MI 304 FLUID MACHINES

LECTURE 35
B. K. Gandhi
 RECIPROCATING PUMP

 A reciprocating pump works on the principle of a

reversing piston motion within a cylinder drawing in
liquid during forward stroke, and delivering it under
pressure during return or backward stroke.
 Reciprocating pumps are generally cylinders with a
piston operating as a pump.
 These pumps work on inward and outward movement
of piston in cylinder and these pump are generally
used for high pressure application.
 Reciprocating pump generally operates at low speeds
and it is coupled to an electric motor with V-belts.
 The reciprocating pump is best suited for relatively
small flow rate and high heads. In oil drilling operation
this type of pump is very common.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE RECIPROCATING
PUMP-

 Cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod,

crank.
 Suction pipe.
 Delivery pipe
 Suction, delivery valve.
Reciprocating Pump Installation
 CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
On the basis of water being in contact with one side or
both sides of the piston.
(i) Single acting cylinder

 These pump having the contact of fluid in one side of

piston.

 These have only two valves one inlet and other is outlet.
(ii) Double acting cylinder
 These pump having the water is in contact with both
sides of the piston.
 These having more than two valves.
 These works in both the condition of inward and
outward movement of piston

Double Acting
Reciprocating pump
According to the number of cylinders
• Single cylinder pump:

 These having only one cylinder.

 It may be either single action or double action pump.

• Multi cylinder pump having more than one cylinders

are known as multi cylinder pumps, their main
advantage is more uniform discharge as compared
with a single cylinder pump.
 WORKING
• A piston moving to and fro
in a cylinder

• The liquid in the cylinder

and relevant pipe must be
brought to rest at the end
of each stroke and
immediately afterwards
accelerated in another
pipe for beginning of
another stroke.

• This results in additional

pressure being involved,
known as inertia pressure
Basic Pressure Diagram for a Reciprocating Pump
Theoretical Pressure Diagram For A Reciprocating
Pump
Flow rate of the liquid delivered per second

LAN
Q
60

L = length of stroke = 2r
r = radius of stroke
A = Cross-section of cylinder
N = revolutions of crank per minute
SLIP:
Difference between the theoretical discharge (Qth) and
actual discharge (Q)

Q  Qth  q (q = leakage)

Slip,
Qth  Q
S  1  v
Qth

where,
Q Q
v  
Qth Q  q
 Work Done by Reciprocating Pump

Work done by the pump/second

WD/cycle = A⨜p dx,
  gQ.  hs  hd 

 ALN 
 g   .  hs  hd   KL  hs  hd 
 60 

where
 gAN
K = a constant
60

Work Done  L  hs  hd  
Area of indicator
diagram
Problem : The discharge of water through a single- acting
reciprocating pump is 27 lit/s and the head is 15 m. The
piston diameter is 220 mm and the stroke 500 mm. The
speed of the pump is 90 rpm. Find
(a) Theoretical discharge (b) Slip (c) Percentage slip (d)
Coefficient of discharge (e) Power input.

Solution:
Theoretical Discharge
ALN
Qth 
60
  2  LN
 D 
4  60
  2  0.5  90
   0.22 
4  60
 0.0285 m

Slip  Qth  Qa  0.0285  0.027  0.0015 m / s

3

Qth  Qa 0.0285  0.027

Percentage slip  Q  100 
0.0285
 100  5.26%
th

Qa 0.027
Cd    0.947
Qth 0.0285

Power input  wQth H st  9.81 0.0285 15  4.19 kW

Effect of Acceleration head:

x  r  r cos  r  r cos wt

Velocity of piston
dx
V  0  r   sin t  .   r sin t
dt

From continuity equation

A
av  AV
.  v  .V
a
A
v  . r sin  t
a
Acceleration of liquid in pipe,
dv d  A  A 2
    r sin t    r cos t
dt dt  a  a

Force due to acceleration = mass of liquid × acceleration

A 2
F   al   r cos t
a
Intensity of pressure due to acceleration fluid
F A 2
pi    l . r cos t
a a
Acceleration head
pi l A 2
ha   .  r cos t
g g a
At beginning of stroke
l A 2
ha  .  r at   00
g a
At mid of stroke ha = 0,   900

at end of stroke
l A 2
ha   .  r at   1800
g a
ls A 2
has  .  r
g as
ld A 2
had  .  r
g ad
Effect of pipe friction:
2
LV 2 l A 
hf  f  f a . r sin  
2 gd 2 gd  
This show that hf is maximum at θ = 90o i.e., mid of stroke
L
2
fl A 
h f max   a . r 
2 gd  
Area
2
Cgd  L  h f max
3
Let hfmax at suction = hfs and
hfmax at delivery = hfd then
W.D during suction stroke
 gAN
  area C g ' d ba
60

 gAN
  (area c ' md ' ba  area c ' g ' d )
60

 gAN  2 
  L.hS  Lh fs 
60  3 
 gAN  2 
 L  hS  h fs 
60  3 
 2 
  gQth  hS  h fs 
 3 
Similarly WD during delivery stroke   gQth  hd  h fd 
2
3  
 2 2 
Total WD   gQth  S
h  hd  h fs  h fd 
 3 3 
Problem: Following data relate to a single-acting
reciprocating pump :
Length of suction pipe =75 mm, Diameter of suction pipe =
96 mm, Length of delivery pipe =105mm, Diameter of
delivery pipe = 96mm, Suction head= 5mm, Discharge
head = 15 mm, Diameter of piston = 120 mm, Stroke
length =200 mm, Pump speed= 50 rpm, Coefficient of
friction = 0.04, Barometer reading = 10.3 m of water
column.
Determine the pressure head in the cylinder at beginning,
middle and end of the suction and the delivery strokes.
Solution:
Accelerating heads :
2
ls  D   2 N 
2
ls A 2
has    r       r
g as g  d s   60 

7.5  0.12   2  50 
2

      0.1
9.81  0.096   60 

 3.275 m
ld  A  2
had    r
g  ad 
2
l  D   2 N 
2

 d     r
g  dd   60 

25  0.12   2  50 
2 2

      0.1
9.81  0.096   60 

 10.92 m
Friction head :
2
fls  A 
hf   r 
2 gd s  as 
2
fls  D  2 N 
2

     r
2 gd s  d s  60 
2
0.04  7.5  0.12  2  50 
2

   
2  9.81 0.08  0.096  60
 0.1

 0.128 m
2
fld  D  2 N 
2

h fd      r
2 gd s  d d  60 
2
0.04  25  0.12  2  50 
2

     0.1
2  9.81 0.08  0.096  60 

 0.426 m
Suction stroke
At the beginning of stroke
Pressure head = Ha - hs- has= 10.3 - 5 - 3 275
= 2.025 m absolute
At the middle of stroke,
Pressure head= Ha - hs- hfs= 10.3 - 5 - 0.128
= 5.172 m absolute
At the end of stroke,
Pressure head = Ha - hs + has= 10.3 - 5 + 3.275
= 8.575 m absolute
Delivery stroke
At the beginning of stroke,
Pressure head = Ha + hd + had= 10.3 + 15 + 10.92
= 36.22 m absolute
At the middle of stroke,
Pressure head = Ha + hd + hfd = 10.3 + 15 + 0.426
= 25.726 m absolute
At the end of stroke,
Pressure head = Ha + hd - had = 10.3 + 15 - 10.92
= 14.38 m absolute
 Single acting pump
A single acting pump is one which has one suction valve,
delivery valve and one suction and delivery pipe. It suck
up the fluid only in one direction and in single stroke
called suction stroke and deliver it in a single stroke
called delivery stroke.
 Double acting pump
A double acting pump is one which has two suction valves,
delivery valves and two suction and delivery pipes. If we
suppose that piston is in the center of the cylinder then one
suction and delivery pipe is on one side and one delivery
and suction pipe is on other side of the piston.
Advantages of reciprocating pump
 High efficiency

 No priming needed

 Can deliver water at high pressure

 Can work in wide pressure range

 Continuous rate of discharge

 Disadvantages of Reciprocating Pump
 More parts mean high initial cost

 High maintenance cost

 No uniform torque

 Low discharging capacity

 Pulsating flow
Application

 Oil & Gas Industries

 Power Plants
 Petrochemicals and Refineries
 Sugar Industries