• j¾I 1880 cQks 25 jk Èk wïn,kaf.

dv Wm; ,nñka 1955 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk wm

w;ßka iuq.;a tï' id¾,sia ^ud,s.djf.a id¾,sia& fn!oaO Ñ;% l,dfõ kj mqkreohla
we;s l< Ys,amsfhls'
• gj¾ kD;H Yd,dfõ Ñ;% jia;% ilia l< ßpâ fykaßliaf.a ngysr Ñ;% l,d ffY,Sh
,laIK tï' id¾,siaf.a fn!oaO Ñ;% ks¾udK i|yd wdNdih úh'
• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a fn!oaO is;=jï ks¾udK" úydr is;=jï yd ,sf;da uqøs; is;=jï
f,i fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'
• hg;a úð;lrKh ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ ckm%sh ù ;snQ ì%;dkH /ðkf.a rEm fjkqjg fn!oaO
Ñ;%" isxy, fn!oaO ck;dj w;r ckm%sh lsÍug mqfrda.dó jQfha tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshd h'
• Tyq úiska w`Èk ,o fn!oaO is;=jï 1923 § c¾ukshg hjd ,sf;da uqøs; l%ufhka msgm;a
,nd .eksK' tjeks is;=jï 36 la úh' my; i|yka jkafka bka lsysmhls'
- isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh
- mshqï msg jeãu
- Ys,am oelaùu
- isÿy;a hfYdaOrd irK ux.,Hh
- isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij
- ÿIalr l%shdj
- iSj,S uyry;ka jykafia
• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshd úiska is;=jï we| we;s fn!oaO úydria:dk lsysmhla my;
i|yka fõ'
- fld<U ud,s.dlkao úydrh
- b`ÿrefõ hd,.u úydrh
- u;=.u mdka;sh Y%S ux., úydrh
- fmd;=msáfha mQcdrduh

• tï' id¾,sia Ys,amshdf.a is;=jïj, oelsh yels l,d ,laIK

- ukd iïmsKavkh
- m¾hdf,dal ,laIK oelaùu
- t<sh w÷r yd ;%sudk ,laIK oelaùu
- §ma;su;a j¾K Ndú;h
- úÑ;% ieris,slrKh
- ngysr iajNdúl ffY,sfha wdNdih

1
 isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij ^,sf;da uqøs;&

• wmrÈ.$ngysr iajNdúljd§ Ñ;% ffY,sfha wdNdih wkqj rEm rpkh lr we;'

• mqkreo hq.fha Ñ;% Ys,amSka w`Èk ,o ußh;=ñh yd fÊiq ì<s|d oelafjk uefvdakd Ñ;%j,
wdNdih oel .; yels h'
• is;=jfï udkj rEm i`oyd úÑ;% f,i fhdod we;s jia;%dNrK fmrÈ. ffY,sfha wdNdih
fmkakqï lrhs' úfYaIfhka bkaÈhdkq iïm%odfha we÷ï me,÷ïj, ,laIK lemS fmfka'
• rEmj, ;%sudk ,CIK b;d fyd`Èka u;= lr we;s w;r úÑ;% j¾Kud,djla o fõ'
• isÿy;a l=ure yd uõ ìij olajd we;af;a ud<s.d wNHka;r ióm rEm o¾Ykhla f,i h'
• iuia; is;=jfï fmrìu iy miqìu muKla olajd we;' ud<s.d ljq`Mfjka fmfkk
miqìu m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; N+ñ o¾Ykhla f,i olajd we;'

mshqï msg jeãu ^,sf;da uqøs;&

• Ñ;% wjldYfha .eUqr u;=jk fia m¾hdf,dal ,laIK fmkajñka iajNdúljd§

ffY,shlska rEm ixrpkh lsÍu olakg ,efí'
• fmrìu" ueoìu iy miqìu hk ;, u; m¾hdf,dal ,laIKhg wkq.; fjñka rEm yd
isoaê .Kkdjla is;=jï lr we;'
• is;=jfï miqìu wjldY m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys;j N+ñ o¾Ykhlska iukaú; h'
• ;%sudk ,laIK u;=jk fia úÑ;% j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lr we;'

2
 • j¾I 1897 cQks 17 jk Èk y,dj; udoïfma k.rhg kqÿre uyjej § fida,shia fukaäia
Wm; ,nd we;'
• le,Ks úydr ì;= is;=jï kj fn!oaO úydr Ñ;% ffY,shla y`ÿkajd §ug mqfrda.dó úh'
• le,Ks úydrfha is;=jï ks¾udKh lsÍug wdNdih ù we;af;a" bkaÈhdfõ wcka;d"
t,af,dard yd Nd.a jeks ia:dkj, l,d ks¾udK yd ,xldfõ iS.sßh" ;sjxl ms<suf.a jeks
bmerKs is;=jï ks¾udKhka h'
• le,Ks úydrfha is;=jïj,g wu;rj rKia.,a, úydrh" .sßW,a, ueoafofmd< úydrh"
ynrd¥j msá¥j le,Ksf.dv úydrh" iy fmdf<dkakrej Y%S úch úydrh hk
úydria:dkj, o fida,shia fukaäia is;=jï we| we;'
• kj le,Ks úydrfha ì;= is;=jï f;aud;aulj fldgia folls'
- nqoaO pß;fha úúO wjia:d
- ft;sydisl isoaê$ mqj;a
nqoaO pß;fha wjia:d
- uyudhd foaúh ÿgq isyskh
- jma u`.=,
- isma i;r yeoEÍu
- iqcd;djf.a lsßms`vq odkh
- iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùu
- iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh
ft;sydisl isoaê
- úch l=uref.a ,xld.ukh
- wkqrdOmqr uydiSudj ne£u
- w¿úydrfha § ;%smsglh .%ka:drEG lsÍu
- fyauud,s l=ußh yd oka; l=ure Y%S o<|d jykafia ,laÈjg jevu lrùu
- ix>ñ;a;d f;rKsfhda Y%S uyfndaê wxl=rh ,laÈjg jevu lrùu
- nqÿkajykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh oelafjk uyshx.kx" kd.§mx" l,aHdKx
mo,dxPkx hk m%Odk is;=jï i;r

le,Ks úydrfha Ñ;%j, oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK

- ßoauhdkql+, yd úia;rd;aul udkj rEm iïmsKavkh
- m%dKmQ¾K ishqï f¾LdlrKh
- ishqï j f.dvk`.k ;%sudk ,laIK iys; w÷re ly" ÿUqre" l¿" iqÿ wd§ j¾Kud,djla
Ndú; lsÍu
- w÷r ;=<ska wdf,dalh jvd;a ;Sj% f,i u;= lr olajk" lshfrdaial+frd ^Chiaroscuro)
isoaOdka;hg iudk j¾K .ekaùfï ,laIK fmkaùu
- úYd, wjldYhla u; l%shdldÍ rEm fndfyda .Kkla tlg iïmsKavkh lsÍu
- úh<s noduh u; ì;= is;=jï we`§fï Ys,am l%uh jk fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uh
Ndú;h

3
 fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure Y%S o<od jykafia ,laÈjg jevu lrùu

• lS¾;s Y%S fï>j¾K rc iufha ^l%s' j' 301 -328& l,s`.= rg .=yiSj kï rc;=ud úiska
o<od jykafiaf.a wdrlaIdj m;d fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure w; Y%S
,xldoaùmhg Y%S o<od jykafia jevu lrùu fuhska ksrEmKh flf¾'
• úYd, wjldYhla u; udkj rEm ,d,s;Huh bßhjqj,ska hq;=j iïmsKavkh lr
we;'
• fM;sydisl ì;= is;=jïj, olakg ,efnk ix.; j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lrñka ;%u s dK
,CIK ishqï f,i u;= lr we;'
• is;=jï i|yd j¾K fh§fï § w÷re ly" ÿUqre" l`M" iqÿ wd§ j¾Kj, m%fNao u;=jk
whqßka Ñ;% ks¾udKh lr we;'
• ßoauhdkql+, yd m%ldYk .=Kfhka hq;= rEm ishqï f¾LdlrKfhka mßmQ¾K;ajhg m;a
lr we;'
• fuu is;=jfï miqìu oelaùfï § Ys,amshd iajNdúl mßirfha wmQ¾j;ajh .uHudk
jk fia m%;sks¾udKh lr we;'

ix>ñ;a;d f;rKska jykafia ch Y%S uyfndaêh Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrùu

• fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh jkafka bkaÈhdfõ O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a ÈhKshl jQ

ix>ñ;a;d f;rKsh úiska Y%S uyd fndaê Ydldjla ,xldjg /f.k tau iy isß,l
rc l< fojkmE;sia rc;=ud Èhg nei Y%S uyd fndaêh Ndr.ekSug iQodkïjk
wjia:dj fõ'
• úYd, ;,hla u; is;=ju iïmsKavkfha § we;sjk wNsfhda. ch .ksñka wod<
m%ia;=;h ;,hg f.dkq lr .ekSfï § Ys,amSh yelshdj rEm" j¾K yd f¾Ld ixrpkh
u.ska uekúka m%ldY fõ'
• fuu is;=jñka ±lafjk rej,a kej b;d úia;rd;aul yev;, u.ska yd c,fhys
pd,l iajrEmh ishqï f¾LdlrKh u.ska o b;d úis;=re f,i olajd we;'
• merKs idïm%odhsl Ñ;% l,dfõ ßoauhdkql+, f¾Ldjg kj Ôjhla tla lrñka yd
iïm%odhsl ix.; j¾Kud,djlg wkq.; j w÷re ly" ÿUqre" fld<" iqÿ" l`M wd§
j¾K Ndú; lsÍu y÷kd.; yels h'
• w÷r ;=<ska wdf,dalh jvd;a ;Sj% f,i u;= lrk lshfrdaial+frd ^Chiaroscuro)
keu;s j¾K lsÍug iudk ,laIK fuu is;=jfuys ±lsh yels h'

4
fyauud,d l=ußh yd oka; l=ure Y%S o<od jykafia ,laÈjg jevu lrùu

ix>ñ;a;d f;rKska jykfia ch Y%S uyfndaêh Y%S ,xldjg jevu lrùu

5
• wdishdfõ úYsIag Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jYfhka m%isoaêhg m;a fcda¾Ê lSÜ l%s'j' 1901 wfm%a,a 17
jk Èk uykqjr wïmsáfha § isxy, n¾.¾ mjq,l Wm; ,eî h'
• uykqjr ;%s;aj úÿyf,ka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd we;'
• Tyq 43 lKavdhug wh;a Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jk w;r f.da;ó úydrfha ì;=is;=jï o
ks¾udKh lr we;'
• kQ;k hq.fha m%ùK Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jk Tyq ;u is;=jï ks¾udKj,g yskaÿ l,d wdNdih
yd hqfrdamfha meíf,da msldfidaf.a >ksljd§ Ñ;% ffY,sfha l,d wdNdih iys; j Tyqgu
wdfõKsl Ñ;% ffY,shla ks¾udKh lr.ekSu oelsh yels h'
• fld<U - fnd/,a, f.da;ó úydrfha fn!oaO is;=jï we£u j¾I 1939 - 1940 ld,h ;=<
isÿúh'
• f.da;ó úydrfha ì;= is;=jï Ñ;%dj,shla fia we| we;s w;r tys ±lsh yels iqúfYaIS
wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
- uyudhd foaúh ÿgq isyskh
- isoaOd¾: l=udfrda;am;a;sh
- irK ux.,H
- k<`.kkaf.a úldr oelSu
- i;r fmr ksñ;s oelSu
- udrmrdch
• fuu is;=jï fi'ó' 192 la muK WiajQ ì;a;shl Ôj m%udKfhka we| we;'
• fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshd is;=jï ks¾udKfha § f¾Ldjg m%Odk ;ekla ,nd § we;s w;r tu f¾Ld
iDcq f¾Ld" flá f¾Ld" jl% f¾Ld jYfhka y`ÿkd.; yels h'
• ks;e;ska u .,dhk Ôjuh .=Kfhka hq;= f¾Ldfjka rEmj, msreKq nj ukd j biau;= lr
we;'
• r;=" iqÿ" ÿUqre" ly" ks,a" fld< hk j¾K Ndú; lrñka ishqï f,i ;%sudk ,CIK u;= lr
we;'
• fuu is;=jï úh<s nodufha w`Èk ,o ì;=is;=jï l%uh jk fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uhg
ks¾udKh lr we;'

udrmrdch
• f.da;ó úydrfha is;=jï w;r iqúfYaIS is;=jula f,i ie,flk zudr mrdchZ
yskaÿ l,d ,laIK yd msldfidaf.a >ksljd§ ffY,Sh ,laIK wdNdih lr .;a
ks¾udKhls'
• >ksljd§ yev;, Ndú; lsÍfuka udrfiakdfõ uqyqKqj, reÿre Nhxlr ú,dih
uekúka biau;= lr we;'
• udr msßig ÿUqre" w`M" l`M jeks w÷re j¾K;a nqÿkajykafia i|yd w÷re ly" ,d
ÿUqre jeks j¾K;a fhdod .ksñka ;%sudk ,CIK iys; j is;=ju j¾Kj;a lr we;'
• rEm jgd mßmQ¾K;ajh yd ksudj fmkajk ks¾udKYS,S f¾LdlrKh Tyqg u
wdfõKsl jQjls'

6
 kdhsld Ñ;%
• fcda¾Ê lSÜ Ys,amshd úiska kdhsld Ñ;% .Kkdjla we| we;'
• fuu is;=jï f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajia u; lrk ,o Ñ;% ks¾udKhka h'
• kdhsld is;=jï wkqrd.S núka hq;= m%ldYkhka jk w;r ta nj ±laùu i|yd mq`M,a weia yd
yd mq`M,a fof;d,a ksrEmKh lr we;'
• ks¾udKfha w,xlrKh fukau m%ldYk Yla;sh ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd o f¾LdlrKh uekúka
Ndú; lr we;'
• fuu l,d ks¾udK i|yd wdNdi jYfhka ngysr >ksljd§ l,d ,laIK fuka u yskaÿ
o¾Ykfha ;ka;%hdk ,laIK o ,eî we;ehs úpdrl u;hhs'
• w`ÿre j¾K fukau meyeÈ,s §ma;su;a j¾K tlg ixl,kh lr j¾Kj;a lr ;sîu fuu
kdhsld is;=jïj,ska ±lsh yels h'

7
• úYsIag Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f,i m%isoaêhg m;a fâúâ fmakag¾ j¾I 1900 § W;=re bkaÈhdfõ
we,afudard ys § bx.%Sis cd;sl ñIkdß msfhl=g yd isxy, ujlg odj Wm; ,eîh'
• Tyq tx.,ka;fha frdah,a welvñfha Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| wOHdmkh ,nd we;'
• hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,dfõ iajNdúljd§ Ñ;% l,d wdNdih iys;j Tyqgu
wdfõKsl Ñ;% ffY,shla ks¾udKh lrf.k we;'
• m%ùK Ñ;% Ys,amshl= jk Tyq ,xld l,d ix.uhg wh;a woH;k hq.fha Ñ;% Ys,amshl=
fõ'
• fâúâ fmakag¾f.a ks¾udK i|yd jia;= úIh jQ f;aud my;ska ±lafõ'
- m%;srEm
- N+ñ o¾Yk
- udkj rEm iïmsKavk
- ;%s;aj foõueÿf¾ ì;= is;=jï
• fâúâ fmakag¾ Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK ffY,sh yd Ñ;% uQ,sldx. ixrpk lsÍfï
,laIK
− ðj.=Kh yd ldhsl iqkaor;ajh uekeúka ms<sìUqjk f,i udkj rEm Ñ;%Kh lsÍu
− Ñ;%fha .eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK ksrEmKh
− ñksia bßhõ ,d,s;Hfhka yd ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;= ùu
− ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lsÍu
− l%sia;shdks f;aud ksrEmKh lsÍfï § hqfrdamSh ixialD;sh yd N+;,h fjkqjg
Y%S ,dxlSh iudc miqìul Ñ;%Kh lr ;sîu

ch.%dys f,i fcrefi,ug we;=¿ ùu

8
• cd;sl l,dNjfka ks;H m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;ss fuu is;=ju lekajih u; f;,a idhï
udOHfhka lrk ,o ks¾udKhls'
• Ñ;%fha olajk udkj rEm bßhõ ldhsl iqkaor;ajh olajk ,d,s;Hfhka hq;=j Ñ;%Kh
lr we;s w;r tajd ye`.Sï m%ldYkfhka hq;=j ksrEmKh flf¾'
• ;,h u; rEm ixrpkh lsÍfï § fmrìu" ueo ìu yd miqìu u; rEm msysgjñka Ñ;%hfha
.eUqr yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK ksrEmKh lr we;'
• ;%sudk ,laIK iys;j jvd;a frdai meyehg yqre §ma;su;a j¾Kud,djla Ndú; lr we;'
• Ñ;%fha miqìu i|yd olajd we;af;a fcreiru ldka;drh fjkqjg ,dxlSh úh<s l,dmSh
l÷ iys; N+ mßirhls'

hym;a iuß;dkqjrhd (Good Samarithan)

• fuu is;=ju uykqjr ;%s;aj foõueÿf¾ ±lsh yels is;=juls'

• ñka ksrEmKh jkafka fÊiqia jykafia foaYkd lrk ,o Wmud l:djl wjia:djls' tkï
hym;a iuß;dkqjrhd myr§ulg ,laù ;=jd, ,enQ mqoa.,hl= yg msysgjk wdldrhhs'
• fÊiqia jykafiaf.a l;d mqj; iys; uykqjr ;%s;aj foõueÿf¾ ì;= is;=jïj,
iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka hqfrdmSh ixialD;sh yd N+ ;,h fjkqjg Y%S ,dxflah iudc miqìu
ksrEmKh lr ;sîuhs'
• Y%S ,dxflah ñksia rEm" we÷ï me,÷ï yd mßir iajNdjh fuu Ñ;%fha lemS fmfkk
,laIKfhda h'
• hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,Sh Ñ;% l,dfõ ixrpk isoaOdka; ,laIK jk .eUqr ksrEmKh lrk
m¾hdf,dal ,laIK yd ;%sudk ,laIK Ndú;h fuu ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels h'

9
• ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ 19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha hdmkfha ;djä m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ Ñ;%
Ys,amsfhls'
• fudyq ol=Kq bka§h ;kacdjQ¾ (Thanjavur) is;=jïj, Ys,aml%u ks¾udK i`oyd Ndú; lr we;'
• tfuka u hqfrdamd h:d¾:jdoh (Realism) yd fmrÈ. is;=jï ,laIK iïñY%Khla fudyqf.a
is;=jïj, lemS fmfka'
• hdmkfha k,aƾ ys iÜgkdo¾ Ysj foajd,fha we;s ì;= is;=jï w;r iqÿ w;a we;s mQcl rej
^fMh¾&" .Km;s rEmh" iqÿ l=l=<df.a rEmh" yd ieris,s fudyqf.a úYsIag ks¾udK fõ'
• fuu is;=jïj, iajNdúl j¾K Ndú;h;a fmrÈ. iïm%odh wkq.ukh lrñka ,d j¾K
jHdma;shla y`ÿkd.; yels h'
• úfYaIfhka <d ÿUqre j¾K ud,djla fuu is;=jïj, ±l .; yels h'
• yqKq nodu u; fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uhg ì;= is;=jï ksujd we;'
• ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ Ys,amshd ;djä uqre.ka uQ¾;s fldaúf,a o is;=jï ks¾udKh lr we;'
fuu foajd,fha we;s is;=jï w;r lsß ldjä lrejd" j,a,s foj`.k ìysl< uqj fok" jYsIag¾
yd ldrdï mY=" l;r.u foúhka uy¨ nuqKl=f.a fjia f.k w,shdf.ka j,a,s foj`.k
fíÍu" jeÈ remh wdÈh jeo.;a ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
• Tyqf.a Ñ;% ks¾udK lkalika;=f¾ jrdhg wh;a .nvd ldurj, yd fm!oa.,sl ksjdij,
;sî w;s w;r wo fïjd olakg fkd,efí'
iqÿ l=l=<df.a rEmh

• ;djä uq' ;=frhsidñ Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk iqÿ l=l=<d keu;s is;=ju iÜgkdo¾ Ysj
foajd,fha ±lsh yels fõ'
• hqfrdamSh h:d¾:jd§ is;=jï wdNdih fuu is;=jfï meyeÈ,sj y`ÿkd.; yels h'
• .ïNSr fmkqula iys; j l=l=<df.a p,kh b;d ;d;aúl j olajd we;'
• ,d meyehg yqre ÿUqre j¾K ud,djla is;=ju mqrd olakg ,efí'
• úh<s noduh u; is;=jï ks¾udKh lsÍfï Ys,am l%uh jk fm%iaflda isflda l%uhg is;=ju
ks¾udKh lr we;'

10
 iqÿ w;a iys; mQcl rEmh yd .Km;s rEmh

• iÜgkdo¾ Ysj foajd,fha ±lsh yels fuu is;=jñka iqÿ w;a iys; mQclhl= .Km;sg mQcd
mj;ajk wdldrh ksrEmKh lr ;sfí'
• ,d ÿUqre j¾K iu`. <d j¾K is;=ju i`oyd Ndú; lr we;'
• ol=Kq bka§h ;kacdjQ¾ is;=jïj, wdNdih;a hqfrdamd h:d¾:jd§ is;=jïj, wdNdih;a fuu
is;=jï ks¾udK i`oyd mokï ù we;'
• mQcdjg wjYH øjH iy w,xldr f;drKla iys; .Km;s rEmh fuu is;=jfï ±l .; yels h'
• myka mQcdfõ kshef<k iqÿ w;a iys; mqcl rej fmrÈ. idïm%odhsl ,CIKj,ska we`o we;'
• is;=jfï miqìu <d meyefhka hq;= j¾K .kajd we;'
• iajdNdúlj ilia lr .;a j¾K Ndú;fhka úh<s yqKq noduh u; is;=ju ^fm%iaflda isflda
l%uhg& ks¾udKh lr we;'

11
• j¾I 1920'09'21 Èk hdmkh" k,aƾys Wm; ,nñka j¾I 2006 ud¾;= 15 Èk wm w;ßka
iuq.;a fmrsh;ïì iqn%uKshï fou< ck;dj w;r ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jq úYsIag Ñ;%
Ys,amsfhls'
• fou< ck;djf.a tÈfkod ðú; wjYH;djka iu. ne¢ wNs,dIhka bgq l< Ñ;%
Ys,amshl= f,i fmßh;ïì iqn%uKshï Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKj,g iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla
ysñ fõ'
• Tyq hdmkfha Ôj;a fjñka iaj W;aiyfhka Ñ;% l,dj yeoErE Ys,amsfhls'
• bkaÈhdkq l,dlre rú j¾udf.a mqrdK ft;sydisl isoaê ksrEms; is;=jïj, ffY,sh
,laIK fm' iqn%uKshïf.a iss;=jï i|yd o wdNdi ù we;'
• rú j¾udf.a is;=jïj, ffY,sh i|yd bka§h ckm%sh ixialD;sfha m%ldYs; udOH jk
Ñ;%mg" le,ekav¾ yd fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% wdÈh ;=<ska ksrEms; foaj rEm ,laIK fmkajk
w;r tlS ,laIK fm' iqn%uKshï Ys,amshdf.a iss;=jï wdYs%;j y÷kd.; yels h'
• rú j¾udf.a Ñ;%j, olakg ,efnk oDIaá udhd ^Illusion optical) m%ldYk Ys,am l%uh
fm' iqn%uKshïf.a ks¾udK i|yd wkq.ukh lr we;'
• fldaú,a ì;a;s Ñ;%j,g wu;rj Tyq ;sr frÈ Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍu" úYd, m%udKfha nek¾
yd lÜTjqÜ ^Cutout& Ñ;% ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd odhl jQ Ys,amsfhla o fjhs'
• fmßh;ïì iqn%uKshï Ys,amshdf.a is;=jï my; i|yka fldú,aj, ì;a;s u; yd ;sr
frÈj, olakg ,efí'
- k,aƾ ffl,dims,af,hd¾ fldaú,
- bkqú,a mrrdifialr ms,af,hd¾ fldaú,
- iqÿu,hs wïuka fldaú,
- je,afjÜá;a;=frhs isjka fldaú,
- k,aƾ ùr ld,s wïuka fldaú,
- fõ,fKhs wïuka fldaú,

12
 w.ia;sh¾ yd úkdh.¾ kï is;=ju

• fm' iqn%uKshïf.a ks¾udK l< is;=jï w;r iqúfYaIS is;a;ula jk w.ia;sh¾ yd

úkdh.¾ kï is;=ju bkqú,a mrrdifialr ms,af,hd¾ fldaúf, ys ±lsh yels h'
• fuu ks¾udKfhka w.ia;sh¾f.a flKaähg lmqgq fjiska meñKs úkdh.¾ ;Ügq l<
ksid yg.;a ldfõÍ kÈhfha l;d mqj; wjia:d ;=klska hq;=j ksrEmKh lr we;'
• yqKq ì;a;sh u; ;,h ilia lsÍulska f;drj tku,a j¾K fhdod fuu is;=ju
ks¾udKh lr we;'
• iajNdúl m%udKhg ks¾udKh ù we;s fuu is;=ju b;d wdl¾IKSh f,i Ndú; lrk
j¾K úúO ;dkh ^Tone& fhdod.ksñka ;%sudk ,laIKj,ska hq;=j Ndú; lr we;'
'• rEm" ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j¾Kj, ;dkh ^Colour tone& u.ska f.dvkxjd we;s fyhska
rEm jgd meyeÈ,s f¾LdlrKhla olakg fkd,efí'
• m¾hdf,dalkh ,laIK olajd we;s w;r fmr ìfï we;s rEmj, l%shdldrlïj,g WÑ;
mßÈ yd tajd tla tla ;Sj% lrk wdldrhg miqìfï o¾Yk olajd we;'
• fldgia ;=klska hq;a fuu is;=jfuys tla tla fldgiska tlsfklg fjkia ye`.Sï
m%ldYk olajhs' ta wkqj
m<uqjk fldgiska - lmqgd m,jdyßk w.ia;sh¾
fofjks fldgiska - orejl= njg m;a jQ úkdh.¾j w.iaksh¾ úiska m<jdyeÍu
olajhs' fuys § orejd iuÉp,a lrk wdldrh yd w.ia;sh¾ fldam ù
isák wdldrh o ksrEmKh lr we;'
;=kajk fldgiska - meñKsfha úkdh.¾ nj ye`.=Kq neúka hgm;a my;a f,i úkdh.¾g
w.ia;sh¾ j¢k whqre ksrEmKh lr we;
• fuu isoaê o¾Ykj, ms<sfj< ;=<ska w.ia;sh¾f.a Nla;sh uekeúka ksrEmKh lr we;'

13
 we;d j,a,sj t<jdf.k hdu

• fm' iqn%uKshï Ñ;% Ys,amshdf.aa ;j;a iqúfYaIS ks¾udKhla jk we;d j,a,sj

t<jdf.k hdu keu;s is;=ju bkqj,a mrrdifialr ms,af,hd¾ fldúf, ys olakg
,efí'
• we;a fjiska meñKs úkdh.¾" j,a,s t,jdf.k hkq ,nk w;r j,a,s" ;dmi
fjiska meñKs uqre.kaf.ka ms<sirK ,eîu fuu is;=jfuka ksrEms;h'
• j¾K ;dkh ^Colour tone& úúO;ajh u.ska ;%sudk ,laIK yd m¾hdf,dal ,laIK
olajd we;'
• ì;a;sfhys ;,h ilia lsÍulska f;drj tku,a j¾Kfhka is;=jï lr we;'
• fuu is;=jñka we;d f,i meñKsfha úkdh.¾ nj ixfla;d;aul j olajd we;'
• j¾K o ixfla;d;aul j fhdodf.k we;s w;r b;d §ma;su;a j¾K fhdodf.k we;'
• wdf,dalh yd w÷r fhdod .ksñka rEmj, iSud f¾LdlrKfhka f;drj olajd we;
• úkdh.¾ iy we;d tla fldgil o j,a,s iy ;dmihd ;j;aa fldgila f,iska o isoaê
fol u tl ;,hl ifudaOdkh lrk wdldrhg N+ o¾Ykh fhdod we;'
• we;df.a Nhdkl iajrEmh yd j,a,sf.a ìh uqiq ye`.Sï ksrEmKh flfrk fuu
ks¾udKfhka ;%dih yd ìhuqiq ye`.Sï uekeúka m%ldY lrkakla fjhs'

14
• mqkreo hq.fha ^Renaissance Period& ìysjQ fY%aIag;u Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f,i ,shkdfvda
vdúkaÑ ye¢kaúh yels h'
• j¾I 1452 úkais ^ Vinci & kqjr Wm; ,o fudyq fjrlsfhda Ñ;% Ys,amshd hgf;a Ys,am
yeoErE w;r Ñ;% Ys,amhg muKla fkdj .Ks;h" úoHdj" bxðfkare Ys,amh" ix.S;h" .Dy
ks¾udK Ys,amh fuka u ie,iqï Ys,amhg o oialï olajd we;'
• Tyqf.a ks¾udK i|yd .S%l frdau l,d ks¾udKj, uQ,sl l,d ,laIK yd úoHd;aul kj
fi!kao¾h m%fõY mokï ù we;'
• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑf.a is;=jï lsysmhla my;ska ±lafõ'
1' m¾j; uia;lfha foaj uEKsfhda ^Vergin of the rocks)
2' wjika fNdack ix.%yh ^The Last Supper&
3' fudkd,sid ^Monalisa&

m¾j; uia;lfha foajuEKsfhda ^Vergin of the rocks)

• ,kavka cd;sl l,d.drfha m%o¾Ykh lr we;s fuu is;=ju j¾I 1483 - 1500 ld,h ;=<
ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
• m¾j; uia;lfha foajuEKsfhda is;=jfuka oelafjkafka ußh;=ñh wi,ska isák fÊiq
ì<s|d iy Ydka; fcdka nemaáia iu`. iqr¥;shls'
• ;%sfldaKdldr wdlD;shla u; rEm iïmsKavkh lr we;s fuu is;=ju lekajih u; f;,a
idhï udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'

15
• fuu ks¾udKfha foajuEKshkaf.a uqyqfKka oelafjk lreKdNrs; nj;a" orejkaf.a
fud,leá nj fuka u ye`.Sï m%ldYkh fmkaùug Ys,amshd f.k we;s W;aidyh
id¾:l ù we;'
• is;=jfuys miqìu me<Eá iy úúO yevj,ska hqla; .,al=¿ fmkajd we;s w;r m¾hdf,dal
,laIK iys;j wE;g úys§ .sh N+ñ o¾Ykhla ksrEms; h'
• w÷r ;=<ska wdf,dalh jvd;a ;Sj% f,i u;= lsÍu ms<sn| Ys,amshd i;=j ;snQ mßK; nj
fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh flf¾'
• fuu j¾K .ekaùfï isoaOdka;h lshfrdial+frd ^Chiaroscuro) f,i y¢kafõ'
• ÿUqre j¾Kfha úúO m%fNao iys; w÷re j¾Kud,djla fhdod we;s w;r w÷r ;=<ska
ußh;=ñhf.a yd orejkaf.a uqyqKq jvd;a wdf,dalu;aj u;= lr olajd we;'

wjika fNdack ix.%yh ^^The Last Supper&&

• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ úiska ñ,dkfha ¨fvdaúflda b,afudafrda wdÈmdojrhd hgf;a fiajh

lrk ld,fha Ydka; ußhd fv,df.%ais keu;s fvdñksldkq ;dmidrdufha fNdackd.dr
ì;a;shla u; fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uhg ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
• wjldYuh m¾hdf,dalh wkqj Ñ;%Kh lr we;s fuu is;=ju uOHfha fÊiqiajykafia
olajd we;s w;r" fomi wkq.dñlhka fodf<dia fofkls' cqodia keu;s mdjdfokakdf.a
uqyqfKys we;s l=;=y,h ksremKh lsÍu ye`.Sï m%ldYkh uekeúka oelaùug .;a
W;aidyhls'
• Ñ;%h j¾K .ekaùfï § ÿUqre j¾Kfha úúO m%fNao iys; w÷re j¾Kud,djla ;s%udk yd
m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; j fhdod we;'
• lshfrdial+frd ^Chiaroscuro) j¾K lsÍfï isoaOdka; wkqj ;,h uOHhfha isák
fÊiqiajyiafia jvd;a wdf,dalu;aj u;= lr olajñka fiiq rEm w÷re j¾Kud,djlska
olajd we;'

16
 fudkd,sid ^^Monalisa&&

• ,shkdfvda vdúkaÑf.a úYsIag ks¾udKhla jk fudkd,sid oekg m%xYfha Æj¾

fl!;=ld.drfha uyck m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'
• fuu is;=ju fmdma,¾ keu;s ,Shl f;,aidhï udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'
• *ekaisiaflda ðfhdafldkavd keu;s fj<| jHdmdßlhdf.a ìß| jQ ,Sidf.a Wvqlh rej
^Portrait& f,i ie,flk fuu is;=ju ms<sn| fjk;a u; o mj;shs'
• fuu is;=jfuys miqìu i|yd fhdod we;af;a m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; N+ñ o¾Ykhls'
• fuys § uqyqKg mmq fmfoig" fow;aj,g ;s%fldaKdldr iïnkaO;dj f.dvk`.ñka fhdod
we;s wdf,dalh fuka u u`o iskyj yd ne,au hkdÈh fuu is;=jug f.k fokafka
wdl¾Ykls'

17
• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da l%s'j' 1475 b;d,sfha *af,drkaia k.rfha ldi,a lemaÍia kï
ia:dkfha oS Wm; ,eî h'
• Tyq Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd leghï l,dj yd jdia;= úoHdj i|yd iyc olaI;djla oelajQ w;r
mqnqÿ hq.fha ìys jQ úYsIag l,d Ys,amsfhl= f,iska ye¢kaúh yels h'
• Tyq úiska lsß.re`v udOHfhka lrk ,o úYsIag uQ¾;s my;ska ±la fõ'
- msfhgd
- fâúâ
- fudafiia
- ñhhk jy,d
- ler,sldr jy,d
- ii jeks cq,shia mdma;=udf.a fidfydka f.h
- nDD.iays ußh uõ;=ñh
• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da Ys,amshd isiaghska foõueÿf¾ w`Èk ,o is;=jïj,g wu;rj Y+oaO jQ
mjq, kñka lekajih u; f;,a idhï udOH is;=jula o ks¾udKh lr ;sfí'

msfhgd ^Pieta)

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da fuu uQ¾;sh ks¾udKh i|yd f;aud lrf.k we;af;a l=reisfhka bj;a
lrk ,o ñh .sh fÊiqia jykafiaf.a wm%dKsl isrer ußh uú;=ñh úiska Wl=f,ys
fydjdf.k isák wdldrhhs'
• — lsß.re`v˜ udOHfhka fk<d we;s fuu mQ¾K Wkak; uQ¾;sh frdaufha Ydka; mS;r foõ
ueÿf¾ m%o¾Ykh lr we;'
• fÊiqia jykafiaf.a wm%dKsl YÍr iajNdjh ;d;aúlj yd ußh;=ñhf.a i`Mms<sj,
ßoauhdkql+, nj b;d iajNdúlj lsß.re`v udOHfhka ksrEmKh lr we;'
• uj iy mq;= iujhiaj oelaùfuka ÈjHuh iajNdjh u;=lsÍug W;aidyhla ord we;'
• udkqIsl;ajh ms<sn| wkqfõokSh;ajh fuu ks¾udKfhka èjks; lrhs'

18
 fâúâ ^^David)

• Yla;sh" ks¾NS;Ndjh" udkj ohdj yd ;dreKH hk .=Kdx. fuu uQ¾;sfhka

uekeúka ksrEms; h'
• lsß.re`v udOHfhka mQ¾K Wkak; f,i ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu m%;sudj wä 14 w`.,a
03 muK Wiska hq;= k.ak mqreI rejls'
• .%Sl-frdau uQ¾;s iïm%odhg wkqj udkj foayfha iqkaor;ajh" lvjiï nj yd ßoauh
iajNdúl yd ;d;aúlj ksrEmKh lr we;'

wdoï ueùu ^^The creation of Adam)

• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úiska frdaufha isiaghska foõ ueÿf¾ fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%ufhka
ks¾udKh lrk ,o úhka;, is;=jï w;=ßka jeo.;a ks¾udKhls'
• fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka foúhka jykafiaf.a rej fndfyda l%sia;shdks Ys,amSka úiska
ksrEmKh fkdlrk ,o f,i idudkH ñksia rejl iajrEmfhka ks¾udKh lr oelaùuhs'

19
• fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh jkafka foaj ¥;hska iu`. isák foúhka jykafia wdoï fj;
we`.s,a, È.= lr isák w;r wdoï úiska foúhka jykafia fj; w; È.= lr isák
wdldrh hs'
• fuys § foúhka jykafiaf.a uy¨ iajrEmh iy wdoïf.a ;dreKH uekúka ksrEmKh lr
;sfí'
• Tyqf.a uQ¾;sj, oelsh yels Yla;s iïmkak yd cjiïmkak nj fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKfhys o
uekúka oelsh yels h'

wka;su úksYaph ^^Last Judgment)

• frdaufha j;sldkq k.rfha isiaghska foõ ueÿf¾ w,a;drh msgqmi ì;a;sfha fuu
is;=ju ks¾udKh lr we;'
• f,dj úYd,;u fm%iaflda isflda is;=ju f,i ie,flk fuh wä 48 x 44 m%udKfhka
hqla; h'
• uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úiska fuu Ñ;%h m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnod th iaj¾.h" ukqf,dj
yd mrf,dj f,i ixfla;d;aulj ksrEmKh lr we;'
• Ys,amshdg wdfõKsl jQ iajNdúl yd ;d;aúl ffY,Sh ,laIK iys;j fuu Ñ;%h
ixrpkh lr ;sfí'
• tys § ñksia rEmj, ldhsl ,laIK yd l%shdldÍ ,laIK iu. ye`.Sï m%ldYkh uekúka
ksrEmKh lr we;'

20
 • mqk¾Ôjk hq.fha úiQ fY%AIAg Ñ;% Ys,amSka w;r r*dh,a ikaisfhda Ys,amshdg ysñjkafka
iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls'
• fudyq j¾I 1483 j¾Ifha § W!¾ìf.da keu;s k.rfha Wm; ,enqfõh'

we;ekaia .=rel=,h (School of Athens)

• we;ekaiays .=rel=,h r*dh,a úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o úYsIag ì;= is;=jula fõ'
• fuh frdaufha iagekaid fv,d is.kapqrd (Stanza della Segnatura) keue;s f.dvke`.s,s
ì;a;hs l fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uhg ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
• jdia;= úoHd;aul wjldYh u; rEm iïmsKavkh lsÍu ms<sn| olajd we;s l=i,;dj iy
m%;sNdj ks¾udKlrKfha w.% M,hla f,ig úpdrlfhda y÷kaj;s'
• Ñ;%fhka oelafjkafka merKs .Sl od¾Yksl we;kaia .=rel=,h hs' is;=ju uOHfha
weßiafgdag,a yd maf,afgda hk od¾Ykslhka h' fiiq od¾Ykslhka o jdo újdoj, meg,s
isák whqre fmkakqï lrhs'
' • fuu od¾Yksl f,dalh l%shdldrS udkj rEm iïmsKavkh u.ska bÈßm;a lr ;sîu
fuu is;=jfï ±lsh yels úfYaI;djls'
• ÿUqre j¾Kfha úúO m%fNao" w÷re ly j¾Kj, úúO m%fNao" rU iy iqÿ wd§ j¾Khka
is;=ju i`oyd Ndú; lr we;'

21
 uefvdakd Ñ;%
• r*dh,af.a ks¾udK w;r m%lg f;audjla jQfha uefvdakd fyj;a lkHd ußh;=ñh yd
fÊiQ ì<s`od ±lafjk ks¾udKfhda h'
• mqkreo hq.fha fjk;a Ñ;% Ys,amSka ks¾udKh l< uefvdakd Ñ;%j,g jvd r*dh,a úiska
ks¾udKh lrk ,o uefvdakd Ñ;% iqúfYaIS ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'
• fuu is;=jï f;,a idhï udOHfhka lekajih u; ks¾udKh lr we;'
• ;%sfldaKdldr wdlD;shla u; ye`.Sï okjkiq¿ m%ldYkhka iys;j rEm msysgùu fuu
Ñ;%j, úfYaI;djls'
• ;%sudk ,laIK iys; j¾K Ndú;h fuka u m%NduKav,h fyj;a fyf,daj ksrEmKh
fkdlsÍu o ks¾udKhkays ±lsh yels ,laIKhka h'

;Kmsáfha isák uefvdakd (Madonna of the Meadows)

,,,,

• m¾hdf,dal ,laIK iys; N+ñ o¾Ykhl .yfld< u,a iys; iEnE msáir .eñ miqìul
idudkH .eyekshl f,i rEmKh lSÍu fuu ks¾udKfha iqúfYaI;ajhls'
• ußh;=ñh msreKq YrSrfhka yd uDÿ fidïkia yd fifkyiska msreKq uqyqKlska
hq;= ye`.Sï m%ldYkh iys;j bÈßm;a lsÍug Ys,amshd W;aidy f.k we;'
• m%xYfha Æj¾ fl!;=ld.drfha fuu is;=ju m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

22
 uefvdakd fv,d fiaoshd (Madonna Della Sedia)

• ljdldr ;,hla u; we`o we;s fuu is;=jfuka ußh uõ;=ñhg ;=re`M ù isák fÊiq ì<s`od;a
ta foi n,d isák Ydka; fcdaka nemaáia <orejd;a ksrEmKh fõ'
• rEm ;%s;ajh ióm o¾Ykhla f,i tl ;,hla ;=< ixrpkh lr we;'
• udkj foayfha ldhsl iqkaor;ajh fuka u jia;%j, úia;rd;aul ,CIK uekaúka ksremKh
lr we;'
• ußh uõ;=ñhf.a lreKdjka; nj yd fifkyi fukau <orejkaf.a iqr;,a fud<leá yd
mqIaáu;a ,laIK ;d;aúljd§ iajrEmfhka ±laùug Ys,amshd iu;a ù we;'
• r*dh,af.a wfkl=;a uefvdakd Ñ;%j, ±lafjk úia;rd;aul miqìï N+ñ o¾Yk fjkqjg
fuu is;=jfï miqìu" .eUqr ksrEmKh fkdjk f,i w`ÿre j¾Khlska olajd we;'

23
• ioO¾u;s,l úydrh fyj;a .v,dfoKs úydrh .ïfmd< hq.hg wh;a ks¾udKhls'
• l%s' j' 1341-1351 ld,hg wh;a .ïfmd< hq.fha rc l< i;rjk nqjfklndyq rcqf.a rdcH
ld,fha§ O¾uls¾;S ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikdj mßÈ yd fiakdê,xldr weue;sf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka
fuu úydr ks¾udK lghq;= isÿ lr we;'
• fuu úydrfha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i lghq;= lrk ,oafoa ol=Kq bka§h Ys,amshl= jk
.fKaIajrdpd¾h yd Tyqf.a wkq.dñl Ys,amSka h'

jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK

.v,dfoKsh úydrh - m%;sud úydrh

• fuu iqúfYaIS f.dvke.s,, a ;ks l¿.f,ka ksujd we;s w;r" uKavmh" wka;rd,h yd .¾N.Dyh
hk m%Odk fldgia ;=klska iukaú; fõ'
• .v,dfoKs úydrfha uKavmh ;ks l¿.,ska ksujd we;' fuys mshiai me;,s h' mdofuys
kgkakkaf.a iy jhkakkaf.a rEm fm<la leghï lr we;s w;r tu rEm ÔjYla;sfhka iy
p,khkaf.ka hqla; h'
• isjqreiaa" wgeia fldgiaj,ska hq;= j fodrgqj bÈßmi fol<jr we;s ;=ka we÷;= .,a l=,qkq yd
od.enl yevh we;s —f.äf.h˜ kï jQ jD;a;dldr YssLrhla iys; mshiailska iukaú; fuu
fn!oaO úydrh" ol=Kq bka§h úchk.¾ .Dy ks¾udK l,d ,laIK fmkajhs'
• fuu l=,qkq mdofuys ysi Tijd .;a isxy rejla ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r l=¨kq uqÿfkys ;j;a
isxy rEmhla o nf|a mfka,h ;=< jDINhl= msg ke. .;a ñksia rejla yd ud¿jl= msg ke. .;a
ñksia rejls' úYd, l=¨klg l=vd l=¨kq iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd .,amáhla Ndú;d lsÍu fuys
oelsh yels iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls'

24
 úcfhd;amdh

• úcfhd;amdh kñka y÷kafjk wä 12 la muK Wi wä;d,ula u; ys¢ nqoaO m%;sud i;rla

;ekam;a lr we;s .,ska ksu jQ m%;sud .Dy 04la úydrh bÈßmsg .,a;,dj u; oelsh yels h'
• fuu .Dy ks¾udK wx.fha Èid wglg uqyqK,d we;a rEm 08la leghï lr we;' f.dvke.s,a,
uOHfhys wä 40 la muK Wig ks¾udKh lr we;s ia;+mh mshiailska wdjrKh fõ'
• ia;+mh jgd we;s l=vd mßjdr ffp;H i;rls' tajd m%;sud .Dyhka y;frys mshiai u; f.dv
k.d we;'

nqÿ ms<su

• .¾N .Dyh ;=< ys¢ nqÿ ms<suhla iy ysá ms<su i;rla olakg ,efnk w;r fuu m%;sud
uykqjr hq.fha olakg ,efnk m%;sud ,laIK ms<sìUq lrhs'
• fuu nqÿ ms<su újD; fofk;a" ;rx.dldr /<s iys; Öjrh fmkakqï flfrk w;r nqÿka
jykafiaf.a wOHd;añl .=K iuqodhg jvd ndysr ,laIK fmkaùug Ys,amshd W;aidy f.k
we;'
• j¾K .kajk ,o ys`È nqÿ ms<suhg msgqmiska w,xldr ulr f;drKls'
• ùrdik l%uhg jevys|sk yd OHdk uqødfjka hq;= fuu nqÿ ms<suh ysi u; isriam;
olajd ;sîu o úfYaI ,laIKhla fõ'

25
• .ïfmd< hq.fha bÈjQ ,xld;s,l úydrh mekay,a., kï jQ .,a;,djla u; bÈlr we;'
• y;r jk nqjfklndyq rc ld,hg ^l%s'j' 1341 - 1351& wh;a fuu f.dvke.s,a,
fiakdê,xldr wud;Hjrhdf.a Wmfoia u; ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
• ,xld;s,l úydrfha ks¾udK Ys,amshd jkafka bkaÈhdfõ ia:m;srdh¾ kï Ys,amshd hs'

jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK - ,xld;s,l úydrh

• fuu .Dy ks¾udKh i|yd .fvd,a iy yqKq nodu fhdodf.k we;s w;r w;S;fha § th uy,a
4lska hqla; úh'
• msg; ì;a;sfha ks¾udKh lrk ,o we;a rEm yd mekakqï l=¨kqq úydrhg w,xldrhla f.k
fok jdia;= úoHd;aul wx. fõ'
• m%;sud .Dyhg iïnkaO lr i;r Èidfõ iuka" úNSIK" Wmq,ajka l;r.u yd .Kfoúhka
Wfoid idok ,o foajd, myla ^05& yd tajdfha foaj m%;sud olakg ,efí'

nqoaO m%;sud
• m%;sud .Dyfha we;s ys¢ nqoaO m%;sudfõ fofk;a újD; j fuka u" Öjrfha /<s ;rx.dldrj
fhdoñka nqÿka jykafiaf.a wOHd;añl .=K iuqodhg jvd ndysr ,laIK fmkaùug Ys,amshd
W;aidy f.k we;' tfia u m%;sudfõ iDcq ±ä m%ldYkhla ms<sìUq lrhs'
• ùrdik l%uhg jevys¢k nqÿ ms<sufhys OHdk uqødj fuka u W!IaKsIh u; isriam; ks¾udKh
lr ;sîu ±lsh yels h'
• u,alñka yd ,shlñka irik ,o ulr f;drKla j¾Kj;a m%;sudjg msgqmiska ks¾udKh lr
we;'

is;=jï
• uykqjr hq.fha is;=jï iïm%odhg kElï lshk ,xld;s,l úydr is;=jï w;r iQúis újrKh"
fidf<diauia:dkh" i;a i;sh wd§ is;=jï jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kshs' tfia u lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy
rcq yd fiakdê,xldr wud;H rE Ñ;%Kh lr ;sìu ±lsh yels h'
• mdrïmßl ieris,s fudaia;r w;r fuys úhka;,fha ks¾udKh lr we;s isõ yxi mQÜgqj
fuka u w,xldr jQ ,shje,a fudaia;r úYsIag ks¾udK jYfhka ie,fla'

26
 ,xld;s,l rc uyd úydrh nqoaO m%;sud

iQúis nqÿjrekaf.a ks¾udK w;r isõ yxi mQÜgqj

zfldaKd.u nqoaOZ

úúO ieris,s fudaia;r

27
• .ïfmd< hq.fha bÈjQ weïnelal foajd,h uykqjr Èia;s%lalfha Wvqkqjr ueo m<d;
fldar<fha msysgd we;'
• 14 jk Y; j¾Ifha rc l< ;=ka jk úl%undyq rc oji fo,auv uQ,dpdÍ iy Tyqf.a
f.da,hska úiska fuu foajd,fha ks¾udK lghq;= lr we;'
• ckm%jdofha tk mßos fnr jhkafkl= ÿgq isyskhl m%;sM,hla f,i l;r.u foúhka
Wfoid weïnelal foajd,h ks¾udKh l< nj i|yka fõ'

weïnelafla foajd,h ufvd,a l=remdj

• weïnelal foajd,fha iqúfYaI jQ mshiai" mrd, 26la tla ,S weKhlg iïnkaO lr

ks¾udKh lr we;s .Dy ks¾udKd;aul wx.h ufvd,a l=remdj kñka y÷kajhs' fuh fy<
l,dlrejdf.a .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha úYsIag;ajh fmkakqï lrkakls'
• weïnelal foajd,fha jdia;= úoHd;aul ie,eiau jdy,alv uKavmh" È.af.h" .¾N
.Dyh hk wx.j,ska iukaú; fõ' jdy,alv uKavmfhys yd È.af.hs we;s
,S lKq u; leghï ks¾udK ±l .; yels h'
jdy,alv uKavmh(
− fuys ,S lKq 10 ls'
− iEu lKqjl u isõ/ia mfka, i;r ne.ska olakg we;' ta wkqj mfka, leghï
40ls'
os.af.h (
− fuys ,S lKq 32 ls' iEu lKqjlu isõ/ia mfka, i;r ne.ska we;'
− fuys leghï ixLHdj 128 ls'
• weïnelal foajd,fha ,S leghï .ïud¨ yd msysôhd oejfhka w,am Wkak; fk<Sfï Ys,am
l%uhg ks¾udKh lr we;'
• m%Odk f;aud 5la hgf;a leghï ks¾udK y`ÿkd.; yels h'
1' l,ams; i;a;aj fudaia;r
2' i;a;aj fudaia;r
3' ck Ôú;h yd iïnkaO leghï
4' jdá fudaia;r ^,Sia;r &
5' u,alï yd ,shlï

28
 • mdrïmßl isxy, ieris,s fudaia;r w;r ±lsh yels iqúfYaIS l,ams; fudaia;r ks¾udK
fndfyduhla weïnelal foajd,fha mfka, ,S leghï w;r ±l .; yels h' my;ska
±lafjkafka l,d;aul ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= l,ams; yd i;a;aj ks¾udK lsysmhls'
− fNareKav mlaIshd − ls÷re rEmh
− we;al| ,sysKshd − kdß,;d
− ierfmkaÈhd − yxi mQÜgqj
− jDIN l=x[aPh − isxyhd

fNareKav mCIshd ls÷ßh yxi mQÜgqj

jDIN l=CoaCorh yxihd isxyhd

• weïnelal foajd, ,S leghï w;r iqúfYaIS ks¾udK jYfhka ie,flkqfha iuld,Sk

iudc cSú;h iïnkaO wjia:d ksrEmKh lrk leghï h' my; i|yka jk tu ks¾udK
lsym
s hls'
− rnka jhkakd − u,a,j fmdrh
− wYajdfrdaylhd − k<`.k
− fyajdhd − orejdg lsß fmdjk uj

• by; olajk ,o ish¨ ks¾udK mfka, uOHfha leghï jQ w;r mfka, jgd jQ jdá fudaia;r
^,Sia;r& i|yd ks¾Ôú yd WoaNs; ieris,s fudaia;r fhdod we;' fï i|yd wßïnqj" .,a ìxÿj yd
l=kaÈßlalka jeks ks¾Ôú fudaia;r o" fk¿ï u,a yd ,shje,a WoaNs; fudaia;r o ks¾udK f,i
Ndú; lr we;'

29
fk`Mu - fmalv ks¾udKhls ,shlï fudaia;rhla k<`.k

orejdg lsß fmdjk uj u,a,j fmdrh

úfoaYSh fyajdhd foaYSh fyajdhd rnka jhkakd

30
• Y%S ,dxlsl ck;djf.a uqÿka u,alvla n÷ jQ Y%S o<od ud<s.dj úúO m%;sixialrKhkag
Ndckh lrñka" fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud úiska ^ls'j' 1687 - 1707& úiska f.dvk.d
we;s nj i|yka fõ'
• o<od ud<s.djhg wh;a f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Kh o<od ueÿr" u.=,a uvqj" m;a;sßmamqj" W,ameka
f.h" Èh;s,l uKavmh" uq,doEks ukaÈrh wd§ jYfhka kï l< jdia;= úoHd;aul
ks¾udK /ilska hqla; h'
• fuu wd.ñl ixls¾Kfha we;s iqúfYaIS u .Dy ks¾udK wx.h$f.dvke.s,a, jkafka
m;a;sßmamqjhs'
• fuu f.dvke.s,a, wgmÜgï yevfhka hqla; h'
• f.dvke.s,a, jgd fmaYdjka oelafjk w;r lj¿" l=¨kq yd .rdÈ jegj,a l%udkql+,j
ks¾udKh lr we;'
• m;a;sßmamqj ks¾udKfha f.!rjh ysñjkafka foafõkaø uQ,dpdÍkag h'
• Y%S o<od ud,s.dfõ uykqjr iïm%odhg wh;a is;=jï /ila olakg ,efnk w;r ,shlï"
u,alï" l,ams; rEm iqúfYaIS fõ'
• uykqjr hq.fha olakg ,efnk fyd| u i|lv myK o<od ud<s.dfjka yuqfõ'
• ;%sfldaKdldr yevhla .kakd fuu i|lv myK uOHfha u|la Wia jQ moauhla yd fomi
u,a ,shlï oelsh yels h'

Y%S o<od ud,s.h

uykqjr hq.fha i|lv myK

31
• .,a lKq u; bÈl< úydrhla jk fyhska geïmsg úydrhla f,i y÷kajk ueoj,
úydrh uykqjrg kqÿre ueoj, .%dufha msysgd we;'
• ueoj, geïmsg úydrh wä 01 hs w`.,a 08la Wia jQ .,a lKq 34la u; bÈlr we;'
• ueo uykqjr iïm%odhg wh;a b;d ishqï yd úYsIag ksudjkaf.ka hq;= Ñ;% ks¾udK fuu
úydrfha ±lsh yels h'
• ueoj, úydrh ;=< olakg ,efnk l=vd ;Sre ixrpk is;=jï w;r cd;l l;d" i;a
i;sh jeks ud;Dld úfYaI fõ' cd;l l;d w;r fjiaika;r cd;lh yd Wr. cd;lh
m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'
• is;=jï ks¾udK wdY%s; ±lsh yels m%Odk ,laIK
- md¾Yaj o¾YS rEm
- ;sre Ñ;% ixrpkj, wLKav l:k l%uh
- oaúudk ,laIK iys; me;,s j¾K Ndú;h
- j¾K i|yd ly" fld<" r;=" l¿" iqÿ wd§ j¾K Ndú;h
- fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uh
- rEm jgd ksudj olajk m%Yia; uÜgñka hq;= ishqï f¾LdlrKh
- miqìu i|yd .=re j¾Kh
- miqìu wjldYh msrùu i|yd úúO ieris,s fudaia;r Ndú;h
- iuia; ixrpkh ;=< mßudKh yd m¾hdf,dal Í;Ska fkdie,lSu

ueoj, geïmsg úydrh

fjiaika;r cd;lh

32
• f,ka úydr j¾.hg wh;a" uykqjr hq.fha is;=jï yuqjk iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls'
• lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1747 - 1782& úiska fuu f,ka úydrh f.dvk.k ,§'
• fojr.ïm, is,aj;a;ek fuys is;=jï we| we;s w;r" fldiaj;af;a is;a;r khsfoa yd
kS,.u mgnekaod fudyqg iydh ù we;s nj fmd; mf;ys i|yka fõ'
• .¾N.Dyhg we;=¿jk fodrgqj fomi we;s ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpk w;r fjiaika;r cd;lh yd
iq;fidau cd;lh iqúfYaIS ks¾udK jYfhka ±lafõ'
• úfYaIfhka fjiaika;r cd;l l;dj ;=< .eí j we;s we,s we;= oka§u ±lafjk Ñ;%h
úYsIag ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla' we;=kaf.a icsù p,kh yd ßoauh ksremKh Bg
fya;= fõ'
• is;=jï ks¾udK wdY%s; ±lsh yels m%Odk ,laIK
- ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkj, wLKav l:k l%uh yd md¾Yj o¾YS rEm
- oaúudk ,laIK iys; me;,s j¾K Ndú;h yd miqìu i|yd w÷re r;= j¾Kh Ndú;h
- j¾K i|yd ly" fld<" r;=" l¿" iqÿ wd§ j¾K Ndú;h
- fm%iaflda isflda fyj;a úh<s nodu u; is;=jï we£fï Ys,am l%uh
- rEm jgd ksudj olajk m%Yia; uÜgñka hq;= ishqï f¾LdlrKh
- miqìu wjldYh msrùu i|yd úúO ieris,s fudaia;r Ndú;h
- iuia; ixrpkh ;=< mßudKh yd m¾hdf,dal Í;Ska fkdie,lSu
• úydr úhka ;,fha úYd, Ñ;% ixrpkhla f,i ksrEmKh lr we;s udr mrdch is;=ju
iqúfYaIS iudc m%ldYkhla iys; ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla'
• udr mrdch is;=jñka ;=jlal=jla w;ska .;a udrhl= olajd ;sîfuka fuu is;=jï ;=<
iuld,Sk w;a±lSï yd øjH ksremKh lsÍug Ys,amshd .;a W;aidyh y÷kd.; yels h'
• is;=jïj,g wu;rj msysá .f,ys fk,d we;s i|lv myK uykqjr hq.fha iqúfYaIS
ks¾udKhla jk w;r tys m%Odk fudaia;rh f,i ;sß`.s;,h fhdod we;'

fo.,afodrej rc uyd úydrh

fjiaika;r rcq w,s we;=ka oka §u udr mrdch

33
• l%s'j' 1 jk ishjfia § muK j,.ïnd rcq úiska ^jÜg.dñKs wNh& fuu f,ka úydrh
lrjd we;' m%Odk jYfhka f,ka 05lska iukaú; h'
• foaj rdc f,k
• uyd rdc f,k
• uyd w¨;a úydrh
• mYaÑu úydrh
• fojk w¨;a úydrh
• oUq¨ úydr f,ka ixlS¾Kfha úYsIag is;=jï iy uQ¾;s /ila yuqfõ'
• uyd rdc f,k hkqfjka kï lr we;s f,fka ie;fmk nqoaO m%;sud we;=¿ fndaêi;aj yd
rcjrekaf.a m%;sud /ila oelsh yels h'
• oUq¨ úydr is;=jï uykqjr hq.hg wh;a jk w;r wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,flk
is;=jï fldgila o oel.; yels h'
• oUq¨ úydrfha ì;= is;=jï we£fï f.!rjh ysñjkafka kS,.u is;a;r mrïmrdjg h'
• uykqjr hq.hg wh;a oUq¨ is;=jï my; f,i j¾. l< yels fõ'
− fndaêi;aj pß; wjia:d
iQúis újrKh
cd;l l;d
− nqoaO pß;fha úúO wjia:d
udrmrdch
rkaldis w;=rd fÊ;jkh mqcd lsÍu
− ft;sydisl isÿùï
úchd.uk
uyskoa d.ukh
Y%s uyd fndaêh jevu lrùu
t<dr ÿgq.euqKq hqoaOh
• is;=jï ks¾udKj, iqúfYaI ,laIK
- md¾Yj o¾YS rEm
- ;Sre Ñ;% ixrpkj, wLKav l:k l%uh
- oaúudk ,laIK iys; me;,s j¾K Ndú;h
- j¾K i|yd ly" fld<" r;=" l¿" iqÿ j¾K Ndú;h yd miqìu i|yd r;= j¾Kh
- úh<s noduh u; ì;= is;=jï we`§fï" fm%iaflda isflda Ys,am l%uh
- rEm jgd ksudj olajk m%Yia; uÜgñka hq;= ishqï f¾LdlrKh
- miqìu wjldYh msrùu i|yd fk¿ï u,a" msÉp u,a" imq u,a" jegfla u,a wdÈh
fhdod .ekSu
- iuia; ixrpkh ;=< mßudKh yd m¾hdf,dal Í;Ska fkdie,lSu

34
• úhka;,fha úYd, m%foaYhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ is;=jï lr we;s udr mrdch is;=ju
l%shdldß bßhõj,ska hq;= jQ m%ldYkhla iys; iqùfYaIS ks¾udKhla jYfhka ie,fla'

• udr mrdch is;=jñka nqÿka jykafia N+ñ iam¾Y uqødfjka ksrEms; h' fuu wjia:dfõ
uyS ldka;dj nqoaO;ajh ikd: lsÍug idlaIsfjñka fmdf<dfjka ke.S isák whqre olajd we;'
mfilska udr ¥jreka ;sfokd yd udr fiakdj o olajd we;s fuu ks¾udKh m%ldYkd;aul
núka by< h'

oUq¨ f,ka úydr ixlS¾Kh nqoaO m%;sud yd foaj m%;sudjla ^iquk iuka foúhka&

nqoaO;ajfhka miajk i;sh-udr udr mrdch is;=jfï fldgila

ÿjre mrdch lsÍu

oyila nqÿjrekaf.a rEm wfkda;ma; ú,

35
— bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh fuifmdfÜñhdkq" ñir jeks mQ¾j ft;sydisl Wiia YsIagdpdr yd
iu ;;a;ajfha ,d ie,lsh yels h' mqrd úoHd{ Y%Su;a fcdaka udI,af.a úYajdih jQfha
fuu YsIagdpdrh l%s'mQ' 3250 - 2750 w;r ld, jljdkqjg wh;a nj h' tu YsIagdpdrfha
iaj¾Kuh ld,h l%s'mQ' 2500 - 1500 w;r jYfhka bkaÈhdkq mqrd úoHd{hska úiska olajhs'
— fuu YsIagdpdrh fudfykafcdodfrda yrmamd YsIagdpdr jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs'
— yskaÈ NdIdfjka —fufydka - fcd odfrda˜ hkq u<jqkaf.a f.dve,a,hs' th j¾;udk
mlsia:dkhg wh;a iskaêys ,¾ldkd osia;s%lalfha msysgd we;'
— yrmamdj j¾;udk mlsia:dkfha ngysr mkacdí m%foaYfha fudkaáf.dauÍ Èia;%slalfha
rú k§ bjqf¾ msysgd we;'
— bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh úYd, N+ñ m%foaYhl me;sÍ mj;sk w;r fuu iNH;ajhg wh;a
ia:dk 70 la muK fidhdf.k we;'
— fudfykafcdodfrda yd yrmamd YsIagdpdrhg wh;a k.r jeishka Wiia l,d fl!Y,fhka
hqla; ck fldgila nj leKSïj,§ yuq jQ øjH yd fuj,ïj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu l,d
ks¾udK my; mßÈ y`ÿkd.; yels h'
- .,a yd f,day m%;sud - wdNrK yd fuj,ï
- uqød - fi,a,ï nvq
- jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK

bkaÿ ksïk YsIaGdpdrfha uQ¾;s

mQcl rej

— mQcl rej fidhdf.k we;af;a fudfykafcdodfrda k.rfhks'

— fuhska mqreIhl=f.a Wvqlh oelafõ'
— Ôjudk flfkl= ksrEmKh lsÍug .;a W;aidyhla f,i fmfka'
— fi'ó' 19 la Wi h' iqÿ yqKq .,ska ksujd we;'
— fuhska mQcljrhl= ksrEmKh jk nj idudkH ms<s.ekSuhs'
— taldxY lrk ,o i`Mj" wvjka fofk;a yd ysi wvla uqvq fldg ;Sîu fuu rEmh Ndjkdkqfhda.S
mQcl rejla f,i ye`Èkaùug fya;= ù we;'
— taldxY lrk ,o i`Mfjys fm;s ;=kl u,l fyda fld<hl yevh .;a rgdjlska irid we;'
— k<, u; .dxpqj iys; k,,a máhls'
— ;;a;ajdldr ksrEmK iajrEmhg fjiiska fjkia jQ ffY,S.; iïm%odhla wkqj ksrEmKh
lrk yev;, fuys olakg we;'

36
 k<`.k

— l,d úpdrlhskaf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq jQ ks¾udK w;r yrmamdfjka yuq jQ f,dalv k<`.kf.a
rej o m%Odk ;ekla .kshs'
— bkaÿ ksïk jeisfhda f,day jd;a;= lsÍfï ;dlaIKfhka mßK;j isá njg fuu f,dayfhka
lrk ,o k<`.k rej fyd| u idOlhls'
— f,day jd;a;= lsÍfï Ys,am l%ufhka mQ¾K Wkak;j ksujd we;s fuys Wi w`.,a 4 1$2 ls'
— ldka;d kdß foayfha ,d,s;H ukdj u;= fldg olajd we;'
— weia wvjka h' m%fldamldr bßhõjlska isg f.k tla w;la bfkys ;ndf.k tla ll=,la
wvla keó isák wdldrfhka ksujd we;'
— fli`. k.ak rejla jQ fuu ldka;d rej l,d;aul h'
— f., ne¢ ud,h;a" fow;ays we;s j<¨;a fuys oelsh yels wdNrKhka h' th tl, bkaÿ ksïk
jeishka wdNrK me<£u ms<sn| m%n, idlaIshls'
— fuhska fofjd,l r`.k ia;%shla ksrEmKh fõ hehs u;hls' oekg kjÈ,a,s cd;sl
fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a fldg we;'

37
 r;= je,s .,ska l< ljkaO ñksia rej

— udkj foayfha iqkaor;ajh b;d ishqï f,i yd ug is,sgq f,i olajd we;s ljkaO ñksia
rej bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrfhka yuq jQ Wiia l,d lD;shls'
— .%Sl iïNdjH lD;sj, uQ¾;suh ,laIK olakg we;' uQ¾;sh ukdj TmuÜgï lsÍfuka uia
ms`vqj, iajNdúl;ajh fmkakqï lr we;'
— w`.,a 4 ^fi'ó'10& muK Wi h' r;= meye;s yqKq .,ska ksujd we;s fuh mQ¾K Wkak;
uQ¾;shls' fuh fidhd f.k we;af;a yrmamdfjks'
— fuu uQ¾;sfhka wfrday mßkdy mqreIhl=f.a ,laIK ksrEmKh lrhs' k.ak rejla jk
fuh Ysjf.a uQ,do¾Y ks¾udKhla jYfhka y÷kajhs' Bg fya;= jYfhka uQ¾;sfha w;a
y;rl idOl olajhs'
— ysi w;a md fkdue;' ysi iy w;a md fjk u fldgia jYfhka ;kd ;sfnkakg we;s nj
fmfka' fuu fldgia iúlsÍu i|yd isÿre Ndú; fldg we;s nj oelsh yels h'

w¿ je,s .,ska l< ljkaO ñksia rej

— yrmamdfjka yuqjk fuu ljkaO ñksia rej mQ¾K Wkak; Ys,am l%uhg w¿ je,s .,ska
ks¾udKh lr we;'
— Wi fi'ó' 10 ls' jï ll=, by<g Tijdf.k isák k¾;k ú,dYhla fmkakqï flf¾'
— fuhska Ysj foúhkaf.a tla fõIhla jk kgrdc k¾;k iajrEmh fmkakqï lrk nj
úpdrl woyihs'
— .%Sl" frdau" iïNjh uQ¾;s ks¾udKj, olakg ,efnk iajNdúl ;d;aúl ,laIK fuu
ljkaO rEmfhka m%lg flf¾'

38
bkaÿ ksïk YsIaGdpdrfha uQød
— bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh wdY%s;j uqød 2000 lg wêl ixLHdjla yuq ù we;'
— fjf<`o NdKavj, weiqreï i,l=Kq jYfhka fh§ug fuu uqød Ndú; l< nj wkqudk lrhs'
— fuu uqød È.á" wgmÜgï yd i;/ia wd§ yevj,ska hqla; fõ'
— fuu uqød u; rEmj,g wu;rj wlaIr olakg we;s w;r fï wlaIr fï jk f;la lshùug
y÷kdf.k we;'
— uqød u.ska bkaÿ ksïk jeishkaf.a wd.ñl weoys,s" úYajdi ms,ìUq lrk w;r Tjqkaf.a ðjk
ú,dih" ixialD;sl ,laIK l,d fl!I,Hh yd ;dlaIKsl yelshdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re
wkdjrKh fõ'

fud,a,sh iys; .j rEmh

— bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrfhka yuq jQ .j rEm iys; uqød

úis mylg;a jeä m%udKh w;ßka l,d;aul
m%ldYkhla iys; uqødjls'
— fuys .jhdf.a .;s iajNdjh b;du;a ;d;aúl f,i
ksrEmKh lr ;sfí'
— md¾Yjo¾YS iajrEmfhka hq;= .j rEmfha YÍrdx.
;=<ska Yla;sh" f;aci yd cj iïmkak nj fyd¢ka
biau;= ù fmfka'
— Ysj foúhkaf.a jdykh jQ kkaÈ .jhd ñka ixfla;j;a
lrk nj woyia flf¾'
— fn,af,a /<s ffY,S.; rgdfjka ksrEmKh lr we;' f., jgd oud we;s ;e,a, u.ska
fuu uqødj úis;=re ù we;'
— we;eï uqødj, .j rEm wNshi iqj| ÿï" jeks jia;= olakg ;snQ ksid fuu .j rEm w;s
mQckSh jia;= f,i i,ld mqo mQcd ;nkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'
— fuu uqødjg wu;rj tla w`.la iys; .jhd" fldg wx iys; .j rEm wd§ .j ixfla;
iys; uqød úYd, ixLHdjla yuq ù we;s njg jd¾;d fõ'

mY=m;s ^Ysj&

— fuu uqødj wx iys; foúhd f,i y`ÿkajhs'

— Tyqf.a ysi u; wx hq.,la iys; Ys¾IdNrKhls'
tfuka u f.< yd fow;a jia;%dNrKj,ska irid
we;'
— wdikhg my<ska uqfjda fofofkls' tfiau
foaj rEmh jgd rhsfkda" jDIN" yia;s iy fldá
rEm ±l.; yels h'
— fuu uqødfjka ksrEms; foúhka Ysjf.a uQ,do¾Yhla
nj i¾ fcdaka udI,a uy;d mjid we;' tkï
Ysjf.a tla fõYhla jk mY=m;s ^lDIs l¾udka;hg
wêm;s& ñka ksrEms; njhs'
— foajrEmh bÈß fmkqfukaa hq;= jk w;r fiiq
ish¨ i;aj rEm md¾Yjo¾YS iajrEmfhka olajd
we;'

39
 • khs,a .x.dOdrh mokï j jHdma; jQ f,dalfha bmerKs u YsIagdpdrhla jk Bðma;=
YsIagdpdrh l%s' mQ' 3000 - 30 w;r ld, mrdihg wh;a fõ'
• Bðma;=j mdrdjrekaf.a n, mrdl%uh f,djg lshdmdk iqúYd, msróv" .Dy ks¾udK" Ñ;%
uQ¾;s wd§ l,d ks¾udK i|yd moku jQfha Tjqka oeä f,i úYajdi l< urKska u;=
wd;auh ms<sn| ixl,amh hs'
• wu¾Kd" .Sid iy ;Síia hk k.r wdY%s;j Bðma;= ks¾udK /ila yuqfõ'
Bðma;= uQ¾;s
− iamks l a a ^Sphinx&
a i
− ,shkakd fyjka f,aLlhd ^Scribe&
− fk*¾áá ^Nefertiti &
Bðma;= Ñ;%
− óvïys md;a;fhda ^Geese of Meidum&
− l=re¨ ovhu ^Fowling scene&

Bðma;= uQ¾;s ks¾udK

iamskalaia ^SPHINX &

• l%'s mQ' 2440 g muK wh;a iamk

s l
a i
a a uQ¾;sh l=*q msróvh bÈßmsg msyá
s Wiska wä 66la yd m<,ska
wä 240la jk bmerKs uQ¾;shla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'
• Bðma;= l,dfõ iamskalaia uQ¾;s /ila yuqjQj;a m%Odk msróvh wi, yuqjk uyd iamskalaia
^G R E AT SPHINX & kï uQ¾;sh iqúfYaIS h' ñksia uqyqK iu. i;a;aj YÍrh ^isxy& tlg
noaO lsÍfuka ieliqKq fuu ks¾udKh Bðma;= l,dfõ l,ams; uQ¾;s i|yd Èh yels lÈu
ksoiqkls'
• iamskalaia ks¾udKh mdrdjrekaf.a f;on,mrdl%uh fuka u wdrlaIdj ms<sn| ixl,amh
ksrEmKh lrk nj úpdrl u;h hs'

40
 ,shkakd fyj;a ial%hsí (SCRIBE)

• ,shkakd fyj;a ial%hsí ^Scribe& uQ¾;sh Bðma;= uQ¾;s l,dfõ merKs hq.hg wh;a ks¾udKhls'
• ial%hsí kñka y÷kajk uQ¾;s lsysmhla u Bðma;= l,dfjka yuq ù we;;a" oekg m%xYfha Æj¾
fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;s fuu ial%hsí rej Bðma;= uQ¾;s l,dfõ úYsIag ks¾udKhls'
• yqKq .,ska l<" wä 2 la muK Wia jQ fuh ;%sfldaKdldr wdlD;shlska hq;= jqjls'
• ±j udOHfhka mQ¾K Wkak; Ys,aml%uh ks¾udKh lr we;' l%siag,a j¾.fha .,ska
weiaj, l=yr mqrjd we;'
• ls%'mQ' 2600;a 2350;a w;r ld,hg wh;a fuu uQ¾;sh j¾K .ekajQ ks¾udKhls'
• ilaldrd m%foaYfha fidfydka f.hlska yuQ jq ial%hsí uQ¾;sh ;u iajdñhd mjik hula
,sùug ieriS isák wdldrh ksrEms; h'
fk*¾áá (NEFERTITI)

• Bðma;=fõ wu¾Kd hq.h fyj;a kj rdcOdks iufha ks¾udKh jQ fk*¾áá wêrdðkshf.a rej
oekg n¾,ska fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;'
• fuh mQ¾K Wkak; Ys,am l%uhg ks¾udKh lrk ,o ldka;d Wvqlh ms<srejls'
• Bðma;= l,d ks¾udKj, ±lsh yels ffY,s.; iïm%odfhka ñ§ iajNdúl ffY,Sh ,laIK fuu
uQ¾;sfhka ±lsh yels h'
• Wi w`.,a 20 la jk fuu uQ¾;sh yqKq .,a udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr j¾K .kajd we;'
• Bðma;= mdrd rfcl= jQ kj rdcOdks hq.fha wlafkagka ^Akhenaten& rcqf.a ìij f,ig
ie,flk fk*¾áá uQ¾;sh l%s' mQ' 1375 muK ld,hg wh;a h'
• uQ¾;shg w,xldrhla f.k fok ysfiys me,`È úis;=re È.eá Tgqkak yd f.f,ys me,¢ ud,fha
wêrdðkshl i;= f;afcdan,mrdl%uh fmkajhs'

41
Bðma;= Ñ;% ks¾udK

• Bðma;= Ñ;% ks¾udK fidfydka f.j,a jk msróv yd foajia:dk ;=< o oelsh yels h'
• oaúudk nj" md¾Yj.; nj fuu Ñ;% ks¾udKhkaf.a oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIK h'
• j¾K fh§fï § o fndfyda úg me;,s l%uhg j¾K fhdod we;'
• l,ams; ixl,am fukau" ck Ôú;fha úúO isoaê" rcjreka" ìfidajreka" yd iene¢ isoaê ñir
.Dy ks¾udK ;=< oelsh yels úh'
• Bðma;= is;=jï w;r igyka lr we;s yhfrd.a,smslaia (Hieroglyphics) fyj;a rEmdlaIr
f,aLklrKfha m<uq wjia:dj jYfhka wog;a mqrdúoHd{hskaf.a .fõIKhg yd ksÍlaIKhg
,la jQjls'

óvï ys md;a;fhda (GEESE OF MEDIUM)

• fuu is;=ju l%s'mq' 2630 g muK wh;a Bðma;= merKs rdcOdks hq.hg wh;a Ñ;% ks¾udKhls'
• óvï ys uiagdnd j¾.hlg wh;a fidfydka f.hlska yuq ù we;s fuu is;=jñka ksrEmKh
jkafka tld miq mi tld .uka lrk md;a;hka iuQyhls' tu md;a;hka yh fokd ;sfokd
ne.ska fome;a;g tld miqmi .uka lrk whqrla fmkajhs'
• rEm ;,h u; iïmsKavkh lsÍfï § bÈßfhau isák md;a;hdf.a ysi ìug keUqre lr.;a
wdldrhg we| we;s w;r l%shdldÍ njla o" i;=kaf.a bßhõ l%ñlj oelaùug o Ys,amshd Wkkaÿ
ù we;'
• j¾K fh§fï § l¿" iqÿ" ÿUqre j¾Kj, úúO m%fNao u;=jk f,i fhdod we;s w;r f¾LdlrKh
u.ska ishqï f,i úia;rd;aul yev olajd we;' fuu ,laIK Bðma;= udkj rEm Ñ;% i|yd
wkq.ukh fkdlrk ,o ,laIKhls' tkï th iajNdúl ,laIK i|yd j¾K yd f¾LdlrKh
u.ska ;%sudk ,laIK u;=lsÍula jYfhka y÷kd.; yels h'

42
 l=re¨ ovhu ^ FOWLING SCENE &

• l=re¨ ovhu Ñ;%h l%s'mQ' 1580;a 1350;a w;r ld,fha kj rdcOdks hq.hg wh;a hhs ie,fla'
• fuh ;Síiaj, fknduqka (Nebamun) fidfydka .efnka yuq ù we;s j¾K l< is;=jula fõ'
• is;=jfuka oelafjkafka Bðma;= jxYdêm;sfhl= jQ fknduqka khs,a kÈfha Trejl ke.S ;u w;
we;s N+urx.h Ndú; lrñka l=re,a,ka ovhï lrk wdldrhhs' Tyqf.a tla w;l w,a,d.;a
mlaISka ;sfofkls' is;=jfuys ±lafjk ldka;d rEm Tyqf.a ÈhKsh yd Nd¾hdj f,ig woyia
flf¾'
• memsria m÷re w;r mlaISka oelafjk w;r ta wi< jQ ovhï n<,d mdoj,ska mlaISka fofofkl=
o láka ;j;a mlaIsfhl= o w,a,df.k isák wdldrh olajd we;'
• udkj rEm ffY,S.; yd md¾Yjo¾YS iajrEmfhka yd i;=ka iy Ydl m;% b;d iajNdúlj
Ñ;%Kh lr we;'
• ;sre Ñ;% ixrpkhla jk fuu kï lrk Ñ;% rduqj ;=< isoaê .Kkdjl tl;=jlska iukaú;
jk w;r tu.ska Ñ;%fha l%shdldÍ nj ksremKh lrjhs'
• úh<s noduhla u; jk m%iaflda isfldA Ys,am l%uhg w¢k ,o ì;= is;=juls'
• rEm j¾K .ekaùu i`oyd w`ÿre ly" r;=' iqÿ" l`M wd§ j¾K Ndú; lr we;s w;r fuu j¾K
oaúudk ,laIK iys; h'
• Ñ;%fha miqìfï yhfrd.a,smslaia (Hieroglyphics)fyj;a rEmdlaIr oelsh yels h'
• oekg fuh ,kavkfha ì%;dkH fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;ekam;a lr we;'

43
 ùkia § fuf,da (Venus de Milo)

— m%xYfha Æj¾ fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s ùkia ä fuf,da m%;sudj .S%l iïNdjH
hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIK iys; ks¾udKhls'
— fow;a leã ì£ we;s fuu lsß.re`v m%;sudj" l%s' j' 1820 § fïf,da Èjhsfkka fidhd .;a;ls'
— ju;g .;a levm;ska ish rEimqj krUk ldka;djl ksrEmKh jk nj úpdrl woyihs'
— ldka;djlf.a iqkaor;ajh fuka u kdßfoayfha ,d,s;H iajNdjh uekúka olajd we;s fuu
uQ¾;sh .%Sl uQ¾;s ks¾udK w;r w.%.kH ks¾udKhla f,i ie,flhs'
— rEmfha n| jgd we;s jia;%fha /<s lvd yef,k whqre b;d iajNdúl f,i ksremKh lr
fmkajhs'
— —wekaáfidõ˜ kï Ys,amshd fuu uQ¾;sh ks¾udKh lr we;'

44
 ljfm;a; úislrkakd ^Discobolus)

—ljfm;a; úislrkakd uQ¾;sh .%Sl iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIKhka iys; lD;shls'
—fuu uQ¾;sfhka ksrEmKh jkafka lj fm;a; úislsÍug iqodkï jk l%Svlhl=f.a bßhõjls'
—l%Svd bßhõjg wkql+, j msßñhl= i;= ldhsl cjh" Yla;sh" p,kh fuka u isref¾
iunr;dj yd ßoauh b;d úYsIag f,i fmkakqï lrk ks¾udKhls'
—udxY fmaYS l%shdldr;ajh iys; l%Svl bßhõj uekúka ksrEmKh lr we;s fuu uQ¾;sh
lsß.re`v udOHfhka ks¾udKh lr we;'
—l%s' mQ' 450 g muK wh;a ljfm;a; úislrkakd uQ¾;sfhys uq,a lD;sh f,dalv udOHfhka
ks¾udKh lr ;sfnkakg we;ehs úYajdi flfrk w;r th uQ¾;s Ys,ams —uhsrka (Myron)ZZ f.a
ks¾udKhls'

45
 y¾ñia iy vfhdkSiia ^Hermes and Dionysus)

— l%s' mQ' 330-320 ld,hg wh;a fuh .%Sisfha T,sïmshdfjka yuq jQ mQ¾K Wkak; úYsIag .%Sl
uQ¾;shls'
— .%Sl iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIKhkaf.ka hq;= fuh ma/laisfg,aia ^Praxiteles) keu;s
uQ¾;s Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
— fuu uQ¾;sh wä 7 w`.,a 1 la Wiska hqla; jk w;r lsß .re`v udOHfhka ksujd we;'
— y¾ñia ;u ol=Kq mdohg nr§ jï mdoh oKysiska kjd isák w;r Tyq úiska vfhdkSiia
kï orejd ju;ska jvdf.k isáhs'
— y¾óiaf.a refjys ol=Kq w; ì| we;s w;r b;sß jQ fldgiska th by<g Tijd isá whqrla
ksrEmKh fõ'
— tu wf;ys ñÈ fmdl=rla ;sfnkakg we;ehs úpdrlhska úYajdi lrhs'
— fuu uQ¾;sfhka mqreI YÍrhl ±lsh yels udxY fmaISj, iajNdjh yd fm!reI ,laIK
mßudK ,laIK iys;j uekúka fmkakqï lr we;'
— jï w;ska ord isák i`Mj ksid uQ¾;sfha iunr;dj iq/lS we;'
— fuys oelafjk <orejdf.a refjys uqÿ fudf<dla iajNdjh yd iqr;,a nj oelaùug Ys,amshd
iu;a ù ke;s njla fmkS hhs'
— fuu uQ¾;sh oekg .%Sisfha T,sïmshdys mqrdúoHd fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a fldg we;'

46
 we;Skd foj`.kf.a rej ^Athena Parthenon)

— fuu m%;sudj l%s' mQ' 5 ishjfia úiQ mSähia ^Phidias) kï Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lr we;'
— iïNdjH hq.hg wh;a fuu m%;sudj wä 48 la muK Wiska hq;= h'
— oejfhka ksujd rkska yd we;a o<ska wdjrKh lrk ,o we;Skd foj`.kf.a rej úYsIag
ks¾udKhls'
— jï w;ska fy,a,la o" m,syla o orhs'
— ol=Kq w;af,a khsla ^Nike) fyj;a ch.%yKh ixfla;j;a lrk bmerKs .%Sl foaj;dúhf.a
rejls'
— m,sy" mdou" ysia jeiau" mdjyka ish,a, .%Sl merKs ckm%jdo o¾Ykj,ska w,xldr lr we;'
— isks÷ we÷ug wh;a /<s ishqï f,i u;= lsÍug Ys,amshd iu;a ù we;'
— m%;dmj;a nj" rK Y+r;ajh" tä;r nj" iDcq nj hk ,laIK iys;j ldka;d iqkaor;ajh
fuu we;Skd refjka ukdj ksrEmKh lr fmkajhss'

47
 ,eTl+ka uQ¾;sh ^Laocoon)

— ,eTl+ka uQ¾;sh .%Sl fy,ksia;sla hq.hg wh;a l,d ,laIK iys; ks¾udKhla f,i
ie,fla'
— fuh lsß.re`v udOHfhka ksu l< l,d lD;shls'
— ±jeka; uqyqÿ i¾mfhl=f.ka fíÍu i`oyd msfhl= yd mq;=ka fofofkl= .kakd W;aidyh
fuu`.ska ksrEmKh fjhs'
— mshdf.a uy¨ nj;a" mq;=kaf.a ;dreKHh;a u;=fldg olajd we;s fuu uQ¾;sfhka uy¨ mshdf.a
ffO¾h iïmkak nj;a" Yla;sh;a" i¾mhdf.ka .e<ùug .kakd W;aidyh;a uekúka
ksrEmKh fldg we;'
— h:d¾:jd§ ffY,shg wkq.; j uqyqfKa fõokdj" Nh" ;%dih yd W;aidyjka; nj uekúka
m%ldYs; h'
— Wi wä 8 la jk fuu uQ¾;sh oekg frdaufha j;sldkq fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;'

48