What are the primary goals of China’s defence and security poli-

cy?

Introduction
China's defence and security policy has long been a matter of controversy and concern among various
global powers. As the world's most populous country and a rising superpower, China's military ambitions
and foreign policy strategies have come under intense scrutiny in recent years. This essay aims to
explore China's primary goals regarding defence and security policy, examining the existing literature
and analyzing the official statements and documents of the Chinese government. In particular, the essay
will investigate several key themes, such as China's territorial disputes, modernization of the military,
and maritime policies. Additionally, the essay will assess how these goals align with China's broader
geopolitical ambitions, including its relationship with the United States and the broader international
community. Ultimately, the goal of this essay is to provide a comprehensive analysis of China's defence
and security policy and examine the potential implications for other global players. While China has
maintained its status as a regional power for several decades, the country's recent efforts to expand its
military capabilities and influence in the Asia-Pacific region have raised questions about its long-term
strategic objectives. Understanding China's defence and security policy is essential for policymakers and
scholars alike, given China's role as a critical player in the global order today.

A. Background information on China’s defence and security policy

To understand China's defence and security policy, it is important to examine the country's historical and
geopolitical context. China, as a rising power, has remained committed to pursuing a defensive military
strategy. Its military doctrine upholds the "active defence" strategy, which advocates restraining from
initiating military conflicts but still prepared to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national
interests against any aggressors. China has also stated that its military is not meant to pose a threat to
other countries. However, China is facing complex security challenges, including territorial disputes in
the South China Sea, the Korean Peninsula's instability, and tensions with Taiwan. China's defence policy
is heavily influenced by its perception of historical humiliations, insecurity and conflicts. The country
has experienced centuries of foreign invasions, colonialism, and aggression, which has had a profound
impact on its collective consciousness and shaped China's modern strategic thinking. Moreover, China
is also facing security threats from non-state actors such as terrorism, separatism, and extremism, both
domestically and internationally. In light of these challenges, China has adopted a comprehensive defence
and security policy that aims to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national interests while
enhancing its national defence capabilities to address new security challenges in the international arena.

B. Brief overview of the primary goals of China’s defence and security policy
The primary goals of China's defence and security policy include the protection of national sovereignty,
territorial integrity, and maintaining political stability. Perhaps the most significant of these goals is
the preservation of national sovereignty, which incorporates the protection of China's geographical and
cultural boundaries. China's longstanding claim of Taiwan's sovereignty is testament to the importance it
places on territorial integrity. Political stability is also a vital component of national security, and China
has taken several measures to ensure internal stability, including the control of dissenting voices and
monitoring threats to national security. Another vital objective of China's defence and security policy is
to achieve regional and global influence. China's increasing economic and military might has resulted
in its growing assertiveness in the South China Sea and East China Sea. To support this objective, the
Chinese government has significantly increased its defence spending and expanded its capacity to project
military power beyond its borders. Finally, China's defence and security policy aims to establish a secure
environment for economic and social development. The country sees peace and stability as essential to its
economic development as it seeks to increase its global influence. As such, policies aimed at promoting
economic growth are often integrated into defence strategies, reflecting an alignment of military and
economic interests.

C. Thesis statement
Ultimately, the primary goals of China’s defence and security policy are rooted in the central thesis
statement that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) seeks to maintain its grip on power and maximize the
country’s economic prosperity and influence. This thesis statement highlights the interrelated nature of
China’s defence and security goals, which are all aimed at safeguarding the CCP’s position, both domesti-
cally and internationally. Domestically, the CCP seeks to maintain internal stability by suppressing dissent
and maintaining control over its citizens, thereby preserving its legitimacy as the ruling party. In turn, this
internal stability enables China’s economy to continue growing and helps ensure that the Communist Party
remains secure in its control over the country. At the same time, China’s defence and security policies are
driven by a desire to protect the country’s economic interests and expand its influence on the world stage.
This is reflected in China’s expansive territorial claims in the South China Sea and elsewhere, its growing
investment in Africa and other regions, and its efforts to build a more powerful military. All of these goals
are tied to China’s overarching thesis statement, which emphasizes the importance of maintaining the
prosperity and security of the Chinese state and its ruling party.

Another goal of China's defence and security policy is to maintain regional stability and protect its
vital interests. As a rising power, China has become increasingly assertive in the Asia-Pacific region. Its
territorial disputes with Japan over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands and with several Southeast Asian nations
over the South China Sea have raised concerns about regional stability. China's assertiveness has also led
to tensions with the United States, which has been trying to maintain its influence in the region through its
alliances and partnerships with countries such as Japan and South Korea. To counter this, China has been
expanding its military capabilities, including the modernization and expansion of its navy, as well as the
development of advanced weapons systems such as hypersonic missiles and stealth fighters. China has
also strengthened its relationships with other countries in the region, such as Russia and North Korea, to
counter the perceived threat from the United States. However, these efforts may be viewed as aggressive
by China's neighbors, especially those with competing territorial claims. In light of this, China's defence
and security policy must balance its desire for regional stability with the need to protect its own interests
and deter potential enemies.

II. Primary goals of China’s defence and security policy

Another primary goal of China’s defence and security policy is to safeguard the country’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity. China is constantly under threat from its neighbors such as Japan, South Korea, and
Taiwan, who have disputes with China over territories in the East and South China Sea. China sees these
disputes as challenges to its sovereignty and national interests and therefore seeks to strengthen its military
capabilities to defend its territorial integrity. China also considers the reunification of Taiwan as a core
interest and seeks to prevent any Taiwanese moves towards independence. In addition to this, China is
also concerned about the security and stability of its regional and global environment. The country’s rapid
economic growth and increasing global influence have led to its growing dependence on international
trade and commerce. Therefore, China's defence policy is aimed at protecting its interests abroad,
defending its investments, and ensuring the safety of its citizens abroad. The Chinese government has
also expressed concern about the rising threat of terrorism and the increasing presence of foreign military
forces in the region. In response, China has increased its cooperation with other countries on security
issues as part of its overall defence policy. This includes working closely with other nations in areas such
as counter-terrorism, nonproliferation, and disaster relief. Overall, China’s defence and security policy is
multifaceted, with multiple objectives, including maintaining territorial integrity, ensuring regional and
global stability, and enhancing its military capabilities to meet evolving threats at home and abroad.

A. Protecting territorial integrity and sovereignty

Protecting territorial integrity and sovereignty is a crucial goal of China's defence and security policy.
China considers its territorial integrity to be non-negotiable, and any compromise on this issue would be
perceived as a threat to national security. The country has several territorial disputes with neighbouring
countries, such as Japan, India, and Vietnam, which are regarded as essential to its strategic interests.
China has taken a hardline approach to these issues, and its assertiveness in the South and East China
Seas has raised concerns among other countries in the region. China's territorial claims are backed up by
naval and military modernization programmes, including the development of advanced weapons systems,
such as the DF-21D anti-ship missile, which can target aircraft carriers, and the J-20 stealth fighter,
which enhances China's air defence capabilities. Furthermore, China's defence policy also stresses the
importance of safeguarding national sovereignty, particularly in relation to Taiwan, which it regards as
a breakaway province. China has threatened to use military force if Taiwan declares independence, and
this has increased tensions in the region. In summary, protecting territorial integrity and sovereignty is a
key goal of China's defence and security policy, with significant implications for regional stability and
international security.

B. Maintaining socio-economic stability

is also a key goal of China's defence and security policy. China has made significant efforts to maintain
social stability through a range of measures to address inequality, poverty, corruption, and other social
challenges. The government recognizes that instability in the socio-economic sphere can lead to civil
unrest, which can then undermine security and defence efforts. As such, China has pursued policies aimed
at reducing economic inequality, expanding the middle class, investing in education and healthcare, and
promoting entrepreneurship and innovation. Additionally, China has implemented measures to address
corruption, which is seen as a significant threat to social stability. The government has also been active in
promoting regional economic development and ensuring that citizens have access to basic services such
as healthcare and education. These efforts have been successful, and China has made significant progress
in reducing poverty and improving the standard of living for its citizens. The government has also sought
to engage with other countries and regions in ways that promote economic and social stability, such as
through the Belt and Road Initiative. In conclusion, maintaining socio-economic stability is a critical
goal of China's defence and security policy, and the government's efforts to address social challenges and
promote regional development have been key to achieving this goal.

C. Enhancing China’s global influence

Enhancing China’s global influence has become a major goal of the country’s defence and security policy.
China is increasingly seeking to project its strength worldwide, driven by the desire to become a major
power and to secure its strategic interests. One way that China is enhancing its influence is by expanding
its military presence overseas. The country has established its first overseas military base in Djibouti, and
it is reportedly planning to build more bases in other countries. In addition to military expansion, China
is also using soft power tactics to enhance its global influence. For example, the country is promoting its
culture and language through the Confucius Institute, which operates in over 150 countries. China is also
investing heavily in infrastructure projects around the world through its Belt and Road Initiative, which
seeks to connect China with other countries through a network of ports, highways, and railways. These
efforts have already had a significant impact on China’s global influence, and analysts predict that China
will continue to take steps to increase its global presence in the coming years. However, China’s growing
influence is also generating pushback from other countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, where
several countries are seeking to increase their strategic partnerships with the United States. As China
continues to expand its global influence, it is likely to face increasing competition and resistance from
other countries seeking to assert their own interests.
D. Ensuring domestic security
Finally, China's defence and security policy aims to ensure domestic security. Domestic security is a
crucial concern for any country, and China is no exception. The Government realizes that a secure
domestic environment is essential to maintain economic growth and social stability. China faces several
internal threats, such as terrorism, separatism, and cyber attacks, and the defense and security policy lays
out measures to address these challenges. The policy seeks to establish an efficient and coordinated system
of law enforcement and intelligence agencies that can prevent and respond to internal security threats ef-
fectively. Additionally, the policy advocates for enhanced border security to curb illegal border crossings,
smuggling, and trafficking. China has also adopted a robust approach towards counter-terrorism, and the
policy aims to root out all forms of terrorism and extremism within the country. Cybersecurity is another
critical aspect of domestic security, and China's defense and security policy stresses the importance of
developing and maintaining a secure and sovereign cyberspace. To achieve domestic security goals,
China's defense and security policy emphasizes the need to address the country's social and economic
challenges, as well as to promote harmonious relationships between different ethnic and religious groups.
Overall, ensuring domestic security is one of the primary objectives of China's defense and security policy.

Another primary goal of China’s defence and security policy is to safeguard its territorial integrity,
sovereignty, and national interests. As a large country with a vast coastline and vast territorial waters,
China faces a variety of security threats, including regional disputes, maritime territorial claims, and
interference from foreign countries. Hence, its defence strategy is primarily focused on protecting its
borders, safeguarding its maritime rights and interests, and maintaining stability within its borders to
prevent external threats from infiltrating its territory. To achieve its territorial integrity goals, China has
invested heavily in modernizing its military and building up its naval capabilities, which have allowed it
to enforce its maritime territorial claims more assertively. Additionally, China has historically been prone
to political unrest, separatist movements, and internal challenges, such as the challenge presented by the
Uighur separatist movement in Xinjiang. Therefore, domestic stability is a vital component of China’s
defence policy, as it seeks to maintain social and political order while ensuring national security. To this
end, the Chinese government has implemented strict measures to control and monitor its population,
including enhancing control of the internet and using technology to monitor potential threats. Overall,
safeguarding China’s territorial integrity, sovereignty, and national interest is a fundamental goal of its
defence and security policy.

III. Protecting territorial integrity and sovereignty

China’s territorial integrity and sovereignty have been the primary goals of China’s national security
policy since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In particular, the protection
of Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and the South China Sea are central to China's territorial integrity and
sovereignty. China has implemented a range of measures to ensure its territorial integrity is maintained,
including controlling border areas, strengthening military capabilities, and engaging in diplomatic efforts
to establish or maintain peaceful relations with neighboring countries. However, despite China's efforts,
territorial disputes with neighboring countries continue to exist. In recent years, China has adopted a more
assertive foreign policy to protect its territorial claims, including deploying military assets to the disputed
waters of the South China Sea and initiating territorial disputes with countries like India and Japan. China
has also intensified its efforts to prevent foreign countries from interfering in China's internal affairs,
particularly issues related to Tibet and Xinjiang. Ultimately, the protection of China's territorial integrity
and sovereignty remains a key factor in shaping China’s defence and security policy. As China continues
to grow economically and militarily, it is likely that it will seek to further assert its territorial claims,
which could lead to increased tensions with its neighbors and the United States.

A. Overview of China’s territorial disputes

China faces numerous territorial disputes with neighboring countries, which form a key challenge for the
country’s defense and security policy. The most prominent of these are China’s disputes with Japan over
the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea, with Vietnam and the Philippines over the South China
Sea, and with India over the Aksai Chin region in the Himalayas. These disputes arise due to China’s
interpretation of its historical claims, coupled with its growing military and economic power. China’s
aggressive stance in these disputes has led to growing tensions with its neighbors, as well as with the
United States, which has a significant interest in the stability of the Asia-Pacific region. China’s efforts
to assert its claims have included building artificial islands in the South China Sea, leading to increased
military deployments and patrols by the United States and other powers in the region. In addition, China
has been expanding its military power projection capabilities and developing sophisticated anti-access
area denial (A2/AD) capabilities to deter potential adversaries in these disputed regions. The resolution
of these territorial disputes will be one of the defining challenges for China’s defense and security policy
in the coming years, as it seeks to protect its territorial integrity and maintain regional stability.

B. How China’s defence and security policy aims to address territorial disputes
China's defence and security policy aims to address territorial disputes in a number of ways. Firstly, by
upgrading its military capabilities, China seeks to secure its borders and project its power in its territorial
waters. Secondly, it has pursued diplomatic strategies, such as negotiation and dialogue, to resolve
conflicts with neighbouring countries. For instance, in the South China Sea territorial disputes, China has
engaged in diplomatic efforts with ASEAN countries, emphasizing cooperation rather than confrontation.
Thirdly, China has used legal measures to support its territorial claims, including ratification of the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and domestic legislation recognising its sovereignty over
disputed territories such as the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. China has also sought to shape international
norms around territorial disputes, challenging the historic interpretation of UNCLOS and advocating for
a new set of rules that would give coastal states greater control over adjacent waters. Overall, China's
defence and security policy aims to address territorial disputes by both deterring potential challengers
and pursuing diplomatic and legal strategies to resolve conflicts. As China rises as a global power,
understanding its defence and security policy is imperative for the international community to navigate
the complex regional and global security landscape.

C. The role of the military in safeguarding territorial integrity and sovereignty

Another crucial objective of China's defence and security policy is safeguarding its territorial integrity
and sovereignty. The People's Liberation Army (PLA), the country's military force, plays a critical role in
achieving this goal. The PLA is responsible for protecting China's land, air, and sea borders from external
threats and territorial challenges. China's expanding naval capabilities and increasing military presence in
the South China Sea and the East China Sea can be viewed as significant measures to safeguard its territo-
rial integrity. The Chinese government has been investing heavily in military modernization programmes
to ensure that the PLA has the necessary technological capabilities to respond effectively to any territorial
threats. Additionally, the country's defence policy emphasizes a "winning informationization" strategy
that aims to leverage advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, to enhance combat
capabilities. However, China's military assertiveness in the South China Sea has raised concerns among
neighboring countries and the international community about the potential conflict risks. Some analysts
argue that China's aggressive territorial posture and its military modernization efforts may undermine
regional stability and threaten the existing security order. Therefore, China needs to balance its security
interests with regional stability concerns to effectively safeguard its territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Moreover, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is constantly modernizing in order to keep up with
the advancements of other global superpowers. China has invested heavily in its military technological
capabilities, with their emphasis on space power and cyber warfare in particular. The country has made
significant strides in its space program, including launching a space laboratory and plans for a space
station. The PLA has also prioritized cyber warfare, with a focus on developing the ability to conduct
attacks against other countries’ infrastructure and surveillance capabilities. Furthermore, China has been
expanding its military presence overseas in order to protect its international interests. Through this
expansion, China has been building up its naval capabilities and constructing military bases overseas.
These actions, in addition to the increased frequency of military exercises and presence in international
waters, has raised concerns among neighboring countries of China's intentions. While China has re-
peatedly emphasized that its defense and security policies are designed to ensure national sovereignty
and territorial integrity, other countries remain skeptical of China's motivations, raising tensions and
potentially hindering future cooperation in the region.

IV. Maintaining socio-economic stability

is a crucial goal for China's defence and security policy. The country's progress in economic growth
and social development has been remarkable in recent years. However, maintaining this stability re-
mains a challenge. Internal factors such as widening income disparity, environmental degradation, and
natural disasters can cause social unrest and threaten economic growth. External factors such as the
global financial crisis, geopolitical tensions, and the impact of international terrorism can have severe
consequences for China's economic stability. To mitigate these risks, China pursues an ambitious and
comprehensive approach to fostering socio-economic stability, which involves various elements, such
as expanding domestic demand, promoting technological innovation, protecting natural resources, and
enhancing disaster relief capabilities. Overall, China's defence and security policy aims to ensure that
its impressive economic growth and social development do not falter and that the country remains an
influential player in the international arena. It sees instability as a threat to its national security, and to
counter it, China adopts both reactive and proactive measures, such as working closely with other nations
and international organizations, strengthening law enforcement, and addressing social and economic
challenges, through innovation and development.

A. Overview of China’s economic growth

According to the World Economic Outlook of the International Monetary Fund, China’s economy grew
at an average annual rate of 6.6% between 1980 and 2018. Specifically, China’s remarkable economic
growth began in the late 1970s when it undertook a series of economic reforms. These reforms aimed
to increase private ownership of land and enterprises, attract foreign investment, and integrate China’s
economy into the global economy. China’s large population, abundant resources, and cheap labor provided
it with a comparative advantage in manufacturing and exports. China’s accession to the World Trade
Organization in 2001 further facilitated its integration into the global economic system. Today, China is
the world’s second-largest economy and the largest trading nation. However, China’s recent economic
growth has been accompanied by significant challenges, including mounting debt, declining productivity
growth, and rising inequality. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed weaknesses in China’s
economy, including overdependence on exports and insufficient domestic demand. In response, China
has launched a new development strategy known as “dual circulation,” which seeks to rebalance its
economy toward domestic consumption and innovation-driven growth while maintaining its global
competitiveness.

B. The impact of security threats on China’s economy

One of the most significant challenges that China faces today is the increasing prevalence of security
threats that pose a significant risk to the country's economy. The impact of these threats on China's
economy is undeniable. Security risks have a direct impact on various industries such as tourism,
manufacturing, and finance, among others. For example, frequent terrorist attacks in China have already
affected the tourism industry in some regions, as visitors are increasingly opting to stay away from the
country due to security concerns. Similarly, cyber attacks are increasing and pose a significant risk to
financial institutions and the banking sector. These attacks can lead to a loss of trust in the banking
system and can ultimately deter foreign investment in the country. China's economy is heavily reliant on
foreign investment and trade. Therefore, any security threat that disrupts the country's economy can have
far-reaching implications not only for China but also for the global economy. The Chinese government
has been implementing various measures to address security threats and minimize their impact on the
economy. This includes increased cybersecurity measures, intelligence gathering, diplomatic efforts, and
counter-terrorism operations. An effective defense and security policy is critical for China to safeguard
its economy and ensure its sustainable development.

C. Measures taken by China to maintain socio-economic stability

To maintain socio-economic stability, the Chinese government has implemented a number of measures.
First and foremost, it is investing heavily in public infrastructure projects such as high-speed railways,
airports, and commercial and residential buildings. This not only provides employment opportunities
but also improves connectivity and living standards. The government has also initiated reforms in the
state-owned enterprises, banking and financial sectors to liberalize the economy and attract foreign
investment. In addition, to combat income inequality, the government has implemented poverty alleviation
measures such as providing subsidies to rural households and increasing access to education and health-
care. Moreover, the government is also harnessing technology to enhance economic growth and strengthen
its domestic manufacturing capabilities. It has launched initiatives such as Made in China 2025 and the
Belt and Road Initiative to facilitate international trade and to promote high-tech industries. Finally, the
Chinese authorities have also strengthened financial regulations to prevent systemic risk, reduce financial
vulnerabilities and prevent economic shocks. All these measures taken by the Chinese government have
helped create a stable and robust economic environment, ensuring that the country can continue to attract
investments and generate economic growth.

Furthermore, China’s defence and security policy is closely linked to its broader strategic objectives.
Primarily, China seeks to maintain a stable external environment to facilitate its economic growth,
maintain its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and become a dominant regional power that can play
an influential role on the world stage. Toward this end, China has been actively modernizing its military
and expanding its presence in the South China Sea, in part to protect its territorial claims in the region.
Additionally, China has sought to expand its influence beyond its immediate region, through initiatives
such as the Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to build infrastructure and facilitate trade and investment
throughout Eurasia and beyond. However, China faces a range of challenges in achieving its strategic
objectives, including tensions with the United States and other regional powers and the need to address
domestic security issues, such as terrorism and unrest in Xinjiang province. Overall, China’s defence and
security policy is closely aligned with its broader strategic goals, as it seeks to maintain stability and exert
influence in its region and beyond, while safeguarding its territorial integrity and national interests.

V. Enhancing China’s global influence

Despite China’s efforts to promote a peaceful rise, its defence and security policy, particularly the focus
on protecting its maritime interests and securing the One Belt One Road initiative, has raised concerns
among its neighbours and global stakeholders. Taking a holistic approach, China’s defence and security
policy aims to enhance its global influence by promoting regional stability, strengthening cooperation
with major powers, and increasing its presence in international governance forums. China’s Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) is a crucial tool that ties China’s domestic and foreign policy objectives, aiming
to strengthen economic and diplomatic ties with over 130 countries across Asia, Europe, Africa, and the
Middle East. The BRI has been criticized by some as a strategy to extend its political influence and
economic hegemony, but it also presents opportunities for China to contribute to long-term development
and cooperation with partner countries. China has also expanded its security cooperation with major
powers such as Russia, through joint military exercises and arms trade agreements. In addition, China
has actively engaged in multilateral governance forums, such as the United Nations and the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation, to promote its vision for a more inclusive and multipolar international order.
China aspires to become a major power in the international system, and its defence and security policy
reflects its ambition to shape global norms and institutions that reflect its interests and values.

A. China’s role in the international community

China’s role in the international community has evolved significantly over the past few decades. During
the early years of China’s emergence as a major world power, the country focused primarily on expanding
its economic and military capabilities. However, in recent years, China has taken on a more proactive role
in shaping the global agenda. China’s Belt and Road Initiative, for example, has become a cornerstone of
China’s foreign policy, which aims to connect Asia, Europe, and Africa through a network of infrastructure
projects. Additionally, China has become more active in international diplomacy, playing a key role in the
United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and other international organizations. At the same time,
China has faced criticism for its human rights record and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.
Despite these challenges, China remains a key player in the international community, and its growing
economic and military clout will likely shape global politics for years to come. As China continues to
expand its global influence, the country will need to balance its national interests with the needs of the
international community, in order to promote stability and address the pressing challenges facing the
world today.

B. The role of defence and security policy in achieving global influence

Moreover, China's defence and security policy is closely linked to its overall strategy to achieve global
influence. As a rising superpower, China has been very conscious of the importance of projecting its
power and influence beyond its borders. The country's leadership has recognized the role of national
defence and security in achieving this goal, and has invested heavily in modernizing its military and
building a more assertive foreign policy. China's defence and security policy is driven by several key
objectives, including safeguarding its territorial sovereignty and national unity, protecting its interests
abroad, deterring potential threats, and projecting a positive image of China as a responsible global power.
In order to achieve these objectives, China emphasizes the importance of developing a strong military
and building partnerships with other countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. This approach has
allowed China to expand its influence in the region and beyond, and has helped to establish China as
a key player in international affairs. Overall, China's defence and security policy plays a critical role in
the country's efforts to achieve global influence, and is likely to remain a key priority for the Chinese
government in the years to come.

C. China’s involvement in international peacekeeping missions

Another aspect of China’s defence and security policy is its participation in international peacekeeping
missions. China has been the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions among the five permanent
members of the Security Council since 2015. As of November 2020, China had deployed nearly 2,500
peacekeepers to nine UN missions worldwide, including in Lebanon, South Sudan, and Mali. China’s
involvement in international peacekeeping missions is driven by several motivations. First, it is seen as
a way to enhance China’s international image as a responsible stakeholder in global affairs. Second,
it is an opportunity for China to showcase its growing military capabilities and to gain experience in
joint operations with other nations. Third, it aligns with China’s emphasis on multilateralism and the
importance of international cooperation in resolving conflicts. Fourth, it provides China with access to
resources, markets, and political influence in regions where it has deployed peacekeepers. However,
China’s peacekeeping role has not been without controversies, including allegations of human rights
abuses by Chinese peacekeepers and concerns over China’s involvement in the conflicts it is tasked with
resolving. Nonetheless, China’s peacekeeping efforts demonstrate its growing interest in and willingness
to engage in global governance and contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security.

In addition to its territorial concerns, China’s defence and security policy has also been shaped by its desire
for regional and global influence. Beijing seeks to enhance its strategic influence through a combination
of economic, diplomatic, and military means, and has leveraged its growing economic clout to pursue
this objective. For example, China’s Belt and Road Initiative – a massive infrastructure development
programme spanning multiple continents – has helped to deepen China’s engagement with countries
around the world, while bolstering its economic and strategic leverage. In addition, China has also pursued
a more active role in global governance institutions such as the United Nations, and has sought to reshape
international norms and rules to align more closely with its own interests. Militarily, China has steadily
modernised its armed forces and expanded its reach, with the aim of becoming a global military power
capable of projecting force beyond its borders. This has included the development of long-range precision
strike capabilities, such as the DF-26 ballistic missile, as well as the launch of a major naval expansion
programme. However, China’s growing assertiveness and military ambitions have also raised concerns
among some of its neighbours, who worry about Beijing’s intentions and the potential for conflict in the
region.

VI. Ensuring domestic security

: China faces numerous domestic security challenges including terrorism, separatism, and extremism,
which pose a significant threat to the country's stability and security. To address these threats, China
has implemented a range of measures aimed at safeguarding its territory and sovereignty, preserving
social stability and maintaining public order. These measures include strengthening counter-terrorism and
anti-extremism efforts, improving the capabilities of the police and other security forces, and enhancing
border control and maritime security. Beijing has also established a comprehensive legal framework to
combat terrorism and extremism, which includes laws regulating the use of force, intelligence gathering,
and anti-terrorist financing measures. In addition, China has increased cooperation with other countries
in the region and globally to tackle security challenges. Most recently, China has expanded its security
footprint by setting up overseas military bases to secure its sea lanes and protect its growing economic
interests abroad. By prioritizing domestic security, China aims to maintain social stability and fend off
potential threats to its territorial integrity, while also expanding its global influence and asserting its role
as a responsible global power.

A. Security threats within China

China faces several security threats, both internal and external. Internally, China has to deal with separatist
movements in several of its provinces, such as Tibet and Xinjiang. The government has implemented
a range of measures to combat these movements, including increased surveillance and repression of
dissent. Additionally, the country struggles with political instability, as evidenced by the Tiananmen
Square Massacre in 1989, which has led to increased state control of political opposition. External threats
include potential conflict with Taiwan, which China considers a breakaway province, and disputes over
maritime territories in the South China Sea. The Chinese government has taken a hardline stance on
these issues, asserting its territorial claims in the region and strengthening its military presence. The
United States also represents a significant external threat to China's security, as the two countries engage
in a strategic competition for influence in the region. This has led to increased tensions, particularly in
areas such as cyber espionage and intellectual property theft, where the two powers are believed to be
engaged in a fierce rivalry. China has responded by investing heavily in its military capabilities, including
advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, hypersonic missiles, and quantum computing, aimed
at ensuring its security in an uncertain geopolitical environment.

B. Measures taken by China to ensure domestic security

China has taken various measures to ensure domestic security through its defence and security policies.
One of the crucial steps is the implementation of the National Security Law. This law is concerned with
safeguarding the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the welfare of its citizens. The law aims
to prevent and counter security threats from foreign governments, organizations, and individuals, as well
as promoting national unity and stability. In addition, China has established the "Strike Hard" campaign
to crack down on crime and address public security issues such as terrorism, religious extremism, drug
trafficking, and cybercrime. The government has also established a comprehensive surveillance system
to monitor its citizens, including the use of facial recognition technology, big data analysis, and artificial
intelligence. Additionally, the deployment of paramilitary forces to support law enforcement efforts has
become a common practice in China. The government has also taken measures to increase its military
capabilities to maintain domestic security, such as modernizing its defence technologies and capabilities,
developing new military strategies and doctrines, and strengthening its intelligence and communication
networks. All these measures indicate that China's defence and security policy is largely focused on
protecting its national interests and internal security, maintaining its status as a great power, and preserving
the authoritarian rule of the Communist Party of China.

C. The impact of domestic security on China’s defence and security policy

Domestic security is a crucial aspect that shapes China's defence and security policy. The Chinese
government has long viewed internal threats as significant challenges to maintaining domestic peace and
stability. The country's leadership has implemented various measures to counter these threats, including
creating a vast and sophisticated security apparatus, increasing surveillance and control of the internet,
restricting freedom of speech and assembly, and tightening the visa policies of foreigners entering the
country for work or study. By establishing a strong domestic security framework, China aims to prevent
internal disturbances, maintain social stability, and promote economic growth, all of which are crucial to
the country's development and prosperity. However, the emphasis on domestic security also has broader
implications for China's defence and security policy. The preoccupation with domestic threats undermines
China's ability to project military power beyond its borders, limiting the resources and political capital
that can be devoted to security issues in the region and beyond. Moreover, the emphasis on domestic
security has also led to a more assertive and defensive posture in China's security policy, as the leadership
seeks to protect the country's territorial integrity and sovereignty from perceived external threats. In sum,
domestic security considerations have significant impacts on China's defence and security policy and
shape its strategic posture both domestically and internationally.

Another factor that has contributed to a more hardline security policy on the part of China is the country's
changing security environment. For instance, the rise of the United States as the dominant power in Asia
is seen as a direct threat to China's interests, particularly with regards to the contested issue of Taiwan.
Furthermore, China is also beset by a number of other security challenges, including territorial disputes
in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and the threat posed by separatist groups such as the
Uighurs in Xinjiang. In order to tackle these challenges, China has adopted a more assertive and proactive
security posture in recent years. This has involved increased military spending, as well as a greater focus
on developing advanced capabilities such as cyber warfare and anti-satellite technology. Additionally,
the country has sought to enhance its strategic influence through initiatives such as the Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI), which seeks to extend China's economic footprint in Asia and beyond. Overall, therefore,
it is clear that China sees defence and security as key priorities, both in terms of safeguarding its interests
at home and abroad, and as a means of projecting its power and influence on the global stage.

VII. Conclusion
In conclusion, China's defence and security policy is multifaceted and complex. It aims to safeguard
its sovereignty and territorial integrity, enhance its national security, modernize its military forces, and
promote global peace and security. China's growing power and influence in the international arena have
resulted in increasing scrutiny of its defence and security policy by the international community. While
China has made significant progress in modernizing its military, there are concerns about the lack of
transparency and the potential destabilizing impact of its growing military capabilities. China's national
security policy is shaped by a complex array of domestic, regional, and global factors, including economic
development, territorial disputes, and geopolitical rivalries with other major powers. China's defence
and security policy will continue to evolve in response to changes in the global security environment,
geopolitical dynamics, and domestic political imperatives. Overall, China seeks to maintain a strong and
capable military that can defend its national interests and contribute to regional and global stability while
pursuing its broader strategic objectives.
A. Restating the primary goals of China’s defence and security policy
In summary, China's defence and security policy aims to safeguard its sovereign territorial integrity and
maintain social stability. In recent years, the country's leadership has made efforts to modernize its military
programs and develop a globally influential military force. China's history of past invasions, of foreign
incursions, and of the territorial disputes with neighboring countries has led to a belief that fostering
a strong military is crucial to China's national character and survival. Therefore, while China seeks to
maintain peace and stability, it considers it necessary to be prepared for potential military conflicts.
Alongside its military programs, China's security policy prioritizes enhancing its intelligence networks
and diplomatic relations with other countries. The country recognizes the importance of collaboration
and cooperation with foreign powers for mutual benefit and peacekeeping. Additionally, China places
emphasis on maintaining social stability through a robust internal security apparatus. Recently, the
government has tightened restrictions on civil society and increased the monitoring of its citizens. While
China's defense and security policies are often seen as aggressive, China has not engaged in any conflicts
since its military clash with Vietnam in 1979. However, its territorial claims in the South China Sea, border
disputes with India, Japan and strong support of North Korea have raised concerns about its intentions.

B. The significance of China’s defence and security policy for global security
One of the most critical aspects of China’s defence and security policy is its global significance. China’s
increasing military capabilities and its global outreach pose a challenge to the existing world order, which
includes the United States and its allies. As China works to expand its sphere of influence, it increasingly
threatens to undermine the stability and security of the global geopolitical environment. For example,
China's militarization of South China Sea islands has caused tensions with neighboring nations and led to
maritime conflict. Additionally, China's investment in and development of its Belt and Road Initiative has
raised concerns about the country seeking regional dominance and using its military to protect its interests.
Furthermore, China's development of advanced weapons systems and cyber warfare capabilities has led
to concerns about the potential for a global arms race and destabilizing conflicts. Ultimately, China's
defence and security policies have a significant impact on global security, as the country continues to
emerge as a major superpower and poses challenges to the existing power structures. It is therefore crucial
that the international community takes a proactive approach in engaging with China and building stronger
alliances to maintain peace and stability in the world.

C. Final thoughts on the topic.

In conclusion, China's defence and security policies are shaped not only by the country's domestic
and regional interests but also by its interactions with other major powers. The primary goals of these
policies have been to ensure national sovereignty, territorial integrity, economic development, and regional
stability. China has achieved much in terms of enhancing its military capabilities and diplomacy, but there
have been concerns regarding Beijing's assertiveness in the South China Sea and its growing influence
in other regions. While some experts argue that China's rise poses a significant challenge to the existing
international order, others suggest that the US and other countries should engage in more constructive
dialogue and cooperation with Beijing to reduce tensions and promote collective security. Ultimately, the
future of China's defence and security policies will depend on a complex set of factors, including domestic
political dynamics, international economic trends, and changing geopolitical realities. However, it is clear
that China's role as a regional and global power will continue to be a major factor in shaping the evolving
security landscape in the years to come.
Bibliography
- Peter K. Enns. 'Incarceration Nation.' Cambridge University Press, 3/22/2016

- Susan L. Craig. 'Chinese Perceptions of Traditional and Nontraditional Security Threats.' CreateSpace
Independent Publishing Platform, 1/31/2007

- United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Budget. 'Ensuring Domestic Security.' Issues
and Potential Costs : Hearing Before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, One
Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session, Hearing Held in Washington, DC, November 7, 2001, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1/1/2002

- Frans-Paul van der Putten. 'China's Evolving Role in Peacekeeping and African Security.' The
Deployment of Chinese Troops for UN Force Protection in Mali, Netherlands Institute of International
Relations Clingendael, 1/1/2015

- National Intelligence Council. 'Global Trends 2040.' A More Contested World, COSIMO REPORTS,
3/1/2021

- Linda Y. Yueh. 'The Economy of China.' Edward Elgar Publishing, 1/1/2010

- Alexander E. Suglobov. '!ooperation and Sustainable Development.' Aleksei V. Bogoviz, Springer

Nature, 12/3/2021

- Jian Zhou. 'Fundamentals of Military Law.' A Chinese Perspective, Springer, 4/16/2019

- John Leech. 'Asymmetries of Conflict.' War Without Death, Psychology Press, 1/1/2002

- Chi-kin Lo. 'China's Policy Towards Territorial Disputes.' The Case of the South China Sea Islands,
Routledge, 9/2/2003

- Daniel C. O’Neill. 'Dividing ASEAN and Conquering the South China Sea.' China’s Financial Power
Projection, Hong Kong University Press, 9/4/2018

- Abdelhamid El Ouali. 'Territorial Integrity in a Globalizing World.' International Law and States’
Quest for Survival, Springer Science & Business Media, 3/26/2012

- M. Taylor Fravel. 'Active Defense.' China's Military Strategy since 1949, Princeton University Press,
4/23/2019

- Barbara C. Bergner. 'Designing a Thesis Statement.' An Insider's Guide to the Planning and Writing
of a Thesis Statement, Gratz College, 1/1/2002

This essay was written by Samwell AI.

https://samwell.ai