Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice

Enhanced selective catalytic wet oxidation of H2 S to S over

Ce–Fe/MgO catalysts at ambient temperature
Bo-Tau Liu∗, Chan-Chih Hsieh
Department ROC

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the study we prepare novel MgO supported magnetic Ce–Fe catalysts for selective catalytic wet oxi-
Received 20 January 2018 dation of H2 S to elemental sulfur at ambient temperature. Characterization of the MgO supported Ce–Fe
Revised 17 April 2018
catalysts and the corresponding catalytic activity for H2 S removal were analyzed and evaluated. Com-
Accepted 18 April 2018
pared to the MgO supported Fe catalysts, the Ce incorporation increases significantly catalytic activity for
H2 S removal due to the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ improved by the redox couple Ce4+ /Ce3+ . Besides, we
Keywords: also found that the Ce incorporation reduced sulfates and sulfur deposited on the surface of the catalysts.
H2 S Under high oxygen atmosphere, contaminants are almost not formed on the surface of the Mg supported
Selective wet catalytic oxidation Ce–Fe catalysts, extending their lifetime.
Ce–Fe/MgO
© 2018 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Elemental sulfur
Ambient temperature

1. Introduction Compared to dry oxidation, the wet (solution) oxidation fea-

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S) is usually generated from bio landfill,
vehicles, and chemical industries with respect to the use of coal,
petroleum, and nature gas, which is malodorous and harmful to
human health, leads to acid rain, corrodes pipe/equipment, and
poisons the catalysts used in industrial process. In large plants, the
effluent gas is treated using the Claus process to recover H2 S to el-
emental sulfur [1]. Due to the thermodynamic limitation, the tail
gas emitted from the Claus process still contains some H2 S; ad-
ditional purification treatments are needed for the tail gas. Based
on the mechanisms of adsorption, absorption, chemical oxidation,
or catalytic oxidation, various technologies have been developed
extensively for H2 S removal [2–8]. In practical applications, Mobil
direct oxidation process, super-Claus process, and euro-Claus pro-
cess involving H2 S-selective catalytic oxidation have been devel-
oped commercially [9–11]. Unfortunately, these processes are re-
stricted to the existence of water vapor, concentration of H2 S, or
oxygen content [12]. Recently, H2 S-selective catalytic oxidative cat-
alysts made from carbon, metal oxides, clay, or their combinations
have been studied extensively [10]. Most of these catalysts feature
high performance, wide applications, and few limitations on op-
erative conditions. However, the catalysts operated at catalytic dry
(gaseous) oxidation have inevitable drawbacks – low stability and
low selectivity at high reaction temperature [13–19].
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: liubo@yuntech.edu.tw (B.-T. Liu).
tures simpler process, smaller apparatus, less labor cost, and
higher sulfur recovery. The Fe-chelating homogeneous catalysis has
been investigated for H2 S removal through the redox mechanism
[20–24]. Unlike Co3+ /Co2+ (E = 1.82) [25], the Fe3+ /Fe2+ couple
can avoid mostly to over-oxide the H2 S to SO4 2− because the re-
duction potential (E = 0.77 V) of Fe3+ /Fe2+ is higher than ox-
idation potential (E = −0.14 V) of H2 S/S but lower than that
(E = −0.81 V) of H2 S/SO4 2− . However, the homogeneous catalytic
system needs to control the pH of the reaction media to stabilize
the Fe-chelating catalysts, increasing operational complexity. Few
studies have reported the wet catalytic oxidation for the H2 S re-
moval in a heterogeneous catalytic system. Jung et al. [26,27] dis-
covered a supported Fe catalyst for the wet selective catalytic oxi-
dation of H2 S to S. Due to the strongly basic characteristic [28], it
was also found that MgO as supports for iron oxide catalysts shows
superior catalytic activity compared to other metal oxides such as
Al2 O3 , SiO2 , and ZrO2 [29]. Unlike the homogeneous catalysis, the
MgO supported Fe catalyst needs not control the pH of the reac-
tion media due to the basic property of MgO [30–32]. The MgO
supported Fe catalyst reveals quite high conversion and large H2 S-
removal capacity at room temperature [33].
During the Fe3+ /Fe2+ catalytic process, the Fe3+ is reduced fast
to the Fe2+ by H2 S but the Fe2+ is oxidized slowly to Fe3+ by
O2 [27]. As a result, the catalyst operated at a high-concentration
oxygen atmosphere has superior activity compared to that at low-
concentration one. Recently, ceria (CeO2 ) has been regarded as a
promoter on the selective catalytic reduction catalysts as a result
of its oxygen storage and redox couple Ce4+ /Ce3+ [34]. Because

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.04.023
1876-1070/© 2018 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
114 B.-T. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118

oxygen can be released from CeO2 via the redox shift between
Ce4+ and Ce3+ , the performance of the H2 S selective catalytic oxi-
dation is also improved by incorporating Ce into the catalyst struc-
ture. The (iron oxide)–(cerium oxide) catalysts have exhibited high
conversion and sulfur selectivity for H2 S removal at 250 °C [17].
In this study, we developed a new-type ferromagnetic Ce–Fe/MgO
catalyst for the wet catalytic oxidation of H2 S to S at room tem-
perature. By virtue of the ceria incorporation, the Ce–Fe/MgO cata-
lyst shows superior activity and low deactivation compared to the
Fe/MgO catalyst. Through magnetic separation, the catalysts are ap-
plied easily in practical applications. Characterization of the cata-
lysts and influence of operating parameters were analyzed and dis-
cussed.

2. Experimental

2.1. Catalyst preparation

The MgO supported Ce–Fe catalysts were prepared by a wetness

impregnation method as reported elsewhere. Briefly, 1 g of MgO Fig. 1. XRD patterns of xCe–yFe/MgO catalysts.
(>96%, Showa) was added into the aqueous solution of iron trini-
trate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3 )3 •9H2 O, >98%, J.T. Baker) and cerium
nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3 )3 •6H2 O, 99.5%, Acros) with various
concentrations. The slurry was mixed and then dried at 100 °C for
24 h. The dried powders were ground and calcined at 600 °C for
2 h under air atmosphere, resulting in xCe–yFe/MgO, where x and
y are the weight percent of Ce and Fe to MgO used in the prepara-
tion of the catalysts, respectively. For the case of only Fe loading in
the catalysts (without Ce), the catalyst was denoted degenerately
as yFe/MgO.

2.2. Characterization of catalysts

The morphologies of the as-prepared catalysts were examined

using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (JSM-7401F,
JEOL). The dispersion of the Fe, Ce, and S on the surface of MgO
support was examined using a high-resolution transmission elec-
tron microscope (JEM-2010, JEOL) and characterized through X-ray
diffraction (XRD) using an X-ray diffractometer (Miniflex II, Rigaku)
and Cu Kα radiation. The elemental analysis and binding energy of
the surface of catalysts were determined by X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) (PHI 50 0 0 VersaProbe, ULVAC-PHI) at a take-
off angle of 90°. All XPS spectra were calibrated using Au 4f7/2
(BE = 84 eV) as internal reference. The concentration of sulfate
ions and that of metal ions in the solution were analyzed by an
ion chromatography (IC, ICS-1100, Dionex) and an inductively cou-
pled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Agilent 725),
respectively.
2.3. Measurement of catalytic activity
The activity tests for the selective catalytic oxidation of H2 S
were performed with a semi-batch reactor at ambient temperature.
Different kinds of catalysts (0.1 g) were dispersed into 250 ml of
deionized water in the reactor. A gas mixture of H2 S, O2 , and N2
was conducted into the reactor at a rate of 250 ml/min, bubbling
the catalyst solution through a gas distributor. The H2 S concentra-
tion in the gaseous stream was analyzed using an electrochemical
detector (XAM-50 0 0, Drager). The inlet H2 S and O2 concentrations
were fixed normally at 300 ppm and 16%, respectively, but the val-
ues might be varied for further analyses.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 1 shows XRD patterns for various yFe/MgO and xCe–
yFe/MgO catalysts. All of the XRD patterns indicate peaks with
Fig. 2. H2 S conversion for the Fe/MgO catalysts with various Fe contents. Test con-
ditions: inlet H2 S concentration = 250 ppm.
values of 2θ located at 37.0, 42.9, 62.2, 74.6, and 78.5°, corre-
sponding to the planes (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222), respec-
tively, of MgO (JCPDS #65-0476). For low Fe loading (10Fe/MgO)
or low Ce loading (5Ce–15Fe/MgO), no corresponding peak for Fe
and Ce can be observed in the XRD patterns of MgO supported
catalysts. The result implies that iron oxides and ceria are highly
dispersed small crystallites (<5 nm) or amorphous phase formed
on the surface of MgO in a low-loading condition [17,35]. When
metal loading increases, extra peaks occur in the XRD patterns,
revealing that the crystallites are aggregated or formed. In the
case of 30Ce–15Fe/MgO, the peak at 2θ = 28.7, 33.4, 47.7, and
56.9° are ascribed to CeO2 (JCPDS#65-2975). The XRD pattern of
the 15Fe/MgO catalyst showed a peak at 2θ value of 35.6°, at-
tributed to α -Fe2 O3 (JCPDS#33-0664) or Fe3 O4 (JCPDS#19-0629).
Under high-resolution observation, a weak peak at 2θ = 30.0° is
indexed to the plane (220) of Fe3 O4 (Fig. S1). We infer that high
metal-loading yFe/MgO or xCe–yFe/MgO catalysts feature α -Fe2 O3
and Fe3 O4 crystal structures, displaying ferromagnetic behavior.
Actually, the catalysts can be attracted by a magnet (Fig. S2).
The catalytic wet oxidation of H2 S was tested in an aqueous
solution. The solution was stirred to keep catalyst powders sus-
pension and avoid their settlement. A gas mixture of H2 S/N2 /O2
with constant H2 S concentration was conducted into the solu-
tion at room temperature. Fig. 2 shows that the H2 S conversion
 B.-T. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118
Fig. 3. H2 S conversion for the xCe–15Fe/MgO catalysts with various Ce contents.
Test conditions: inlet H2 S concentration = 300 ppm (a) and 500 ppm (b).
Fig. 4. TEM images of 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalysts: (a) fresh and (b) used.
115
over the yFe/MgO varies as a function of the elapsed time. The
15Fe/MgO displays superior catalytic activity than the 10Fe/MgO
and the 20Fe/MgO; moderate Fe loading shows optimal activity.
The result is in good agreement with the finding in previous study
[30]. Too little or too much Fe loading decreases the exposed sur-
face area of active center, resulting low activity. As Ce was incorpo-
rated into the MgO supported Fe catalysts, the activity for catalytic
wet oxidation of H2 S was enhanced significantly (Fig. 3). Under the
condition of inlet 300-ppm H2 S concentration, 5, 10, or 15 wt% Ce
loading can maintain 100% H2 S removal within 24 h (Fig. 3(a)).
To further distinguish the performance of these Ce contents, the
inlet concentration of H2 S was increased to 500 ppm. The 10Ce–
15Fe/MgO catalyst shows superior activity compared to the other
Ce loading (Fig. 3(b)).
During the period of the activity test, yellow fine particles were
created gradually and suspended in the catalyst solution (Fig. S3).
According to the XRD analysis (not shown), the fine particles were
elemental sulfur. Fig. 4 displays the TEM images of the fresh 10Ce–
15Fe/MgO and the used 10Ce–15Fe/MgO. Compared with the fresh
catalyst, the used one is covered by numerous particles. The XRD
analysis of the used 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalyst shows the character-
istic pattern of sulfur (Fig. 1), revealing that the elemental sulfur
formed from the selective catalytic wet oxidation of H2 S not only
disperses to the solution but also deposits on the surface of cata-
lysts. The result is also observed in SEM images (Fig. S4); the sur-
face of the used catalyst is covered by the matter, which may hin-
der from catalytic oxidation of H2 S, resulting in the decrease of
catalytic ability.
To realize the mechanism of enhancement on the catalytic ac-
tivity arisen by the Ce incorporation, the activity tests were per-
formed under various oxygen contents (Fig. 5). Either 15Fe/MgO
or 10Ce–15Fe/MgO, their activities increase with oxygen content.
However, the 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalyst reveals 100%-H2 S removal
under 16%-O2 atmosphere, whereas the 15Fe/MgO catalyst cannot
reach 100%-H2 S removal until the O2 content is up to 80%. Be-
cause Fe2+ oxidized by O2 to Fe3+ is slower than Fe3+ reduced
by H2 S to Fe2+ [27], the increase of O2 may facilitate the cat-
alytic cycle. The catalysts with Ce incorporation have less O2 de-
mand than those without Ce incorporation, indicating that the
redox couple Ce4+ /Ce3+ improves the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ .
116 B.-T. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118

Fig. 6. XPS spectra of Ce 3d for the 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalysts tested under various
oxygen atmospheres.

Fig. S5 shows the XPS survey spectra of 15Fe/MgO and 10Ce–

Fig. 5. H2 S conversion for 15Fe/MgO catalysts (a) and 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalysts
(b) tested under various oxygen atmospheres. Test conditions: inlet H2 S concen-
tration = 300 ppm.
15Fe/MgO before and after the activity tests. Under low oxygen at-
mosphere (16% O2 ), the spectra of both used 15Fe/MgO and used
10Ce–15Fe/MgO reveal an S 2p band. However, the peak for the
used 10Ce–15Fe/MgO almost disappears under high oxygen con-
tent (80% O2 ). Fig. 6 presents the complex Ce 3d XPS spectra for
the 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalysts tested under various oxygen atmo-
spheres. The u”’, u”, u, v”’, v”, and v peaks are attributed to Ce4+
state, whereas the u’, u0 , v’ and v0 are ascribe to Ce3+ state [36,37].
The ratio of Ce3+ to (Ce3 + + Ce4+ ) calculated from the deconvo-
luted peaks for the 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalyst increases slightly after
activity test, and no appreciable variation for various oxygen at-
mospheres (16% and 80% O2 ) is observed (Table 1). However, the
intensities of Ce4+ and Ce3+ peaks decrease for the activity test
under 16% O2 atmosphere, but recovered for the activity test under
80% O2 atmosphere. The results reveal that the Ce4+ /Ce3+ couple
was not deteriorated during catalysis process but the surface of the
10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalyst was contaminated by sulfur species under
low oxygen atmosphere, whereas the contamination disappear un-
der high oxygen atmosphere.

Table 1
Variation of surface characteristics of 15Fe/MgO and 10Ce–15Fe/MgO and the corresponding compositions in solution under the test atmosphere of various oxygen
contents.

Samples Surface of catalysta Solution

Ce3+
Fe 2p3/2 BE at maximal Ce3+ +Ce4+
b
S (at%) Ce (ppm)d Fe (ppm)d Mg (ppm)d S (ppm)d SO4 2− (ppm)e
intensity (eV) 2− 2− c
SO4 Sn S2

15Fe/MgO fresh 709.5 – – – – – – –

15Fe/MgO 16% O2 710.7 – 13.5 – <0.04 131 335 25.2

0.55 0.41 0.04

15Fe/MgO 80% O2 710.5 – 13.3 – <0.04 100 263 77.0

0.57 0.41 0.02

10Ce–15Fe/MgO fresh 709.4 0.29 – – – – – –
10Ce–15Fe/MgO 16% O2 710.8 0.30 9.3 <0.2 <0.04 171 449 28.6

0.54 0.42 0.04

10Ce–15Fe/MgO 80% O2 711.1 0.30 <0.1 <0.2 <0.04 213 588 73.1

0.29 0.55 0.16

a
Determined by XPS.
b
Calculated from Fig. 6.
c
The ratios attributed to species were determined by Fig. S6.
d
Determined by ICP-OES.
e
Determined by IC.
 B.-T. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118
Fig. 7. XPS spectra of S 2p for the used 15Fe/MgO catalysts and the used 10Ce–
15Fe/MgO catalysts tested under various oxygen atmospheres.
Fig. 7 shows that the S 2p spectra of the used 15Fe/MgO and
those of the used 10Ce–15Fe/MgO display the characteristic peaks
near 168.7 eV for SO4 2− , 164.0 eV for Sn , and 162.8 eV for S2 2−
[17,38,39]. The deconvoluted peaks assigned to SO4 2− , Sn , and S2 2−
are presented in Fig. S6, where the corresponding ratios are listed
in Table 1. The used MgO supported Fe catalyst displays a lot of
sulfates, sulfides, and elemental sulfur deposited on its surface,
which may be detrimental to catalytic activity. The Ce incorpora-
tion decreases the formation of sulfates and deposition of sulfur
but increases the formation sulfides. However, the total sulfur and
sulfates dissolved in the reaction solution increases due to the Ce
incorporation (Table 1). The result implies that Ce incorporation
may alleviate the deposition of sulfates and sulfur. Whether or not
the Ce is incorporated, high oxygen atmosphere alleviates the for-
mation of sulfides. Under high oxygen atmosphere, the sulfates and
sulfur deposited on the surface of the Ce–Fe catalyst significantly
decrease, whereas they are slightly reduced for the Fe catalyst (Fig.
7 and Table 1).
Fig. S7 shows the XPS spectra of Fe 2p3/2 for the 15Fe/MgO and
the 10Ce–15Fe/MgO, where the binding energy values of 709.8 and
711.2 eV are assigned to Fe2+ and Fe3+ , respectively [40]. Because
the satellite peak for Fe2+ overlaps the peak for Fe3+ , it is almost
impossible to distinguish the peaks for Fe2+ and Fe3+ . Compared to
the pristine catalysts, the binding energy for Fe 2p3/2 slightly shifts
to high energy after the 24-h activity test, which implies the ratio
of Fe3+ to Fe2+ increases. The increase of the ratio may enhance
the chemical potential to facilitate the oxidation of H2 S. No obvi-
ous difference for binding energy of Fe 2p3/2 is observed when the
oxygen atmosphere increases from 16 to 80% (Table 1). We infer
that the ratio of Fe2+ to Fe3+ does not vary significantly with the
oxygen content in the test atmosphere. As a result, the degradation
of the activity of Fe catalyst (15Fe/MgO) with reaction time under
low oxygen atmosphere can be attributed to the fouling/poisoning
by sulfur and its salt, and the activity can be promoted by increas-
ing oxygen content in the test atmosphere due to the decrease of
sulfides. However, the activity of the Fe catalyst will decay grad-
ually even under high oxygen atmosphere because the sulfur and
sulfates deposited on the surface are not removed. For the Ce–Fe
catalysts, the redox couple Ce4+ /Ce3+ improves the catalytic activ-
ity due to enhancing the oxidation ability of Fe2+ to Fe3+ . How-
ever, only Ce incorporation does not improve the fouling/poisoning
issue. Under high oxygen atmosphere, there are almost no contam-
inants formed on their surface (Table 1), which does not hinder
117
catalytic reaction. This is to say, both Ce incorporation and high
oxygen atmosphere can alleviate significantly the fouling/poisoning
and extend the lifetime of Fe catalysts.
4. Conclusions
The highly active MgO supported ferromagnetic Ce–Fe cata-
lysts have been prepared for selective wet catalytic oxidation of
H2 S to S. The MgO supported Ce–Fe catalysts have higher cat-
alytic activity and less oxygen demand than the traditional MgO
supported Fe catalysts. The 10Ce–15Fe/MgO catalyst shows optimal
catalytic activity and reaches to 100% H2 S conversion. The Ce in-
corporation leads to the decrease of sulfates and sulfur deposited
on the surface of the catalysts. Unlike the MgO supported Fe cata-
lyst, there are almost no contaminants deposited on the surface of
the MgO supported Ce–Fe catalyst under high oxygen atmosphere.
The ferromagnetic property and long life time of the MgO sup-
ported magnetic Ce–Fe catalysts increase the feasibility in practical
applications.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported financially by the Ministry of Science
and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST 105-2622-
E-224-013-CC3).
Supplementary materials
Supplementary material associated with this article can be
found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2018.04.023.
References
[1] Estep JW, McBride GT, West JR. Advances in petroleum chemistry and refining.
New York: Interscience; 1962. p. 315.
[2] Feng Y, Wen J, Hu YF, Wu B, Wu MM, Mi J. Evaluation of the cycling perfor-
mance of a sorbent for H2 S removal and simulation of desulfurization-regen-
eration processes. Chem Eng J 2017;326:1255–65.
[3] Bhatt PM, Belmabkhout Y, Assen AH, Weselinski LJ, Jiang H, Cadiau A,
et al. Isoreticular rare earth fcu-MOFs for the selective removal of H2 S from
CO2 containing gases. Chem Eng J 2017;324:392–6.
[4] Zou HK, Sheng MP, Sun XF, Ding ZH, Arowo M, Luo Y, et al. Removal of hydro-
gen sulfide from coke oven gas by catalytic oxidative absorption in a rotating
packed bed. Fuel 2017;204:47–53.
[5] Palma V, Vaiano V, Barba D, Colozzi M, Palo E, Barbato L, et al. Oxida-
tive decomposition of H2 S over alumina-based catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res
2017;56(32):9072–8.
[6] Li ZG, Zhang Q, Dan M, Guo ZL, Zhou Y. A facile preparation route of
Bi2 S3 nanorod films for photocatalytic H2 production from H2 S. Mater Lett
2017;201:118–21.
[7] Xia H, Chang XQ, Liu BS. High-temperature H2 S removal performance over
ordered mesoporous La–Mn-supported Al2 O3 –CaO sorbents. Chem Eng J
2017;321:277–85.
[8] Li L, Zhou P, Zhang HB, Meng XL, Li JX, Sun TH. Mid-temperature deep removal
of hydrogen sulfide on rare earth (RE = Ce, La, Sm, Gd) doped ZnO supported
on KIT-6: effect of RE dopants and interaction between active phase and sup-
port matrix. Appl Surf Sci 2017;407:197–208.
[9] Kang D-H, Kim M-I, Park D-W. Selective oxidation of H2 S to sulfur over
CeO2 –TiO2 catalyst. Korean J Chem Eng 2016;33(3):838–43.
[10] Zhang X, Tang Y, Qu S, Da J, Hao Z. H2 S-selective catalytic oxidation: catalysts
and processes. ACS Catal 2015;5(2):1053–67.
[11] Bukhtiyarova GA, Delii IV, Sakaeva NS, Kaichev VV, Plyasova LM, Bukhti-
yarov VI. Effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of
Fe2 O3 /SiO2 catalysts for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. React Kinet Catal Lett
2007;92(1):89–97.
[12] Woo Chun S, Yeol Jang J, Won Park D, Chul Woo H, Shik Chung J. Selective
oxidation of H2 S to elemental sulfur over TiO2 /SiO2 catalysts. Appl Catal B
1998;16(3):235–43.
[13] Mashapa TN, Rademan JD, van Vuuren MJJ. Catalytic performance and deacti-
vation of precipitated iron catalyst for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide
to elemental sulfur in the waste gas streams from coal gasification. Ind Eng
Chem Res 2007;46(19):6338–44.
[14] Batygina MV, Dobrynkin NM, Kirichenko OA, Khairulin SR, Ismagilov ZR. Stud-
ies of supported oxide catalysts in the direct selective oxidation of hydrogen
sulfide. React Kinet Catal Lett 1992;48(1):55–63.
118 B.-T. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 89 (2018) 113–118
[15] Li K-T, Yen C-S, Shyu N-S. Mixed-metal oxide catalysts containing iron
for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur. Appl Catal A
1997;156(1):117–30.
[16] Laperdrix E, Costentin G, Nguyen N, Studer F, Lavalley JC. Study of H2 S selec-
tive oxidation on new model catalysts – influence of composition. Catal Today
20 0 0;61(1-4):149–55.
[17] Koyuncu DDE, Yasyerli S. Selectivity and stability enhancement of iron oxide
catalyst by ceria incorporation for selective oxidation of H2 S to sulfur. Ind Eng
Chem Res 2009;48(11):5223–9.
[18] Kersen U, Keiski RL. Preliminary study on the selective oxidation of H2 S over
LaVO4 and Fe2 (MoO4 )3 oxides, produced by a solvothermal method. Catal
Commun 2009;10(7):1039–42.
[19] Sanchis R, Cecilia JA, Soriano MD, Vázquez MI, Dejoz A, López Nieto JM,
et al. Porous clays heterostructures as supports of iron oxide for environmental
catalysis. Chem Eng J 2018;334:1159–68.
[20] Tsapekis OG, Salmas CE, Androutsopoulos GP. Chemical kinetics of hy-
drogen sulfide selective oxidation in iron chelate solutions. Glob Nest J
2008;10(3):386–94.
[21] Petre CF, Larachi F. Reactivity of Fe/M (M = Ce, Mn, Al) oxide-hydroxides
for hydrosulfide removal in anoxic and oxic solutions. Sep Purif Technol
2008;59(2):151–63.
[22] Bedell SA, Kirby LH, Buenger CW, McGaugh MC. Chelates’ role in gas treating.
Hydrocarb Process 1988;67:63–6.
[23] Kohl AL, Nielsen R. Gas purification. Houston: Gulf Publishing; 1997.
[24] Neumann DW, Lynn S. Oxidative absorption of H2 S and O2 by iron chelate
solutions. AlChE J 1984;30(1):62–9.
[25] Govindan M, Moon I-S. A single catalyst of aqueous CoIII for deodorization
of mixture odor gases: a development and reaction pathway study at elec-
tro-scrubbing process. J Hazard Mater 2013;260:1064–72.
[26] Jung KD, Joo OS, Kim CS. Study on the structure of Fe/MgO catalysts for H2 S
wet oxidation. Catal Lett 2002;84(1–2):52–6.
[27] Jung KD, Joo OS, Cho SH, Han SH. Catalytic wet oxidation of H2 S to sulfur on
Fe/MgO catalyst. Appl Catal A 2003;240(1–2):235–41.
[28] Hattori H. Catalysis by basic metal oxides. Mater Chem Phys
1988;18(5):533–52.
[29] Lee EK, Jung KD, Joo OS, Shul YG. Support effects in catalytic wet oxi-
dation of H2 S to sulfur on supported iron oxide catalysts. Appl Catal A
2005;284(1–2):1–4.
[30] Lee E-K, Jung K-D, Shul Y-G. Catalytic systems for the H2 S wet oxidation at
room temperature. Catal Surv Asia 2007;11(3):134–44.
[31] Lee EK, Jung KD, Joo OS, Shul YG. Influence of iron precursors on cat-
alytic wet oxidation of H2 S to sulfur over Fe/MgO catalysts. J Mol Catal A
2005;239(1–2):64–7.
[32] Lee EK, Jung KD, Joo OS, Shul YG. Selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to
elemental sulfur with Fe/MgO catalysts in a slurry reactor. Bull Korean Chem
Soc 2005;26(2):281–4.
[33] Rakmak N, Wiyaratn W, Bunyakan C, Chungsiriporn J. Synthesis of Fe/MgO
nano-crystal catalysts by sol–gel method for hydrogen sulfide removal. Chem
Eng J 2010;162(1):84–90.
[34] Liu B-T, Huang C-J, Ke Y-X, Wang W-H, Kuo H-L, Lin D, et al. En-
hanced selective catalytic reduction of NO over Mn–Ce catalysts with
the acetic-acid-chelated titania support at low temperature. Appl Catal A
2017;538:74–80.
[35] Thirupathi B, Smirniotis PG. Co-doping a metal (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ce, and
Zr) on Mn/TiO2 catalyst and its effect on the selective reduction of NO with
NH3 at low-temperatures. Appl Catal B 2011;110:195–206.
[36] Mullins DR, Overbury SH, Huntley DR. Electron spectroscopy of single crystal
and polycrystalline cerium oxide surfaces. Surf Sci 1998;409(2):307–19.
[37] Romeo M, Bak K, El Fallah J, Le Normand F, Hilaire L. XPS study of the reduc-
tion of cerium dioxide. Surf Interface Anal 1993;20(6):508–12.
[38] Bukhtiyarova GA, Bukhtiyarov VI, Sakaeva NS, Kaichev VV, Zolotovskii BP. XPS
study of the silica-supported Fe-containing catalysts for deep or partial H2 S
oxidation. J Mol Catal A 20 0 0;158(1):251–5.
[39] Zhang X, Dou G, Wang Z, Li L, Wang Y, Wang H, et al. Selective catalytic oxi-
dation of H2 S over iron oxide supported on alumina-intercalated Laponite clay
catalysts. J Hazard Mater 2013;260(Suppl C):104–11.
[40] Graat PCJ, Somers MAJ. Simultaneous determination of composition and
thickness of thin iron-oxide films from XPS Fe 2p spectra. Appl Surf Sci
1996;100–101(Suppl C):36–40.