ECE MC Lab Manual 2023

School of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Program
B.Tech. in ECE
Microcontroller
and Applications
Lab
LABORATORY MANUAL
B20EN0407
IV Semester
2021-25
www.reva.edu.in
Vision of the University
‘’REVA University aspires to become an innovative university by developing excellent human
resources with leadership qualities, ethical and moral values, research culture and innovative skills through
higher education of global standards”
Mission of the University

• To create excellent infrastructure facilities and state-of-the-art laboratories and incubation centres
• To provide student-centric learning environment through innovative pedagogy and education reforms
• To encourage research and entrepreneurship through collaborations and extension activities
• To promote industry-institute partnerships and share knowledge for innovation and
development
• To organize society development programs for knowledge enhancement in thrust areas
• To enhance leadership qualities among the youth and enrich personality traits, promote
patriotism and moral values.
Vision of the School

The School of Electronics and Communication Engineering is envisioned to be a leading centre of
higher learning with academic excellence in the field of electronics and communication engineering blended by
research and innovation in tune with changing technological and cultural challenges supported with leadership
qualities, ethical and moral values.
Mission of the School

• Establish a unique learning environment to enable the students to face the challenges in the field of
Electronics and Communication Engineering and explore multidisciplinary which serve the societal
requirements.
• Create state-of-the-art laboratories, resources, and exposure to the current industrial trends to enable
students to develop skills for solving complex technological problems of current times and provide a
framework for promoting collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.
• Promote the establishment of Centres of Excellence in niche technology areas to nurture the spirit of
innovation and creativity among faculty and students.
• Offer ethical and moral value-based education by promoting activities which inculcate the
leadership qualities, patriotism and set high benchmarks to serve the society
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
The Program Educational Objectives of B. Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering

are as follows:
PEO -1: To have successful professional careers in industry, government, academia, and military as innovative
engineers.
PEO -2: To successfully solve engineering problems associated with the lifecycle of Electronics and
Communication Systems either leading a team or as a team member.
PEO -3: To continue to learn and advance their careers through activities such as participation in professional
organizations, attainment of professional certification for lifelong
learning and seeking higher education.
PEO -4: To be active members ready to serve the society locally and internationally and will undertake
entrepreneurship for the growth of economy and to generate employment.
Program Outcomes (POs)
On successful completion of the program, the graduates of B. Tech. (Electronics and

Communication Engineering) program will be able to:
 PO-1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals for the solution of complex problems in Electronics and communication Engineering.
 PO-2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze engineering problems
to arrive at substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural, and engineering
sciences.
 PO-3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components, processes to meet the specifications with consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
 PO-4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide
valid conclusions.
 PO-5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
 PO-6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
 PO-7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
 PO-8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
 PO-9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
 PO-10: Communication: Communicate effectively with the engineering community and with
society at large. Be able to comprehend and write effective reports documentation. Make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 PO-11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in
a team. Manage projects in multidisciplinary environments.
 PO-12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
On successful completion of the program, the graduates of B. Tech. (Electronics and

Communication Engineering) program will be able to:
PSO-1: Isolate and solve complex problems in the domains of Electronics and Communication Engineering
using latest hardware and software tools and technologies, along with analytical and managerial skills to arrive
at cost effective and optimum solutions either independently or as a team.
PSO-2: Implant the capacity to apply the concepts of electronics, communications, signal processing, VLSI,
embedded systems, etc. in the design, development and implementation of application oriented engineering
systems.
PSO-3: Design, Model, Analyze and Build Electronics and Communication Systems to solve real life and
industry problems.
Contents
Sl. No TITLE PAGE No.
Introduction To Microcontroller-8051 6
Introduction to Keil tool 24
 sample Programs
PART-A Experiment.1 30
Data Transfer Instructions: Block Data Transfer and Exchange
between internal and external Data memory with and without
1 overlap, Sorting, largest and smallest number in an array.
Experiment.2 46
2 Arithmetic Instructions: 32-bit multi-precision Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication of 2 16-bit numbers and Division
(16-bit by 8 bit)
Experiment.3 53
Logical Instructions: 8x8 multiplication using shift Add technique.
3 ASCII to packed BCD and Vice versa, Code Conversions. Exchange
Two numbers without the use of 3rd location. Implementation of
Boolean expressions (Bit Manipulation)
Experiment.4 57
4 Timers: Wave form generation with varying Duty Cycle using
Interrupt and Polling Techniques
Experiment.5 62
5 Serial Communication: Serial data transmission with Polling and
Interrupt technique (Regular and Look up table)
PART-B
8051 interfacing with the different Modules
Experiment.1 68
6 Interfacing DAC to 8051 and generating the following wave forms:
 Triangle wave
 Square wave with varying amplitude and
frequency
 Sine wave
 Ramp wave
7 Experiment.2 71
Stepper control interface to 8051 and
8 Experiment.3 76
DC motor control interface to 8051.
REVA University School of ECE
9 Experiment.4 78
Interfacing Alphanumeric LCD panel and Hex keypad input to 8051.
10 Experiment.5 81
Count the incoming pulses using counters.
Challenge Experiment 83
Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|2

MICROCONTROLLERS and APPLICATION’S LAB
SYLLABUS
Sub Code: B20EN0407 IA Marks: 20
Hrs/Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 42 Exam Marks: 30
Section-A
(Assembly Language Programming)
1. Data Transfer Instructions: Data Transfer between internal and external RAM
with and without overlap, Sorting, largest and smallest number in an array and
exchange.
2. Arithmetic Instructions: 32 bit multi-precision Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication of 2 16 bit numbers and Division (16-bit by 8 bit).
3. Logical Instructions: 8x8 multiplication using shift Add technique. ASCII to
packed BCD and vice versa. Exchange 2 numbers without the use of 3rd
location. Implementation of Boolean expressions (Bit Manipulation).
4. Timers: Wave form generation with varying Duty Cycle using Interrupt and Polling
Techniques.
5. Serial Communication: Serial data transmission with Polling and Interrupt
technique (Regular and look up table).
Section-B
(Embedded C Programming)
1. Interfacing DAC to generate various waveforms with output voltage
varying between -12V to 12V with Amplitude and Frequency control.
2. Stepper motor interfacing by controlling the steps and direction.
3. DC Motor speed control using external interrupt.
4. Display the ASCII value of Key pressed on LCD.
5. Count the incoming pulses using counters.
CHALLENGING EXPERIMENT
1. Elevator interface to 8051.
2. Simple Calculator using 6 digit seven segment displays and Hex
Keyboard interface to 8051.

Course Objectives:
1. Introduce Microcontroller 8051 Architecture.

2. Give an insight into instruction set of microcontroller 8051.
3. Introduce assembly and C programming for 8051.
4. Provide insight into timer, serial communication and interrupts modules of 8051.
5. Interface a microcontroller with peripheral devices.
Course outcomes:
After completion of the course a student will be able to: \Analyze a given problem and
design a suitable embedded system using microcontroller 8051.
1. Apply the knowledge of programming in assembly language and C language to

receive data, process it and control the various actuators.
2. Summarize the embedded system design and operations using microcontroller 8051.

Introduction to Microcontrollers:
A microcontroller can be compared to a small stand-alone computer; it is a very powerful device,

which is capable of executing a series of preprogrammed tasks and interacting with other hardware
devices. Being packed in a tiny integrated circuit (IC) whose size and weight is usually negligible,
it is becoming the perfect controller for robots or any machines requiring some kind of intelligent
automation. A single microcontroller can be sufficient to control a small mobile robot, an
automatic washer machine or a security system. Any microcontroller contains a memory to store
the program to be executed, and a number of input/output lines that can be used to interact with
other devices, like reading the state of a sensor or controlling a motor.
Nowadays, microcontrollers are so cheap and easily available that it is common to use them
instead of simple logic circuits like counters for the sole purpose of gaining some design flexibility
and saving some space. Some machines and robots will even rely on a multitude of
microcontrollers, each one dedicated to a certain task. Most recent microcontrollers are 'In System
Programmable', meaning that you can modify the program being executed, without removing the
microcontroller from its place.
Today, microcontrollers are an indispensable tool for the robotics hobbyist as well as for the
engineer. Starting in this field can be a little difficult, because you usually can't understand how
everything works inside that integrated circuit, so you have to study the system gradually, a small
part at a time, until you can figure out the whole image and understand how the system works.
Comparison of Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microprocessor and Microcontroller differ in their functionalities. Microprocessor has more

generalized functions, whereas Microcontroller is more specific to its task.
A Microprocessor may not be programmed to handle real-time tasks but Microcontroller in

devices that need to control temperature of water or perhaps measure the temperature of a room
require real time monitoring and therefore with its inbuilt set of instructions the microcontroller
works on its own.
Microprocessor requires constant input by a human such as in a personal computer so that

instructions can be booted. Microprocessor is the memory of the computing machine
Whereas the microcontroller integrates the entire computer in a single chip. Not only does it have
the memory embedded in it but also has input and output ports plus peripherals such as timers and
converters. All this can be handled with a single touch.

The 8051 microcontroller architecture
The 8051 is the name of a big family of microcontrollers. The device which we are going to use
along this tutorial is the 'AT89S52' which is a typical 8051 microcontroller manufactured by
Atmel™. Note that this part doesn't aim to explain the functioning of the different components of an
89S52 microcontroller, but rather to give you a general idea of the organization of the chip and the
available features, which shall be explained in detail along this tutorial.
The block diagram provided by Atmel™ in their datasheet showing the architecture the 89S52
device can seem very complicated, and since we are going to use the C high level language to
program it, a simpler architecture can be represented as the figure
This figures shows the main features and components that the designer can interact with. You can
notice that the 89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of
32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the
state of a sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that they
can be used for two different functions: the first one is to perform input/output operations and the
second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external
pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial
data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software.
Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8-bit variable called
'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/output pin. You can also notice two different
memory types: RAM and EEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store variable during program
execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program itself, that's why it is often
referred to as the 'program memory'. The memory organization will be discussed in detail later.
The special features of the 89S52 microcontroller are grouped in the blue box at the bottom of figure
at this stage of the tutorial, it is just important to note that the 89S52 incorporates hardware circuits
that can be used to prevent the processor from executing various repetitive tasks and save processing
power for more complex calculations. Those simple tasks can be counting the number of external
pulses on a pin, or generating precise timing sequences.

It is clear that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the microcontrollers; it is the CPU
that will Read the program from the FLASH memory and execute it by interacting with the
different peripherals discussed above.
Features of 8051:
The main features of 8051 microcontroller are:
1) RAM – 128 Bytes (Data memory)

2) ROM – 4Kbytes (ROM signify the on – chip program space)
3) Serial Port – Using UART makes it simpler to interface for serial communication.
4) Two 16 bit Timer/Counter
5) Input/output Pins – 4 Ports of 8 bits each on a single chip.
6) Five Interrupt Sources

8) Harvard Memory Architecture – It has 16 bit Address bus (each of RAM and ROM) and 8
bit Data Bus.
9) 8051 can execute 1 million one cycle instructions per second with a clock frequency of
12MHz.
This microcontroller is also called as “System on a chip” because it has all the features on a
single chip
AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller
Description
AT89C51RD2/ED2 is high performance CMOS Flash version of the 80C51 CMOS single chip
8- bit microcontroller. It contains a 64-Kbyte Flash memory block for code and for data. The 64-
Kbytes Flash memory can be programmed either in parallel mode or in serial mode with the ISP
capability or with software. The programming voltage is internally generated from the standard
VCC pin.
The AT89C51RD2/ED2 retains all of the features of the Atmel 80C51 with 256 bytes of
internal RAM, a 5 source 4-level interrupt controller and three timer/counters. The
AT89C51ED2 provides 2048 bytes of EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage.
In addition, the AT89C51RD2/ED2 has a Programmable Counter Array, an XRAM of 1792
bytes, a Hardware Watchdog Timer, SPI interface, Keyboard, a more versatile serial channel
that facilitates multiprocessor communication (EUART) and a speed improvement mechanism
(X2Mode).
The fully static design of the AT89C51RD2/ED2 allows reducing system power consumption
by bringing the clock frequency down to any value, including DC, without loss of data.
The AT89C51RD2/ED2 has 2 software-selectable modes of reduced activity and an 8- bit clock
prescaler for further reduction in power consumption. In the Idle mode the CPU is frozen while
the peripherals and the interrupt system are still operating. In the Power- down mode the RAM
is saved and all other functions are inoperative.
The added features of the AT89C51RD2/ED2 make it more powerful for applications that need
pulse width modulation, high speed I/O and counting capabilities such as alarms, motor control,
corded phones, and smart card readers.

INTERUPTS
Five sources of interrupt (both external and internal).

Two External interrupts INTO and INTI are provided with push button switches: these
can also be used as general-purpose switches.
I/O (Port) Lines Four 10-pin connectors for all the 32 I/O lines. P0, P1 and P2 Port lines
are available on a 26-pin connector, 16X2 LCD & SERIAL I/O are also available.

Creating and compiling a µ vision 3 project

1) Double Click on the µ vision 3 icon on the desktop
2) If there is any project opened, close it by selecting close project option from project
menu of the Keil µ vision IDE menu bar.
3) Click on project menu and select new µ vision project.

4) Create new project window will open. Select the location new volume (D) drive.
Create one new folder & open that folder.
5) Write file name. There is no need give any extension along with the project name, as keil
will automatically assign. Click on save.
Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 10

6) Select the device for the application through the provided Device Database in Select
device for target ‘target1’ window. (Device database – Atmel – AT89C51ED2) and
click OK.

7) Keil µ vision IDE will ask for Copy standard 8051 startup code to project folder
and add file to project? Click on NO.
8) Observe the project workspace window, which is on the left side of the Keil IDE, It will
contain Target1 and Sourcegroup1.

9) Select File from the menu bar and choose New.
10) Select File from menu bar and select SaveAS.

11)A window called Save As will open and prompt for the location where to store the file.
For convenience sake, save this file in the same folder where the project has created.
12) While naming the file, if program is written in ‘C’ language save file with .C extension
(Ex---test.C), or if the program is written in Assembly language save ASM file
with .ASM extension Ex---test.ASM).
13) Write complete program. Select File click Save.

14)Right click on Source Group 1 in project Workspace window and click on Add files
to group ‘Source Group 1’ or double click on Source Group 1 to add the required
files to the project.
15) Select the required .C or .ASM (.A51) files and click on Add & click on closebutton.

16)From Project menu select Build target option. This will generate the output
file in OMF51 format. If there are any errors or warnings rectify them and
rebuild the target.
17) If it shows 0 errors on output window, then the program is ready toexecute.

18) From Project menu select Options for Target ‘Target 1’option.
19)Select Target in the Options for Target ‘Target 1’ window. Change crystal frequency
Xtal (MHz) = 11.0592 &select at same window click Debug.

20)To work in simulator mode (i.e. without hardware select Use Simulator radio button or
to downloaded to hardware, select keil monitor radio button and from drop down menu
Keil Monitor 51 Driver &click OK.
To download the program to hardware kit follows steps from step 21 to 25.
21)Check Load Application at Startup option and if it is a C program then check
Run to main () option.

22) If mode of communication is in USB cable then Right click on My Computer icon on
desktop and select Manage option.
23) In the Computer Management window select Device manager, expand the Ports
(COM & LPT) option observe the port number assigned to ESA MCB51.
Close the Computer Management window.

24) Open the Keil window, from Project menu and select Option for Target ‘Target 1”
option. Click Debug &select Settings.
25) Select the COM port &click OK.
26)Select Debug menu. Click Start/Stop Debug Session & click run.

27) Once program is loaded in the hardware kit, observe the output. Before stopping the
debug session (i.e., by selecting stop debug on µ vision window) press RESET button
in ESA MCB 51kit compulsorily.
Note: To access data RAM area type address as D: 0020h.

Similarly to access the DPTR region (XRAM-present on chip in AT89C51 ED2) say 9000h
location type in X: 09000H.

Sample programs
Write result of the following instructions below for each example
Data Movement operation

Example: 01
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov r0,#34h
mov a,#24h
mov a, r0 ;Check the change in the content of A and R0 if any
Here: sjmp here
end
Example: 02
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov a,00h ;(A) = and (R0) =
mov r0,#24h
mov 24h,#20h ; contents of RAM location 24h=
mov a,@r0 ; Check the change in the content of A and R0 if
any here: sjmp here
end
Example: 03
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov a, #40h ; (A) =
mov dptr,#34h ;(DPTR)=
movx @dptr,a ;comments on this instruction
mov a,#00h
movx a,@dptr
here: sjmp here
end

Example: 04
org 0000h
mov DPTR,#1234h ; (DPTR)=
mov a,#00h ;(a)=
movc a,@a+DPTR
here:sjmp here
end ; comment on this instruction and check out
the respective
Register and memory location ontent
Addition operation
Example: 05
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov r1,#27h ; (r1)=
mov a,#45h ; (a)=
add a, #34h ; (a) =
add a,r1 ;( a)= (r1)=
add a,01h ;(a)= (01)=
add a,@r1 ; observation on this instruction
addc a,#34h ;(PSW)= (a)= (r1)=
addc a,r1 ;(PSW)= (a)= (r1)=
addc a ,01h ;(PSW)= (a)= (r1)=
addc a,@r1 ; comment on this
instruction here: sjmp here
end
Example: 06
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov r1,#27h ;( r1)=
mov a,#45h ; (a)=
subb a,#34h ;(a)= (psw)=
subb a,r1 ;(a)= (r1)=
subb a,01h ;(a) (psw)=
subb a,@r1 ; comment on this instruction & check the content of
The required register
here: sjmp here
end

Multiplication and Division

operation Example: 07
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov b,#27h ;(b)=
mov a,#45h ;(a)=
Mul ab ;(a)= (b)=
here: sjmp here
End
Example: 08
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov b, #27h ;(b) =
mov a, #45h ;(a)=
div ab ;(a)= (b) =
here: sjmp here
end
Rotate Operation
Example: 09
org 0000h
mov a, ;(a)=
#66h clr c
rl a ;(a)= flag C=
rlc a ;(a)= flag C=
rr a ;(a)= flag C=
rrc a ;(a)= flag C=
here: sjmp here
end

Boolean operation
Example: 10
AND Operation
org 0000h
mov a,#23h ;(a)=
mov r1,#45h ;(r1)=
anl a,r1 ;(a)= (r1)=
anl a,01h ; Comment on this instruction and check out of the respective
registers
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 11
OR Operation
org 0000h
mov a, #23h ;(a)=
mov r1, #41h ;(r1)=
orl a,#56h ;(a)=
orl a,r1 ;(a)= (r1)=
orl a,@r1 ; Comment on this instruction
anl a,01h ;(a)= (r1)=
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 12
EX-OR Operation
org 00h
mov a,#23h
mov r1,@45h
xrl a,@56h
orl a,r1
orl a,@r1
anl a,01h
here:sjmp here
end

Example: 13
COMPLIMENT instruction
org 0000h
mov a,#23h ; (a)=
cpl a ; (a)=
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 14
Clear Instruction
org 0000h
mov a,#34h ; (a)=
clr a ;(a)=
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 15
Exchange Operation
org 0000h
mov a,#23h ; (a) =
mov r1,#45h ;(r1)
xcha,@r1 ; (a)
= xch a,01h
xch a,@r1
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 16
Increment & Decrement Operations
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov a,#45h ; (a)=
mov r1,#27h ; (r1)=
dec r1 ;(r1)=
dec a
dec @r1
inc r1 ; (r1)=
inc a ; (a)=
inc @r1
Inc dptr ; (dptr)=
end

Example: 17
Decimal Adjustment operations
org 0000h
mov b, #27h ; (b)=
mov a,#45h ; (a)=
add ab ; (a)=
da a ; (a)=
here: sjmp here
end
Example: 18
Jump Operations
org 0000h
sjmp 30h
org 30h
mov a,#55h ;(a)=
mov r1,#34h ;(r1)=
add a,r1 ; (a)=
jc loop
jnc loop1
jb c,loop
jnb c,loop1
jbc 08h,loop
Loop: clr c ; c flag =

loop1: setb c ; c flag
= mov a, #45h ;(a)=
mov r1,#45h ;(r1)=
mov 45h,#45h ; (45h)=
cjne a, 01h,loop
cjne r1,#45h,loop
cjne @r1,#45h,loop
djnz 45h,loop1
dec a ;(a)=
jz loop ;(pc)=
jnz loop1 ; (pc)=
end

1. A
Write an assembly language program to transfer n=05 bytes of data From Internal
Memory location 30h to location 40h (without overlap).
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0, #30H // Initialize R0 with lower byte of source starting address
MOV R1, #40H // Initialize R1 with lower byte of destination starting
address MOV R2, #05H // R2 is used as a counter
BACK: MOV A,@R0 //Transfer the contents of source to
accumulator MOV @R1, A //Data of accumulator stored in destination
INC R0 // Increment source pointer
INC R1 // Increment destination pointer
DJNZ R2, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the
Counter is zero
HERE: SJMP
HERE END
RESULT:
Before Execution: 5 locations D: 30H are filled up with data.
After Execution: 05 location D: 40H are filled up with data from 30H.

B.
Write an External memory assembly language program to transfer n=10 bytes of data
from location 8035H to location 8050H (without overlap).
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV DPH, #80H //Initialize DPH with higher byte of source and destination address
MOV R1,#50H // Initialize R1 with lower byte of destination starting address
MOV R3,#0AH // R3 is used as a counter
BACK: MOV DPL, R0 // Load DPL with lower byte of source address
MOVX A,@dptr //Transfer the contents of source to accumulator
MOV DPL,R1 // Load DPL with lower byte of destination address
MOVX @dptr,A // Data of accumulator stored in

destination INC R0 // Increment source pointer
DJNZ R3, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the counter is zero
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution: 10 locations X: 8035H are filled up with data.
After Execution: 10 location X: 8050H are filled up with data from 8035H.

C.
Transfer 10bytes of data from 40H address to Lower address with overlap of 4bytes
(Internal memory)
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0, #40H // Initialize R0 with lower byte of source starting
address MOV R1, #3AH // Initialize R1 with lower byte of destination
starting address
MOV R2, #0AH // R2 is used as a counter
BACK: MOV A,@R0 //Transfer the contents of source
to accumulator
MOV @R1, A //Data of accumulator stored in
destination INC R0 // Increment source pointer
DJNZ R2, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the
counter iszero
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution: 10 locations D: 40H are filled up with data.
After Execution: 10 location D: 3AH are filled up with data from 3AH.

D.
Transfer 10bytes of data from 8035H address to Lower address with overlap of
4bytes (External memory)
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV DPH,#80H //Initialize DPH with higher byte of source and destination address
MOV R0,#35H // Initialize R0 with higher byte of source starting address
MOV R1,#2FH // Initialize R1 with higher byte of destination starting address
BACK: MOV DPL, R0 // Load DPL with higher byte of source address
MOV DPL,R1 // Load DPL with higher byte of destination address
MOVX @dptr,A // Data of accumulator stored in destination
INC R0 // increment source pointer
INC R1 // increment destination pointer
DJNZ R3, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the counter is zero
HERE: SJMP
HERE END
RESULT:
Before Execution: 10 locations X: 8035H are filled up with data.
After Execution: 10 location X: 802FH are filled up with data from 8035H.

E.
Transfer 10bytes of data from 40H address to Higher address with overlap of 4bytes
(internal memory)
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R1, #4FH // Initialize R1 with lower byte of destination starting
address MOV R2, #0AH // R2 is used as a counter
BACK: MOV A,@R0 //Transfer the contents of source to
accumulator MOV @R1, A //Data of accumulator stored in destination
DEC R0 // Decrement source pointer
DEC R1 // Decrement destination pointer
DJNZ R2, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the counter is
zero HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

F.
Transfer 10bytes of data from 8035H address to higher address with overlap of
4bytes (External memory)
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV DPH, #80H //Initialize DPH with higher byte of source and destination address
MOV R0, #3EH // Initialize R0 with lower byte of source ending address
MOV R1,#44H // Initialize R1 with lower byte of destination ending address
BACK: MOV DPL, R0 // Load DPL with lower byte of source address
MOV DPL,R1 // Load DPL with lower byte of destination address
MOVX @dptr,A // Data of accumulator stored in destination
DEC R0 // decrement source pointer
DEC R1 // decrement destination pointer
DJNZ R3, BACK //Decrement the counter and repeat the loop until the counter is
zero
HERE: SJMP HERE

END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:
Algorithm
1. Initialize registers to hold count data & also the source & destination addresses.
2. Get data from source location into accumulator and transfer to the destination location.
3. Decrement the count register and repeat step 2 till count is zero
Note: For data transfer with overlap start transferring data from the last location
of source array to the last location of the destination array

G.
Sort an array of 10 numbers from 30H in the internal memory in ascending order and store
the smallest element in 40 Location and in 41 location specify the memory address where the
smallest element is present in the sorted array.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R2, #09H //initialize the phase counter with n-1
LOC3:MOV R0, #30H // initialize array address
MOV 03H, 02H //initialize the comparison
counter LOC2:MOV A,@R0 //read the first byte
INC R0
CLR C
SUBB A,@R0 // compare the data with next byte
JC LOC1 // if smaller the then exchange the 2bytes in
array XCH A,@R0
DEC R0
XCH A,@R0
INC R0
XCH A,@R0
LOC1: DJNZ R3, LOC2 // decrement comparison counter
MOV R1,#40H
DEC R0
MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1,A
INC R1
MOV A,R0
MOV @R1,A
DJNZ R2, LOC3 // after each phase repeat the process for n-1 cycles
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution: Unsorted array at 30h.
After Execution: Sorted Array (Ascending order) at 30H.

H.
Sort an array of 10 numbers from 30H in the internal memory in descending order and store
the smallest element in 40 Location and in 41 location specify the memory address where
the largest element is present in the sorted array.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R2, #09H //initialize the phase counter with n-1
LOC3:MOV R0, #30H // initialize array address
MOV 03H, 02H //initialize the comparison
counter LOC2:MOV A,@R0 //read the first byte
INC R0
CLR C
SUBB A,@R0 // compare the data with next byte
JNC LOC1 // if smaller the then exchange the 2bytes in
array XCH A,@R0
DEC R0
XCH A,@R0
INC R0
XCH A,@R0
LOC1: DJNZ R3, LOC2 // decrement comparison counter
MOV R1,#40H
DEC R0
MOV A,@R0
MOV @R1,A
INC R1
MOV A,R0
MOV @R1,A
DJNZ R2, LOC3 // after each phase repeat the process for n-1 cycles
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution: Unsorted array at D: 30h.
After Execution: Sorted Array (Descending order) at D: 30h.

I.
Write an assembly language program to an to sort an array of n=6 bytes of data in
Ascending order stored from location 9000h. (use bubble sort algorithm)
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#05H //count (N-1) array size = N
LOC1:MOV DPTR,#9000h //array stored from address
9000h MOV R1,#04h //initialize exchange counter
LOC2:MOVX A,@DPTR //get number from array and store in B
register MOV B,A
INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR //next number in the array
CLR C //reset borrow flag
MOV R2,A //store in R2
SUBB A,B //2nd-1stNo.,since no compare instruction in 8051
JNC noexchg // JC -FOR ASCENDING ORDER
MOV A,B //exhange the 2 noes in the array
MOVX @DPTR,A
DEC DPL //DEC DPTR-instruction not
present MOV A,R2
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC DPTR
noexchg: DJNZ R1,LOC2 //decrement compare
counter DJNZ R0,LOC1 //decrement pass counter
End
RESULT:
Before Execution: Unsorted array at X: 9000h.
After Execution: Sorted Array (Ascending order) at X: 9000h.

J.
Write an assembly language program to an to sort an array of n=6 bytes of data in
Descending order stored from location 9000h. (use bubble sort algorithm)
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#05H //count (N-1) array size = N
LOC1:MOV DPTR,#9000h //array stored from address
9000h MOV R1,#05h //initialize exchange counter
LOC2:MOVX A,@DPTR //get number from array and store in B
register MOV B,A
INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR //next number in the array
CLR C //reset borrow flag
MOV R2,A //store in R2
SUBB A,B //2nd-1stNo.,since no compare instruction in 8051
JC noexchg // JC -FOR DESCENDING ORDER
MOV A,B //exhange the 2 noes in the array
MOVX @DPTR,A
DEC DPL //DEC DPTR-instruction not
present MOV A,R2
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC DPTR
noexchg: DJNZ R1,LOC2 //decrement compare
counter DJNZ R0,LOC1 //decrement pass counter
End
RESULT:
Before Execution: Unsorted array at X: 9000h.
After Execution: Sorted Array (Ascending order) at X: 9000h.

K.
Write an assembly language program to exchange n=5 bytes of data from Internal
memory location 30h to location 40h
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0, #30H // Initialize the array1
MOV R1, #40H // Initialize the array2
MOV R2, #05H // Initialize the counter
BACK: XCH A,@R0 //exchange accumulator with array1 data
XCH A,@R1 //exchange accumulator with array2 data
XCH A,@R0 //exchange accumulator with array1 data
INC R0
INC R1 // Increment pointers
DJNZ R2, BACK // repeat till the end of array
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

2. A
Wap to ADD 32bit No. Stored Starting from Memory Location 40H aand 50H onwards store
The result starting from 60h onwards .
N1:98795432H.
N2:89ABCD58H.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#40H
MOV R1,#60H
MOV R2,#04
SETB PSW.3
MOV R1,#50H
CLR PSW.3
CLR C
BACK:MOV A,@R0
SETB PSW.3
ADDC A,@R1
INC R1
CLR PSW.3
MOV @R1,A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2,BACK
JNC EXIT
INC @R1
EXIT:NOP
HERE:SJMP HERE
END

RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

2. B
Subtract a 32 bit number store in 40H from 50H and store the result in 60H
locations in the external memory.
N1: 89ABCD58H.
N2: 98795432H.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#40H
MOV R1,#60H
MOV R2,#04
SETB PSW.3
MOV R1,#50H
CLR PSW.3
CLR C
BACK:MOV A,@R0
SETB PSW.3
SUBB A,@R1
INC R1
CLR PSW.3
MOV @R1,A
INC R0
INC R1
DJNZ R2,BACK
JNC EXIT
INC @R1
EXIT:NOP
HERE:SJMP HERE
END

RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

2. C
A 16bit Number is Stored in Memory Location 40H onwards and an 8bit Number is
Stored in Memory Location 50H WAP to Multiply these 2 Numbers and Store the Result
From 60H Onwards.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV R0,#40H
MOV R1,#60H
MOV B,50H
MOV A,@R0
MUL AB
MOV R7,B
MOV @R1,A
MOV B,50H
INC R0
MOV A,@R0
MUL AB
MOV R6,B
ADD A,R7
INC R1
MOV @R1,A
CLR A
ADDC A,R6
INC R1
MOV @R1,A
HERE:SJMP HERE
END

RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

3. A
Convert number from BCD to ASCII stored in 50H and store the result in thenext
Location.
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30h
ORG 30h
MOV R1, #50H //get BCD data byte from RAM location 50h
MOV A,@R1
MOV R2, A //store inR2
ANL A, #0FH //get the lower nibble
ORL A, #30H //ADD/or with 30h i..e., 0-9 converted to 30-39h
INC R1
MOV @R1, A // store the lower digit’s
MOV A, R2 //get back the
number
SWAP A //swap nibbles in A
ANL A, #0FH //get the upper BCD
digit ORL A, #30H // convert to ASCII
INC R1
MOV @R1, A //store the upper digit’s ASCIL codes-38h 32h
HERE: SJMP HERE
END
RESULT:
The BCD code 85 at D: 0050h is converted to ASCII code-35h 38h.

3. B
Convert number from ASCII to BCD stored in 0035H and 0036H in the external memory
and store the result in the next location
ORG 0000H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV DPTR,
#35H MOVX
A,@DPTR ANL A,
#0FH MOV B, A
INC DPTR
MOVX A,@DPTR
ANL A, #0FH
SWAP A
ORL A, B
MOV DPTR, #37H
MOVX @DPTR, A
HERE: SJMP
HERE END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

3. C
Exchange the contents of accumulator and 31H location in the internal memory
Without a third location or XCHG instruction.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
XRL A, 31H
XRL 31H, A
XRL A, 31H
HERE: SJMP
HERE END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:

3. D
Calculate the output of a Boolean expression Y=ABC+A’B’C’+AB’C given
A=24.0, B=24.1, C=24.2, Y=24.3 locations in the internal memory.
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV C, 20H //CARRY = A
ANL C, 21H //CARRY = AB
ANL C, 22H //CARRY =ABC
MOV 23H, C // Y=CARRY
CPL C //CARRY = A’
ANL C, /21H //CARRY = A’B’
ANL C, /22H //CARRY = A’B’C’
ORL C, 23H //CARRY=Y+CARRY=ABC+A’B’C’
MOV 23H, C //Y=CARRY=ABC+A’B’C’
ANL C, /21H //CARRY = AB’
ANL C, 22H //CARRY = AB’C
ORL C, 23H //CARRY=Y+CARRY=ABC+A’B’C’ +AB’C
MOV 23H, C //Y=CARRY=ABC+A’B’C’ +AB’C
HERE: SJMP
HERE END
RESULT:
Before Execution:
After Execution:
Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 P a g e | 48

4. A
Generate a square wave of 40% duty cycle on port 1.0 of 1 KHz using polling technique.
Calculation:
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV TMOD, #01H //TIMER 0 MODE1
LOC3: SETB P1.0 // SET PORT
LINE MOV TL0, #8FH
MOV TH0, #0FEH //TIMER VALUE TO GENERATE 400us delay
SETB TR0 //start timer
LOC1: JNB TF0, LOC1 //wait till time laps
CPL P1.0 //reset port line
CLR TF0 // clear timer0
flag MOV TL0, #0D7H
MOV TH0, #0FDH //TIMER VALUE TO GENERATE 600us delay
LOC2: JNB TF0, LOC2 //wait till time laps
CLR TF0 // clear timer0 flag
SJMP LOC3 // repeat infinitely
END

RESULT:
ON PERIED:
OFF PERIED:

4. B
Generate a square wave of 40% duty cycle on port 1.0 of 1 KHz using interrupts.
Calculation:
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 0BH //Timer 0 interrupt vector address
CPL P1.0 //compliment port line
SJMP ISR_TMR0 //timer 0 interrupt service routine
ORG 30H
MOV TMOD, #01H //timer 0 mode1
MOV IE, #82H // enable interrupts
SETB P1.0 // set port
line MOV TL0, #0BFH
MOV TH0, #0FEH //TIMER VALUE TO GENERATE 400us delay
SETB TR0 // start timer0
HERE: SJMP HERE // infinite loop
// Interrupt Service Routine
ISR_TMR0: CLR TF0 //clear flag
JB P1.0, LOC1 //if port line is set then set delay to 400us else 600us
MOV TL0, #0D7H
MOV TH0,
#0FDH RETI
LOC1: MOV TL0,
#8FH MOV TH0,
#0FEH RETI
END

RESULT:
ON PERIED:
OFF PERIED:

4.C
Generate a square wave of 5ms ON period, 15ms OFF period, 10ms on period and
20ms OFF period and repeat infinitely using polling technique and look up table.
Calculation:
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV TMOD, #01H //timer0 mode1
SETB P1.0 // set timer
MOV TL0, #04H
MOV TH0, #0EEH //TIMER VALUE TO GENERATE 5ms delay
SETB TR0 // start timer
LOC3: MOV R3, #04H // 4 different delays
MOV DPTR, #ARRAY // Initialize to first location in the Look Up
Table LOC2: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR //Read data from Look up Table
MOV R2, A // Initialize counter
LOC1: JNB TF0, LOC1 //wait till the time laps
CLR TF0
MOV TL0, #04H
MOV TH0, #0EEH //TIMER VALUE TO GENERATE 5ms delay
DJNZ R2, LOC1 //check if the delay is generated the number times as
specified in Look up Table
CPL P1.0 //compliment port line
INC DPTR
DJNZ R3, LOC2 //repeat till the number of times specified in the Look up Table
SJMP LOC3 //repeat the cycle infinitely
ARRAY: DB 01H, 04H, 02H, 03H //Initialization of Look up Table
END

RESULT:

4. D
Generate a square wave of 5ms ON period, 15ms OFF period, 10ms on period and 20ms OFF
period and repeat infinitely using interrupt and look up table
Note: The algorithm is a combination of the algorithms of program 4b and 4c
Calculation:
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 0BH
SJMP ISR_TMR0
ORG 30H
MOV TMOD, #01H
MOV IE, #82H
SETB P1.0
MOV TL0, #04H
MOV TH0,
#0EEH SETB TR0
MOV DPTR, #ARRAY
CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV R2, A
INC DPTR
MOV R3,
#03H
HERE: SJMP HERE
ISR_TMR0: CLR TF0
MOV TL0, #04H
MOV TH0, #0EEH
DJNZ R2, LOC1
CPL P1.0

CLR A

MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV R2, A
INC DPTR
DJNZ R3, LOC1
MOV DPTR, #ARRAY
MOV R3, #04H
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV R2, A
LOC1: RETI
ARRAY: DB 01H, 04H, 02H, 03H
END
RESULT:

5. A
Transfer the “REVA University” through serial port at a baud rate of 9600 using polling
technique
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 30H
MOV TMOD, #20H //Timer1 in mode2
MOV TH1, #0FDH
MOV TL1, #0FDH // for 9600 baudrate
MOV SCON, #50H //enable serial reception in standard UART mode
SETB TR1 //start timer 1
MOV R2, #0FH // Initialize to number of characters in the LUT to be displayed
MOV DPTR, #ARRAY //Initialize the LUT
address LOC1: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR //Read the value from LUT
ACALL TRANS // Display function
INC DPTR // Point to the next data byte to be displayed
DJNZ R2, LOC1 //Repeat till all the bytes are
displayed LOC2: SJMP LOC2
TRANS: MOV SBUF, A //write data to the buffer

LOC3: JNB TI, LOC3 // wait till the data is
transferred CLR TI
RET
ARRAY: DB "REVA UNIVERSITY"
END
RESULT:

5. B
Transfer the “REVA University” through serial port at a baud rate of 9600 using SERIAL
INTERRUPT
ORG 00H
SJMP 30H
ORG 23H //Interrupt vector address of serial
interrupt CLR TI
SJMP ISR_SI // Interrupt service routine of serial interrupt
ORG 30H
MOV IE, #90H //enable serial interrupt
MOV TMOD, #20H // timer1
mode2 MOV TH1, #0FDH
MOV TL1, #0FDH //set baud rate to 9600
MOV SCON, #50H //enable serial
reception SETB TR1 //start timer1
MOV R2, #0FH // Number of characters to be
displayed MOV DPTR, #ARRAY //Initialize the pointer to LUT
CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR //Read the first byte in the
LUT MOV SBUF, A // write to buffer
INC DPTR // increment the pointer
HERE: SJMP HERE
// ISR for serial interrupt

ISR_SI: DJNZ R2, LOC1 //return if all the characters are displayed else read the
next character and write it into buffer
RETI
LOC1: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV SBUF, A
INC DPTR
RETI
ARRAY: dB "REVA UNIVERSITY”
END

RESULT:

HARDWAREINTERFACING
1. Waveform generation using dual DAC.

2. Stepper motor interface.
3.3X8 hexadecimal keyboard interface.
4. DC motor interface
5. Counting of pulses.
Features of Embedded C
C is a simple programming language and so very easy to code.
Embedded C has most features of C-language with more stress on certain bit
Manipulative instructions.
This feature make it easy to write program for µC and µP.
Keil is a versatile software with a cross compiler that will convert the C program to assembly language
and the program can be executed in the desired target (say 8051).
Some of the bit manipulative instructions used

are Symbol Operation
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
~ Bitwise NOT
>> Shift right
<< Shift left
^ P0.0

EXPERIMENT: 1

Dual DAC interface to generate Square waveform Triangular waveform
 Square waveform.
 Triangular waveform.
Block diagram:

1. A
Generate a square wave of 40% duty cycle on port 0 of 1 KHz using polling technique
In C language using DAC.
Algorithm for square wave generation

Let initial amplitude of the square wave be 2.5 v (7F) and frequency count 100. Output the
values 00h (OFF) and 7fh (on) values through P0.
If amplitude key is pressed them increase the voltage in steps of 0.15v (8).
If the frequency key is pressed increment the count in steps of 50.if the count exceeds 1000
reset it back to 100.
Every time amplitude and frequency change output the value through P0 and note the
waveform on CRO.
Waveform:
Program for square wave
#include <REG51xD2.H>
main ()
{
TMOD=0X01; // timer 0 mode 1
TR0=1; // start timer1
while (1)
{ P0=0x0
0;
TL0=0XD7;
TH0=0XFD; //set timer delay for 400us
while (TF0==0);
TF0=0;
P0=0xFF;
TL0=0X8F;
TH0=0XFE; //set timer delay for 600us
while (TF0==0);
TF0=0;
}
}

1. B
Generate a triangular wave on port 0 of 100Hz using polling technique in
C language using DAC.
1. Waveform:
main ()
{
unsigned char i ;
P0=0x00;
TMOD=0X02; //timer 0 mode 2
TL0=0Xdc;
TH0=0Xdc;
TR0=1;
while (1)
{ P0=0x0
0;
for (i=0; i< 127; i++) // 127 SAMPLES
{
while (TF0==0); // wait till
39us TF0=0;
P0=P0+2; // increment port value by 2

}
P0=0xff;

for (i=0; i< 127; i++) // 127 SAMPLES

{
While (TF0==0);
TF0=0;
P0=P0+0xfe; // increment port value by 2
}
}
}
1. C
Algorithm for Ramp wave generation Output the initial value 00 through
P0.
Increment it in steps of 1 until a count value of FFh (5V) is reached every time repeat step
1.
Repeat step 1 & 2.
Waveform:
Program for ramp waveform
main ()
{ unsigned char i=0;
P0=0x00; /* P0 as output port */
while (1)
{
for (i=0;i<0xff;i++) /*generate ON pulse */
{
P1=i;
P0=i;
}}}

1. D Algorithm for for sine wave
Compute different step values (θ = 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°,
300°, 330°, 360°.) of sine using the equation.
Output the values thro P0.

More the steps smoother will be sine wave.
The value sent to DAC is = 128d
Wave form
Program for sine wave
main()
{
static int a[13]={128,192,238,255,238,192,128,64,17,0,17,64,128};
unsigned char i=0;
P0 = 0x00; /*P0 output port */
while(1)
{
for(i=0;i<13;i++) /*output different values
{ P0=a[i];
P1=a[i];
}}}

1. E Algorithm for square wave generation

Let initial amplitude of the square wave be 2.5 v(7F) and frequency count 100.
Output the values 00h(OFF) and 7fh (on) values through P0.
If amplitude key is pressed them increase the voltage in steps of 0.15v(8).
If the frequency key is pressed increment the count in steps of 50.if the count exceeds
1000 reset it back to 100.
Every time amplitude and frequency change output the value thro P0 and note
thewaveform on CRO.
Waveform:
Program for square wave
sbit Amp =P3^3; /* port line to change amplitude */
sbit Fre =P3^2; /*port line to change frequency */
void delay(unsigned int X) /* delay routine */
{
for(;X>0;X--);
}
main()
{
unsigned char on = 0x7f,off=0x00;
unsigned int count = 100; while(1)
{
if (!Amp) /* if user choice to change amplitude */
{
while(!Amp); /*wait for key relese */
on+=0x08; /*increase the amplitude */
}
if(!Fre) /*if user choice is to change frequency */

{
if(count > 1000) /*if frequency exceeds 1000 reset */
count = 100;
while(!Fre); /*wait for key release */
count+=50;} /* increase the frequency
*/ P0=on; /*write amplitude to port */
P1=on;
delay(count);
P0=off; /*clear port */
P1=off;
delay(count);
}}

2. STEPERMOTOR
Stepper motor interfacing to 8051
A stepper motor translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. A conventional motor
(AC/DC motor) shaft run freely, whereas the stepper motor shaft moves in a fixed increment &
hence the shaft position can be controlled precisely, say move by 4° & stop. Stepper motors
are used for position control applications such as dot matrix printers, disk drivers, robotics,
etc.
There are two types of stepper motors (SM) --- permanent magnet SM & variable
reluctance SM, depending on the rotor type (whether permanent magnet is used or not). The
permanent magnet SM consists of a permanent magnet rotor) also called the shaft)
surrounded by a stator as shown in fig a. Generally the stator has 4 windings that are paired
with a center-tapped common as shown in fig b. The center tap allows a change of current
direction in each of the two coils, hence changing the direction of polarity in the stator poles
which return leads to a change in the direction of rotor rotation.
The rotation of the rotor in a SM along the winding energization sequence is shown in table.
Depending on the number of teeth on the stator & rotor, the stepper motor rotates fixed steps
per revolution. The commonly available number of steps for one revolution is 500, 200, 180,
144, 72, 48, and 24. The steps angle, i.e., the movement of a single step of a stepper motor is
calculated as . Say for 200 steps per revolution. The step angle is
per step.
Similarly step angle for 72steps per revolutionis .
For the 4-step switching sequence shown above, after four steps the same two windings will
be ‘ON’, i.e., the sequence repeats after every 4 steps. After completing 4 steps, the rotor moves
only one tooth pitch. Hence if the rotor has 50 teeth (each teeth is one pole), the no of steps for
one complete revolution is 4 steps x 50 rotor teeth = 200 steps / revolution. Hence for smaller
step angle (i.e., more steps / revolution), the rotor must have more teeth.
To double the number of steps/revolution, say 400 instead of 200, we follow the 8-step
sequence shown in the table. Here, with this method, step size is half the original size & hence
the 8-step sequence is called ‘half stepping’.
Normal 4-step sequence.

Windings
P0.0- Step
P0.3 # A B C D Remarks
9 1 1 0 0 1 AD-ON; BC-off
Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV

P a g e | 71
C 2 1 1 0 0 AB-ON; CD-off
6 3 0 1 1 0 AD-OFF; BC-on
3 4 0 0 1 1 AB-OFF; CD-on
Half step sequence.
Port pins Windings

P0.0-
P0.3
A B C D
Step# Remarks Action
09 1 1 0 0 1 AD = 11; BC =00 Rotor aligned with AD mid Rotor

aligned with A
A = 1; BCD =000 Rotor aligned with AB mid Rotor
08 2 1 0 0 0
aligned with B Rotor aligned with
AB = 11; CD =00 BCmid
0C 3 1 1 0 0
B = 1; A is off
04 4 0 1 0 0
AD = 00; BC = 11
06 5 0 1 1 0
02 6 0 0 1 0
03 7 0 0 1 1
01 8 0 0 0 1
9 Sequence repeats after 9thstep

P a g e | 72
Interfacing
Now for interfacing the stepper motor to 8051, we need to connect the 4 winding leads to 4 port
pins say P0.0 to P0.3. Since the port pins do not have the sufficient current, to drive the stepper
motor winding (needs > 10mA) a driver such as ULN 2003 consists of 4 sets of power transistors
(to supply more current) and associated diodes (to provide the freewheeling path to each
winding when it is made up off). Here separate power supplies are used. One for 8051 and
another for ULN 2003 & stepper motor. Figure c shows the interfacing of 8051 to astepper
motor.
Stepper motor unlike DC motor rotates in steps.

Stepper motor has 4 coils which from the stator the stator and a central rotor. Rotation
depends on excitation of stator coils.
Step coil A coil B coil C coil D

1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 1 0
Anyone these value forms the initial value. To get 360 ° revolution 200 steps are required. Step
angle = 360° /200 = 1.8°. (Difference between 2 teeth).
Block diagram:

P a g e | 73
2.A
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACE CLOCK WISE AND ANTICLOCKWISE
void delay (unsigned int x) /*Delay routine*/
{
for(;x>0;x--);return;
}
main ()
{
unsigned char Val,i;
P0=0x00;
Val = 0x11;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
P0 = Val;
Val = Val>>1; /*Val= Val>>1; for clockwise direction */
delay (500);
}
}

P a g e | 74
2.B
Rotate the stepper motor shaft at an angle of 30° clockwise 3seconds, 60°
anticlockwise for 6 seconds and 75° clockwise for 12 seconds and stop
the motor.
void delay (unsigned int
y)
{
unsigned int x;
for (; y>0;y--)
for(x=6121;x>0; x--); //delay of 46ms
return;
}
main ()
{
unsigned char Val,i,j,k,m,n,sav[3]={4,8,10},sd[3]={1,2,4};
P0=0x00;
for (j=0; j<4; j++)
{
for (k=0; k<3;k++)
{
for (m=sav[k];m>0; m--) //dependent on the total number of steps
{
n=k & 0x01;
if (n==0) // clockwise rotation if the index value is odd number else anticlockwise
{
Val = 0x08;
for (i=0; i<4;i++)
{
P0 = Val;
Val=Val>>1;
delay (sd[k]); //stepper delay dependent on the total time delay required
}
}
else
{
Val = 0x01;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
P0 = Val;
Val=Val<<1;
delay (sd[k]); //stepper delay dependent on the total time delay required
}
}
} }}
while (1);
}
P a g e | 75
3. DC MOTOR
Block diagram:

P a g e | 76
Program for DC motor

#include <REG51xD2.H.>
sbit inr=P3^2; //speed increment switch
sbit dcr=P3^3; // speed decrement switch
main ()
{
unsigned char i=0x80;
P0=0x7f; /*run the motor at half speed.*/
while (1)
{
if (!inr)
{
while (!inr);
if(i>10)
i=i-10; //increase the DC motor speed
}
if(! dcr)
{
while(!dcr);
if(i<0xf0)
i=i+10; //decrease the DC motor speed
}
P0=i;
}}

P a g e | 77
4. 3X8 HEXKEYBOARD
Block diagram:

P a g e | 78
Program for 3X8 hex keypad.

#include <reg51xd2.h>
#include "lcd.h"
unsigned char getkey();
main()
{
unsigned char key;
InitLcd(); /* initialise
lcd*/
WriteString("key pressed=");
/* display msgonlcd */
while(1)
{
GotoXY(12,0); /* set cursor
position */
key=getkey(); /* call getkey
method*/
}
}
unsigned char getkey ()
{
unsigned char i,j,k,indx, t=0,
m;
P0=0x0ff;
P1=0x0ff; P2=0x00;
indx =0x00; /* index for
storing the first value of scan
line*/
i=0xfe;
for(m=0;m<3;m++) /* for 3
scan lines*/
{
P2=i; /* write data to scan
line*/
if(P0==0xff) /* if key press
is true*/
{ i<<=
1;

P a g e | 79
i|=1;
indx += 8; /* if no key
pressed increment index */
continue;
}
t=P0; /* read read lines
connected to p0*/
t =~t;
while (P0!
=0xff);
for(j=0;j<8;j++) /* check for 8
lines*/
{
t >>=1;
if (t==0) /* if get pressed
key*/
{
k=indx+j; /* Display
that by converting to Ascii*/
t=k>>4;
t +=0x30;
WriteChar(t); /* Write upper
nibble */
t = k & 0x0f;
if(t > 9) t+=0x37;

else t+=0x30;
WriteChar(t); /* write lower
nibble */
return(indx+j); /* Return
index of the key pressed */
}
}
}
}
Note: Add hex keypad header file & library file (lcd.h&lcd-lib- it’s available in desktop) into
the Source Group

P a g e | 80
5. Count the incoming pulses using counters
#include "lcd.h"
Unsigned char getpulse();
void main(void)
{
unsigned char
key; InitLcd ();
WriteString ("No. Pulses ="); // display the string on the LCD
TH0=0;
TL0=0;
TMOD= 0X0D; //timer0 mode2 counter mode
TR0=1; // start timer0
While (1)
{
GotoXY(12,0); /* set cursor position */
key=getpulse();
}
}
unsigned char getpulse() //Display data on LCD as in the keypad program
{
unsigned char t;
P0=0x0ff;
P1=0x0ff;
P2=0x00;
t=TL0>>4;
if (t > 9)
t+=0x37;
else
t +=0x30;
WriteChar(t);
t = TL0 &
0x0f; if (t > 9)
t+=0x37;
else
t+=0x30;
WriteChar(t);
return(TL0);
}
Note: Add hex keypad header file & library file (lcd.h&lcd-lib- it’s available in desktop)
into the Source Group

P a g e | 81
Output:

P a g e | 82
Challenge Experiment:
• Interface 8051 to control an elevator.
• Interface 8051 to calculator.

P a g e | 83
Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli
Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064 Karnataka,
India.
Ph: +91- 90211 90211, +91 80 4696 6966

E-mail: admissions@reva.edu.in
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School of Electronics and

Mission of the University

Vision of the School

Mission of the School

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Program Educational Objectives of B. Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering

On successful completion of the program, the graduates of B. Tech. (Electronics and

 PO-1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

On successful completion of the program, the graduates of B. Tech. (Electronics and

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|2

MICROCONTROLLERS and APPLICATION’S LAB

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|2

1. Introduce Microcontroller 8051 Architecture.

1. Apply the knowledge of programming in assembly language and C language to

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|3

A microcontroller can be compared to a small stand-alone computer; it is a very powerful device,

Comparison of Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Microprocessor and Microcontroller differ in their functionalities. Microprocessor has more

A Microprocessor may not be programmed to handle real-time tasks but Microcontroller in

Microprocessor requires constant input by a human such as in a personal computer so that

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|4

The 8051 microcontroller architecture

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|5

The main features of 8051 microcontroller are:

1) RAM – 128 Bytes (Data memory)

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|6

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|7

Five sources of interrupt (both external and internal).

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|8

Creating and compiling a µ vision 3 project

3) Click on project menu and select new µ vision project.

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV Page|9

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 10

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 11

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 12

9) Select File from the menu bar and choose New.

10) Select File from menu bar and select SaveAS.

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 13

13) Write complete program. Select File click Save.

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 14

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 15

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 16

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 17

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 18

Close the Computer Management window.

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 19

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 20

Note: To access data RAM area type address as D: 0020h.

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 21

Data Movement operation

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 22

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 23

Multiplication and Division

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 24

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 25

Microcontrollers and applications Lab B20EN0407 SEM-IV P a g e | 26

Loop: clr c ; c flag =