2

Sau khi anot thot ra 89,6 lt Cl
2
ktc th ngng f, H
2
O bay hi khng ng
k. tnh C% cht tan trong dd sau in phn
Dng VIII : i cng v ho hu
c
HS cn nm s lc v : hp cht hu c, phn loi, lin kt, t/c ho c trng
ca CH
4
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
5
OH, C
6
H
6
,
1. Vit CTCT : C
5
H
12
, C
2
H
5
Br, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
(cha mt lin kt i), C
2
H
6
O,
C
2
H
4
O
2
(mch h)
2. t chy 6,4 gam cht hu c A thu c 8,8 g CO
2
v 7,2 g H
2
O. M
A
= 32.
Tm CTPT A, Vit CTCT A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3. t chy ht 11,2 lt kh A ktc thu c 11,2 lt CO
2
ktc v 9 g H
2
O
Tm CTPT,CTCT A bit 1 lt A ktc nng 1,34 g
4. t 2 lt kh B cn 9 lt O
2
thu c 6 lt CO
2
v 6 lt hi nc
a. X CTPT A. V o cng k
b. Cho B tc dng vi H
2
XT Ni, t
0
vit PTHH xy ra
5. t chy mt hydrocacbon A thu c CO
2
v H
2
O theo t l khi lng l
11:3
a. Tm CTPT A bit t khi A so vi H
2
l 20
b. Vit CTCTA v ptp khi cho A tc dng vi Br
2
d
6. t chy 10,08 lt hh kh CH
4
v C
2
H
6
thu c 14,56 lt CO
2
. V o ktc
a. Tnh % mi kh trong hh
b. Dn ton b sp chy qua dd Ba(OH)
2
d thu c a gam kt ta. Tnh a
7. t chy ht 36 gam hh kh C
3
H
6
v C
2
H
6
trong O
2
d thu c 56 lt CO
2
ktc
a. Tnh V mi kh ktc
b. Tnh % mi kh trong hh kh ban u
8. Dn 56 lt hh kh gm etylen v axetylen i qua dd Br
2
d th c 480
gam Br
2
phn ng
a. Tnh V mi kh trong hh. V o ktc
b. Tnh % mi kh
9. Hh kh X gm CH
4
v C
2
H
4
. Cho ton b X phn ng vi dd Br
2
d thu c
37,6 gam dibrom etan.Mt khc, t chy ht X cn dng 16,8 lt O
2
ktc
a. Vit pthh
b. Tnh % s mol mi kh
10. Cho s sau :
C
Al
4
C
3
A B D
E
Trong A,B,C l cht kh. C lm mt mu dd Br
2
, E l cht lng
a. Tm A, B , C , D , E
b. Vit pthh theo s
11. t chy 4,48 lt ktc hydrocacbon A, hp th ht sp chy vo dd Ba(OH)
2
d to ra 118,2 gam kt ta, khi lng dd gim 77,4 gam
a. Tm CTPT A
b Vit CTCT A
12. D on hin tng, vit pthh
a. Th mu KL Kali vo cc ng ru etylic 40
0

b. Th mu Zn vo cc ng gim n
c. Cho nc vo cc ng t n
d. Cho vi git dd I
2
vo cc ng h tinh bt
13. Vit pthh theo s : Vit cc pthh
CaC
2
C
2
H
2
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

14. hon thnh s :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
CH
3
COONa
Tinh bt C
6
H
12
O
6
C
2
H
5
OH H
2

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5

15. t chy ht a gam hh gm ru etylic v axit axetic cn dng 11,2 lt O
2
ktc. Dn ton b sp chy qua dd Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 40 gam kt ta
a. Tm a
b. Tnh % mi cht trong hh
c. Nu cho a gam hh trn vo dd Na
2
CO
3
d th thu c bao nhiu lt kh
ktc?
16. Cho 45,2 gam hh CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
OH tc dng vi Na d thu c V lt kh B
ktc.Mt khc, trung ho ht lng hh trn cn dng 600 ml dd NaOH 1M
a. Tnh khi lng mi cht trong hh
b. tnh m Na cho phn ng
c. Tnh V
17. Cho gluco ln men.Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo dd Ba(OH)
2
d thu c 49,25
cht kt ta
a. Tnh khi lng ru thu c
b. tnh khi lng gluco ln men
18.Chia a gam hh ru metylic v axit axetic thnh 2 phn bng nhau
P1 : tc dng vi Na d thu c 19,04 lt H
2
ktc
P2 : cho tc dng vi CaCO
3
d thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
ktc
a. Tm a
b. Tnh V dd Ba(OH)
2
0,25 M trung ho ht a gam hh trn
19. Vit pthh theo s :
+H
2
(xt) +Cl
2(
(as) + NaOH O
2
(men) + CH
3
OH
a. A B C D E Metyl axetat
(H
2
SO
4
,t
0
)
b. 600
0
+ Cl
2
(as)
B C
A +H
2
+ HCl +KOH C l cht cha clo dng
lm
D E Etanol thuc tr su.
(xt) (xt) t
0

20.Khi cho 180 gam ng glucoz phn ng hon ton vi Ag
2
O d trong NH
3
th thu c lng Ag l : a. 108 gam b. 216 gam c. 270 gam d. 324 gam
1.
Bai tap lap cong thc
hoa hoc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bai 1: Tnh thanh phan phan tram ve khoi lng cua cac
nguyen to co trong cac hp chat sau:
a) CO; FeS
2
; MgCl
2
; Cu
2
O; CO
2
; C
2
H
4
; C
6
H
6
.
b) FeO; Fe
3
O
4
; Fe
2
O
3
; Fe(OH)
2
; Fe(OH)
3
.
c) CuSO
4
; CaCO
3
; K
3
PO
4
; H
2
SO
4
. HNO
3
; Na
2
CO
3
.
d) Zn(OH)
2
; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
; Fe(NO
3
)
3
. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
; Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Bai 2: Tnh khoi lng moi nguyen to co trong cac lng
chat sau:
a) 26g BaCl
2
; 8g Fe
2
O
3
; 4,4g CO
2
; 7,56g MnCl
2
; 5,6g NO.
b) 12,6g HNO
3
; 6,36g Na
2
CO
3
; 24g CuSO
4
; 105,4g AgNO
3
; 6g
CaCO
3
.
c) 37,8g Zn(NO
3
)
2
; 10,74g Fe
3
(PO4)
2
; 34,2g Al
2
(SO4)
3
; 75,6g
Zn(NO
3
)
2
.
Bai 3: Xac nh cong thc cua cac hp chat sau:
a) Hp chat tao thanh bi magie va oxi co phan t khoi
la 40, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua chung
lan lt la 60% va 40%.
b) Hp chat tao thanh bi lu huynh va oxi co phan t
khoi la 64, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi
la 50%.
c) Hp chat cua ong, lu huynh va oxi co phan t khoi
la 160, co phan tram cua ong va lu huynh lan lt
la 40% va 20%.
d) Hp chat tao thanh bi sat va oxi co khoi lng phan
t la 160, trong o phan tram ve khoi lng cua oxi
la 70%.
e) Hp chat cua ong va oxi co phan t khoi la 114,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua ong la 88,89%.
f) Hp chat cua canxi va cacbon co phan t khoi la 64,
phan tram ve khoi lng cua cacbon la 37,5%.
g) A co khoi lng mol phan t la 58,5g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng nguyen to: 60,68% Cl con lai la Na.
h) B co khoi lng mol phan t la 106g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng cua cac nguyen to: 43,4% Na; 11,3% C con
lai la cua O.
i) C co khoi lng mol phan t la 101g; thanh phan phan
tram ve khoi lng cac nguyen to: 38,61% K; 13,86% N
con lai la O.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
j) D co khoi lng mol phan t la 126g; thanh phan % ve
khoi lng cua cac nguyen to: 36,508% Na; 25,4% S con
lai la O.
k) E co 24,68% K; 34,81% Mn; 40,51%O. E nang hn NaNO3
1,86 lan.
l) F cha 5,88% ve khoi lng la H con lai la cua S. F
nang hn kh hiro 17 lan.
m) G co 3,7% H; 44,44% C; 51,86% O. G co khoi lng mol
phan t bang Al.
n) H co 28,57% Mg; 14,285% C; 57,145% O. Khoi lng mol
phan t cua H la 84g.
Bai 4: Hp chat Ba(NO
3
)
X
co phan t khoi la 261, Ba co
nguyen t khoi la 137 va hoa tr II. Tnh hoa tr cua nhom
(NO)
3
.
Bai 5: Hp chat Al
X
(NO
3
)
3
co phan t khoi la 213. Gia tr
cua x la bao nhieu?
Bai 6: Phan t khoi cua ong sunfat la 160 vC. Trong o
co mot nguyen t Cu co nguyen t khoi la 64, mot
nguyen t S co nguyen t khoi la 32, con lai la nguyen
t oxi. Cong thc phan cua hp chat la nh the nao?
Bai 7: Trong 1 tap hp cac phan t ong sunfat (CuSO
4
) co
khoi lng 160000 vC. Cho biet tap hp o co bao nhieu
nguyen t moi loai.
Bai 8. Phan t canxi cacbonat co phan t khoi la 100 vC ,
trong o nguyen t canxi chiem 40% khoi lng, nguyen to
cacbon chiem 12% khoi lng. Khoi lng con lai la oxi. Xac
nh cong thc phan t cua hp chat canxi cacbonat?
Bai 9 : Phan t khoi cua ong oxit (co thanh phan gom
ong va oxi)va ong sunfat co t le 1/2. Biet khoi lng
cua phan t ong sunfat la 160 vC. Xac nh cong thc
phan t ong oxit?
Bai 10. Phan tch mot khoi lng hp chat M, ngi ta nhan
thay thanh phan khoi lng cua no co co 50% la lu
huynh va 50% la oxi. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua hp
chat M.
Bai 11. Mot hp chat kh Y co phan t khoi la 58 vC, cau
tao t 2 nguyen to C va H trong o nguyen to C chiem
82,76% khoi lng cua hp chat. Tm cong thc phan t
cua hp chat.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bai 12. oxit cua kim loai mc hoa tr thap cha 22,56%
oxi, con oxit cua kim loai o mc hoa tr cao cha 50,48%.
Tnh nguyen t khoi cua kim loai o.
Bai 13. Mot nhom oxit co t so khoi lng cua 2 nguyen
to nhom va oxi bang 4,5:4. Cong thc hoa hoc cua nhom
oxit o la g?
Bai 14 . Hai nguyen t X ket hp vi 1 nguyen t O tao ra
phan t oxit. Trong phan t, nguyen t oxi chiem 25,8% ve
khoi lng. Hoi nguyen to X la nguyen to nao?
Bai 15. Mot nguyen t M ket hp vi 3 nguyen t H tao
thanh hp chat vi hiro. Trong phan t, khoi lng H
chiem 17,65%. Hoi nguyen to M la g?
Bai 16. Hai nguyen t Y ket hp vi 3 nguyen t O tao ra
phan t oxit. Trong phan t, nguyen t oxi chiem 30% ve
khoi lng. Hoi nguyen to X la nguyen to nao?
Bai 17. Mot hp chat co thanh phan gom 2 nguyen to C
va O. Thanh phan cua hp chat co 42,6% la nguyen to C,
con lai la nguyen to oxi. Xac nh ve t le so nguyen t
cua C va so nguyen t oxi trong hp chat.
Bai 18. Mot hp chat co phan t khoi bang 62 vC. trong
phan t cua hp chat nguyen to oxi chiem 25,8% theo khoi
lng, con lai la nguyen to Na. Xac nh ve t le so
nguyen t cua O va so nguyen t Na trong hp chat.
Bai 19. Mot hp chat co thanh phan gom 2 nguyen to
Feva O. Thanh phan cua hp chat co 70% la nguyen to Fe
con lai la nguyen to oxi. Xac nh ve t le so nguyen t
cua Fe va so nguyen t oxi trong hp chat.
Bai 20: Mot loai oxit sat co thanh phan la: 7 phan khoi
lng sat ket hp vi 3 phan khoi lng oxi.
Hay cho biet:
a) Cong thc hoa hoc cua oxit sat, biet cong thc phan
t cung chnh la cong thc n gian.
b) Khoi lng mol cua oxit sat tm c tren.
Bi 1: Thc hin chui phn ng sau:
a) CaCO
3
CaO Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
CO
2
Na
2
CO
3

NaHCO
3
CO
2
b) Fe FeO FeCl
2
Fe(OH)
2
Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
Fe Fe
3
O
4
FeCl
3

Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
c) FeS
2
SO
2
SO
3
H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
NaOH Na
2
SO
3

NaHSO
3
SO
2
d) Na Na
2
O Na
2
CO
3
NaCl NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
Na
2
HPO
4
Na
3
PO4
Na
2
SO4
Bi 2: Xc nh cng thc ha hc ca cc cht A, B trong dy bin ha sau vit
phng trnh phn ng thc hin dy bin ha.
(Cu a)
(A) + (B) FeCl
2
+ FeCl
3
+ H2O
(A) + H
2
SO
4
(C) + (D) +
(A) + CO (E) + (F)
(F) + NaOH (G)
(F) + NaOH (H) +
(E) + (B) +
(C) + KOH (I) +
(D) + KOH (K) +
(I) + + (K)
(Cu b)
(M) + O
2
(N)
(N) + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(N) + (P) (Q)
(Q) + HCl CaCl
2
+ (P) + H
2
O
(Q) + (P) + H
2
O (X)
(X) + HCl CaCl
2
+ (P) + H
2
O
Bi 3: Ha tan 2,35g kali oxit v 100g nc thu c ddA (D=1,08g/ml).
a) Tnh nng mol v nng % ca ddA.
b) Xc nh th tch dd H
2
SO
4
20% (D=1,15g/ml) cn dng trung ha ddA.
Bi 4: Cho 5,8g st t oxit vo 150g dd HCl 3,65% thu c ddA (D=1,1g/ml). Xc
nh nng mol/l v nng % ca ddA.
Bi 5: Hn hp X c 2,7g nhm v 5,1g nhm oxit. Ha tan hn hp X bng dd H
2
SO
4
9,8% (D=1,12g/ml) va sau phn ng thu c ddY v V lt kh thot ra ( kc).
a) Tm V.
b) Xc nh th tch dd H
2
SO
4
dng.
c) Xc nh nng % v nng mol/l ca ddY, coi nh th tch dd sau khi ha
tan thay i khng ng k.
Bi 6: Ha tan 21,1g hn hp km v km oxit bng 200ml dd HCl 4M (D=1,15g/ml)
th thu c 4,48 lt kh ( kc) v ddA.
a) Xc nh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp cht rn ban u.
b) Xc nh nng mol v nng % ca ddA (xem s ha tan khng lm thay
i th tch dd).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 7: Ha tan 9,6g hn hp A gm st kim loi v magie bng 150g ddHCl 14,6%
(D=1,1g/ml) th thu c 2,24 lt kh ( kc) v ddB.
a) Xc nh khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A.
b) Tnh nng % v nng mol/l ca ddB (xem s ha tan khng lm thay i
th tch dd).
Bi 8: Ha tan 8,52g hn hp X cha magie kim loi v nhm oxit bng lng va
dd H
2
SO
4
19,6% (D=1,2g/ml) th thu c 2,24 lt kh ( kc) v ddC.
a) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X.
b) Tnh th tch dd H
2
SO
4
dng.
c) Tnh nng % v nng mol/l ca ddC (xem s ha tan khng lm thay i
th tch dd).
Bi 9: Ha tan 10g hn hp X gm st v ng vo 100ml dd HCl va thy thot ra
2,24 lt kh (kc), v c m (g) cht rn khng tan.
a) Tm m.
b) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng mi cht trong hn hp X.
c) Tnh nng mol/l ca dd HCl dng.
Bi 10: Cho 100g dd NaOH 8% vo 150g dd H
2
SO
4
9,8% c dd A.
a) Cho qu tm vo dd A, mu ca qu tm thay i nh th no.
b) Xc nh nng % ca dd A.
Bi 11: Cho 50g dd CuSO
4
16% vo 100g dd KOH 4,2% thu c m (g) kt ta khng
tan v ddA.
a) Tm m.
b) Xc nh nng % ca dd A.
Bi 12: Trn 100ml MgCl
2
2M vi 150ml dd Ba(OH)
2
1,5M c ddA (D=1,12g/ml)
v kt ta C.
a) Tnh khi lng kt ta to thnh.
b) Xc nh nng mol/l v nng % ca ddA (xem th tch dd thay i khng
ng k)
Bi 13: Cho 50g dd Fe(NO
3
)
2
10,8% vo 100g dd NaOH 5% thu c dd X v kt ta
Y.
a) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht c trong ddX.
b) Lc kt ta Y em nung n khi lng khng i c cht rn Z. Xc nh
khi lng cht rn Z trong hai trng hp sau:
- Nung Y trong iu kin khng c khng kh.
- Nung Y ngoi khng kh.
Bi 14: Cho 100ml dd Na
2
CO
3
2M (D=1,1g/ml) vo 150ml dd Ba(OH)
2
1M
(D=1,12g/ml) thu c ddA v kt ta C. Lc kt ta C ha tan vo dd HCl 7,3%
(D=1,08 g/ml) va thu V lt kh ( kc).
a) Tnh nng % v nng mol/l ca ddA (xem s ha tan khng lm thay i
th tch dd).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
b) Tnh th tch dd HCl cn dng ha tan kt ta C.
c) Tm V.
Bi 15: Cho 50g dd K
2
CO
3
27,6% vo 80g dd Ca(OH)
2
13,875% thu c ddX v kt
ta Y.
a) Tnh Y.
b) Xc nh nng % ca ddX.
c) Xc nh th tch dd H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn tc dng vi ddC.
Bi 16: Ha tan 2,3g natri vo 100g nc c ddA. Ha tan 12g lu hunh trioxit vo
100g nc c ddB. Trn ddA v ddB thu ddC.
a) Cho qu tm vo ddC, mu ca qu tm thay i nh th no.
b) Tnh nng % ca ddC.
Bi 17: Ha tan 25g hn hp A gm canxi cacbonat v bc clorua vo 150g dd HCl va
th thu c ddB, kt ta C v 1,972 lt kh ( kc).
a) Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp A.
b) Tm khi lng kt ta C.
c) Xc nh khi lng dd HCl dng.
d) Tnh nng % ddB.
Bi 18: Ha tan m (g) hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v BaCl
2
bng lng va dd H
2
SO
4
9,8% (D=1,12g/ml) th thy thot ra 1,12 lt kh ( kc) v thu c 17,475g kt ta
khng tan v ddY.
a) Xc nh th tch dd H
2
SO
4
dng.
b) Tnh nng % v nng mol/l ca ddY (xem s ha tan khng lm thay i
th tch dd).
tnh theo
phng trnh ho hc
a.Dang I :Da vo pthh tm cthh ca hp cht hoc kim loi ..
Bi1: t chy hon ton 13,6g hp cht A,th thu c 25,6g SO
2
v
7,2g H
2
O.Xc nh cng thc ca A
BI 2:Ho tan hon ton 7,2g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch
HCl,thu c 6,72 lt hir (ktc).Xc nh tn kim loi dng
Bi 3:cho 12,8g mt kim loi ho tr II tc dng vi Clo th thu -
c 27g mui clorua .xc nh tn kim loi .
Bi 4: Ho tan hon ton 7,56g mt kim loi M cha r ho tr vo
dung dch axt HCl ,th thu c 9,408lt H
2
(ktc).Xc nh kim loi
M.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 5:Ho tan hon ton 8,9g hn hp 2 kim loi A v B c cng ho tr
II v c t l mol l 1:1 bng dung dch HCl thu c 4,48 lt hir
ktc .Hi A v B l cc kim loi no trong s cc kim loi sau:Mg
,Ca,Ba,Fe,Zn.
Bi 6:t chy hon ton 4,5g hp cht hu c A .Bit A cha C,H,O
v thu c 9,9g kh CO
2
v 5,4g H
2
O.lp cng thc phn t ca
A.Bit phn t khi A l 60.
Bi 7:t chy hon ton 7,5g hyrccbon A ta thu c 22g CO
2
v
13,5g H
2
O .Bit t khi hI so vi hyr bng 15 .Lp cng thc
phn t ca A.
Bi 8: Ho tan hon ton 5,6g mt kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch
HCl,thu c 2,24 lt hir (ktc).Xc nh tn kim loi dng
Bi 9: cho 4,48g mt xt kim loi ho tr II tc dng ht vi 7,84g
dung dch axitsunfuric .xc nh cng thc xt kim loi .
Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton 9,6g hn hp ng mol 2 oxt kim loi
c cng ho tr II cn 14,6g axit HCl .Xc nh cng thc ca 2 oxt
trn.bit kim loi ho tr II l cc kim loi trong s cc kim loi
sau:Be(9) ,Mg(24),Ca(40),Zn(65).
Bi 11:Ho tan hon ton 6,5g mt kim loi A cha r ho tr vo
dung dch HCl ,th thu c 2,24 lt hir(ktc). Xc nh kim loi A
Bi 12:C mt oxt st cha r cng thc ,chia oxits ny lm 2 phn
bng nhau :
- ho tan ht phn 1 phi cn 150ml dung dch HCl 1,5M .
-Cho mt lung kh H2 d I qua phn 2 nung nng ,phn ng
xong thu c 4,2g Fe .Tm cng thc ca oxit ni trn
Bi 13: :t chy hon ton 0,3g hp cht hu c A .Bit A cha
C,H,O v thu c 224cm
3
kh CO
2

(ktc) v 0,18g H
2
O.lp cng thc
phn t ca A.Bit t khi ca A i vi hir bng 30
Bi 14:t mt hp cht hu c A cha cc nguyn t C,H,O v N cn
504 ml oxy .Khi lng ca nc to thnh l 0,45g .Th tch cc sn
phm kh ca phn ng bng 560ml .Sau khi cho hn hp kh li qua
dung dch xt th th tch ca chng cn 112ml (cc th tch kh
ktc).Tm cng thc phn t ca A .Bit phn t khi ca chng
bng 75.
Bi 15:Kh hon ton 16g bt oxits st nguyn cht bng CO nhit
cao .Sau phn ng kt thc khi lng cht rn gim 4,8g.Xc
nh cng thc ca oxit st dng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 16:t chy 2,25g hp cht hu c A cha C,H,O phI cn 3,08 lt
oxy (ktc)v thu c V
H2O
=5\4 V
CO2
.Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H2
l 45.Xc nh cng thc ca A
Bi 17:Hyr A l cht lng ,c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng
27..t chy A thu c CO2 v H2O theo t l khi lng 4,9:1 .tm
cng thc ca A
Bi 18:Ho tan hon ton 2g kim loi A (cha r ho tr )bng dung
dch H2SO4 long c 0,1 g kh hir .Hi A l kim loi no ?
Bi 19:Ho tan hon ton 1,35g mt kim loi M ho tr III vo dung
dch HCL thu c 1,68lt kh hir (ktc).Xc nh M
Bi 20:Kh hon ton 23,2g mt oxit ca st (cha r ho tr ca
st )bng kh CO nhit cao .Sau phn ng thy khi lng cht
rn gim I 6,4g so vi ban u .Xc nh cng th c ca oxit st
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cc cng thc thng gp
ho hc 8
I. Cng thc tnh s mol :
1.
M
m
n
2.
4 , 22
V
n
3. dd M
V C n
4.
M
m C
n
dd

% 100
%
5.
( )
M
C D ml V
n
dd

% 100
%
6.
( )
T R
dkkc V P
n

II. Cng thc tnh nng phn
trm :
7.
dd
ct
m
m
C
% 100
%

8.
D
M C
C
M

10
%
III. Cng thc tnh nng mol :
9.
dd
ct
M
V
n
C
10.
M
C D
C
M
% 10

IV. Cng thc tnh khi lng :

11.
M n m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ch thch:
K
hiu
Tn gi n
v
n
S mol mol
m
Khi lng gam
ct
m
Khi lng cht tan gam
dd
m
Khi lng dung
dch
gam
dm
m
Khi lng dung
mi
gam
hh
m
Khi lng hn hp gam
A
m
Khi lng cht A gam
B
m
Khi lng cht B gam
M
Khi lng mol gam/m
ol
A
M
Khi lng mol
cht tan A
gam/m
ol
B
M
Khi lng mol
cht tan B
gam/m
ol
V
Th tch lt
dd
V
Th tch dung
dch
lt
( ) ml V
dd Th tch dung
dch
mililt
( ) dkkc V
Th tch iu
kin khng
chun
lt
% C
Nng phn
trm
%
M
C
Nng mol Mol/lt
D
Khi lng ring gam/m
l
P
p sut atm
R
Hng s
(22,4:273)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
12.
% 100
%
dd
ct
V C
m

V. Cng thc tnh khi lng dung dch :

13. dm ct dd
m m m +
14.
%
% 100
C
m
m
ct
dd

15.
( ) D ml V m
dd dd

VI. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch :
16.
M
dd
C
n
V
17.
( )
D
m
ml V
dd
dd

VII. Cng thc tnh thnh phn % v khi lng hay th tch ca
cc cht trong hn hp:
18.
% 100 %
hh
A
m
m
A
19.
% 100 %
hh
B
m
m
B
hoc
A B % % 1 0 0 %
20. B A hh
m m m +
VIII. T khi ca cht kh :
21.

,
_

B
A
B
A
M
M
d
m
m
d
IX. Hiu sut ca phn ng :
22.
( )
% 1 0 0
\
) \ (
%
l t l t
t t t t t t
V n m l t
V n m
H
X. Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp cht kh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
23.
n M +n M +n M +...
1 1 2 2 3 3
M =
hh
n +n +n +...
1 2 3
(hoc)
V M +V M +V M +...
1 1 2 2 3 3
M =
hh
V +V +V +...
1 2 3
)
Chuyn I:
Cc loi hp cht v c
A. oxit :
I. nh ngha : Oxit l hp cht gm 2 nguyn t, trong c 1
nguyn t l oxi .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oxi
Oxit khng to mui
Oxit to mui
Oxit
Oxit Lng tnh Oxit Baz
HirOxit Lng tnh Baz
Nguyn t
Mui
Oxit Axit

Axit
Mui
baz
Mui Axit
Mui trung ha
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Phn loi: Cn c vo tnh cht ha hc ca oxit , ngi ta phn
loi nh sau:
1. Oxit baz l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit to
thnh mui v nc.
2. Oxit Axit l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch baz to
thnh mui v nc.
3. Oxit lng tnh l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit v
tc dng vi dung dch baz to thnh mui v nc. VD nh Al
2
O
3
, ZnO

4. Oxit trung tnh cn c gi l oxit khng to mui l nhng

oxit khng tc dng vi dung dch axit, dung dch baz, nc. VD nh
CO, NO
III.Tnh cht ha hc :
1. Tc dng vi nc :
a.

2
Oxitphi kim+H O Axit
.V d :
3 2 2 4
SO +H O H SO
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
b.

2
Oxitkim loai +H O Baz
. V d :
2 2
CaO+H O Ca(OH)
2. Tc dng vi Axit :
Oxit Kim loi + Axit

Mui + H
2
O
VD :
2 2
CuO +2HCl CuCl +H O
3. Tc dng vi Kim( dung dch baz):
Oxit phi kim + Kim

Mui + H
2
O
VD :
2 2 3 2
CO +2NaOH Na CO +H O

2 3
CO +NaOH NaHCO
(ty theo t l s mol)
4. Tc dng vi oxit Kim loi :
Oxit phi kim + Oxit Kim loi

Mui
VD :
2 3
CO +CaO CaCO
5. Mt s tnh cht ring:
VD :
o
t
2 3 2
3CO + Fe O 3CO + 2Fe

o
t
2
2HgO 2Hg + O

o
t
2 2
CuO + H Cu + H O
* Al
2
O
3
l oxit lng tnh: va phn ng vi dung dch Axt va
phn ng vi dung dch Kim:
2 3 3 2
Al O + 6HCl 2AlCl + 3H O
2 3 2 2
Al O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + H O
IV. iu ch oxit:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phi kim + oxi
kim loi + oxi
Oxi + hp
cht
Oxit
Nhit phn mui
Nhit phn Axit
(axit mt nc)
kim loi mnh+ Oxit
kim loi yu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------


V d:
2N
2
+ 5O
2
2N
2
O
5
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
2CuS + 3O
2
2CuO + 2SO
2
2PH
3
+ 4O
2
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
4HNO
3
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O
CaCO
3
CO
2
+ CaO
Cu(OH)
2
H
2
O+ CuO
2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
B. Baz :
I. nh ngha: Baz l hp cht ha hc m trong phn t c 1
nguyn t Kim loi lin kt vi 1 hay nhiu nhm hirxit (_ OH).
II. Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Dung dch Kim lm qu tm ha xanh, phenolphtalein
khng mu ha hng.
2. Tc dng vi Axt :
2 2 2
Mg(OH) + 2HCl MgCl + 2H O
2 4 2 4 2
2KOH + H SO K SO + 2H O
;
2 4 4 2
KOH + H SO KHSO + H O
3. Dung dc kim tc dng vi oxit phi kim:
3 2 4 2
2KOH + SO K SO +H O

3 4
KOH + SO KHSO
4. Dung dc kim tc dng vi Mui :
4 2 4 2
2KOH + MgSO K SO +Mg(OH)
5. Baz khng tan b nhit phn:
o
t
2 2
Cu(OH) CuO+H O
6. Mt s phn ng khc:
2 2 2 3
4Fe(OH) +O +2H O 4Fe(OH)

4 2 4 2
KOH+KHSO K SO +H O
3 2 2 2 3 2
4NaOH+Mg(HCO ) Mg(OH) +2Na CO +2H O
* Al(OH)
3
l hirxit lng tnh :
3 3 2
Al(OH) +3HCl AlCl +3H O

3 2 2
Al(OH) + NaOH NaAlO +2H O
*
. Bi ton CO
2
, SO
2
dn vo sung dch NaOH, KOH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nhit phn baz
khng tan
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Khi cho CO
2
(hoc SO
2
) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH u xy ra 3 kh nng to
mui:
k=
2
CO
NaOH
n
n
(hoc k=
2
SO
NaOH
n
n
)
- k 2 : ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
- k 1 : ch to mui NaHCO
3
- 1 < k < 2 : to c mui NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3

* C nhng bi ton khng th tnh k. Khi phi da vo nhng d kin ph
tm ra kh nng to mui.
- Hp th CO
2
vo NaOH
d
ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
- Hp th CO
2
vo NaOH ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
, Sau thm BaCl
2
vo thy kt
ta. Thm tip Ba(OH)
2 d
vo thy xut hin thm kt ta na To c 2 mui
Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
Trong trng hp khng c cc d kin trn th chia trng hp gii.
Bi 1: hp th hon ton 22,4lt CO
2
(o ktc) cn 150g dung
dch NaOH 40% (c D = 1,25g/ml).
a) Tnh nng M ca cc cht c trong dung dch (gi s s
ha tan khng lm thay i th tch dung dch ).
b) Trung ha lng xt ni trn cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl
1,5M.
Bi 2: Bit rng 1,12lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng va
vi 100ml dung dch NaOH to thnh mui trung ha.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng .
b) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch NaOH dng.
Bi 3: Khi cho ln men m (g) glucz, thu c V(l) kh cacbonic,
hiu sut phn ng 80%. hp th V(l) kh cacbonic cn dng ti
thiu l 64ml dung dch NaOH 20% (D = 1,25 g/ml). Mui thu c to
thnh theo t l 1:1. nh m v V? ( th tch o ktc)
Bi 4: Dung dch c cha 20g natri hirxit hp th hon ton
11,2lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) . Hy cho bit:
a) Mui no c to thnh?
b) Khi lng ca mui l bao nhiu?
Bi 5: Cho 100ml dung dch natri hirxit (NaOH) tc dng va
vi 1,12lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) to thnh mui trung ha.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch natri hirxit (NaOH)
dng.
b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch mui sau phn ng.
Bit rng khi lng ca dung dch sau phn ng l 105g.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 6: Dn 1,12lt kh lu hunh ixit (o ktc) i qua 70ml
dung dch KOH 1M. Nhng cht no c trong dung dch sau phn
ng v khi lng l bao nhiu?
Bi 7: Cho 6,2g Na
2
O tan ht vo nc to thnh 200g dung dch.
a) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch thu c.
b) Tnh th tch kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng vi dung
dch ni trn, bit sn phm l mui trung ha.
Bi 8:Dn 5,6 lt CO
2
(kc) vo bnh cha 200ml dung dch NaOH nng a M; dung
dch thu c c kh nng tc dng ti a100ml dung dch KOH 1M. Gi tr ca a l?
A. 0,75 B. 1,5 C. 2 D. 2,5
**
. Bi ton CO
2
, SO
2
dn vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
:
bit kh nng xy ra ta tnh t l k:
K=
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n
- K 1: ch to mui CaCO
3
- K 2: ch to mui Ca(HCO
3
)
2
1 < K < 2: to c mui CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
- Khi nhng bi ton khng th tnh K ta da vo nhng d kin ph tm ra
kh nng to mui.
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi d th ch to mui CaCO
3
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi trong thy c kt ta, thm NaOH d vo thy c
kt ta na suy ra c s to c CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi trong thy c kt ta, lc b kt ta ri un nng
nc lc li thy kt ta na suy ra c s to c CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
- Nu khng c cc d kin trn ta phi chia trng hp gii.
Khi hp th sn phm chy vo dung dch baz nht thit phi xy ra s tng
gim khi lng dung dch. Thng gp nht l hp th sn phm chy bng dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc ddBa(OH)
2
. Khi :
Khi lng dung dch tng=m
hp th
- m
kt ta
Khi lng dung dch gim = m
kt ta
m
hp th
- Nu m
kt ta
>m
CO
2
th khi lng dung dch gim so vi khi lng dung dch ban u
- Nu m
kt ta
<m
CO
2
th khi lng dung dch tng so vi khi lng dung dch ban u
Khi dn p gam kh CO
2
vo bnh ng nc vi d sau phn ng khi lng
dung dch tng m gam v c n gam kt ta to thnh th lun c: p= n + m
Khi dn p gam kh CO
2
vo bnh ng nc vi sau phn ng khi lng dung
dch gim m gam v c n gam kt ta to thnh th lun c: p=n - m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 1: Dn 1,12lt kh lu hunh ixit (o ktc) i qua 700ml
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht sau phn ng.
Bi 2: Cho 2,24lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng va vi
200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
sinh ra cht kt ta mu trng.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
dng.
b) Tnh khi lng cht kt ta thu c.
Bi 3: Dn V lt CO
2
(kc) vo 300ml dd Ca(OH)
2
0,5 M. Sau phn ng thu c
10g kt ta. Vy V bng: (Ca=40;C=12;O=16)
A/. 2,24 lt B/. 3,36 lt C/. 4,48 lt D/. C A, C u
ng
Bi 4: Hp thu ht CO
2
vo dung dch NaOH c dung dch A. Bit rng:
- cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch A th phi mt 50ml dd HCl 1M mi thy bt
u c kh thot ra.
- Cho dd Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch A c 7,88gam kt ta.
dung dch A cha? (Na=23;C=12;H=1;O=16;Ba=137)
A. Na
2
CO
3
B. NaHCO
3
C. NaOH v Na
2
CO
3
D. NaHCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
Bi 5:hp th ton b 0,896 lt CO
2
vo 3 lt dd ca(OH)
2
0,01M c?
(C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. 1g kt ta B. 2g kt ta C. 3g kt ta D. 4g kt ta
Bi 6:Hp th ton b 0,3 mol CO
2
vo dung dch cha 0,25 mol Ca(OH)
2
. khi
lng dung dch sau phn ng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? (C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. Tng 13,2gam B. Tng 20gam C. Gim 16,8gam D Gim
6,8gam
Bi 7:Hp th ton b x mol CO
2
vo dung dch cha 0,03 mol Ca(OH)
2
c 2gam
kt ta. Ch ra ga tr x? (C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. 0,02mol v 0,04 mol B. 0,02mol v 0,05 mol
C. 0,01mol v 0,03 mol D. 0,03mol v 0,04 mol
Bi 8: Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha
0,075 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Sn phm thu c sau phn ng gm:
A. Ch c CaCO
3
B. Ch c Ca(HCO
3
)
2
C. CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
D. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v CO
2
Bi 9:Hp th hon ton 0,224lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 2 lt Ca(OH)
2
0,01M ta thu c m
gam kt ta. Ga tr ca m l?
A. 1g B. 1,5g C. 2g D. 2,5g
Bi 10:Sc V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1,5 lt Ba(OH)
2
0,1M thu c 19,7 gam kt
ta. Ga tr ln nht ca V l?
A. 1,12 B. 2,24 C. 4,48 D. 6,72
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 11:Hp th ht 0,672 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo bnh cha 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,01M. Thm tip 0,4gam NaOH vo bnh ny. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn
ng l?
A. 1,5g B. 2g C. 2,5g D. 3g
Bi 12:Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng a mol/l thu c 15,76g kt ta. Ga tr ca a l?
A. 0,032 B. 0,048 C. 0,06 D. 0,04
Bi 13:Dung dch A cha NaOH 1M v Ca(OH)
2
0,02M, hp th 0,5 mol kh CO
2
vo 500 ml dung dch A thu c kt ta c khi lng?
A. 10g B. 12g C. 20g D. 28g
Bi 14:Hp th ht 0,2 mol CO
2
vo 1 lt dung dch cha KOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)
2
0,05M thu c kt ta nng?
A. 5g B. 15g C. 10g D. 1g
Bi 15:Dung dch X cha NaOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Hp th 7,84 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th khi lng kt ta thu c l?
A. 15g B. 5g C. 10g D. 1g
Bi 16:Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng
a mol/l, thu c 15,76gam kt ta. Ga tr ca a l? ( TTS khi A nm 2007)
A. 0,032 B. 0,048 C. 0,06 D. 0,04
Bi 17:Cho 0,14 mol CO
2
hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,11 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Ta
nhn thy khi lng CaCO
3
to ra ln hn khi lng CO
2
dng nn khi lng
dung dch cn li gim bao nhiu?
A. 1,84gam B. 184gam C. 18,4gam D. 0,184gam
Bi 18:Cho 0,14 mol CO
2
hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,08mol Ca(OH)
2
. Ta
nhn thy khi lng CaCO
3
to ra nh hn khi lng CO
2
dng nn khi lng
dung dch cn li tng l bao nhiu?
A. 416gam B. 41,6gam C. 4,16gam D. 0,416gam
Bi 19:Cho 0,2688 lt CO
2
(ktc) hp th hon ton bi 200 ml dung dch NaOH
0,1M v Ca(OH)
2
0,01M. Tng khi lng mui thu c l?
A. 1,26gam B. 2gam C. 3,06gam D. 4,96gam
C. AXIT :
I. nh ngha: Axit l hp cht m trong phn t gm 1 hoc nhiu
nguyn t Hiro lin kt vi gc Axit .
Tn gi:
* Axit khng c oxi tn gi c ui l hiric . HCl : axit
clohiric
* Axit c oxi tn gi c ui l ic hoc .
H
2
SO
4
: Axit Sunfuric H
2
SO
3
: Axit Sunfur
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mt s Axit thng thng:
K hieu Tn gi Ha tr
_ Cl Clorua I
= S Sunfua II
_ Br Bromua I
_ NO
3
Nitrat I
= SO
4
Sunfat II
= SO
3
Sunfit II
_ HSO
4
Hirosunfat I
_ HSO
3
Hirosunfit I
= CO
3
Cacbonat II
_ HCO
3
Hirocacbonat I
PO
4
Photphat III
= HPO
4
Hirophotphat II
_ H
2
PO
4
ihirophotphat I
_ CH
3
COO Axetat I
_ AlO
2
Aluminat I
II.Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Dung dchAxit lm qu tm ha :
2. Tc dng vi Baz (Phn ng trung ha) :
2 4 2 4 2
H SO +2NaOH Na SO + 2H O
2 4 4 2
H SO +NaOH NaHSO + H O
3. Tc dng vi oxit Kim loi :
2 2
2HCl +CaO CaCl + H O
4. Tc dng vi Kim loi (ng trc hir) :
2 2
2HCl +Fe FeCl + H
5. Tc dng vi Mui :
3 3
HCl + AgNO AgCl + HNO
6. Mt tnh cht ring :
* H
2
SO
4
c v HNO
3
c nhit thng khng phn ng
vi Al v Fe (tnh cht th ng ha) .
* Axit HNO
3
phn ng vi hu ht Kim loi (tr Au, Pt) khng gii
phng Hir :
3 3 3 2
4HNO + Fe Fe(NO ) + NO + 2H O
* HNO
3
c nng+ Kim loi

Mui nitrat + NO
2
(mu nu)+
H
2
O
VD :
3 3 3 2 2
6HNO + Fe Fe(NO ) + NO + 3H O ac,nong
* HNO
3
long + Kim loi

Mui nitrat + NO (khng mu) + H

2
O
VD :
3 3 2 2
8HNO + 3Cu 3Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 4H O loang
* H
2
SO
4
c nngv HNO
3
c nng hoc long Tc dng vi
St th to thnh Mui St (III).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Axit H
2
SO
4
c nngc kh nng phn ng vi nhiu Kim loi
khng gii phng Hir :
2 4 4 2 2
2H SO + Cu CuSO + SO + 2H O ac,nong
D. Mui :
I. nh ngha : Mui l hp cht m phn t gm mt hay nhiu
nguyn t Kim loi lin kt vi mt hay nhiu gc Axit.
II.Tnh cht ha hc:
Tnh cht
ha hc
Mui
Tc dng
vi Kim loi
Kim loi + mui Mui mi v Kim loi mi
V d:
3 3 2
2AgNO +Cu Cu(NO ) + 2Ag
Lu :
+ Kim loi ng trc (tr Na, K, Ca) y kim loi
ng sau (trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi) ra
khi dung dch mui ca chng.
+ Kim loi Na, K, Ca khi tc dng vi dung dch
mui th khng cho Kim loi mi v:
Na + CuSO
4

2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ Cu(OH)
2
Tc dng
vi Axit
Mui + axt mui mi + axit mi
V d:
2 2
Na S+ 2HCl 2NaCl +H S

2 3 2 2
Na SO +2HCl 2NaCl +H O+SO

3 3
HCl + AgNO AgCl + HNO
iu kin phn ng xy ra: Mui to thnh khng tc
dng vi axit mi sinh ra hoc axit mi sinh ra l cht d
bay hI hoc axit yu hn axit tham gia phn ng .
Tc dng
vi Kim
(Baz)
Dung dch Mui tc dng vi Baz to thnh Mui mi v
Baz mi
V d:
2 3 2 3
Na CO + Ca(OH) CaCO +2NaOH
iu kin phn ng xy ra: Mui mi hoc Baz mi to
thnh l cht khng tan (kt ta)
Tc dng
vi Dung
dch Mui
Dung dch Mui tc dng vi dung dch Mui
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. :
2. :
3. :
2 3 2 3
Na CO + CaCl CaCO +2NaCl
4. Dung dch Mui Tc dng vi Kim loi :
5. Mt s Mui b nhit phn hy :
o
t
3 2
CaCO CaO+CO
o
t
3 2 3 2 2
2NaHCO Na CO +CO +H O
6. Mt tnh cht ring :
3 2
2FeCl +Fe 3FeCl
2 4 3 4 4
Fe (SO ) +Cu CuSO +2FeSO
Cng thc tnh s mol :
1.
M
m
n
2.
4 , 22
V
n
3. dd M
V C n
4.
M
m C
n
dd

% 100
%
5.
( )
M
C D ml V
n
dd

% 100
%
6.
( )
T R
dkkc V P
n

XI. Cng thc tnh nng phn
trm :
7.
dd
ct
m
m
C
% 100
%

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
8.
D
M C
C
M

10
%
XII. Cng thc tnh nng mol :
9.
dd
ct
M
V
n
C
10.
M
C D
C
M
% 10

XIII. Cng thc tnh khi lng :

11.
M n m
12.
% 100
%
dd
ct
V C
m

XIV. Cng thc tnh khi lng dung dch :

13. dm ct dd
m m m +
14.
%
% 100
C
m
m
ct
dd

15.
( ) D ml V m
dd dd

XV. Cng thc tnh th tch dung dch :
16.
M
dd
C
n
V
17.
( )
D
m
ml V
dd
dd

XVI. Cng thc tnh thnh phn % v khi lng hay th tch ca
cc cht trong hn hp:
18.
% 100 %
hh
A
m
m
A
19.
% 100 %
hh
B
m
m
B
hoc
A B % % 1 0 0 %
20. B A hh
m m m +
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
XVII. T khi ca cht kh :
21.

,
_

B
A
B
A
M
M
d
m
m
d
XVIII. Hiu sut ca phn ng :
22.
( )
% 1 0 0
\
) \ (
%
l t l t
t t t t t t
V n m l t
V n m
H
XIX. Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp cht kh
23.
n M +n M +n M +...
1 1 2 2 3 3
M =
hh
n +n +n +...
1 2 3
(hoc)
V M +V M +V M +...
1 1 2 2 3 3
M =
hh
V +V +V +...
1 2 3
)
Chuyn I:
Cc loi hp cht v c
A. oxit :
I. nh ngha : Oxit l hp cht gm 2 nguyn t, trong c 1
nguyn t l oxi .
II. Phn loi: Cn c vo tnh cht ha hc ca oxit , ngi ta phn
loi nh sau:
1. Oxit baz l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit to
thnh mui v nc.
2. Oxit Axit l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch baz to
thnh mui v nc.
3. Oxit lng tnh l nhng oxit tc dng vi dung dch axit v
tc dng vi dung dch baz to thnh mui v nc. VD nh Al
2
O
3
, ZnO

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Oxit trung tnh cn c gi l oxit khng to mui l nhng
oxit khng tc dng vi dung dch axit, dung dch baz, nc. VD nh
CO, NO
III.Tnh cht ha hc :
1. Tc dng vi nc :
a.

2
Oxitphi kim+H O Axit
.V d :
3 2 2 4
SO +H O H SO
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4
b.

2
Oxitkim loai +H O Baz
. V d :
2 2
CaO+H O Ca(OH)
2. Tc dng vi Axit :
Oxit Kim loi + Axit

Mui + H
2
O
VD :
2 2
CuO +2HCl CuCl +H O
3. Tc dng vi Kim( dung dch baz):
Oxit phi kim + Kim

Mui + H
2
O
VD :
2 2 3 2
CO +2NaOH Na CO +H O

2 3
CO +NaOH NaHCO
(ty theo t l s mol)
4. Tc dng vi oxit Kim loi :
Oxit phi kim + Oxit Kim loi

Mui
VD :
2 3
CO +CaO CaCO
5. Mt s tnh cht ring:
VD :
o
t
2 3 2
3CO + Fe O 3CO + 2Fe

o
t
2
2HgO 2Hg + O

o
t
2 2
CuO + H Cu + H O
* Al
2
O
3
l oxit lng tnh: va phn ng vi dung dch Axt va
phn ng vi dung dch Kim:
2 3 3 2
Al O + 6HCl 2AlCl + 3H O
2 3 2 2
Al O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO + H O
IV. iu ch oxit:
V d:
2N
2
+ 5O
2
2N
2
O
5
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
2CuS + 3O
2
2CuO + 2SO
2
2PH
3
+ 4O
2
P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
4HNO
3
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O
CaCO
3
CO
2
+ CaO
Cu(OH)
2
H
2
O+ CuO
2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
B. Baz :
I. nh ngha: Baz l hp cht ha hc m trong phn t c 1
nguyn t Kim loi lin kt vi 1 hay nhiu nhm hirxit (_ OH).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Dung dch Kim lm qu tm ha xanh, phenolphtalein
khng mu ha hng.
2. Tc dng vi Axt :
2 2 2
Mg(OH) + 2HCl MgCl + 2H O
2 4 2 4 2
2KOH + H SO K SO + 2H O
;
2 4 4 2
KOH + H SO KHSO + H O
3. Dung dc kim tc dng vi oxit phi kim:
3 2 4 2
2KOH + SO K SO +H O

3 4
KOH + SO KHSO
4. Dung dc kim tc dng vi Mui :
4 2 4 2
2KOH + MgSO K SO +Mg(OH)
5. Baz khng tan b nhit phn:
o
t
2 2
Cu(OH) CuO+H O
6. Mt s phn ng khc:
2 2 2 3
4Fe(OH) +O +2H O 4Fe(OH)

4 2 4 2
KOH+KHSO K SO +H O
3 2 2 2 3 2
4NaOH+Mg(HCO ) Mg(OH) +2Na CO +2H O
* Al(OH)
3
l hirxit lng tnh :
3 3 2
Al(OH) +3HCl AlCl +3H O

3 2 2
Al(OH) + NaOH NaAlO +2H O
*
. Bi ton CO
2
, SO
2
dn vo sung dch NaOH, KOH
- Khi cho CO
2
(hoc SO
2
) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH u xy ra 3 kh nng to
mui:
k=
2
CO
NaOH
n
n
(hoc k=
2
SO
NaOH
n
n
)
- k 2 : ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
- k 1 : ch to mui NaHCO
3
- 1 < k < 2 : to c mui NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3

* C nhng bi ton khng th tnh k. Khi phi da vo nhng d kin ph
tm ra kh nng to mui.
- Hp th CO
2
vo NaOH
d
ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
- Hp th CO
2
vo NaOH ch to mui Na
2
CO
3
, Sau thm BaCl
2
vo thy kt
ta. Thm tip Ba(OH)
2 d
vo thy xut hin thm kt ta na To c 2 mui
Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
Trong trng hp khng c cc d kin trn th chia trng hp gii.
Bi 1: hp th hon ton 22,4lt CO
2
(o ktc) cn 150g dung
dch NaOH 40% (c D = 1,25g/ml).
a) Tnh nng M ca cc cht c trong dung dch (gi s s
ha tan khng lm thay i th tch dung dch ).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
b) Trung ha lng xt ni trn cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl
1,5M.
Bi 2: Bit rng 1,12lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng va
vi 100ml dung dch NaOH to thnh mui trung ha.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng .
b) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch NaOH dng.
Bi 3: Khi cho ln men m (g) glucz, thu c V(l) kh cacbonic,
hiu sut phn ng 80%. hp th V(l) kh cacbonic cn dng ti
thiu l 64ml dung dch NaOH 20% (D = 1,25 g/ml). Mui thu c to
thnh theo t l 1:1. nh m v V? ( th tch o ktc)
Bi 4: Dung dch c cha 20g natri hirxit hp th hon ton
11,2lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) . Hy cho bit:
a) Mui no c to thnh?
b) Khi lng ca mui l bao nhiu?
Bi 5: Cho 100ml dung dch natri hirxit (NaOH) tc dng va
vi 1,12lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) to thnh mui trung ha.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch natri hirxit (NaOH)
dng.
b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch mui sau phn ng.
Bit rng khi lng ca dung dch sau phn ng l 105g.
Bi 6: Dn 1,12lt kh lu hunh ixit (o ktc) i qua 70ml
dung dch KOH 1M. Nhng cht no c trong dung dch sau phn
ng v khi lng l bao nhiu?
Bi 7: Cho 6,2g Na
2
O tan ht vo nc to thnh 200g dung dch.
a) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch thu c.
b) Tnh th tch kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng vi dung
dch ni trn, bit sn phm l mui trung ha.
Bi 8:Dn 5,6 lt CO
2
(kc) vo bnh cha 200ml dung dch NaOH nng a M; dung
dch thu c c kh nng tc dng ti a100ml dung dch KOH 1M. Gi tr ca a l?
A. 0,75 B. 1,5 C. 2 D. 2,5
**
. Bi ton CO
2
, SO
2
dn vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
:
bit kh nng xy ra ta tnh t l k:
K=
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n
- K 1: ch to mui CaCO
3
- K 2: ch to mui Ca(HCO
3
)
2
1 < K < 2: to c mui CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Khi nhng bi ton khng th tnh K ta da vo nhng d kin ph tm ra
kh nng to mui.
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi d th ch to mui CaCO
3
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi trong thy c kt ta, thm NaOH d vo thy c
kt ta na suy ra c s to c CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
- Hp th CO
2
vo nc vi trong thy c kt ta, lc b kt ta ri un nng
nc lc li thy kt ta na suy ra c s to c CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
- Nu khng c cc d kin trn ta phi chia trng hp gii.
Khi hp th sn phm chy vo dung dch baz nht thit phi xy ra s tng
gim khi lng dung dch. Thng gp nht l hp th sn phm chy bng dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc ddBa(OH)
2
. Khi :
Khi lng dung dch tng=m
hp th
- m
kt ta
Khi lng dung dch gim = m
kt ta
m
hp th
- Nu m
kt ta
>m
CO
2
th khi lng dung dch gim so vi khi lng dung dch ban u
- Nu m
kt ta
<m
CO
2
th khi lng dung dch tng so vi khi lng dung dch ban u
Khi dn p gam kh CO
2
vo bnh ng nc vi d sau phn ng khi lng
dung dch tng m gam v c n gam kt ta to thnh th lun c: p= n + m
Khi dn p gam kh CO
2
vo bnh ng nc vi sau phn ng khi lng dung
dch gim m gam v c n gam kt ta to thnh th lun c: p=n - m
Bi 1: Dn 1,12lt kh lu hunh ixit (o ktc) i qua 700ml
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht sau phn ng.
Bi 2: Cho 2,24lt kh cacbonic (o ktc) tc dng va vi
200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
sinh ra cht kt ta mu trng.
a) Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
dng.
b) Tnh khi lng cht kt ta thu c.
Bi 3: Dn V lt CO
2
(kc) vo 300ml dd Ca(OH)
2
0,5 M. Sau phn ng thu c
10g kt ta. Vy V bng: (Ca=40;C=12;O=16)
A/. 2,24 lt B/. 3,36 lt C/. 4,48 lt D/. C A, C u
ng
Bi 4: Hp thu ht CO
2
vo dung dch NaOH c dung dch A. Bit rng:
- cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch A th phi mt 50ml dd HCl 1M mi thy bt
u c kh thot ra.
- Cho dd Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch A c 7,88gam kt ta.
dung dch A cha? (Na=23;C=12;H=1;O=16;Ba=137)
A. Na
2
CO
3
B. NaHCO
3
C. NaOH v Na
2
CO
3
D. NaHCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 5:hp th ton b 0,896 lt CO
2
vo 3 lt dd ca(OH)
2
0,01M c?
(C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. 1g kt ta B. 2g kt ta C. 3g kt ta D. 4g kt ta
Bi 6:Hp th ton b 0,3 mol CO
2
vo dung dch cha 0,25 mol Ca(OH)
2
. khi
lng dung dch sau phn ng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam? (C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. Tng 13,2gam B. Tng 20gam C. Gim 16,8gam D Gim
6,8gam
Bi 7:Hp th ton b x mol CO
2
vo dung dch cha 0,03 mol Ca(OH)
2
c 2gam
kt ta. Ch ra ga tr x? (C=12;H=1;O=16;Ca=40)
A. 0,02mol v 0,04 mol B. 0,02mol v 0,05 mol
C. 0,01mol v 0,03 mol D. 0,03mol v 0,04 mol
Bi 8: Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha
0,075 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Sn phm thu c sau phn ng gm:
A. Ch c CaCO
3
B. Ch c Ca(HCO
3
)
2
C. CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
D. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v CO
2
Bi 9:Hp th hon ton 0,224lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 2 lt Ca(OH)
2
0,01M ta thu c m
gam kt ta. Ga tr ca m l?
A. 1g B. 1,5g C. 2g D. 2,5g
Bi 10:Sc V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1,5 lt Ba(OH)
2
0,1M thu c 19,7 gam kt
ta. Ga tr ln nht ca V l?
A. 1,12 B. 2,24 C. 4,48 D. 6,72
Bi 11:Hp th ht 0,672 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo bnh cha 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,01M. Thm tip 0,4gam NaOH vo bnh ny. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn
ng l?
A. 1,5g B. 2g C. 2,5g D. 3g
Bi 12:Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng a mol/l thu c 15,76g kt ta. Ga tr ca a l?
A. 0,032 B. 0,048 C. 0,06 D. 0,04
Bi 13:Dung dch A cha NaOH 1M v Ca(OH)
2
0,02M, hp th 0,5 mol kh CO
2
vo 500 ml dung dch A thu c kt ta c khi lng?
A. 10g B. 12g C. 20g D. 28g
Bi 14:Hp th ht 0,2 mol CO
2
vo 1 lt dung dch cha KOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)
2
0,05M thu c kt ta nng?
A. 5g B. 15g C. 10g D. 1g
Bi 15:Dung dch X cha NaOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Hp th 7,84 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th khi lng kt ta thu c l?
A. 15g B. 5g C. 10g D. 1g
Bi 16:Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng
a mol/l, thu c 15,76gam kt ta. Ga tr ca a l? ( TTS khi A nm 2007)
A. 0,032 B. 0,048 C. 0,06 D. 0,04
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 17:Cho 0,14 mol CO
2
hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,11 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Ta
nhn thy khi lng CaCO
3
to ra ln hn khi lng CO
2
dng nn khi lng
dung dch cn li gim bao nhiu?
A. 1,84gam B. 184gam C. 18,4gam D. 0,184gam
Bi 18:Cho 0,14 mol CO
2
hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,08mol Ca(OH)
2
. Ta
nhn thy khi lng CaCO
3
to ra nh hn khi lng CO
2
dng nn khi lng
dung dch cn li tng l bao nhiu?
A. 416gam B. 41,6gam C. 4,16gam D. 0,416gam
Bi 19:Cho 0,2688 lt CO
2
(ktc) hp th hon ton bi 200 ml dung dch NaOH
0,1M v Ca(OH)
2
0,01M. Tng khi lng mui thu c l?
A. 1,26gam B. 2gam C. 3,06gam D. 4,96gam
C. AXIT :
I. nh ngha: Axit l hp cht m trong phn t gm 1 hoc nhiu
nguyn t Hiro lin kt vi gc Axit .
Tn gi:
* Axit khng c oxi tn gi c ui l hiric . HCl : axit
clohiric
* Axit c oxi tn gi c ui l ic hoc .
H
2
SO
4
: Axit Sunfuric H
2
SO
3
: Axit Sunfur

II.Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Dung dchAxit lm qu tm ha :
2. Tc dng vi Baz (Phn ng trung ha) :
2 4 2 4 2
H SO +2NaOH Na SO + 2H O
2 4 4 2
H SO +NaOH NaHSO + H O
3. Tc dng vi oxit Kim loi :
2 2
2HCl +CaO CaCl + H O
4. Tc dng vi Kim loi (ng trc hir) :
2 2
2HCl +Fe FeCl + H
5. Tc dng vi Mui :
3 3
HCl + AgNO AgCl + HNO
6. Mt tnh cht ring :
* H
2
SO
4
c v HNO
3
c nhit thng khng phn ng
vi Al v Fe (tnh cht th ng ha) .
* Axit HNO
3
phn ng vi hu ht Kim loi (tr Au, Pt) khng gii
phng Hir :
3 3 3 2
4HNO + Fe Fe(NO ) + NO + 2H O
* HNO
3
c nng+ Kim loi

Mui nitrat + NO
2
(mu nu)+
H
2
O
VD :
3 3 3 2 2
6HNO + Fe Fe(NO ) + NO + 3H O ac,nong
* HNO
3
long + Kim loi

Mui nitrat + NO (khng mu) + H

2
O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
VD :
3 3 2 2
8HNO + 3Cu 3Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 4H O loang
* H
2
SO
4
c nngv HNO
3
c nng hoc long Tc dng vi
St th to thnh Mui St (III).
* Axit H
2
SO
4
c nngc kh nng phn ng vi nhiu Kim loi
khng gii phng Hir :
2 4 4 2 2
2H SO + Cu CuSO + SO + 2H O ac,nong
D. Mui :
I. nh ngha : Mui l hp cht m phn t gm mt hay nhiu
nguyn t Kim loi lin kt vi mt hay nhiu gc Axit.
II.Tnh cht ha hc:
Tnh cht
ha hc
Mui
Tc dng
vi Kim loi
Kim loi + mui Mui mi v Kim loi mi
V d:
3 3 2
2AgNO +Cu Cu(NO ) + 2Ag
Lu :
+ Kim loi ng trc (tr Na, K, Ca) y kim loi
ng sau (trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi) ra
khi dung dch mui ca chng.
+ Kim loi Na, K, Ca khi tc dng vi dung dch
mui th khng cho Kim loi mi v:
Na + CuSO
4

2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ Cu(OH)
2
Tc dng
vi Axit
Mui + axt mui mi + axit mi
V d:
2 2
Na S+ 2HCl 2NaCl +H S

2 3 2 2
Na SO +2HCl 2NaCl +H O+SO

3 3
HCl + AgNO AgCl + HNO
iu kin phn ng xy ra: Mui to thnh khng tc
dng vi axit mi sinh ra hoc axit mi sinh ra l cht d
bay hI hoc axit yu hn axit tham gia phn ng .
Tc dng
vi Kim
(Baz)
Dung dch Mui tc dng vi Baz to thnh Mui mi v
Baz mi
V d:
2 3 2 3
Na CO + Ca(OH) CaCO +2NaOH
iu kin phn ng xy ra: Mui mi hoc Baz mi to
thnh l cht khng tan (kt ta)
Tc dng
vi Dung
dch Mui
Dung dch Mui tc dng vi dung dch Mui
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. :
2. :
3. :
2 3 2 3
Na CO + CaCl CaCO +2NaCl
4. Dung dch Mui Tc dng vi Kim loi :
5. Mt s Mui b nhit phn hy :
o
t
3 2
CaCO CaO+CO
o
t
3 2 3 2 2
2NaHCO Na CO +CO +H O
6. Mt tnh cht ring :
3 2
2FeCl +Fe 3FeCl
2 4 3 4 4
Fe (SO ) +Cu CuSO +2FeSO
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 3
phi kim
s lc bng tun hon cc nguyn t
ho hc
A - mt s Kin thc cn nh
I. Tnh cht vt l ca phi kim
iu kin thng cc phi kim tn ti c ba trng thi:
+ Mt s phi kim tn ti trng thi rn nh: cacbon, silic, lu hunh, photpho
+ C phi kim tn ti trng thi lng nh brom
+ Mt s phi kim tn ti trng thi kh nh: oxi, clo, flo, nit
- Phn ln cc phi kim khng dn in.
- Cc phi kim u dn nhit km.
- Mt s phi kim c nh clo, brom, iot
II. tnh cht ho hc chung ca phi kim
1. Tc dng vi kim loi
- Oxi tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi to thnh oxit.
Th d 1: Kali phn ng vi oxi to thnh kali oxit:
4K + O
2
2K
2
O
Th d 2: Nhm chy trong oxi to thnh nhm oxit:
4Al + 3O
2
o
t
Al
2
O
3
Th d 3: ng chy trong oxi to thnh ng (II) oxit:
2Cu + O
2
o
t
2CuO
- Cc phi kim khc tc dng vi cc kim loi to thnh mui.
Th d 1: Magie phn ng vi kh clo to thnh mui magi clorua tinh th:
Mg + Cl
2
o
t
MgCl
2
Th d 2: St phn ng vi lu hunh nhit cao to thnh st sunfua:
Fe

+ S
o
t
FeS
2. Tc dng vi hidro
- Oxi tc dng vi hidro to thnh hi nc.
2H
2
+ O
2
o
t
2H
2
O
- Mt s phi kim khc tc dng vi hidro to thnh hp cht kh.
H
2
+ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl
H
2
+ S

o
t
H
2
S
3. Tc dng vi oxi
Nhiu phi kim tc dng vi oxi to thnh oxit axit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
C + O
2
o
t
CO
2
S + O
2
o
t
SO
2
4P + 5O
2
o
t
2P
2
O
5
4. Mc hot ng ho hc ca phi kim
Mc hot ng ho hc mnh hay yu ca cc phi kim c xt da trn
kh nng v mc phn ng ca chng vi kim loi v hidro. Flo, oxi v clo l
nhng phi kim hot ng mnh, cn lu hunh, photpho, cacbon l nhng phi kim
hot ng yu hn.
III. Clo
Clo l cht kh mu vng lc, mi hc, tan mt phn trong nc. Clo l kh
c.
1. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Tc dng vi kim loi
Clo tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi to thnh mui clorua.
Mg + Cl
2
o
t
MgCl
2
2Fe + 3Cl
2
o
t
2FeCl
3
Cu + Cl
2
o
t
CuCl
2
b. Tc dng vi hidro
Clo tc dng vi hidro to thnh kh hidroclorua, kh ny tan trong nc to thnh
dung dch axit clohidric.
H
2
+ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl
c. Tc dng vi nc
Khi tan trong nc mt phn kh clo tc dng vi nc to thnh axit clohidric v
axit hipoclor:
H
2
O + Cl
2
HCl + HClO
d. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
Clo tc dng vi dung dch NaOH to thnh mui natri clorua v mui natri
hipoclorit (hn hp mui NaCl v NaClO trong nc gi l nc Gia-ven).
6KOH + 3Cl
2
o
t
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Ch : Clo khng tc dng trc tip vi oxi to thnh oxit.
2. ng dng v iu ch
a. ng dng
Clo c nhiu ng dng trong i sng v trong sn sut nh: kh trng nc sinh
hot, ty trng vi, si, bt giy v c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip cao su,
cht do
b. iu ch
- Trong phng th nghim: Cho axit clohidric c tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4HCl
(dd c)
+ MnO
2

o
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
16HCl
(dd c)
+ 2KMnO
2

o
t
2MnCl
2
+ 2KCl + 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O
- Trong cng nghip: in phn dung dch NaCl bo ho c mng ngn xp.
2NaCl
(dd bo ho)
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
IV. Cacbon
1. n cht
a. Tnh cht vt l ca cacbon
- Dng th hnh: " Dng th hnh ca nguyn t l dng tn ti ca nhng n
cht khc nhau do cng mt nguyn t ho hc to nn". Cacbon c ba dng th
hnh chnh:
+ Kim cng: l cht rn trong sut, cng v khng c kh nng dn in. Kim
cng thng c dng lm trang sc, mi khoan, dao ct knh
+ Than ch: l cht rn mm, c kh nng dn in. Than ch thng c
dng lm in cc, cht bi trn, rut bt ch
+ Cacbon v nh hnh: l cht rn, xp khng c kh nng dn in. Thng
c s dng lm nhin liu trong i sng v trong sn sut.
- Tnh cht hp ph: Mt s dng cacbon v nh hnh nh than g, than xng
mi iu ch c kh nng hp ph cc cht kh, cht mu trn b mt ca
chng (gi l than hot tnh).
b. Tnh cht ho hc
Cacbon l mt phi kim hot ng ho hc yu.
- Cacbon tc dng vi oxi: Cacbon chy trong oxi to thnh cacbon ioxit v to
nhiu nhit.
C + O
2
o
t
CO
2
+ Q
- Cacbon tc dng vi oxit kim loi: Cacbon c tnh kh nn nhit cao c th
kh mt s oxit kim loi:
C + 2CuO

o
t
CO
2
+ 2Cu
C + 2ZnO

o
t
CO
2
+ 2Zn
2. Mt s hp cht ca cacbon
a. Cc oxit ca cacbon
- Cacbon oxit: CO l cht kh khng mu rt c khng tan trong nc. Cacbon
oxit l oxit trung tnh khng tc dng vi axit v kim.
Cacbon oxit c tnh kh mnh, nhit cao c th kh c nhiu oxit kim loi:
CO + CuO

o
t
CO
2
+ Cu
3CO + Fe
2
O
3
o
t
3CO
2
+ 2Fe
Cacbon oxit chy trong khng kh hoc trong oxi to nhiu nhit:
2CO + O
2
o
t
2CO
2
+ Q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in phn c mng
ngn
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Cacbon ioxit: CO
2
l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh,
khi b nn v lm lnh b ho rn thnh nc kh (tuyt cacbonic) dng
bo qun thc phm.
Cacbon ioxit l oxit axit.
+ Tc dng vi nc
Cacbon ioxit tc dng vi nc to thnh dung dch axit cacbonic l axit yu
khng bn, lm qu tm chuyn sang mu .
H
2
O + CO
2
H
2
CO
3
+ Tc dng vi dung dch baz: Tu theo t l s mol gia CO
2
v baz m to
thnh mui trung ho, mui axit hoc hn hp hai mui:
NaOH + CO
2
NaHCO
3
2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
+ Tc dng vi oxit baz:
CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
b. Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat
* Axit cacbonic (H
2
CO
3
) to thnh khi ho tan CO
2
vo nc. H
2
CO
3
l mt axit yu
khng bn d b phn tch thnh CO
2
v nc, dung dch H
2
CO
3
lm qu tm
chuyn sang mu .
* Mui cacbonat: c hai loi mui cacbonat trung ho v mui cacbonat axit
(hidrocacbonat).
- a s mui cacbonat khng tan trong nc (tr cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi
kim: Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
Hu ht cc mui hidrocacbonat tan tt trong nc nh:
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, Ba(HCO
3
)
2
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2

- Tnh cht ho hc ca mui cacbonat
+ Tc dng vi dung dch axit
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2NaHCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
+ Tc dng vi dung dch baz
K
2
CO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
2KOH

+ CaCO
3

NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
+ Tc dng vi dung dch mui to thnh hai mui, trong t nht c mt
mui t tan
K
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
2KCl

+ CaCO
3

+ Mui cacbonat d b nhit phn hu: Hu ht cc mui cacbonat u

d b nhit phn hu (tr cc mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim)
CaCO
3
o
t
CaO + CO
2
2NaHCO
3
o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
V - Silic v cng nghip silicat
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Silic
L nguyn t ph bin th 2 (sau oxi) trong thin nhin, silic chim 1/4
khi lng v tri t, silic tn ti ch yu di dng hp cht trong ct trng v t
st. Silic l cht rn mu xm, tinh th tinh khit c tnh bn dn nn c nhiu
ng dng trong cng ngh in t, pin mt tri
nhit cao silic phn ng vi oxi to thnh silic ioxit:
Si + O
2
o
t
SiO
2
2. Silic ioxit (SiO
2
)
Silic ioxit l oxit axit khng tan trong nc, tc dng vi kim v oxit baz
nhit cao to thnh mui silicat:
2NaOH
(r)
+ SiO
2 (r)
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
CaO
(r)
+ SiO
2 (r)
o
t
CaSiO
3
3. Cng nghip silicat
a. Sn xut gm, s
- gm, s: gch, ngi, gch chu la snh, s
- T nguyn liu chnh l t st, thch anh, fenspat c trn vi nc ho do
sau to hnh, sy kh v cui cng l nung nhit thch hp.
b. Sn xut xi mng
Xi mng l cht kt dnh trong xy dng c thnh phn chnh l canxi
silicat v canxi aluminat.
Cc cng on chnh sn xut xi mng:
- Nghin nh nguyn liu: vi, t st, qung st sau trn vi nc to
dng bn.
- Nung hn hp trn trong l quay hay l ng nhit 1400
o
C

- 1500
o
C thu -
c clanhke.
- Nghin clanhke thnh bt mn (xi mng).
c. Sn xut thu tinh
Thnh phn chnh ca thu tinh l hn hp canxi silicat (CaSiO
3
) v Natri
silicat (Na
2
SiO
3
).
Cc cng on chnh sn xut thu tinh:
- Trn hn hp ct (SiO
2
), vi (CaCO
3
) v xa (Na
2
CO
3
) theo t l thch hp.
- Nung hn hp trn trong l nung nhit khong 900
o
C thu c thu tinh:
CaO
(r)
+ SiO
2 (r)
o
t
CaSiO
3
Na
2
CO
3(r)
+ SiO
2 (r)
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
- Lm ngui thu tinh n do ri to hnh thnh cc vt.
VI - S lc v bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
1. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t.
2. Cu to bng tun hon
a. nguyn t
nguyn t cho bit: S hiu nguyn t, k hiu ho hc, tn nguyn t,
nguyn t khi ca nguyn t .
- S hiu nguyn t cn gi l s th t ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon. S
hiu nguyn t c s tr bng s n v in tch ht nhn v bng s
electron trong nguyn t.

b. Chu k
- Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron v
c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
- S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron.
- C 7 chu k trong cc chu k 1, 2, 3 c gi l chu k nh, cc chu k 4, 5,
6, 7 l cc chu k ln.
Th d: Chu k 2 gm 8 nguyn t c 2 lp electron trong nguyn t. in tch ht
nhn tng t Li l 3+ n Ne l 10+.
c. Nhm
Nhm gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c s electron lp ngoi cng
bng nhau v c xp thnh ct theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t.
Th d: Nhm I gm cc nguyn t kim loi mnh, chng u c 1 electron lp
ngoi cng. in tch ht nhn tng t Li l 3+ n Fr l 87+.
3. S bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon
a. Trong mt chu k
Trong cc chu k nh: i t u chu k n cui chu k theo chiu tng
dn in tch ht nhn:
- S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn t 1 n 8 electron.
- Tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t gim dn, ng thi tnh phi kim ca cc
nguyn t tng dn.
- u chu k l mt kim loi kim, cui chu k l halogen v kt thc l mt kh
him.
b. Trong mt nhm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
Mg
Magie
24
S hiu nguyn
t
Tn nguyn t
K hiu ho
hc
Nguyn t
khi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Trong mt nhm: i t trn xung di theo chiu tng dn in tch ht
nhn:
- S lp electron tng dn.
- Tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t tng dn, ng thi tnh phi kim ca cc
nguyn t gim dn.
4. ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
a. Bit v tr nguyn t ta c th suy on cu to nguyn t v tnh cht ca
nguyn t.
Th d: Nguyn t A s 9, nhm V chu k II trong bng tun hon cc nguyn
t ho hc. Nu cu to nguyn t v d on tnh cht ca nguyn t A.
Nguyn t A (Flo) th 9 nn c s hiu nguyn t l 9, c in tch ht
nhn bng 9+ v c 9 electron v c hai lp electron. Nguyn t A cui chu k
II nn l phi kim hot ng mnh hn oxi s 8 v nguyn t A u nhm VII
nn tnh phi kim mnh hn clo 17.
b. Bit cu to nguyn t c th suy on v tr v tnh cht ca nguyn t.
Th d: Nguyn t B c in tch ht nhn l 12+ c 3 lp electron v c 2
electron lp ngoi cng. Xc nh v tr ca B v d on tnh cht ho hc
c bn ca n.
Nguyn t B (Magie) c 3 lp electron v 2 electron lp ngoi cng nn
nguyn t B chu k III nhm II. Mg ng gn u chu k II nn n l mt
kim loi. Tnh kim loi ca Mg yu hn Na ng trc n trong cng chu k v Ca
ng di n trong cng nhm. Tnh kim loi ca Mg mnh hn Al ng sau n
trong cng chu k v Be ng trn n trong cng nhm.
B - Bi tp
3.1 Trong cc nhm cht sau, nhm no ton l phi kim.
a. Cl
2
, O
2
, N
2
, Pb, C b. O
2
, N
2
, S, P, I
2
c. Br
2
, S, Ni, N
2
, P d. Cl
2
, O
2
, N
2
, Pb, C
p n: b ng.
3.2 Trong cc nhm cht phi kim sau, nhm no ton l phi kim tn ti trng
thi kh trong iu kin thng:
a. Cl
2
, O
2
, N
2
, Br
2
, C b. O
2
, N
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
c. Br
2
, S, F
2
, N
2
, P d. Cl
2
, O
2
, N
2
, F
2
p n: d ng.
3.3 Trong khng kh thnh phn chnh l O
2
v N
2
c ln mt s kh c l Cl
2
v H
2
S. C th cho hn hp kh ny li qua dung dch no trong cc dung dch
sau loi b cc kh c.
a. Dung dch NaOH b. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c. Nc d. Dung dch CuSO
4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
p n: a ng.
3.4 Kh O
2
c ln mt s kh l CO
2
v SO
2
. C th cho hn hp kh ny li qua
dung dch no trong cc dung dch sau loi b cc kh c.
a. Dung dch CaCl
2
b. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
c. Dung dch Ca(NO
3
)
2
d. Nc
p n: b ng.
3.5 Khi iu ch kh SO
3
bng phn ng:
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
c th thu kh SO
2
bng phng php:
a. Di ch nc b. Di ch dung dch Ca(OH)
2

c. Di ch khng kh d. C a v c u ng
p n: d ng.
3.6 O
3
(ozon) l:
a. Mt dng th hnh ca oxi b. L hp cht ca oxi
c. Cch vit khc ca O
2
d. C a v c u ng
p n: d ng.
3.7 Cho s cc phn ng sau:
A + O
2

C t
o
B
B + O
2

tc xc , C t
o
C
C + H
2
O D
D + BaCl
2
E + F
A l cht no trong s cc cht sau:
a. C b. S c. Cl
2
d. Br
2

p n: b ng.
3.8 C ba l ng ba kh ring bit l clo, hiroclorua v O
2
. C th dng mt
cht no trong s cc cht sau ng thi nhn bit c c ba kh:
a. Giy qu tm tm t b. Dung dich NaOH
c. Dung dch CaCl
2
d. Dung dich H
2
SO
4

p n: a ng.
3.9 C ba l ng ba dung dch ring bit l BaCl
2
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v MgSO
4
b mt
nhn. C th dng mt cht no trong s cc cht sau ng thi nhn bit -
c c ba dung dch:
a. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
b. Dung dich NaOH
c. Dung dch FeCl
3
d. Dung dich H
2
SO
4

p n: d ng.
3.10 Trong nhng cp cht sau
1. H
2
SO
4
v Na
2
CO
3
2. Na
2
CO
3
v NaCl
3. MgCO
3
v CaCl
2
4. Na
2
CO
3
v BaCl
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
nhng cp cht no c th phn ng c vi nhau:
a. Cp (1) v cp (2) b. Cp (3) v cp (4)
c. Cp (2) v cp (3) d. Cp (1) v cp (4)
p n: d ng.
3.11 Trong nhng cp cht sau
1. Cl
2
v O
2
2. Cl
2
v Cu
3. S v O
2
4. Cl
2
v Br
2
nhng cp cht no c th phn ng c vi nhau:
a. Cp (1) v cp (2) b. Cp (3) v cp (4)
c. Cp (2) v cp (3) d. Cp (1) v cp (4)
p n: c ng.
3.12 Hon thnh phng trnh s phn ng sau:
A + O
2

C t
o
B
B + O
2

tc xc , C t
o
C
C + H
2
O D
D + NaOH E + H
2
O
E + BaCl
2
G + F
Trong B, C l cc oxit axit, E l mt mui tan.
Gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
S + O
2

C t
o
SO
2
2SO
2
+ O
2

tc xc , C t
o
2SO
3
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
3.13 Mt cht kh c cng thc phn t l X
2
. Kh l kh g? Bit rng 1,0
lt kh iu kin tiu chun cn nng 3,1696 gam. Vit cc phng trnh
phn ng (nu c) ca kh X
2
vi cc cht sau: H
2
, O
2
, Cu, dung dch NaOH v nc.
Gii:
- Mt mol kh iu kin tiu chun chim th tch l 22,4 lt, nn khi lng
mol phn t ca kh l:
M = 2M
X
= 22,4. 3,1696 = 71
M
X
= 35,5 vy nguyn t X l Clo v kh X c cng thc phn t l Cl
2
.
- Cc phng trnh phn ng ca Cl
2
vi cc cht cho:
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl
+ Cl
2
+ O
2
khng phn ng
+ Cl
2
+ Cu CuCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
3.14 Cho 1,12 lt kh Cl
2
(o ktc) tc dng vi H
2
d, hp th ton b sn
phm vo nc thu c 100,0 ml dung dch A. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch
A.
Gii
- S mol kh Cl
2
l:
2
Cl
n
=
4 22
12 1
,
,
=0,05 mol
- Phn ng vi kh H
2
d:
Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl (1)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) H
2
d nn s mol kh HCl sinh ra:
n
HCl
= 2
2
Cl
n
= 2.0,05 = 0,1 mol
- Kh HCl tan hon ton vo nc to thnh dung dch axit HCl.
- Nng dung dch HCl thu c:
C
HCl
=
lt
mol
1 0
1 0
,
,
=1,0 mol/l (hay 1,0 M)
3.15 Cho 3,36 lt kh Cl
2
(o ktc) tc dng vi H
2
d, hp th ton b sn
phm vo 100,0 gam nc thu c dung dch B. Tnh nng % ca dung dch
B.
Gii
- S mol kh Cl
2
l:
2
Cl
n
=
4 22
36 3
,
,
= 0,15 mol
- Phn ng vi kh H
2
d:
Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl (1)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) H
2
d nn s mol kh HCl sinh ra:
n
HCl
= 2
2
Cl
n
= 2.0,15 = 0,3 mol
- Kh HCl tan hon ton vo nc to thnh dung dch axit HCl.
- Khi lng dung dch axit HCl thu c:
m
dung dch HCl
= m
HCl
+
O H
2
m
= 36,5.0,3 + 100,0 = 110,95 gam
- N ng % HCl trong dung dch B l:
C%
HCl
=
% .
,
, . ,
100
95 110
3 0 5 36
= 9,87%
3.16 Cho 2,40 gam Mg kim loi phn ng hon ton vi V lt kh X
2
(o ktc)
theo phng trnh phn ng sau: X
2
+ Mg MgX
2
Khi lng MgX
2
thu c l 9,50 gam. Hy cho bit X
2
l kh g? v tnh th tch
V ca kh X
2
phn ng vi Mg trn.
Gii
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- S mol ca Mg kim loi:
n
HCl
=
24
40 2,
= 0,10 mol
- Phng trnh phn ng:
X
2
+ Mg MgX
2
(1)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1):
n
Mg
=
2
X
n
=
2
MgX
n
= 0,10 mol
- Khi lng mol phn t ca MgX
2
:
2
MgX
M
=
10 0
50 9
,
,
= 95
2
MgX
M
= M
Mg
+2M
X
= 95
M
X
= 35,5 vy nguyn t X l Clo v kh X c cng thc phn t l Cl
2
.
- Th tch kh Cl
2
phn ng vi Mg:

2
Cl
V
= 22,4.0,10 = 2,24 lt
3.17 Mt mui clorua kim loi cha 79,78% clo theo khi lng. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca mui.
Gii
- Trong cc hp cht mui clorua, clo c ho tr I.
- Gi cng thc phn t ca mui l MCl
n
, trong n l ho tr ca kim loi M.
- % khi lng ca M trong hp cht l: 100% - 79,78% = 20,22%
Ta c:
% ,
% ,
M
n ,
m %
m %
M
Cl
22 20
78 79 5 35

M = 9n
Ch c cp n = 3 v M = 27 (Al) l ph hp.
Vy cng thc phn t ca mui l AlCl
3
.
3.18 Mt mui c cng thc phn t l FeX
2
trong Fe chim 44,1% theo khi
lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mui v vit 3 phng trnh phn ng trc
tip to thnh mui FeX
2
.
Gii
- % khi lng ca X trong hp cht l: 100% - 44,1% = 55,9%
Ta c:
% ,
% , M .
M
M .
m %
m %
X
Fe
X
Fe
X
1 44
9 55
56
2 2

M
X
= 35,5
Vy X l nguyn t Clo, cng thc phn t ca mui l FeCl
2
.
- Ba phng trnh phn ng trc tip to thnh FeCl
2
l:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
Fe + CuCl
2
FeCl
2
+ Cu (2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
FeSO
4
+ BaCl
2
FeCl
2
+ BaSO
4
(3)
3.19 Mt mui c cng thc phn t l FeX
3
. Cho dung dch cha 1,30 gam FeX
3
tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 3,444 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng
thc phn t ca mui v vit 2 phng trnh phn ng trc tip to thnh mui
FeX
3
.
Gii
- Phng trnh phn ng:
FeX
3
+ 3AgNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3AgX (1)
- Gi x l s mol ca FeX
3
, theo phng trnh phn ng (1) th s mol ca AgX l
3x mol.
- Ta c h phng trnh:
3
FeX
m
= (56 + 3M
X
).x = 1,30 gam
AgX
m
= (108 + M
X
) .3x = 3,444 gam
M
X
= 35,5 v x = 0,008 mol. Vy nguyn t X l Clo v mui l FeCl
3
.
- Hai phng trnh phn ng trc tip to thnh FeCl
3
l:
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(1)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3BaCl
2
2FeCl
3
+ 3BaSO
4
(2)
3.20 Ho tan 18,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi ho tr II v III bng dung dch axit
HCl d thu c dung dch A v kh B. Chia kh B lm hai phn bng nhau. t
chy hon ton mt phn thu c 4,5 gam nc.
a. Hi khi c cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b. em phn 2 cho phn ng hon ton vi kh clo ri cho sn phm hp th vo
200,0 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,20 gam/ml). Tnh nng % ca cc cht
trong dung dch thu c.
Gii:
Gi kim loi ho tr II l X c s mol trong 18,4 gam hn hp l x mol.
Gi kim loi ho tr III l Y c s mol trong 18,4 gam hn hp l y mol.
Phng trnh phn ng:
X + 2HCl XCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
2Y + 6HCl 2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
(2)
Dung dch A cha XCl
2
, YCl
3
v HCl c th d, kh B l H
2
.
t chy mt na kh B;
2H
2
+ O
2
o
t
2H
2
O (3)
a. Theo cc phng trnh phn ng t (1) - (3):
mol , y x n
,
y x n n
H H O H
5 0
2
3
18
5 4
2
3
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

,
_

+
,
_

+
S mol HCl tham gia phn ng:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
mol n n 0 1
2
3
2 2
2
, y x
H HCl

,
_

+
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, khi c cn dung dch A lng mui thu c l:
gam m m m 9 53 5 0 2 0 1 5 36 4 18
3 2
khan mui
, , . , . , ,
YCl XCl
+ +
b. Phn 2 tc dng vi clo:
H
2
+ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl (4)
Hp th HCl vo dung dch NaOH:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (5)
S mol HCl: mol , y x
n
n
H
HCl
5 0
2
3
2
2
2

,
_

+
S mol NaOH: mol ,
% .
% . , . ,
n
NaOH
2 1
100 40
20 2 1 0 200

n
HCl
< n
NaOH
NaOH d
Trong dung dch thu c gm NaOH d v NaCl c s mol:
n
NaOH d
= 1,2 - 0,5 = 0,7 mol v n
NaCl
= n
HCl
= 0,5 mol
Khi lng dung dch thu c:
m
dd
= 200,0.1,2 + 36,5.0,5 = 258,25 gam
Nng cc cht trong dung dch:
% , % .
,
, .
% C
% , % .
,
, . ,
% C
NaOH
NaCl
84 10 100
25 258
7 0 40
33 11 100
25 258
5 0 5 58



3.21 Tnh th tch kh clo thu c iu kin tiu chun khi un nng nh
1,58 gam KMnO
4
vi dung dch axit clohiric c d.
Gii
- S mol ca KMnO
4
:
4
KMnO
n
=
158
58 1,
= 0,010 mol
- Phng trnh phn ng:
2KMnO
4
+ 16HCl
o
t
2KCl + 2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O (1)
- Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ca Cl
2
sinh ra:
2
Cl
n
=
2
5
4
KMnO
n
= 0,025 mol
- Th tch kh Cl
2
thu c:
2
Cl
V
= 22,4.0,025 = 0,56 lt
3.22 Tnh th tch kh clo thu c iu kin tiu chun khi un nng nh
2,61 gam MnO
2
vi dung dch axit clohiric c d. Lng clo ny phn ng ht
bao nhiu gam st kim loi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Gii
- S mol ca MnO
2
:
2
MnO
n
=
87
61 2,
= 0,030 mol
- Phng trnh phn ng:
MnO
2
+ 4HCl
o
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
- Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) s mol ca Cl
2
sinh ra:
2
Cl
n
=
2
MnO
n
= 0,030 mol
- Th tch kh Cl
2
thu c:
2
Cl
V
= 22,4.0,030 = 0,672 lt
- Phn ng vi Fe:
3Cl
2
+ 2Fe 2FeCl
3
(2)
n
Fe
=
3
2
2
Cl
n
= 0,02 mol
- Khi lng st tham gia phn ng:
m
Fe
= 56.0,02 = 1,12 gam
3.23 in phn c mng ngn dung dch NaCl bo ho bng dng in mt
chiu thu c 33,6 lt kh clo iu kin tiu chun. Tnh khi lng mui dung
dch nc Gia - ven thu c khi cho lng kh clo ny phn ng hon ton vi 200,0
gam dung dch NaOH 60%.
Gii
- Phng trnh phn ng in phn:
2NaCl
(dd bo ho)
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
(1)
- S mol ca Cl
2
thu c:
2
Cl
n
=
4 22
6 33
,
,
= 1,5 mol
- S mol ca NaOH c trong 200,0 gam dung dch:
n
NaOH
=
% .
% . ,
100 40
60 0 200
= 3,0 mol
- Phn ng ca clo vi NaOH:
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O (2)
- S mol NaOH gp hai ln s mol Cl
2
nn phn ng va .
- Khi lng dung dch nc Gia - ven thu c:
m = m
dung dch NaOH
+
2
Cl
m
= 200,0 + 71.0,15 = 3,6,5 gam
3.24 Tin hnh in phn c mng ngn dung dch NaCl bo ho bng dng
in mt chiu thu c 33,6 m
3
kh clo iu kin tiu chun. Tnh khi lng
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in phn c mng
ngn
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
mui NaCl em in phn, v tnh khi lng NaOH thu c trong qu trnh
in phn. Bit hiu sut thu hi kh clo l 95%.
Gii
- S mol ca Cl
2
thu c:
2
Cl
n
=
4 22
6 33
,
,
.10
3
= 1,5.10
3
mol
- Phng trnh phn ng in phn:
2NaCl
(dd bo ho)
+ 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
(1)
- S mol ca NaCl em in phn v s mol NaOH thu c:
n
NaCl
= n
NaOH
= 2
2
Cl
n
= 1.1,5.10
3
= 3.10
3
mol
- Khi lng NaCl cn dng:
m
NaCl
= 3.10
3
.58,5.
%
%
95
100
=184,74.10
3
gam = 184,74 kg
- Khi lng NaOH tc dng:
m
NaOH
= 3.10
3
.40.
%
%
95
100
=126,32.10
3
gam = 126,32 kg
3.25 Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau:
Cl
2

2
H
HCl
2
) OH ( Ca
CaCl
2
NaCl NaCl NaCl CaCO
3
Na
O H
2
NaOH
2
C O
Na
2
CO
3
Gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
2NaCl 2Na + Cl
2
(1)
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl (2)
H
2
+ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl (3)
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
(4)
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (5)
2HCl + Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O (6)
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (7)
Na
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
CaCO
3
+ 2NaCl (8)
3.26 Kim cng l:
a. Hp cht ca cacbon vi kim loi
b. L hp cht ca cacbon vi phi kim
c. Mt dng th hnh ca cacbon
d. C a v b u ng
p n: c ng.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
in phn c mng
ngn
in phn nng
chy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.27 Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau:
a. Cc dng th hnh ng ca cacbon l: kim cng, than ch v than g.
b. Cc dng th hnh ng ca cacbon l: kim cng, than ch v cacbon v
nh hnh.
c. Cc dng th hnh ng ca cacbon l: kim cng, than ch v than hot tnh.
d. Cc dng th hnh ng ca cacbon l: kim cng, than ch v than .
p n: b ng.
3.28 Kh nng hp ph cao l c tnh ca:
a. Than b. Kim cng
c. Than ch d. Than hot tnh
p n: d ng.
3.29 Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau:
C + O
2
o
t
CO
2
+ Q (1)
C + 2CuO
o
t
CO
2
+ 2Cu (2)
cacbon lun l:
a. Cht oxi ho b. Cht kh
c. L cht oxi ho v cht kh d. Khng l cht oxi ho v cht kh
p n: b ng.
3.30 Cacbon oxit (CO) l:
a. Oxit axit b. Oxit baz
c. Oxit trung tnh d. Oxit lng tnh
p n: c ng.
3.31 Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau:
2CO + O
2
o
t
2CO
2
+ Q (1)
CO + CuO
o
t
CO
2
+ Cu (2)
cacbon oxit lun l:
a. Cht oxi ho b. Khng l cht oxi ho v cht kh
c. L cht oxi ho v cht kh d. Cht kh
p n: d ng.
3.32 Cacbon ioxit (hay cn gi l anhirit cacbonic, kh cacbonic: CO
2
) l:
a. Oxit axit b. Oxit baz
c. Oxit trung tnh d. Oxit lng tnh
p n: a ng.
3.33 Nguyn t R to thnh vi hiro mt hp cht c cng thc phn t RH
4
. R l
nguyn t no trong cc nguyn t sau:
a. S b. Si c. C d. P
p n: a ng.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.34 Hp th ton b 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(o ktc) vo 100,0 ml dung dch
NaOH 1,5 M. Dung dch thu c cha nhng mui no?
a. NaHCO
3
b. Na
2
CO
3
c. NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
d. Phn ng khng to mui
p n: c ng.
3.35 Mt vin than t ong c khi lng 350,0 gam cha 60% cacbon theo khi l-
ng. Tnh nhit lng to ra khi t chy hon ton mt vin than ny. Bit khi
t chy 1 mol cacbon sinh ra lng nhit l 394 kJ.
Gii
- Phn ng chy:
C + O
2
o
t
CO
2
+ Q
- S mol cacbon c trong mt vin than t ong l:
n
C
=
% .
% .
100 12
60 350
= 17,5 mol
- Lng nhit to ra khi t chy hon ton mt vin than t ong l:
Q = 17,5.394 = 6895 kJ
3.36 Tnh th tch kh CO cn ly iu kin tiu chun kh ht 8,0 gam
CuO. Bit rng hiu sut phn ng kh l 80%.
Gii
- S mol CuO:
n
CuO
=
80
0 8,
= 0,10 mol
- Phn ng kh CuO
CO + CuO
o
t
CO
2
+ Cu
- Theo phng trnh phn ng s mol CO bng s mol CuO:
n
CO
= n
CuO
= 0,10 mol
- Th tch CO cn ly:
n
CO
=
%
% . , . ,
80
100 4 22 10 0
= 2,80 lt
3.37 Dn 22,4 lt hn hp kh A gm CO v CO
2
qua dung dch NaOH d thy c
1,12 lt kh thot ra. Tnh % theo th tch v % theo khi lng ca hn hp kh A.
Bit cc th tch u o iu kin tiu chun.
Gii
- Gi s mol kh CO trong hn hp A l x mol.
- Gi s mol kh CO
2
trong hn hp A l y mol.
- Khi cho hn hp kh A qua dung dch NaOH:
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
- Kh i ra khi dung dch l CO
- Ta c cc phng trnh:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
n
A
= n
CO
+
2
CO
n
= x + y =
4 22
4 22
,
,
= 1,0 mol
n
CO
= x =
4 22
24 2
,
,
= 0,10 mol
2
CO
n
= y = 0,90 mol
- % theo th tch cc kh trong hn hp A:
% % .
,
,
% .
CO
90 100
0 1
9 0
100
2

+

y x
y
%n
% % .
,
,
% .
CO
10 100
0 1
1 0
100
+

y x
x
%n
- % theo khi lng cc kh trong hn hp A:
% , % .
, . , .
, .
% .
CO
4 93 100
9 0 44 1 0 28
9 0 44
100
44 28
44
2

+

y x
y
%m
% , % .
, . , .
, .
% .
CO
6 6 100
9 0 44 1 0 28
1 0 28
100
44 28
28

y x
x
%m
3.38 Dn t t 16,8 lt kh CO
2
vo 600,0 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1,0 M. Tnh
khi lng kt ta thu c.
Gii
- S mol kh CO
2
:
2
CO
n
=
4 22
8 16
,
,
= 0,75 mol.
- S mol Ca(OH)
2
trong dung dch:
2
) OH ( Ca
n
= 0,6.1,0 = 0,60 mol.
- S mol kh CO
2
ln hn s mol Ca(OH)
2
nn to thnh 2 mui:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(2)
- Gi s mol mui CaCO
3
l x mol.
- Gi s mol mui Ca(HCO
3
)
2
y mol.
- Ta c cc phng trnh:

2
) OH ( Ca
n
= x + y

= 0,60 mol
2
CO
n
= x + 2y = 0,75 mol.

3
CaCO
n
= x = 0,45 mol
- Khi lng kt ta CaCO
3
: m = 100.0,45 = 45,0 gam
3.39 Hn hp kh A gm CO v CO
2
v kh X. Xc nh kh X c trong hn hp
bit rng trong hn hp kh A kh CO c s mol gp 3 ln s mol kh CO
2
v hn
hp kh A c khi lng mol trung bnh l 32.
Gii
- Gi s hn hp A c tng s mol kh l 1,0 mol. Gi s mol CO
2
trong hn hp l
x mol, khi s mol CO l 3x v s mol kh X l 1,0 - 4x.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp:

1
4 0 1 3 28 44 ) , ( .
A
x M x x
M
X
+ +
= 32
32
4 0 1
4 0 1 32
4 0 1
128 32

x
x
x
x
M
X
,
) , (
,
X l kh c khi lng mol l 32 ch c th l O
2
.
3.40 Dn t t 6,72 lt kh CO
2
vo 300,0 ml dung dch NaOH 1,20 M.
a. Tnh tng khi lng cc mui trong dung dch thu c.
b. Tnh khi lng kt ta khi cho BaCl
2
d vo dung dch sau lhi hp th CO
2
.
Gii
a- S mol kh CO
2
:
2
CO
n
=
4 22
72 6
,
,
= 0,30 mol.
- S mol NaOH trong dung dch:
n
NaOH
= 0,3.1,20 = 0,36 mol.
2
CO
n
< n
NaOH
< 2
2
CO
n
nn to thnh 2 mui:
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O 2NaHCO
3
(2)
- Gi s mol mui Na
2
CO
3
l x mol.
- Gi s mol mui NaHCO
3
y mol.
- Ta c cc phng trnh:
n
NaOH
= 2x + y = 0,36 mol.
2
CO
n
= x + y = 0,30 mol.
x = 0,06 mol v y = 0,24 mol
- Khi lng mui trong dung dch thu c:
m =
3 3 2
NaHCO CO Na
m m +
= 106.0,06 + 84.0,24 = 26,52 gam
b. Tnh khi lng kt ta:
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + BaCO
3
(3)

3
BaCO
m
= 197.0,06 = 11,82 gam
3.41 Cho 5,6 lt hn hp kh N
2
v CO
2
(o ktc) i chm qua 5,0 lt dung
dch nc vi trong cha Ca(OH)
2
0,02 M, thu c 5,0 gam kt ta. Tnh thnh
phn % theo th tch hn hp kh.
Gii
- Gi s mol CO
2
trong hn hp kh l x mol.
- Gi s mol N
2
trong hn hp kh y mol.
n
hn hp
= x + y =
4 22
6 5
,
,
= 0,25 mol (I)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- S mol Ca(OH)
2
trong dung dch:
2
) OH ( Ca
n
= 0,02.5,0 = 0,10 mol.
- Phn ng xy ra khi cho hn hp kh i qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(2)
- S mol mui CaCO
3
kt ta:

3
CaCO
n
=
100
0 5,
= 0,05 mol <
2
) OH ( Ca
n
nn c hai trng hp.
* Trng hp 1: CO
2
thiu nn ch c phn ng (1) xy ra
2
CO
n
= x =
3
CaCO
n
= 0,05 mol
2
N
n
= y = 0,20 mol
% .
,
,
CO
100
25 0
05 0
2
%V
= 20%
% .
,
,
N
100
25 0
20 0
2
%V
= 80%
* Trng hp 2: CO
2
d nn c c phn ng (1) v phn ng (2) xy ra
2
CO
n
= x =
3
CaCO
n
+ 2
2 3
) HCO ( Ca
n
mt khc:
2
) OH ( Ca
n
=
3
CaCO
n
+
2 3
) HCO ( Ca
n
= 0,10 mol
2
N
n
= y = 0,20

2
CO
n
= x = 0,15 mol v
2
N
n
= y = 0,10 mol
% .
,
,
CO
100
25 0
15 0
2
%V
= 60%
% .
,
,
N
100
25 0
10 0
2
%V
= 40%
3.42 Kh CO
2
khng duy tr s chy, nng hn khng kh v vy c th s
dng lm kh cha chy. Tnh th tch (o ktc) kh CO
2
to ra c khi dung
bnh cu ho c dung dch cha 980,0 gam H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi dung dch
NaHCO
3
d.
Gii
- Phn ng to kh CO
2
trong bnh cu ho:
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaHCO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
- S mol H
2
SO
4
c trong bnh cu ho:
4 2
SO H
n
=
98
980
= 10 mol
- S mol kh CO
2
to ra:
2
CO
n
= 2
4 2
SO H
n
= 20,0 mol
- Th tch kh CO
2
to ra:
2
CO
V
= 20.22,4 = 448 lt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.43 Kh CO
2
l mt trong cc kh gy ra hiu ng nh knh lm cho tri t
nng dn ln nh hng khng tt n sc kho ca con ngi. Hy tnh khi lng
v th tch (o ktc) kh CO
2
thi ra mi trng khi sn sut mt tn vi (CaO)
t vi.
Gii
- Phn ng nung vi:
CaCO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ CaO
- Theo phng trnh phn ng s mol CO bng s mol CuO:
2
CO
n
= n
CaO
=
56
0 1,
.10
6
= 1,7857.10
4
mol
- Khi lng CO
2
thi ra mi trng:
2
CO
m
= 1,7857.10
4
.44 = 7,857.10
5
gam = 0,7857 tn
- Th tch kh CO
2
thi ra mi trng:
2
CO
V
= 1,7857.10
4
.22,4 = 399996,8 lt 400 m
3
3.44 Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng theo s bin ho sau:
CO
2

2
) OH ( Ba
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

NaOH
Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaCO
3
CaO
O H
2
Ca(OH)
2

H C l
CaCl
2
Gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
CaCO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ CaO (1)
Ba(OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(2)
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH BaCO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O (3)
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(4)
2HCl + Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O (5)
CO
2
+ CaO CaCO
3
(6)
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O (7)
Na
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
CaCO
3
+ 2NaCl (8)
3.45 Cu no sau y hon ton ng:
a. Silic l nguyn t ph bin nht trong thin nhin, c kh nng dn in tt,
n c tnh phi kim yu hn cacbon.
b. Silic l nguyn t c nhiu nht trong v tri t nhng ch ph bin th hai
trong thin nhin, c kh nng dn in km, n c tnh phi kim yu hn
cacbon.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
c. Silic l nguyn t ph bin nht trong thin nhin, c kh nng dn in tt,
n c tnh kim loi yu hn cacbon.
d. C cu a v cu b u ng.
p n: b ng.
3.46 Thnh phn chnh trong xi mng l:
a. Canxi silicat v natri silicat
b. Nhn silicat v kali silicat
c. Nhm silicat v canxi silicat
d. Canxi silicat v canxi aluminat
p n: d ng.
3.47 Thnh phn chnh trong thu tinh v c:
a. Canxi silicat v natri silicat
b. Nhn silicat v kali silicat
c. Kali silicat v natri silicat
d. Canxi silicat v canxi aluminat
p n: a ng.
3.48 Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng trong cc giai on chnh ca qu
trnh sn sut thu tinh:
a. CaCO
3

o
t

b. CaO + SiO
2

o
t

c. Na
2
CO
3
+ SiO
2

o
t

Gii
a. CaCO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ CaO
b. CaO + SiO
2

o
t
CaSiO
3
c. Na
2
CO
3
+ SiO
2

o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
3.49 Khi nu chy NaOH khan vi silic dioxit thy thot ra 4,5 gam hi nc. Tnh
khi lng mui natri silicat to thnh.
Gii
- Phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi nu chy:
2NaOH + SiO
2

o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
- S mol Na
2
SiO
3
to thnh bng s mol H
2
O sinh ra:
18
5 4
2 3 2
,
O H SiO Na
n n = 0,25 mol
- Khi lng Na
2
SiO
3
to thnh:

3 2
SiO Na
m
28.0,25 = 7,0 gam
3.50 Nguyn liu thng thng nu thu tinh l soda (Na
2
CO
3
), vi v ct
(SiO
2
). Tnh khi lng cn thit ca cc nguyn liu nu c 0,239 tn thu
tinh c thnh phn ng vi cng thc Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Gii
- Thu tinh c thnh phn ng vi cng thc Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
c th vit di dng
mui v oxit nh sau: Na
2
SiO
3
.CaSiO
3
.4SiO
2
.
- S mol thu tinh Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
hay Na
2
SiO
3
.CaSiO
3
.4SiO
2
.
n =
478
239 0,
.10
6
= 500 mol
- Cc phn ng xy ra khi nu thu tinh:
CaCO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ CaO
CaO + SiO
2

o
t
CaSiO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ SiO
2

o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
- Khi lng cc nguyn liu cn ly:

3 2
CO Na
m
500. 106 = 53000 gam = 53 kg

3
CaCO
m
500. 100 = 50000 gam = 50 kg

2
SiO
m
6.500. 60 = 180000 gam = 180 kg
3.51 Mt loi thu tinh pha l c thnh phn ng vi cng thc:
120SiO
2
.Al
2
(SiO
3
)
3
.3CaSiO
3
.25PbSiO
3
.20Na
2
SiO
3
.22.K
2
SiO
3
.
Hy tnh thnh phn phn trm ca Si c trong thu tinh pha l trn v % quy
theo SiO
2
.
Gii
- d dng cho tnh khi lng Si trong thu tinh ta c th vit:
120SiO
2
.Al
2
(SiO
3
)
3
.3CaSiO
3
.25PbSiO
3
.20Na
2
SiO
3
.22.K
2
SiO
3
gn li nh sau:
Na
40
K
44
AlCa
3
Pb
25
Si
193
O
459
- Hm lng % ca Si:
%m
Si
= % .
.
100
20706
193 28
=26,1%
- Hm lng % ca SiO
2
:
%m
Si
=
% .
.
100
20706
193 60
=55,9%
3.52 Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho
hc hin nay l:
a. Theo chiu khi lng nguyn t tng dn.
b. Theo chiu in tch ht nhn nguyn t tng dn.
c. Theo chiu tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t tng dn.
d. Theo chiu tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t tng dn.
p n: b ng
3.53 Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, nguyn t cho bit:
a. S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t (s th t ca nguyn t trong bng tun
hon cc nguyn t ho hc, hay in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
b. K hiu nguyn t nguyn t ho hc.
c. Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t.
d. C ba iu trn.
p n: c ng
3.54 Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc:
a. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c sp xp theo chiu
khi lng nguyn t tng dn.
b. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c sp xp theo chiu
in tch ht nhn nguyn t tng dn.
c. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t c cng s electron lp ngoi cng c sp xp
theo chiu in tch ht nhn nguyn t tng dn.
d. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t c cng s electron lp ngoi cng c sp xp
theo chiu khi lng nguyn t tng dn.
p n: b ng
3.55 Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc:
a. Nhm l dy cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c sp xp theo chiu
khi lng nguyn t tng dn.
b. Nhm l dy cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c sp xp theo chiu
in tch ht nhn nguyn t tng dn.
c. Nhm l dy cc nguyn t c cng s electron lp ngoi cng c sp xp
theo chiu in tch ht nhn nguyn t tng dn.
d. Nhm l dy cc nguyn t c cng s electron lp ngoi cng c sp xp
theo chiu khi lng nguyn t tng dn.
p n: c ng
3.56 Kt lun no sau y hon ton ng:
a. Trong mt chu k: s lp electron tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn ng thi
tnh phi kim tng dn.
b. Trong mt chu k: s lp electron tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn ng thi
tnh kim loi tng dn.
c. Trong mt chu k: s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn
ng thi tnh kim loi tng dn.
d. Trong mt chu k: s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn
ng thi tnh phi kim tng dn.
p n: d ng
3.57 Kt lun no sau y hon ton ng:
a. Trong mt nhm: s lp electron tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn ng thi
tnh phi kim tng dn.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
b. Trong mt nhm: s lp electron tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn ng thi
tnh kim loi tng dn.
c. Trong mt nhm: s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn
ng thi tnh kim loi tng dn.
d. Trong mt nhm: s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn
ng thi tnh phi kim tng dn.
p n: b ng
3.58 Cho bit cch sp xp no ng theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn trong
cc cch sp xp sau:
a. Na, K, Mg, Be b. K, Na, Mg, Be c. Be, Mg, K Na d. K, Na, Be, Mg
p n: b ng
3.59 Cho bit cch sp xp no ng theo chiu tnh phi kim tng dn trong
cc cch sp xp sau:
a. F
2
, P, S, Cl
2
b. P, S, F
2
, Cl
2
c. F
2
, Cl
2
, S, P d. F
2
, Cl
2
,
P, S
p n: c ng
3.60 Kt lun no sau y hon ton ng:
a. Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc c
th bit cu to nguyn t v d on tnh cht ho hc ca n.
b. Ch cho bit k hiu ho hc ca nguyn t v khi lng nguyn t ca n.
c. Bit cu to nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c th bit v tr ca n trong
bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc v c th d on tnh cht ho hc ca
n.
d. Kt lun a v c ng.
p n: d ng
kim tra chng 3
(Thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: (3 im)
Cho cc phn ng sau:
A
(k)
+ H
2 (k)
B
(k)
B
dd
+ X
o
t
A
(k)
+ Y + H
2
O
A + W M + N + H
2
O
A l cht no cho di y:
a. S b. P c. N
2
d. Cl
2
Cu 2: (3 im)
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng cho dy bin ho sau:
R
+
o
t , O
2
Q
+
2
) OH ( Ca
D
o
t
CaCO
3
2. Nu tnh cht ho hc chung ca phi kim. Ly v d minh ho
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cu 3: (4 im)
Tnh th tch kh clo thu c (o ktc) khi cho 1,74 gam MnO
2
tc dng
vi lng d dung dch HCl c, un nng nh. V tnh th tch dung dch NaOH
0,10 M cn phn ng hon ton vi lng kh clo thu c trn.
Cho: Mn = 55, O = 16, K = 39, Cl = 35,5, H = 1
kim tra chng 3
(Thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: (3 im)
Lng clo thu c khi cho 24,5 gam KClO
3
phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch
HCl c (hiu sut thu kh clo 95%) phn ng c vi bao nhiu gam st?
a. 22,4 gam b. 33,6 gam c. 21,2 gam d. 31,92
gam
Bit rng KClO
3
phn ng vi HCl theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
KClO
3
+ 6HCl KCl + 3Cl
2
Cu 2: (3 im)
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng cho dy bin ho sau:
CO
2

) (2
Ca(HCO
3
)
3
(1)
C (4) (5) CO
2
(6) (8)
CO
) (7
Na
2
CO
3
Cu 3: (4 im)
Nhit phn 31,6 gam KMnO
4
mt thi gian thu c hn hp rn A c khi l-
ng nh hn khi lng KMnO
4
ly l 0,8 gam. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng
hn hp rn A. v tnh hiu sut phn ng nhit phn. Nu em lng KMnO
4
ny cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl c d th thu c bao nhiu lt kh clo (o
ktc).
Cho: Mn = 55, O = 16, K = 39, Cl = 35,5, H = 1

kim tra chng 3
(Thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: (3 im)
C ba l ng ba kh ring bit l clo, hiroclorua v N
2
. C th dng mt cht
no trong s cc cht sau ng thi nhn bit c c ba kh:
a. Giy qu tm tm t b. Dung dich NaOH
c. Dung dch AgNO
3
d. Dung dich H
2
SO
4

Cu 2: (3 im)
Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
a. CO
2
+ Ba(HCO
3
)
2

b. MnO
2
+ HCl
c

o
t
.
c. FeS
2
+ O
2

o
t
SO
2
+ .
d. Cu + CuSO
4
+
Cu 3: (4 im)
Nung nng hn hp A gm bt than (cacbon) v bt ng oxit (khng c
khng kh), ngi ta thu c kh B v 2,2 gam cht rn D. Dn kh B qua dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy c 1,97 gam kt ta trng to thnh. em phn cht rn D
t chy trong oxi d thu c cht rn E c khi lng 2,4 gam.
- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
- Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A.
kim tra hc k I
(Thi gian 60 pht)
Cu 1: (3 im)
Cho s cc phn ng sau:
A + O
2

C t
o
B
B + O
2

tc xc , C t
o
C
C + H
2
O D
D + BaCl
2
E + F
A l cht no trong s cc cht sau:
a. P b. N
2
c. S d. Cl
2

Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Cu 2: (3 im)
T cc nguyn liu ban u l: qung st pyrit (FeS
2
), mui n, khng kh, n-
c, cc cht xc tc v cc iu kin cn thit hy vit cc phng trnh phn
ng iu ch FeCl
2
v Fe(OH)
3
, FeSO
4
.
Cu 3: (4 im)
Ho tan hon ton 1,37 gam hn hp bt nhm v st bng lng va
dung dch A cha H
2
SO
4
0,45 M v HCl 0,2 M. Cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi
100,0 ml dung dch KOH 1,4 M. Lc ly kt ta, nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Tnh m v % theo khi lng kim loi
trong hn hp ban u.
Cho: Al = 27, Fe = 56
kim tra hc k I
(Thi gian 60 pht)
Cu 1: (3 im)
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C ba l ng ba dung dch ring bit l BaCl
2
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2
v MgSO
4
b mt
nhn. C th dng mt cht no trong s cc cht sau ng thi nhn bit -
c c ba dung dch:
a. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
b. Dung dich NaOH
c. Dung dch FeCl
3
d. Dung dich H
2
SO
4

Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Cu 2: (3 im)
T cc nguyn liu ban u l: qung st pyrit (FeS
2
), mui n, khng kh, n-
c, cc cht xc tc v cc iu kin cn thit hy vit cc phng trnh phn
ng iu ch FeCl
2
v Fe(OH)
3
, FeSO
4
.
Cu 3: (4 im)
Cho 13,44 gam bt ng vo 250,0 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,6 M. Khuy u
dung dch mt thi gian, lc ly cht rn A v dung dch B. Cht rn A ra sch,
sy kh cn nng 22,56 gam.
a. Tnh nng cc cht trong dung dch B. (Coi th tch dung dch khng
thay i).
b. Nhng thanh kim loi R c khi lng 15,0 gam vo dung dch B cho n phn
ng hon ton th thy than kim loi lc ny cn nng 17,205 gam. R l kim loi
no cho di y:
Na =23, Mg = 24, Al = 27, Fe =56, Ni = 59, Cu = 64, Zn = 65, Ag = 108, Pb = 207
V cho H = 1, C = 12O = 16
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