Unit 1.

Cell

CELL CYCLE:

MITOSIS
 CHROMOSOMES
• These are long thread stands associated
with protein materials that suddenly
coiled, appear thicker, denser and
shorter when cells divide.
• It contains genetic materials known as
DNA that embedded inside the
chromosomes.
• It is also bounded protein which serves
as packaging for deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and controls the hereditary
characteristics.
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• DNA is the cell’s hereditary material
and contains instructions for
development, growth and
reproduction.
• DNA is passed from generation to
generation in humans and many other
organisms.
• The same DNA is located in nearly
every cell of the human body.
• DNA is mostly located within
chromosomes in the nucleus, but some
DNA is also found in the mitochondria.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
 SPINDLE FIBERS
• Any of a network of filaments that collectively form a mitotic spindle
(in mitosis) and meiotic spindle (in meiosis) and responsible in moving
and segregating the chromosomes during nuclear division
 CENTRIOLES
• Pair of rounded tubular bodies, located behind the nucleus.
• Forms spindle fibers during cellular division, for the movement of
cytoplasmic organelles, for cell reproduction.
 CELL CYCLE
• It is the life of a eukaryotic cell: The way the cells grow, make new
copies and divide.
• It happens in all of your somatic (body) cells in order to get the same
DNA inside each cell.
• Parent cells are diploid and make 2 daughter cells that are also diploid
with their own new nuclei.
• Diploid means 2 of each chromosome: 2 (n) = 2 (23) = 46 chromosomes
CELL CYCLE
 CELL DIVISION
• Cell division is an essential aspect of life.
• It enables a multicellular organism to grow and reach the adult size,
replaces worn-out or damaged cells, and keeps the total number of
cells in an adult organism relatively constant.
• A typical cell goes through cell division in stages to ensure that cell
division is always carried out correctly.
• It performs normal life processes before dividing into new cells.
• The series of stages in the life of a cell is referred to as the cell cycle.
• This consists of a preparatory phase (interphase), the actual cell
division (mitosis), and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
CELL DIVISION
 INTERPHASE
• The largest phase in which 95% of growth occurs.
• This is the time between cell divisions.
• The cell is growing, copying it’s DNA and preparing for division.
• The copying of DNA is called synthesis or replication.
3 phases of interphase:
I. Gap 1 (G1)
II. Synthesis (S)
III. Gap 2 (G2)
 GAP 1 (G1)
• Growth of the cell in size and development (differentiation-the cell is
told what to become).
 GAP 1 (G1)
• Growth of the cell in size and development (differentiation-the cell is
told what to become).
 SYNTHESIS (S)
Synthesis of DNA, also called
REPLICATION:
• The DNA double helix is unzipped
completely by an enzyme called
HELICASE.
• One DNA nucleotide at a time is
added to BOTH sides of the DNA
strand (A to T and C to G) with the
help of another enzyme called
DNA POLYMERASE.
• The nucleus is left with TWO exact
copies of ALL the
chromosomes/DNA.
SYNTHESIS (S)
 GAP 2 (G2)
• The cell prepares for
division and checks for
errors.
CELL CYCLE
 STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE
• Mitosis is after Interphase…
• Mitosis is considered “Cell Division”
• Four Phases of Mitosis:
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis is after the Mitosis
 PROPHASE
• The first phase in mitosis

Three things to look for:

1. Chromosomes can be
seen as two
chromatids, in the
shape of an “X”
2. Nuclear envelope
dissolves
3. Centrioles are present
with some spindle
fibers
METAPHASE
• The second phase in mitosis

Three things to look for:

1. Chromosomes line up in the
middle
2. Nuclear envelope is gone
(no nucleus)
3. Spindle fibers (on opposite
poles) are stretching
towards the chromosomes
 ANAPHASE
• The third phase in mitosis

Three things to look for:

1. Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes towards
the separate poles
2. Chromosomes are split
in half
3. Sister chromatids are
now their own
chromosomes
TELOPHASE
• The final phase in mitosis

Three things to look for:

1. The nuclear envelope reforms
around each set of
chromosomes (so daughter
cells each have one) and
chromosomes straighten out
(uncoil)
2. Spindle fibers are gone
3. Cleavage furrow is forming
between cells
 CYTOKINESIS
• Interphase to Mitosis to
Cytokinesis
• The final step in the cell cycle
• Cytokinesis, actually means
“cell moving”
• The final pinching of the cell
into two complete identical
cells
Certain genes and enzymes trigger
the start of the cell cycle
(replication) and also tell the cells
what to do.
 Importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms:
• Multicellular
• The cell cycle is how they become an adult from only one fertilized
zygote cell.
 Cell Cycle in Multicellular Organisms
• Growth: Increase in number of cells and the size of cells.
(interphase G1)

• Differentiation: Cells are told by a gene to become specialized.

(ex. Muscle cells are told to do that job)

• Morphogenesis: The patterned formation of specialized cells to

become tissues.
 Disruptions in the cell cycle
• If certain enzymes and genes tell the cell cycle to begin too rapidly, cell
division becomes out of control.
CANCER
 RECAP
•Cell Cycle
•G1, S, and G2
•Cell Division
•Mitosis
•Cytokinesis
•Cancer