Introduction

The transportation business consumes a lot of energy and emits a lot of carbon into the atmosphere as
part of the contemporary service industry. Road, railway, navigation, aviation, and pipeline transport are
all included in the ISIC Rev 4.0 classification of the transportation industry, which is used in this paper.
The transportation industry studied includes all of these, as well as domestic pipeline and aviation
transport. When it comes to carbon dioxide emissions from fuel burning, the IEA found that
transportation accounted for 23.96 percent of worldwide emissions in 2017, according to a report issued
in 2017. As a result, the establishment of low-carbon transportation is required not only to conserve
energy and reduce emissions and their environmental impact, but also to fulfil the low-carbon economic
need of the period. To cope with society's major energy consumption and avoid global warming, this is
the most effective approach for transportation growth.

Global warming is a consequence of increased attention being paid to Green House Gases (GHGs),
particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane, nitrous oxides, CO2, ozone, and water vapour are examples
of greenhouse gases. People's CO2 emissions come from burning fossil fuels, which causes soil erosion,
deforestation, animal breeding, and agriculture, among other things. Ahmad and Lin (2017). The
electricity industry was given credit in 2014 for a large portion of global GHG emissions. According to the
International Energy Agency (2017), CO2 accounts for 90%, N2O 1%, CH4 9%, and other gases 14% of
global emissions. As a result of climate change, people's livelihoods are at risk, as are family income,
poverty, farms, and forest products (Ali et al., 2017). There is evidence to suggest that environmental
change weights have an immediate impact on a variety of Pakistani sectors such as water supply and
availability of agricultural products, livestock and forests. As a result, it's one of the most dangerous and
complex environmental problems. To lessen the effects of alleged climate change, the global community
has decided to limit the global desired temperature to 2°C for the remainder of the twentieth century.
As the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for climate change were given by different
countries to the twenty-first conference of the Parties (COP21) in December 2015, these assurances are
critical to achieving the goal. The focus was on reducing CO2 emissions from individual countries in
order to avert the most disastrous consequences of climate change. One of the few nations that is
completely unprepared for the consequences of climate change is Pakistan (see Table 1). Climate change
and severe weather events continue to harm Pakistan, according to research by Eckstein et al. (2017).
Since 2010, Pakistan's economy has suffered losses of about $9.6 billion as a consequence of this unique
event and significant shift in climate/weather (Pakistan CPEIR, 2017). In 2014, Pakistan's government
authorizes a strategy archive. It has been suggested that the goal focuses on placing Pakistan among the
top twenty-five nations in terms of economic development, increased energy availability (i.e. as of 67%
of the population) and mitigating climate change by Khan (2014) and Lin and Ahmad (2016) respectively.
Despite Pakistan's 0.8% share of global emissions, the Government of Pakistan (GOP) is committed to
changing the environment using altering tactics such as reducing GHG emissions. The most common
places are in the areas of power, transportation, forestry, agriculture workers and animals, town
planning, and the manufacturing zone. These are essential for resolving climate-related disputes. INDC
has its origins in Pakistan, where it was founded (Commission, 2015; National Climate Change Policy,
2012).

International Energy Agency (IEA). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights 2017; International
Energy Agency: Paris, France, 1 October 2017; ISBN 9789264278196.