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NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS
U DAYA P PA N .V
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN :
 Nitrogen is essential element required by
organisms to Synthesize Proteins and Nucleic Acid.
 Atmosphere contains about 78% of nitrogen,it
cannot be utilised by living organism unless it is
converted in to Ammonia,Amino Acids or Nitrates
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NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE :
The Process by which these forms get interconverted
to maintain a constant constant amount of nitrogen in
atmosphere, by Physical and Biological Processes is called
Nitrogen cycle.

NITROGEN FIXATION:
Nitrogen is oxidized to oxides by lightning and these oxides
get dissolved I rain water and get precipitated .
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NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA :

 Azotobacter
 Rhizobium
 Blue green algae like Nostoc
- Convert gaseous nitrogen to Ammonia and
Nitrates.
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION:
The nitrates absorbed by plants is utilized for making organic
matter such as Proteins , Nucleic Acids etc.
 Plant Proteins and Nitrogenous Compounds
Animals are converted in to Animal Proteins.
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NITROGEN CYCLE
AMMONIFICATION: (NH3)
 Animal Proteins are excreted out in the form of Urea, Uric Acid,
or Ammonia.
 When the Plants and Animals die, their proteins are broken
down to release ammonia by the action of Bacteria and Fungi.
NITRIFICATION:
 The ammonia is converted in to Nitrites and Nitrates by Soil
bacteria such as Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas Which are then
absorbed by Plants through their roots.
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NITROGEN CYCLE
DENITRIFICATION:
 Free living Soil Bacteria such as Pseudomonas reduce Nitrate
ions of soil in to Gaseous Nitrogen which returns to the
atmosphere.
AQUAREGIA :
 A mixture of concentrated Hydrochloric acid and concentrated
Nitric acid in the ratio 3:1
Gold will soluble in aquaregia to form
AuCl3 .
Platinum also dissolve in aquaregia.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
LAUGHING GAS :
 Nitrous oxide –N2O is also called laughing gas because
when inhaled in small quantities, it produces pleasurable
excitement.
 If inhaled in large quantities, it causes death.
 Mild dose is used as anaesthetic. (N2O + O2)
 Nitrous acid is used in the manufacture of azodyes.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
AMMONIA (NH3):
 Haber Process
 Nitrogen and Hydrogen are made to combine in the ratio 1: 3.
 CATALYST : Finely divided Iron.
 PROMOTERS : Molybdenum or a mixture of Potassium oxide and
Aluminium oxide.
 Solution of ammonia + water – Ammonium hydroxide - Valuable
reagent in the laboratory.
Ammonia is used as a refrigerant in ice plant.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITRIC ACID :
 It was called as Aquafortis by Alchemist. It means Strong water.
 First prepared by Glauber- 1650 .
 Cavendish- 1784 stated that nitric acid may be formed by passing
electric sparks through the mixture of nitrogen and moist oxygen.
 Ostwalds Process.
 Fuming nitric acid is obtained by distilling this acid with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: :

 It is a strong oxidizing agent in concentrated solution.

 It reacts with metals to produce nitric oxide.
USES :
 It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives like-
TNT,GNT.
 Purification of Gold and Silver.
 It is used in the manufacture of Perfumes, Artificial Silk,
Medicines .
 It is used in Pickling of Stainless Steel .
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
TRINITROTOLUENE:(TNT)
 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene
 It is prepared by the action of a mixture of concentrated
nitric acid and fuming sulphuric acid on toluene.
 Yellow crystalline solid and explode violently on
detonation, leaving no residue.
 It is used in filling Bombshells and Hand grenades .
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
AMATOL:
 A mixture of Ammonium nitrate (80%) and TNT(20%) .
 It is used as a blasting material.
PICRIC ACID :
 TRINITROTOPHENOL
 2,4,6 Trinitrophenol
It is prepared by the action of a mixture of concentrated nitric acid
and fuming sulphuric acid on Phenol.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
 It is a yellow crystalline solid, bitter to taste and is used as
an antiseptic in the treatment of burns and as an explosive.
NESSLER’S REAGENT:
 When Potassium iodide is added to Mercuric chloride, a
scarlet precipitate of Mercuric iodide is formed which
dissolve in excess of Potassium iodide forming a colourless
solution.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Colorless solution + NaOH is added and Nessler's reagent is
obtained.
 This reagent is used as test for ammonia and ammonium salts.
General:
 Nitrous Acid- Acts both as oxidizing and reducing agent.
Ammonia water- Turns red litmus to blue.

Commercial nitric acid is brown in colour- This is due to the

presence of dissolved nitrogen oxide.
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NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Commercial nitric acid is brown in color is removed by Passing
CO2 in to it.
 The earliest name of nitrogen was azote.
 TOLLEN’S REAGENT :
- Ammoniacal Silver nitrate solution.
 Sal Ammoniac solution- Ammonium chloride
 AgNO3- Used in Photography
CAN- Calcium Ammonium Nitrate – used as a fertilizer.
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Nitrous oxide – Gas with faint sweet smell.

Birkeland and Eyde Process is a good method for
the manufacture of nitric acid.
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PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUND
0.10% of the mass of the earth crust
 It is also present in the brain, teeth, tissues of
animals, plants and foodstuffs like Milk and Egg.
Phosphorous was first isolated in 1669 by the
German Alchemist Henning Brandt by distilling
concentrated urine with sand
1771 - Scheele extracted it from bone ash
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MINERALS
Phosphorite – Ca3(PO4)2
Apatite
Chlorapatite
EXTRACTION
Manufacture by Bone Ash or Phosphate Rock
Phosphorite with sand (Sio2) and coke in an electric
furnace.
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ALLOTROPES

YELLOW OR
RED
WHITE
PHOSPHOROUS
PHOSPHOROUS
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ALLOTROPES
PROPERTIES WHITE PHOSPHOUROUS RED PHOSPHOUROUS

COLOUR White waxy solid turns yellow or Red powder

exposure to air.
SMELL Garlic smell No smell

SOLUBILITY Soluble in CS2 Insoluble

BURNING It glows In the dark [ due to slow Does not glow

combustion]
Toxic High poisonous Non- poisonous
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
With caustic soda
• White phosphorous dissolve in caustic soda on
boiling in an inert atmosphere and liberates a
poisonous gas phosphine.
• P4 +3NaOH + 3H20 3NaH2PO2 + PH3
• Red phosphorous does not react with caustic soda
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UESES OF PHOSPHOROUS
With concentrated HNo3
Powerful reducing agent, white phosphorous reduce
concentrated nitric acid to nitrogen di oxide.
USES OF PHOSPHOROUS:
Match industry
Red phosphorous – safety matches
White phosphorous – lucifer matches
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ALLOYS
MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHOR BRONZE -
Alloy of copper phosphorous and tin
Manufacture of ammonium phosphate and super
phosphate.
Phosphorous is used in the human body as energy
stones i.e., ATP molecules.
 COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHOROUS
PCI3 PCI5
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• Pyramided shape • Trigonal bipyramidal

• SP3 hybridization of shape
phosphorous atom • SP3 hybridization of
phosphorous atom
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COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHOROUS
PHOSPHOROUS PETAOXIDE P2O5 OR
PHOSPHOROUS TRIOXIDE P2O3 OR
P4O10
P4O6

Garlic odour Powerful dehydrating agent

P4O10
It react with hot water
H2SO4 SO3
vigorously to form
-H20
inflammable phosphine
2P2O3 + 6H20 PH3 + P4O10
3H3PO3
2HNO3 N2O5
-H20
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