Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Centro de Investigación e Innovación en

Ingeniería Aeronáutica

Sistemas de Propulsión
Grupo: 002

Actividad No. 4
Problemas Capitulo 10

Catedrático: Christian Antonio Simental Estrello

Matricula 1889287
Alumno Carla Macías Lizardo

13 de diciembre de 2020, CIIIA, Aeropuerto Internacional del Norte, Apodaca NL

10.1 The combustor discharge into a turbine nozzle has a total temperature of 1850 K and
inlet Mach number of 0.50, as shown.

Assuming that the nozzle is uncooled, the axial velocity remains constant across the nozzle
and the absolute flow angle at the nozzle exit is 𝛼 2 = 65°, calculate:
a) Inlet velocity 𝐶1
b) The exit absolute Mach number 𝑀2
c) The nozzle torque per unit mass flow rate for 𝑟1 ≈ 𝑟2 = 0.40𝑚
Data:
• 𝑀1 = 0.5
• 𝑇𝑡1 = 1850𝐾
• 𝛼1 = 10°
• 𝛾 = 1.33
• 𝑐𝑝 = 1157𝐽/𝑘𝑔/𝐾
• 𝛼 2 = 65°

a) Inlet velocity C1 in m/s

Using the 𝑀1 formula:
𝐶1
𝑀1 =
𝑎1
To obtain the inlet velocity 𝐶1 , the speed of sound at the inlet must be calculated:
𝐶1 = 𝑀1 𝑎1
And to get the speed of sound we must have the 𝑇1 , which can be obtained with the 𝑇𝑡1 and
the Mach at the inlet:

𝑎1 = √(𝛾 − 1)𝐶𝑝 𝑇1
 𝐽
𝑎1 = √(1.33 − 1) (1157 ) (1776.7106𝐾)
𝐾𝑔 ∗ 𝐾

𝑚
𝑎1 = 823.629
𝑠
𝑇𝑡1
𝑇1 =
(𝛾 − 1)
1 + 2 𝑀12

1850𝐾
𝑇1 =
(1.33 − 1)
1+ (0.5)2
2
𝑇1 = 1776.7106𝐾
Now that we have both values, the Mach at the inlet and the speed of sound we proceed to
calculate it:
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶1 = (0.5) (823.629 ) = 411.8148
𝑠 𝑠
b)) The exit absolute Mach number M2
The Mach number at the rotor’s outlet can be found with the velocity 𝐶2 and 𝑎2 which can
be easily found with the axial velocity 𝐶𝑧2 , which we know is equal to the axial velocity 𝐶𝑧1
𝐶2
𝑀2 =
𝑎2
𝑚
𝐶𝑧2 405.5584
𝐶2 = = 𝑠 959.6329 𝑚
cos(𝛼2 ) cos(65°) 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶𝑧2 = 𝐶𝑧1 = 𝐶1 cos(𝛼1 ) = (411.8148 ) cos(10°) = 405.5584
𝑠 𝑠

Now to obtain the speed of sound in the outlet the static temperature is needed, we can
calculate it knowing that Tt2=Tt1:
𝑚 2
𝐶22 (959.6329 𝑠 )
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑡2 − = 1776.7106𝐾 − = 1378.7437 𝐾
2𝐶𝑝 𝐽
2 (1157 )
𝐾𝑔 ∗ 𝐾

𝐽 𝑚
𝑎2 = √(𝛾 − 1)𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 = √(1.33 − 1) (1157 ) (1378.7437 𝐾) = 725.5467
𝐾𝑔 ∗ 𝐾 𝑠

And having these two values we can obtain as previously state the M2
 𝑚
𝐶2 (959.6329 𝑠 )
𝑀2 = = = 1.3226
𝑎2 (725.5467 𝑚)
𝑠
c)) Nozzle torque per unit mass flow rate for 𝒓𝟏 ≈ 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒
The nozzle torque is equal to the change of angular momentum across the nozzle to the next
equation:
𝜏𝑛
= 𝑟1 𝐶𝜃1 − 𝑟2 𝐶𝜃2 = 𝑟1 (𝐶𝜃1 − 𝐶𝜃2 )
𝑚̇
The values of 𝐶𝜃 can be found with the axial velocity and the angle of swirl in 1 and 2.
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶𝜃1 = 𝐶𝑧1 tan 𝛼1 = (405.5584 ) tan(10°) = 71.5108
𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = 𝐶𝑧2 tan 𝛼2 = (405.5584 ) tan(65°) = 869.7227
𝑠 𝑠
Recalling the equation previously shown for the nozzle torque per unit mass flow we obtain:
𝜏𝑛 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚2
= 𝑟1 𝐶𝜃1 − 𝑟2 𝐶𝜃2 = 0.4𝑚 (71.5108 − 869.7227 ) = −319.2847
𝑚̇ 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
10.4 A turbine stage is designed with a constant axial velocity of 250 𝑚/𝑠 and zero exit
swirl. For a rotor rotational speed 𝑈𝑚 at the pitch line of 600 𝑚/𝑠. Calculate and comment
on your results

a) The nozzle exits flow angle, 𝛼2 in degrees for °𝑅𝑚 = 0.50

b) The nozzle exits flow angle, 𝛼2 in degrees for °𝑅𝑚 = 0.0
c) The rotor specific work at the pitch line radius, for °𝑅𝑚 = 0.50 and °𝑅𝑚 = 0.0
Data
• 𝐶𝑧 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
• 𝑈𝑚 = 600𝑚/𝑠

a) Nozzle exit flow angle 𝜶𝟐 for °𝑹𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎

𝑤𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚(𝐶𝜃2 − 𝐶𝜃3 ) ≈ 𝑈𝑚𝐶𝜃2 = 𝑈𝑚𝐶𝑧2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼2

For 50% degree of reaction, we have 𝛼2 = 𝛽2

The case of zero exit swirl demands
𝑈𝑚
𝛽2 = tan−1 ( )
𝐶𝑧
600𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 = tan−1 ( )
250𝑚/𝑠

𝛽2 = 67.3801°
𝛼2 = 𝛽2
𝛼2 = 67.3801°

b) Nozzle exit flow angle 𝜶𝟐 for °𝑹𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎

The relative flow at the nozzle exit produces is:
𝑤𝜃2 = 𝑈𝑚 = 600𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝜃2 = 2𝑈𝑚 = 1200𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝜃2
𝛼2 = tan−1 ( )
𝐶𝑧
1200𝑚/𝑠
𝛼2 = tan−1 ( )
250𝑚/𝑠

𝛼2 = 78.2317°
The flow angle at the nozzle exit is limited to ∼ 70◦, otherwise flow losses become
excessive
c) The rotor specific work at the pitch line radius
For a 50% degree of reaction turbine stage and a swirl-free exit flow condition
𝑈𝑚 𝐶𝜃2
𝐶𝜃𝑚 = =
2 2
𝐶𝜃2 = 𝑈𝑚
𝜑𝑡
𝑤𝑡 = ≅ 𝑈∆𝐶𝜃 = 𝑈𝑚 2
𝑚̇𝑡

𝑤𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚 2
𝑤𝑡 = (600𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑚2
𝑤𝑡 = 360,000
𝑠2
𝑤𝑡 = 360𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
For a zero degree of reaction of an impulse turbine stage requires
𝐶𝜃2
𝐶𝜃𝑚 = 𝑈𝑚 =
2
𝐶𝜃2 = 2𝑈𝑚
𝜑𝑡
𝑤𝑡 = ≅ 𝑈∆𝐶𝜃 = 2𝑈𝑚 2
𝑚̇𝑡

𝑤𝑡 = 2𝑈𝑚 2
𝑤𝑡 = 2(600𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑚2
𝑤𝑡 = 720,000 2
𝑠
𝑤𝑡 = 720𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
The combustor exit flow is expanded, that is, accelerated, in a turbine nozzle, which converts
the fluid thermal energy into the fluid kinetic energy.
10.6 An axial-flow turbine stage at the pitch line is
shown. The flow entering and exiting the turbine
stage is axial, i.e., 𝛼1 = 𝛼3 = 0

The nozzle exit flow is 𝛼2 = 65°. The shaft speed

is 𝜔 = 5500rpm and the pitchline radius is 𝑟𝑚 =
𝑚
50 cm. Assuming 𝐶𝑧 = 250 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒.

Calculate
a) Turbine-specific work 𝑤𝑡 (𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
b) 𝛽3 (in degrees)
c) °𝑅𝑚
Data:
• 𝛼1 = 𝛼3 = 0
• 𝛼2 = 65°
• 𝜔 = 5500rpm
• 𝑟𝑚 = 50 cm = 0.5m
𝑚
• 𝐶𝑧 = 250 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑡𝑒
𝐤𝐉
a)) Turbine-specific work 𝒘𝒕 (𝐤𝐠)
The specific work of the turbine can be calculated with the tangential velocity to the pitch
line radius 𝑈𝑚 and the tangential velocity difference of the fluid ∆𝐶𝜃 .
𝑤𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚 ∆𝐶𝜃 = 𝑈𝑚 (𝐶𝜃2 − 𝐶𝜃1 )
𝐶𝜃2 = 𝐶𝑧2 tan 𝛼2
𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = (250 ) tan(65°)
𝑠
𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = 536.1267
𝑠
𝐶𝜃1 = 𝐶𝑧1 tan 𝛼1
𝑚
𝐶𝜃1 = (250 ) tan(0)
𝑠
𝑚
𝐶𝜃1 =0
𝑠
𝑈𝑚 = 𝜔𝑟𝑚
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1
𝑈𝑚 = [(5500) ( )] [(50 ) ( 𝑚)]
60 𝑠 100
 𝑚
𝑈𝑚 = 287.9793
𝑠
Substituting the obtained values in the specific work equation we obtain:
𝑤𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚 ∆𝐶𝜃
𝑤𝑡 = (287.9793𝑚/𝑠)(536.1267𝑚/𝑠)
𝐾𝐽
𝑤𝑡 = 154.393
𝐾𝑔
b)) 𝛽3 (degrees)
To obtain this value we just need the tangential velocity of the rotor and the axial velocity of
the fluid
𝑚
𝑈𝑚
(287.9793 𝑠 )
𝛽3 = tan−1 = tan−1 𝑚
𝐶𝑧3 (250 𝑠 )

𝛽3 = 49.0381°
c)) °𝑹𝒎
To obtain the mean degree of reaction we need to obtain the tangential velocity of the fluid
at the inlet and outlet of the rotor
𝐶𝜃2 + 𝐶𝜃3
°𝑅𝑚 = 1 −
2𝑈𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = 536.1267𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝐶𝜃3 = 𝐶𝑧3 tan 𝛼3 = (250 ) tan(0°)
𝑠
𝐶𝜃3 = 0𝑚/𝑠
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1
𝑈𝑚 = 𝜔𝑟𝑚 = [(5500) ( )] [(50 ) ( 𝑚)]
60 𝑠 100
𝑈𝑚 = 287.9793𝑚/𝑠
Substituting the values of the tangential fluid velocity vectors and the tangential rotor’s
velocity we obtain:
536.1267𝑚
( )
°𝑅𝑚 = 1 − 𝑠
287.9793𝑚
2( )
𝑠
°𝑅𝑚 = 0.06915
10.33 A turbine stage at the pitchline is designed with 15% degree of reaction and zero exit
swirl, as shown. The pitchline radius is at 𝑟𝑚 = 0.60𝑚 and shaft rotational speed is 𝜔 =
6500 𝑟𝑝𝑚. Assuming the axial velocity is constant; Calculate the following parameters at
the pitchline:
a) Nozzle exit absolute swirl, 𝐶𝜃2 , in m/s
b) Nozzle exit Mach number, 𝑀2
c) Rotor exit relative Mach number, 𝑀3𝑟
d) The stage loading at pitchline, 𝜓𝑚

Data:
• 𝑟𝑚 = 0.60𝑚
• 𝜔 = 6500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
• 𝐶𝑧 = 200𝑚/𝑠
• 𝑇𝑡1 = 1550𝐾
• °𝑅𝑚 = 0.15
• 𝐶𝜃1 = 0𝑚/𝑠
• 𝐶𝜃3 = 0𝑚/𝑠
• 𝛾𝑡 = 1.33
• 𝑐𝑝𝑡 = 1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔 = 6500 [ ][ ] = 680.67𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠

a)) Nozzle exit absolute swirl, 𝐶𝜃2 , in m/s

From stage degree of reaction °Rm at the pitchline equation we can isolate 𝐶𝜃2 as:
𝐶𝜃1 − 𝐶𝜃2
°𝑅𝑚 = 1 −
2𝑈𝑚
For a 15% degree of reaction turbine stage and a zero-exit swirl condition, that is,
𝑈𝑚 = 𝜔𝑟𝑚
𝑈𝑚 = (680.67𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)(0.60𝑚)
𝑈𝑚 = 408.407𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝜃1 − 𝐶𝜃2
°𝑅𝑚 = 1 −
2𝑈𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = 𝐶𝜃1 − (1 − °𝑅𝑚 )2𝑈𝑚
𝐶𝜃2 = 0 − (1 − 0.15)2(408.407𝑚/𝑠)
𝐶𝜃2 = 694.2919𝑚/𝑠
b)) Nozzle exit Mach number, 𝑀2
Now, let us find the exit Mach number 𝑀2
𝛾−1
𝛾+1 2
2 𝛾−1
𝑀
2 2 (1 + (𝛾 − 1) 21 )
𝑀2 = ( ) −1
𝛾−1 𝛾+1 𝑀1 2
[ ]
√ { }
𝑎1
𝑀1 =
𝐶1

𝑎1 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

𝐶1 2
𝑇𝑡1 = 𝑇1 +
2𝑐𝑝

𝐶1 2
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑡1 −
2𝑐𝑝

(200𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑇1 = 1550𝐾 −
2(1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)
𝑇1 = 1532.63𝐾
𝛾𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = (𝛾−1)

𝑐𝑝 (𝛾 − 1)
𝑅=
𝛾
 1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾(0.33)
𝑅=
1.33
𝑅 = 285.834𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

𝑎1 = √(1.33)(285.834𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)(1532.63𝐾)

𝑎1 = 763.3116𝑚/𝑠

𝐶1𝑚 = √𝐶𝑧𝑚 2 + 𝐶𝜃1𝑚 2

𝐶1𝑚 = √(200𝑚/𝑠)2 + (0)2

𝐶1𝑚 = 200𝑚/𝑠
200𝑚/𝑠
𝑀1 =
763.3116𝑚/𝑠
𝑀1 = 0.2620

0.33
2.33 2
0.26202 0.33
2 2 (1 + (1.33 − 1) )
2
𝑀2 = ( ) 2
−1
1.33 − 1 1.33 + 1 0.2620
[ ]
√ { }
𝑀2 = 1.804
c)) Rotor exit relative Mach number, 𝑀3𝑟
𝐶3
𝑀3 =
𝑎3
From the flow condition downstream of the rotor, we may calculate 𝐶3
𝐶𝑧3 = 𝐶3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3
𝐶𝑧3
𝐶3 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼3
𝐶𝑧3 = 𝐶𝑧2 = 𝐶𝑧1 = 200𝑚/𝑠
200𝑚/𝑠
𝐶3 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠0°
Therefore, the absolute gas speed at the downstream of the rotor is:
𝐶3 = 200𝑚/𝑠
The speed of sound in station 3 is calculated by:

𝑎3 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

The static temperature od the gas in station 3 is:

𝐶3 2
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑡3 −
2𝑐𝑝

The total temperature 𝑇𝑡3 may be calculated from the Euler turbine equation:
𝑈𝑚 (𝐶𝜃3 − 𝐶𝜃2 )
𝑇𝑡3 = 𝑇𝑡2 +
𝑐𝑝
408.407(694.29 − 0)
𝑇𝑡2 = 1550 +
1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇𝑡2 = 1796.13
408.407(0 − 694.29)
𝑇𝑡3 = 1796.13 +
1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇𝑡3 = 1304𝐾
Therefore, static temperature of the gas in station 3 is:
(200𝑚/𝑠)2
𝑇3 = 1304𝐾 −
2(1152𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)
𝑇3 = 1286.63𝐾
The corresponding speed of sound is:

𝑎3 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

𝑎3 = √(1.33)(285.834𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)(1286.63𝐾)

𝑎3 = 699.376𝑚/𝑠
Rotor exit relative Mach number is:
454.6𝑚/𝑠
𝑀3 =
699.376𝑚/𝑠
𝑀3 = 0.65
d)) The stage loading at pitchline, 𝜓𝑚
First stage loading parameter is:
𝑤𝑡 = 𝑈𝑚 (𝐶𝜃2 − 𝐶𝜃3 )
𝑤𝑡 = 408.407𝑚/𝑠(694.2919𝑚/𝑠 − 0)
𝑤𝑡 = 283,552.896𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Shaft power is:
𝑤𝑡
𝜓𝑚 =
𝑈𝑚 2
283,552.89𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝜓𝑚 =
(408.407𝑚/𝑠)2
𝜓𝑚 = 1.699