Guideline For 4th Year MBBS: Afaq Naeem (Aimc Batch 2k20)

Guideline for 4th Year
MBBS
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

Afaq Naeem 2 Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1 Welcome to 4th Year 11
2 Why Conceptual Study is Important? 13
3 Special Pathology 16
4 Ophthalmology (Eye) 61
5 Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 101
6 Community Medicine 144
7 Viva & Practical Exam 183
8 4th Year-The End Game 186
9 How to Become an E cient Learner 191
10 Few Advices/Stress Coping Strategies 195
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Afaq Naeem 3 Patho-Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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A SPECIAL PATHOLOGY
1 Overview 19
2 Table of Speci cation 24
3 Respiratory System 25
4 Gastroentology 28
5 Liver, Pancrease & Gall Bladder 30
6 Endocrinology 32
7 Renal Pathology 34
8 Musculoskeletal System 37
9 Male Reproductive System 40
10 Female Reproductive System 42
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Afaq Naeem 4 Patho-Table of Contents
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11 Breast Pathology 44
12 Cardiovascular System (CVS) 46
13 Hematology-RBC 49
14 Hematology-Platelets 50
15 Hematology-WBC 52
16 Central Nervous System(CNS) 53
17 Clinical Chemistry 56
18 Skin 60
Afaq Naeem 5 Eye-Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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B OPHTHALMOLOGY
1 Overview 64
2 TOS 68
3 Eyelid 70
4 Lacrimal System 72
5 Conjunctiva 73
6 Orbit 75
7 Error of Refraction 77
8 Cornea 78
9 Lens 80
10 Glaucoma 82
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11 Sclera 84
12 Uvea 85
13 Vitreous 87
14 Retina 88
15 Visual Pathway 90
16 Optic Nerve 91
17 Strabismus 93
18 Ocular Injuries 95
19 Pupil 96
20 Red Eye 97
21 Differential Diagnosis 98
22 Ward Test 99
Afaq Naeem 7 ENT-Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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C Otorhinolaryngology(ENT)
1 Overview 103
2 TOS 106
3 Nose 109
4 Ear 119
5 Throat 131
Afaq Naeem 8 Cmed-Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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D Community Medicine
A Overview 148
1 Field Trips 148
2 Presentation 149
3 Poster & Brochure 150
4 Research 151
5 Journal 152
6 Marks Division 154
B TOS 156
C TOPICS
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1 Basic De nition 158

2 Concept of Disease & Health 158
3 Primary Health Care 159
4 Biostatistics 159
5 Epidemiology 160
6 Immunology 162
7 Screening & Sampling 163
8 Communication 163
9 School Health Services 165
10 Family Planning 165
11 Demography 167
12 Reproductive Health 168
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13 Nutrition 169
14 Occupational Health 171
15 Disaster Management 172
16 Hospital Waste Management 173
17 Non Communicable Diseases 173
18 Mental Health 175
19 Social & Behavioural Sciences 176
20 IMNCI 176
21 Environment 177
22 Radiation 179
23 Medical Parasitology 179
24 Communicable Diseases 180
Afaq Naeem 11
Assalam o alikummm
Welcome to 4th Year
First ov all i would like to congratulate all ov you who managed to pass 😇
Alhamdulilah YOU HAVE SURVIVED THE WORST AND THE BEST IS WAITING FOR YOUU 😍
And for all those who got unluckyyy , i will always be there for youu
Trust mee , Allah has HIS ways ov testing uss
Trials!
Waqt hmesha bura nahi rehta or hr acha waqt hmesha persist nahi kartaa
Soo those who are blessed with distinctions and positions etc
Plzz plz always remember k apki mehnat k sath sath Allah ka karam b taa
Mehnat or b bohat log kartee heinn
Soo kabii kisi ko degrade ya khud ko koi superior thing na smjhein or bs shukar kreinn or Allah apko deita chala jaye
gaaa
Jinki 1 mark , 2 mark and aese distinctions rehgayi hein
they should never be disappointed
Aap is per b Allah ka shukar kreinn and ap deikhein ge k jo Allah ka shukr kr ra or phir effort continue rakhta usey
Allah future me inshaAllah bohat nawaze gaa
Contentment is the keyy
Jinho ne try ki or unfortunately unlucky raheyyy
They still have 40-50 days
and trust me trust me forth yeaar me apk pass kafi zada time heyy
Sports week tk tw wese hi 50-60% bachey kuch b ni prhte
Soo bs isey Allah ki trial smjhein , himmat krein and inshaAllah you will be soon with your fellows
ap kisi se kum nahi hein , bus Allah apko azma raha hey or inshaAllah ap bot strongly comeback krein ge
“FROM THE ASHES WE WILL RISE InshaAllah “ 😇

Afaq Naeem 12
FEW THINGS ABOUT 4th YEAR
1-unlike third yeaar , there will be hardly any tests in 4th yeaar , you people will be taking two tests ov pathology and two
tests ov community medicine and usi trh spring vacations k bad 1st term and summer vacations k bad 2nd term
2-There will be community medicine k field trips , research, posters, presentations etc and you people actually gonna enjoy
them alot end pee , its more like k practical work zada hoga
3-Community k field trips or EYE , ENT k wards koi na chorey , aek aek din bot imp hey and community k har field trip ka
one mark hotaa hey and end pe jo field trip ki ospe hoti wo b bot imp
4-Try to attend Medicine , surgery , gynae and paeds k atleast one one ward and get
your ward books signed( year k start waley lazmi lelijiye ga and terms sendups waley chordijiye ta)
5-Saturday ko jo integrated pathology and friday ko jo CPC hota hey wo lazmi attend karna since uski patho me double
attendance hoti or uski waja se kafi bachon ki attendance short hogi ti
4th-YEAR- A YEAR FULL OF JOYS
if anyone would ask me k apka sb se acha yeaar konsa ta then i will say forth year and most ov my class fellows will say
the samee
You being second most senior class will enjoy the sports week at its fullest
Tests hardly honge and ramzan tk sb time bot acha hogaa and you can get underground for studies ramzan k bad and 4-5
months will be enough usk ilawa tests or terms jb ayein beshak just uney acha prhlein
jinho ne bot acha score krna wo sath sath b prhlein
Proxy scene full time hota hey just patho k lectures me issue hota
Departments are soo amazing and 4th yeaar k departments , vivaz , Ospez and everything were easiest as compared to rest
ov years since departments bot zada cooperate kratey har cheiz me
Subjects are interesting as well and you actually like studying them (Cmed is exception lol 😂 )
And college lifee , wards everything is lot fun as compared to third year jisme ap patho k tests hi prepare karte rehjate tey
Alhamdulilah you people have managed to get through second year ki anatomy and third year ki pharmacology and
microbiologyyy
Nothing gonna Stop you guys nowww inshaAllah and inshaAllah i will always be there to guide youu har step pe 😇
For now , just cherish your success and thank Allah for everything He has blessed you with 😇
And plz pray for my result too 😇

Afaq Naeem 13
Why conceptual Study is Important?

WHY CONCEPTUAL STUDY And IMPROVISATION IS IMPORTANT?
i have seen manyy students of our class and of our senior classes too
dat were greaat till third year
Like scoring distinctions but things changed for them in clinical years (4th year and final year)
And there were some students who never managed to score high till third year but scored superbly in clinically years
Look third year tk things were quite simple
apne cram kiaa, paper me pet woi question aya k is organ ki blood supply likhdein, why glucose is more atherogenic
than fructose ? wot is mechanism of action of penicillins? Wot are morphological patterns of necrosis?
Like everything was by the book
Apko ata ta question, woi aya and apne likhdiaa
Simplee
apne exact ten k ten points likhey exam me —BINGOOO— Full marks and you ended up scoring in 80s and 90s
Viva me b woi typical cheizein
Clinical years are different
you are supposed to diagnose first
if diagnose ghalat next sarey parts b ghalat and apk 5 marks gayeee
Aek diagnosis ghalat , distinction becomes very difficult
3-4 Diagnose ghalat —You are at verge of failure
Apne diagnose kiaaa and next part ni bhi yad are tw ap kuch b likh sktee
Here IMPROVISATION comes
Plus 100% exam by the book ni hotaa
20-30% exam is very conceptual and jo usey imrpovise krey gaa apni baki knowledge pe He/she will be the one
scoring best

Afaq Naeem 14
Ospe station ho , viva ho , written ho
jo student basic principles apne mind me bna k rakhey and achey concepts k sath prha ho tw He /she
will be matchless
I know ubi apko sb ajeeb lgri hongi batein and apk mind ki yogurt hori hogi but once you adopt
proper approach and us way se topics ko proper study krna start krdein ge tw life k hr exams me
inshaAllah you will do great
Koi student special ni hotaa
hardwork and smart work
Dats all wot matters in the end
Lemme explain dis with few examples
Like how to create basic principles based on concepts
first of all patient ki Age(umar) is very important
mere 50% diagnosis Age pe hotey
Like 50 years above patient-tw apk mind me cancers ane chahie sb se pehle (phr if weightloss,
anorexia ,anemia type symptoms ) tw beshak koi b organ/system ho think for cancers first
Hmari proff patho ospe me aek scenario ta jisme 60year old male bloody diarhea and weightloss k
sath ta and bot se bchay usey ulcerative colities likh aye te halankey wo Age group hi cancer ka ta
isi trh jese acute otitis mediaa, ya polio ya aesi bot si diseases jo just bachon me hoti hein wo apne
Age k sath lazmi correlate krni
jese celiac disease heyy,wo child and young me hoti and history malabsorption ki hogi
30-40 year old female -Always go for autoimmune diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis,IBD, Grave
disease)
Phir secondly always go for most frequent cases like jo diseases clinically bot common and exams me
bot ari hon
so if doubts hon tw always go for most frequent disease

Afaq Naeem 15
Agar vague scenario tw is trh se likhein (k most probable diagnosis is Disease XYZ(jo apko lagri ho) but it can be
disease A , Disease B , Disease C (jo jo possible hon us scinario pe )
Isi trhh
Basic princples nikalne har jaga har cheiz me based on concepts
Cornea pain sensitive hota tw cornea ki diseases me pain hogi and conjuctiva me pain ni hogi
Optic nerve k function(visual acquity, colour vision, Contrast enhancement, Visual field)
Eye ki koi b disease me jb optic nerve damage ya compress tw ye sb symptoms honge and investigations me hmesha
ap optic nerve function check krein ge
isi trh jitni b posterior segment of eye ki diseases(Vitreous,retina,macula) us sb me apne fundoscopy lazmi kranii
Jo b Ocular muscles ka masla tw muscle ki movements,cover uncover lazmi krana
isi trh basic principles bnaleine
books ko cram kitna krskta insan?
kitne topics ki investigations management yad rakh skta ?
So basic schemes mind me hon and unko improvise kr k har cheiz attempt hoskti
Like jb b tumour ho tw uski biopsy lazmi krwani (and imaging like CT Scan for extent and MRI for soft tissue
involvement)
jb b temperature ho patient ko tw infection ka sochein and jb b infection ho tw culture lazmi krayein and treat hmesha
antibiotic se krein
jb b disease autoimmune ho tw uski investigations me hmesha autoantibodies level krane and immune reaction ko
steroids rokein ge wo na rok skey tw cytotoxic drugs
Jb b recurrent seasonal disease ho tw allergy test lazmi krayein( skin test,IgE levels)
allergy me avoidance lazmi heyy allergen ki
Ap ko ye thora sa btane k maqsad k plz approaches develop krein k kese comparisons nikalne
Hundreds of principles hein i cant even mention here
i just dont want you people to be ordinary students 🥺
I wish kash me apki is sb me help krskta but i cant cover itna sb kuch
So you have to learn how to corelate things and improvise

Special Pathology
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
Dis pdf is dedicated to Ibrahim 😍

Do remember us in your prayers 😇

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY
1 Overview 19
2 Table of Speci cation 24
3 Respiratory System 25
4 Gastroentology 28
5 Liver, Pancrease & Gall Bladder 30
6 Endocrinology 32
7 Renal Pathology 34
8 Musculoskeletal System 37
9 Male Reproductive System 40
10 Female Reproductive System 42
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11 Breast Pathology 44
12 Cardiovascular System (CVS) 46
13 Hematology-RBC 49
14 Hematology-Platelets 50
15 Hematology-WBC 52
16 Central Nervous System(CNS) 53
17 Clinical Chemistry 56
18 Skin 60
Afaq Naeem 19 Special Pathology-Overview
OVERVIEW OF Special Pathology

Patho will be your major subject in fourth yeaar (like pharma in third yeaar)
It will be your first exam in terms,Sendups and proffs
So its preparation is adjustablee
Ap jitna marzi acha prh sktey hein and you can also adjust no ov days for its
preparation during proff and sendups
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
unlike third yeaar pathologyyy
Forth yeaar pathology is very very important as you will be studying all the
diseases ,system wise and is pe apki final year ki medicine and surgery base karti heyyy
I would like to recall the story of the THREE “P”s (1-Physio, 2-Pharma ,3-Patho) k if
ap inko bot acha prho gey tw you can study M(medicine) and S(surgery) achey se and
then you will be an outstanding doctor inshaAllah 😇
If you ask me k afaq bhae wo konsa subject hey jo fourth year me bot acha prhna
chahie , my answer will be “pathology”
Since Community medicine isnt dat imp clinically and EYE and ENT b unk lie zada
beneficial jinho ne agey in fields me janaa


HOW TO PREPARE 4th YEAR PATHOLOGY
i would like to share my personal experience with you guyss
Hum jb fourth year me aye tw hume kafi misguide kia gya ta (yeaa misguide is a strong word but i
dont think k usme unka b khas kasoor hey since our seniors were only following the trends set by
their seniors)
Hume btaya gya ta k medium robins to apk bs ki baat hi ni
apko tw neoplasia k 50 pages pe 4-5 days lg jaye
50 pages each k 11 topics tw sawaal hi ni uthta k ap prepare kr sko proff me
Pathoma best hey and sath past papers krleinaaaa
TALKING VERY HONESTLY and SINCERELY
apko b yei pattern btaye jayein gey
i am also a slow learner or mjhe books prhne me time lagta hey
so i followed their words and mjh se direct past papers ni yad kie jate without concept
Ub hua ye k mene just pathoma prh k tests die or mera second test fail hogya ta (although mene
pathoma k b 2 me se 1 topic prepare kia just ) and first term me i only got 43/80 (which was very
disappointing for me)
Then i started to focus and noticed k past papers /class tests and proffs me jitne questions atey wo
“pathogenesis and morphology” se atey and pathoma me ye dono hi bot pathetic hein
Pathoma is a very good book for mcqz and syllabus coverage
Phir mene kia kiya k me jitne b imp topics te wo phle sort out kr k alag mark krleita ta
and then imp topics sare robin se prepare kie and baki sb pathoma
imp topics just almost 15-20 pages bntey hein max har topic k
And i was able to score around 86/100 in second term (3rd position) and 80/100 in sendups (4th
position) alhamdulilahhh alhamdulilahh and ended up getting distinction in special pathology with
262/300 marks

and jo bchay seniors ko follow kr k pathoma or past papers se cheizein cram krte te
Jb year k end pe 11 topics ikathe hue tw zero concept k sath jo cramming ki hui ti wo sb mix
hone lgaa and patho fear bngyaaa
Secondly , they hadnt very strong concepts tw uney mcqz me b issue arey te and jo seqz me
scenario hotey unme b morphology k hints hotey jo robin ki morphology se grasp hote
Mjhe or kuch friends ko jinhe robin se topic sort out krne pree
it was really really tough for us
k kia robin se prhna hey or kia nahii
hmara bot zada time waste hota ta isi cheiz mee
but in the end , it was all worth ittt
The purpose of sharing all dis experience with you is k i know aplogo ko kahan se prhna kese
prhna ye sb bot zada preshan krey ga patho k barey meee
I can guarantee you k jo topics mene bari mehnat se sort out kie te sb topics ko if ap wo
medium robins se krlein
and baki pathoma bot achey se krlein
and end pe past papers krlein
tw inshaAllah inshaAllah ap ka end pe aram se aek topic one day me prepare b hojaye ga and
mcqz , seqz and vivaz sb achey se hojye ga
agar apne pathoma or just past pprs krne tw wo b apki choice hey (but past ppr me woi sb
cram kro ge jo me robin pe mark krwa chuka hunga )
Kuch topper girls ne just robin b ki tiii complete and if apki speed bot achi tw ap puri robbin
krlein


HOW TO PREPARE A TOPIC?
Pathoma ki book direct cram ni karni
1-Sb se phle one day pathoma k lectures and sath imp cheizein usper note krlein (jese apne
pharma kaplan me kia ta )
2-One to two days me pathoma ko achey se yad krna
3-One day for topics jo mene robin se karne ko btaye hon
4-Past papers and revision
YAD RAKHEIN PATHO k HR CHP ME 7-8 topics bot imp hotey hein or usi se mcqx seqz
atey hein
baki sb ki jitni information apko chahie hoti wo pathoma pe hoti hey
5-For ospe?
if kisi ne ospe b sath sath prepare karni tw big robins ka pdf apne mobile me rkhein and jb
aek topic prepare krlein tw big robins se just uski pictures deikhlein
Woi pictures 70 marks ki ospe me proff me ati hein (there are no observed stations in 4th
year and ospe pe just identify krne k bad woi jo apne prepare kia hota theory k lie usi se
questions attempt hojatey sarey ospe k and isk ilawa 30 30 marks k two vivaz hotey and wo
b theory se hotey)
So unlike third year apko practical vivaz me kuch extra prepare ni krna prey gaaa
BOOKS?
Pathoma
Medium robins

AIMC PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT?

Unlike third yearr
Sir imran has noo no control over forth yeaar
4th Year me bs 2 tests honge
And tests me just seqz ayein ge (50 marks )
And sarey seqz important honge and mostly past papers se honge (like in proffs)
Checking Thori ajeeb hogi and if two students ne ditto aek jesa paper b kia tw usme aek k
47/50 are honge and second k 30/50 at times
Two tests , 2 terms and 1 sendups
ATTENDANCE?
Labs ki attendance i guess itni count ni hoti
Integrated pathology and CPC ki double attendance patho me count hoti and end pe
attendance me add hojati
lectures are very imp
4th year me har subject me proxies lgtin except pathoo
and isi ki attendance k issues ateyyy
MARKS
300 (150 marks written plus 150 marks viva practical)
PRACTICAL COPY (unlike third year) apne sath sath bnani hey with proper index and is
bar tw external and internal mam b copies deikhrin ti
May Allah bless you all !

Afaq Naeem 24 Special Pathology-TOS

Afaq Naeem 25 Special Pathology-Respiration
1-RespiratORY SYSTEM
there will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this section in your proff (10 marks )
usk ilawa 1-2 stations ospe me b is topic se atey (4-8 marks)
This topic is very important since jo new HOD hein (Dr amina ) unka ye favourite topic hey or wo is topic
se lazmi sunti hein
First ov all tw you should go through pathomaa
and Then robins se imp topics
and trust me kuch hi imp topics hein jin se bar bar questions atey and this rule will apply to all chapters of
pathology
TOPICS OF LUNG PATHOLOGY dat Should be prepared FROM ROBINS
Atelectasis and morphology of ARDS
Emphysema complete (vvvvvvv.imp)
Clinical feature kisi b disease k ni prhne hotey and wo pathoma se hi krne hotey
Chronic bronchitis morphology
Ashtma - pathogenesis and morphology(vvvvvv.imp)
bronchioectasis -morphology
morphology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and flowsheet of its pathogenesis
Only morphologies of other restrictive diseases
Classification of pneumonia (fig 13.5),morphology (vvvvv.imp)
Lung abscess complete
Table 13.6(classification) and morphology of lung cancers and table 13.7(d/w small cell and non small cell)
morphology of malignant mesothelioma
ISK BAD APNE PAST PAPERS LAZMI DEIKHNE HEIN SINCE 90% QUESTIONS SCENARIOS
HOTE HEIN AND IF AP Scenario Wrong pick krlein tw sare marks loose hojatey


IMP QUESTIONS
A-COPDs (vvvvv.imp-Most imp part of this chapter )
1-Enumerate COPDs
Emphysema (Types,d/w centriacinar and panacinar?,Pathogenesis,Morphology and complications-
vvvvvv.imp)-Robin
2-Asthma (Pathogenesis,mediators and morphology-vvvvv.imp)-Robin
3-Bronchiectasis(causes?bacteriology?Pathogenesis? Define Reid’s index and wot is its normal
value ?(imp)
B-PULMONARY INFECTIONS
4-Classification of pneumonia(imp),4 bacteria responsible for community acquired pneumonia and
pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
5-4 stages of lobar pneumonia and its complications(vvvvvv.imp)
6-Define pulmonary abscess? Causes?Complications
Pulmonary infections k jo topics mene mention kie bs yei imp hein mainly and isk ilawa pathoma
more than enough hey
C-LUNG CANCERS
7-LUNG Cancer(Classification-vvv.imp,Causes ? d/w small cell and non small cell cancer-
Robin(imp))
8-Mesothelioma-Imp
D-RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
unko b zada detail me karne ki zroorat ni heyy and jo questions me mention kr ra uney achey se krna
and baki pathoma enough hey
9-Enumerate Restrictive lung diseases?Wot do you know about pneumoconiosis?Enumerate its
disorders?
10-Pathogenesis and morphology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(imp)

E-OTHER TOPICS
11-Define atelectasis and enumerate its types
12-ARDS(associated clinical disorders? pathogenesis)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-TB(picture)
2-Lobar pneumonia(gross pic)
3-Anthracosis specimen
4-Lung abscess(pic)
5-Lung cancers (big robin pictures)
6-Emphysema (specimen or pic)
Ospes bot zada repeat hoti hein and ini topics se mostly station ata heyy
GOODLUCK 😇☺

Afaq Naeem 28 Special Pathology-Gastroentology
2-GASTROENTOLOGY
This topic is most imp topic of your fourth year pathology
There will be 2 seqs and 9 mcqz from this section in your proff (19 marks)
Also this is one ov the favourite topics of examiners
PATHOMA sari karni heyyy
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
morphology of squamous cell carcinoma
Table of salivary gland neoplasm and pleomorphic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Reflex osophagitis , barret esophagous , morphologies of adeno and squamous cell carcinoma
of esophagous
Stomach (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer complete and then morphology of
gastroadenocarcinoma plus carcinoid tumour
Intestine ( celiac disease complete ,morphology of sigmoid diverticulum ,inflammatory bowel
disease (table plus morphologies plus colitis associated neoplasm)
Table of polyposis syndromes and morphology of adenomas
table of polyposis syndromes and adenocarcinoma complete (v.imp)
Morphology of acute appendicitis
IMP QUESTIONS
A-SALIVARY GLAND & ESOPHAGOUS
1-Enumerate 4 malignant neoplasms of salivary glands.Morphology of Pleomorphic adenoma
2-Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tongue (Pathogenetic factors,Risk Factors,Morphology)

Afaq Naeem 29 Special Pathology-Gastroentology
3-Squamous Cell Carcinoma Esophagous (Risk Factors)

4-Barret esophagous(Morphology, Complications )
B-STOMACH
5-Chronic Gastritis (Types?Characteristic of H.Pylori associated gastritis,Pathogenesis of
H.Pylori Associated Gastritis & d/w autoimmune and H.pylori associated Gastritis)
6-Peptic Ulcer Disease(vvv.imp,Cause?Major associated diseases?Pathogenesis?Morphology?
7-Gastric Carcinoma(vvv.imp, Predisposing Conditions,Morphology, growth patterns , D/w
diffuse and intestinal Gastric carcinoma)
C-INTESTINE
8-Hirschsprung disease (came in our proff , Pathogenesis?)
9-Acute Appendicitis(morphology), Carcinoid Syndrome(morphology plus pathogenesis of its
symptoms)
10-Celiac disease(vvvvvv.imp , Pathogensis? Morphology? Complications?4 other
malabsorption Syndromes ?)
11-Inflammatory bowel Disease(vvvvvvvvvv.imp,D/w Ulcerative colitis & Crohn Disease?
Morphology, extraintestinal complications ,Most serious complication and its risk factors?Risk
of cancer?)
12-Enlist multiple polyposis syndromes and their clinical significance.3 types of adenoma in
rectum ? Factors determining risk of malignancy?
13-Adenocarcinoma colon (vvvvvvvvvvv.imp ,Pathogenetic pathway?Genetic mutations ?
Prognostic factors?Role of APC gene?)

Afaq Naeem 30 Special Pathology-Liver Pathology
3-Liver,Pancrease & Gall Bladder

There will be 1 seq and 5 mcqs from this section
this topic is very important
3 seqs came from this topic in 2k18.
One to two Ospe stations will also be from this topic
But fortunately there are only few imp topics from this chapter
HOW TO STUDY?
we will be following the same pattern
Pathoma lectures and then pathoma book and then robin se imp topics jo me btayu ga and
end pe Past Papers
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
Pancreas
Table of etiological factors of acute pancreatitis , morphology and pathogenesis(figure) of
acute pancreatitis,morphology of chronic pancreatitus and pancreatic cancer
Gall Bladder
Table of risk factors and morphology of gall stones plus morphologies of other gall bladder
diseases
LIVER
Table of laboratory evaluation of Liver function
Cirhosis complete (vvvv.imp)

Afaq Naeem 31 Special Pathology-Liver Pathology
Table of hepatitis viruses, figures of their clinical outcomes and morphology of

hepatitis (you dont need to reaad all those shitty pages on hepatits)
You must learn how to draw graphs of viral markers of HAV,HBV and HCV
Morphology of alcoholic liver disease, genetic disorders and intrahepatic biliary tract
diseases and d/w primary biliary cirhosis and sclerosing cholangitis
Causes of Jaundice(table)
Precancerous lesions and Hepatocellular carcinoma complete
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1-Lab Tests for assesment of liver Function
2-Cirrhosis(Define, Causes , complications , morphology—vvvv.imp)
3-Hepatitis(lab tests, markers, morphology,clinical outcomes?-imp)
4-Hepatocellular Carcinoma( Precusor lesions?Risk factors?how viruses cause cancer?
Marker? Morphology?-vvvvvv.imp)
5-Alcoholic liver disease (3 manifestations and their morphology-vvvvv.imp)
6-Causes for Conjugated and Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
7-Obstrucive jaundice(enzymes released?Lab tests? morphology of liver?)
8-Gall Stones (Risk factors, morphology and complications-imp)
9-Acute Pancreatits (morphology, complications and 4 D/D)
Thats all for liver pathology

Afaq Naeem 32 Special Pathology-Endocrinology
4-EndoCRINOLOGY
there will be one seq and 5 mcqz from this topic in your proff (10 Marks)
this topic is important for viva and ospe as well
HOW TO STUDYYY
same pattern
First pathoma then imp topics from robin and then past papers
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
PITUITORY
Classification of pituitory adenoma (table) ,morphology of pituitory adenoma
THYROID
Causes of thyrotoxicosis(table), Causes of hypothyroidism(table) ,Hashimoto thyroiditis complete
(vvvv.imp) ,Grave disease complete(vvvv.imp)
Goitre complete
morphologies of all thyroid neoplasms
PARATHYROID
Causes of hypercalcemia(Table 20.4)
DIABETIS
Diagnosis(vv.imp)
Classification of diabetis (Table)
Metabolic actions of insulin (figure)
Metabolic derangements leading to coma (figure)
Acute metabolic complications complete

Afaq Naeem 33 Special Pathology-Endocrinology

pathogenesis of chronic complications n morphology
Type 1 versus Type 2 (Table)
ADRENAL
Morphology of pheocytochroma
IMP QUESTIONS
THYROID IS VERY VERY IMP( especially hashimoto , GRAVE and Medullary Carcinoma) and
most of the times question is from thyroid
1-Hashimoto Thyroiditis (vvvvvv.imp-Pathogenesis? Morphology? person is at risk of developing
which diseases? Abnormalities in levels of T3,T4 and TSH)
2-Grave Disease( vvvvv.imp-Pathogenesis ?morphology? Triad of manifestations ? why some
people spontaneously develop episodes of hypothyroidism?)
3-Classification of thyroid neoplasm. Morphology of thyroid adenoma ? Why cold nodules are
more dangerous?
4-Papillary carcinoma(vvvvvvvvv.imp-Relative frequency? Morphology? mode of spread ?)
5-Morphology of medullary carcinoma ? Mode of spread of follicular carcinoma and its most
common site ?
6-Lab findings in grave’s disease, hashimoto , Diffuse non toxic and multinodular goitre?
7-Addison disease (investigations? Causes?)
8-Cushing disease (imp-Etiological types ? lab diagnosis to determine cause)
9-Write a note on pheocytochroma
10-Diabetis(vvvv imp- Diagnostic criteria? mechanism of ketoacidosis? Clinical significance of
ketone bodies ? 4 clinical and metabolic features of diabetic ketoacidosis? Causes of coma in
diabetis? renal changes in diabetis ? Macrovascular complications of diabetis ?
dats all for endocrinologyyy

Afaq Naeem 34 Special Pathology-Nephrology
5-RENAL PATHOLOGy
There will be one seq and 5 mcqs from this topic in your proffs ( 10 marks)
Imp topic for written and viva
Clg walo ko ye topic bot pasand and 2nd term me b is se kafi seqs tey and sendups me b
HOW TO PREPARE
We will be following same scheme
Pathoma and then robins se imp topics
Is topic ka robin wala content zada hey and past pprs pe ghalat morphologies etc prepare karne
se behtar hey k jo
topics me robin se kahu ap wahin se prepare krlein
TOPICS FROM ROBINS
Tables of Glomerular diseases
Mechanism of glomerular injury
Pathogenesis and morphologies of all glomerular diseases (ye bot imp hein for seqs and
pathoma/past papers pe insufficient and ghalat likhi huin)
Pathogenesis and morphology of pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis
Hydronephrosis (complete)
Table of Renal Cystic diseases
Renal cell carcinoma (complete)
Wilms tumour (robin page 290)

IMP SEQS
A-GLOMERULAR DISEASES
1-Nephrotic syndrome (v.imp-4 characteristic manifestations ? 4 Causes?
2 chronic diseases which cause nephrotic Syndrome? Causes of secondary glomerular
diseases ? Mechanisms of glomerular injury
2-Membranous glomerulopathy (morphology ?) Minimal change disease (v.imp-Morphology?
Remember if kisi b glomerular disease ki morphology aye tw ap three headings bnayein gey
(1-Light microscopicfindings 2-Electron microscopic findings , 3-Fluoroscopic findings)
3-Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis (v.imp - Cause ? pathogenesis? Morphology ?)
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ( clinical course? morphology?)
4-Define nephritic syndrome ? Causes of nephritic syndrome ?
B-RENAL TUBULAR And INSTERSTITIAL DISEASES
5-Pyelonephritis (imp- Pathogenesis? Morphology ? Complications? )
6-Acute Tubular necrosis (Causes? Pathogenesis ? Morphology ?)
7-Chronic kidney disease (vvvvv.imp- Pathoma - Causes ? Fluid and electrolyte anomalies ?
Type of acidosis which occurs in CKD ? )
8-Causes of tubuloinsterstital nephritis
C-RENAL CYSTIC DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHIES & RENAL
CANCERS
9-Classification of renal cystic diseases( robin table)
10-Causes of obstructive uropathy ? Causes of painless hematuria

11-Types of nephrolithiasis with their prevalance?

12-Renal Cell carcinoma( vvvv.imp-Origin ? Types with their gene mutations ?
mode of spread ? Paraneoplastic syndromes? morphology ?)
13-Wilms Tumour (vvv.imp-Prognostic factors ? Mutations ? Morphology ?)
Remember wilms tumour kidoz me hoga and RCC adults me
And isi trh age se associate kr k ap Glomerular diseases ka b diagnosis bna skte
(like IgA nephropathy and minimal change disease pediatric age group me hogi)
Secondly if exact diagnose na bnra ho tw you can simply write “Nephrotic
syndrome which is more likely to be ______”
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-Scenarios of nephrotic or nephritic syndrome
2-Pyelonephritis
3-Renal Cystic disease
4-Nephrolithiasis
5-RCC

Afaq Naeem 37 Special Pathology-Bones & Joints
6-Musculoskeletal System
There will be one seq and 5 mcq from this topic in your written proffs (10 Marks)
The beauty of this topic is dat there are only few important questions and they are
repeatedly asked in your proff exams
You dont need to waste time by preparing is topic ki sari robins since ye viva k lie b itna
important topic ni hey
Jo topics robin se btayu wo lazmi krli jiye ga
HOW TO STUDY?
Samee pattern as you adopted for rest of your topics
Pathoma lectures and then pathoma book followed by important topics from robin and
finishing it off with past papers
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
Osteoporosis( morphology plus flowsheet of pathophysiology)
Paget disease(Morphology and pathogenesis)
Morphology of Osteomyelitis
Classification of bone tumours(Table)
Giant cell carcinoma , osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma
Rheumatoid Arthritis( Pathogeneis flowsheet and Morphology)
Osteoarthritis( Morphology and pathogenesis figure)
Gout (Pathogenesis figure , clinical course and morphology)

IMP Questions
1-Osteoporosis(Pathogeneis?Investigations)
2-Paget disease(Imp-Morphology? lab investigations? Complications)
3-Osteomyelitis (involucrum and sequestrum? Causative agents ?)
4-Classification of bone tumours ? Enlist Bone forming tumours?
Remember Bone tumours k scenario kafi mushkil hosakte hein diagnose krna
usme apne robin k table pe jo AGES di hui unko bot achey se mind me rkhna hey woi
apko diagnosis me helpout krein ge
secondly their location
Exam me just bone pain ka hi btayein ge so tb apka osteomyelitis , osteoporosis etc sb ki
trf mind jara hoga
but tumour will involve only one bone and osteomyelitis me there will be fever and
leukocytosis
Ewing sarcoma , Giant cell tumour and osteosarcoma hi exams me bar bar ata hey
5-Osteosarcoma (vvvvvvv.imp-Sites ? Defining feature? and morphology?Codman
triangle ?
6-Ewing sarcoma (v.imp-Morphology and genetic variations ? Giant cell tumour ?
7-Osteoarthritis (imp-Def? Predisposing factors ? morphology)
8-Rheumatoid arthritis (vvvvvvvv.imp
Pathogenesis? Lab tests ? (isme apne RH factor k sath ESR and anticitrullinated protein
antibody bhi likhni and its more specific) Morphology-vvvvvv.imp)

Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis me differentiate krna b at times kafi mushkil

hjata and hmari term me most ov the the students got the scenario wrong
in Rheumatoid arthritis like other autoimmune disease - Patient will be around 30 Years
old femalee
yei key point hey and sb se important point
Osteoarthritis me old person hoga and baki features apko confuse krskte
and second k morning stiffness morning me kesi and wo gradually improve hori ya
worsen hori
9-GOUT (vvvvvvvv.imp-Pathogenesis? , Morphology? Causes? Other cystal depositing
disorders ? Complications?Lab tests ?(uric acid,CBC,ESR,joint aspiration )
Acha remember
Jb b male patient severe big toe ki pain k sath present krey tw always always go for
gout
10-Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (proff me tw kbi ni aya but external mam was asking
har bachey se about dis disorder )
Stay blessed 😇

Afaq Naeem 40 Special Pathology-Male Repro
7-Male reproductive system &

Lower UTI
there will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this section in your proff(10 Marks)
This is a very small chap with only three to four imp topics and trust me har bar woi seq
repeat hote hein
Ye topic first time b 7-8 hours max me prepare hojata and proff me it max takes 2-3
hours
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
Cryptorchidism
Testicular Neoplasm(vvvv.imp-Complete)
CA prostate(vvvvv.imp-Complete)
BPH (imp-complete)
Bladder neoplasm(complete)
Actually ini 4-5 topics me har saal seq ata tw it will be better if ap ye robin se complete
krlein
Baki STDs were part of your third year microbiology i guess
i never read it or na hi kbi usme se koi mcq ya seq ayaaa

Afaq Naeem 41 Special Pathology-Male Repro
IMP SEQS
TESTES
1-Classification of testicular neoplasm (vvvv.imp-Came in our proff too),Risk factors
of testicular neoplasm? Their tumour markers and their importance? (imp)Mode of
spread of testicular neoplasm?
2-Morphology of seminoma (vvvvv.imp), Morphology of teratoma and yolk sac
tumour (v.imp), morphology of spermocytic seminoma(imp)
PROSTATE
3-BPH (v.imp-hormonal mechanism?-v.imp , Histology?(imp), Complications ?
Secondary changes in lower UTI and kidney?-imp)
4-CA PROSTATE( imp-Morphology ?Grading system? Site of metastasis?)
LOWER UTI
5-Transitional Cell Carcinoma(imp-Risk factors? Morphology? 4 Types? Staging?
Grading ?)

Afaq Naeem 42 Special Pathology-Female Repro
8-Female Reproduction System

There will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this topic in your proff (10 Marks)
Internal and External Mams, both were asking questions from dis topic
there will be 1 Ospe station from dis topic in your proff
HOW TO STUDY?
Pathoma and then imp topics from robin
Is topics ka robin ka content thora zada hey but its worth it
TOPICS from ROBIN
Neoplasm of Cervix( vvvv.imp topic)
Endometriosis (complete -v.imp)
Table 19.2(causes of Abnormal Uterine bleeding)
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial Cancer
Morphology of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma
Morphology of serous and mucous tumour of ovary
Table 19.3 (Ovarian germ cells & Sex cord Neoplasm) plus jo people male karchuke
unko germ cell tumour already atey honge since almost woi sb hey
Morphology of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma ,Invasive mole
Preclampsia( Complete )

Afaq Naeem 43 Special Pathology-Female Repro
IMP QUESTIONS
CERVIX
1-CERVICAL CANCER (vvvv.imp- Risk factors ? Role of virus ? Screening for
Cancer ? Spectrum of precancerous lesions ? Carcinoma in situ ? Staging ? Most
common cervical neoplasm ?)
UTERUS
2-Endometriosis(vvvv.imp-Characteristics? Theories of origin? Sites ? Morphology)
3-Leiomyoma(vvv.imp , Hormonal influence? Ste ? Morphology ? D/w leiomyoma
and leiomyosarcoma)
4-Endometrial hyperplasia (Types? Morphology?)
OVARY
5-Ovarian tumours (vvvvvvvvv.imp-Classification? Risk factors ? Morphology of
serous and mucous epithelium tumour ? imp of CA 125 ? Tumour associated with
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 ?)
PLACENTA
6-Preclampsia ( Pathogenesis ? Morphology?

Afaq Naeem 44 Special Pathology-Breast Pathology
9-Breast Pathology
There will be 1 Seq and 5 mcqz from dis topic in your proff (10 Marks)
4th year patho ka sb se chotu and sb se high yield topic
Sometimes there is one Ospe station from dis section too
Imp for vivas as well
HOW TO STUDY
i will advice you to prepare dis topic from robin
Only 7-8 pages of robins will guarantee you 10 Marks
hmari class me kafi bchon ne is topic ko b pathoma se hi kia ta and they werent
able to attempt questions from this topic properly
So you have to be smart k kis topic ko kese prepare krna
Stromal , Bening tumours and carcinoma are very very imp
Baki sb read hey
IMP QUESTIONS
1-Fat necrosis breast ?
2-Name benign tumours of breast ? Fibroadenoma(vvvvvvv.imp, Morphology?
Factors contributing to its development)
3-Fibrocystic Change (imp-Types? Risk of developing cancer? Atypical
Hyperplasia ? )

Afaq Naeem 45 Special Pathology-Breast Pathology
4-Risk factors of Breast Carcinoma (imp), Gene Mutations associated with CA

breast (asked in our proffs)
4-Classification of CA breast (vvvvv.imp), Six morphological types of invasive
breast Carcinoma(vvvvvv.imp)
5-Paget Disease of nipple(imp-Definations, Underneath lesion expected ? )
6-Ductal Carcinoma in situ(vvvv.imp , Morphology ? Architectural types ?)
7-Morphology of all types of Breast Cancer (vvv.imp, Especially ductal
carcinoma , lobular carcinoma , medullary carcinoma and inflammatory
carcinoma )
8-Morphological Features for grading CA breast by Scarf Bloom Grading
system (imp)
9-Predictive and prognostic Factors of CA breast (vvvvv.imp), Role of ER,PR
and HER2? Prognostic markers

Afaq Naeem 46 Special Pathology-Heart &Vessels
10-CVS PATHOLOGY
there will be one seq and 5 mcqz from this topic in your proff
it is a very extensive topic and involves both HEART PATHOLOGY & VASCULAR
PATHOLOGY
It can be treated as “adjustable”
There are almost 100 pages in robin and you dont need to prepare dis whole topic from robins
Otherwise you should be ready to devote 4-5 days to this topic in proffs
Good thing is questions are repeatedly asked from few topics
Most of the topics arent dat imp ( not even for Vivas and Ospe)
Anyhow
HOW TO PREPARE
Pathoma completee
Its almost 20 pages in pathoma and you need to read them all
TOPIC FROM ROBINS
BLOOD VESSELS
Hypertension (Classification Table and pathology)
Atherosclerosis( Diagram, morphology and pathogenesis)
Aortic Aneurysm (Types)
Aortic dissection(Morphology )
HEART
Endocarditis(complete -V.imp)
Rheumatic Fever(complete-v.imp)

Afaq Naeem 47 Special Pathology-Heart & Vessels
Myocardial Infarction (Table of morphological changes -vvvvv.imp)

99% questions are asked from Hypertension, atheroscleorosis, aortic dissection,MI, Rheumatic
fever and endocarditis
IMP SEQs
VESSELS
1-Vasculitis (ye sb pathoma se word to word yad krna hey isme se kafi mcqz atey hein)Giant
cell arteritis-Pathogenesis? D/D?
2-Atherosclerosis(vvvvvv.imp-Define?Risk factors?draw figure of plaque lesion?arteries
involved? Pathogenesis? Complications?Role of macrocytes in pathogenesis?Role of HDL?
(reverse cholestrol transport and mobilizes cholestrol from atheroma back to liver and
decreases risk) Role of LDL(increases risk by delivering and entrapping lipids in intima of
vessels)
3-Hypertension(imp-Types and causes?Morphology ? complications?)
4-Aneurysm(Define? Types?)
5-Aortic dissection(imp-Etiology? Morphology?
6-Three forms of kaposi sarcoma?
HEART
7-Myocardial infarction(vvvvvv.imp-isme apko koi b day btadein ge and poochein ge MI ki
morphology btaye attack k itne time bad,lab evaluation? ,complications?,Cardiac markers?
8-Rheumatic fever(vvvvv.imp-Etiology? Pathogenesis? lab diagnosis? Complications ?)
9-Infective endocarditis(vvvvv.imp-Risk factors? Causative agents ? Duke
criteria(google),Complications? Morphology?)
10-Causes of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death

Afaq Naeem 48 Special Pathology-Hematology
11-Hematology
There are three chapters of blood
1-RBC
2-WBC
3-Platelet
And there will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this section in your proff (10 marks)
As you can see dats lot ov syllabus with relatively little weightage
Smarties usually ignore this topic in written proff
I myself prepared whole patho and left only WBC for written proff considering the fact
k only 10 marks ka paper and usk b me two parts out of three kr k jara
But unfortunately WBC se hi question or 2-3 mcqz agaye te
Secondly , you will see k apk academic session me kafi dair tk wo hematology hi
krwatey rahein gey and labs me b
Iski aek reason hey
Me apko ubi se btadeita
Proff ki OSPE ka 1/4(5 stations out of 20) ,Hematology se atey hein and eventually
there is no escape and blood achey se ata ho tw hi attempt hota hey exam

Afaq Naeem 49 Special Pathology-RBC
A-RED BLOOD CELLS

Mainly apne pathoma hi karni hey(morphologies apne robin se karni hey
They will usually ask k bone marrow aspirate k feature /Peripheral blood smear picture
likho and if apne robin se morphologies krlin tw ap easily attempt krskte
Secondly,kuch imp pathogenesis karne hein robin se wo me imp questions k sath btadeita
Thirdly they can ask lab investigations
Usme ap smartly khudi b likh skte
Like start me CBC ki heading bnayein or anemia hey tw btadein k Hb kum hey ,RBC
count kum hey and reticulocyte ka btadein
Second heading ap RBC indices ki likhein and MCV,MCH,RDW ka btadein like micro
hua tw MCV wgera kum hoga
Usk bad special tests btadein jese microcytic anemia k lie iron profile,electrophoresis etc
Megaloblastic hey tw usk biochemical tests like homocysteine,methylmelonyl CoA ,folic
acid
Baki ap prhein ge tw khudi sort out krlein ge
Usk bad peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy ki heading bna k morphology
likhdein
this basic sketch will help you inshaAllah
Imp questions
1-Megaloblastic Anemia (vvv.imp , Morphololog(robin), diagnosis,Causes?)
2-Thalasemia(vvv.imp,Pathogenesis of beta major(robin),Genotypic defect?complications
of blood transfusion?Definitive therapy?Diagram of pathogenesis(robin)Lab diagnosis?)

Afaq Naeem 50 Special Pathology-RBC & Platelets
3-Classification of anemia on basis of RBC morphology and etiology

4-Iron Deficiency Anemia(DD?Biochemical test for diagnosis,Morphology,Diagnostic
Tests,Morphology(robin),Serology?)
5-Sickle Cell anemia(imp-mechanism of sickling(robin),
6-Paroxysomal Nocturnal Hemoglobinemia ?Its clinical findings?
7-Hereditary Spherocytosis(D/D?Etiology?,lab?morphology(robin)
8-Aplastic Anemia (causes? Morphology?(robin),Why trephine biopsy is used ?Causes
of dry tap on marrow aspirate ?
B-PLATELETS
Pathoma me ye chapter “Hemostasis and Related Disorders “k name se hey
apne wo chapter selective krna hey since usme die gaye kuch topics apki third year pathology
ka part tey
Ap start se lekr disorders of fibrinolysis tk wo chapter krein ge (thrombosis se pehle tk since
thrombosis and embolism apki third year patho ka part taa )
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
usually is topic ka almost sb kuch pathoma se cover hojata hey so you can leave this topic
from Robin
DIC is very important topic and mostly is chapter se woi topic proff me ata hey so ap robin se
prhlijiye gaaa

Afaq Naeem 51 Special Pathology-Platelet & WBC

IMP QUESTIONS
1-Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (imp)-You can prepare this topic from Robin
too
2-Hemophilias and VonWillebrand Disease (vvvv.imp-ink scenarios can be very toughh
and mainly they ask you to diagnosis,and write pattern of inheritance and investigations
Yad rkhein Hemophilia is X linked recessive soo its almost impossible k patient female
ho
So if female patient present with post surgical or deep tissue bleed never go for
hemophilia( most of students got it wrong in our term halankey just yei trick ta us
scenario me)
Question can also be asked k baby ki circumcision hui hey and bleeding ni rukri
konsi possible conditions hosaktin and ap konsi investigations krayein ge tw is case me
ap hemophiliaz ,vonwillebrand,Vit K deficiency etc sb diseases likhein gey
3-DIC(vvvvvvv.imp, Causes? Complications? Pathogenesis ? Investigations ?
Baki sara apne pathoma se concept k lie read krna thrombosis se pehle tk
C-WHITE BLOOD CELLS
WBC is important topic
hmari bari ye topic kisi term or class tests me ni ta soo this topic troubled us alott
Worst thing is k isk scenario are very toughh and most ov students werent able to diagnose its
scenario in our written exam as well

Afaq Naeem 52 Special Pathology-WBC

Soo ap pehle hi kuch important points mind me rkhlein
Apne AGE pe lazmi focus krna hey jb ap ye topic prepare krein
Mostly Age pe hi diagnosis honge and secondly important topics bot achey se
ALL, CLL , AML ,CML , MULTIPLE MYELOMA,BURKITT Lymphoma ,HODKIN
LYMPHOMA
inhi topics se almost hmesha seqz ata and yei ospe me atey
So apne inko lazmi mind me rkhna hey while diagnosing a scenario and scenario ko inhi pr
apply kr k exclusion se diagnosis bn skta inshaAllah
Pathoma se apne sara chapter karna heyy
TOPICS FROM ROBINS
1-Leukopenia and leukocytosis k causes (very important -Ospe ka aek station isi me se ata
-Prepare table from robin)
2-AML
3-CML
4-ALL
5-CLL
6-BURKITT LYMPHOMA
7-HOGKIN Lymphoma (morphology and its differences from Non hodkin lymphoma)
8-MULTIPLE MYELOMA
in sb ki apne mainly Age of patient, Markers, genetic mutations ,Stages/Types(if kisi ki ho),
Investigations and Morphology ko bot achey se karna hey
Dats all about hematologyy

Afaq Naeem 53 Special Pathology-CNS Pathology
12-CNs pathology
There will be one seq and 2 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (7 marks )
This chapter is “ADJUSTABLE”
is topic me kuch hi imp topics hein and uni se hmesha seq ata hey and most ov
the times mcqs atey hein so ap just woi few topics kr k baki chor skte
Not that imp for viva
and Ospe me b kbi kbaar hi is topic se station ata
HOW TO STUDY
Sb se pehle apne isk imp topics robin se karne hein
I repeat - Robin se
since pathoma shaed un topics k seq hi cover na kr skey
secondly jb wo topics ap krlein tw baki topics ap pathoma se krskte ya chor skte
Unko robin se prhne ki bilkul zrurat ni
Past papers lazmi karne hein since is topic k past papers kafi repeat hotey
Proff me time kum ho tw apne just imp topics kr k baki chordeina hey
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
A-Cerebrovascular diseases (only stroke (cerebral ischemia))
B-Cerebrovascular Trauma (morphology and table only)

C-Meningitis (vv.imp - Robin page 862)

Cerebral abcess and tubercular meningitis
D-Prion disease
E-Alzheimer Disease (Robin page 874)
F-CNS Tumours
Remember CNS ka seq 95% CNS tumours and meningitis se ata
IMP SEQS
1-Unique characteristics of CNS tumours ? Tumours that metastasize to brain ?
Common site of metastatic brain tumour ? 3 Childhood brain tumours ?
2-Enlist gliomas? 3 non glial malignant tumours ? Morphology of astrocytoma
(vvvv.imp). 2 gene mutations associated with astrocytoma
3-Medulloblastoma (vvvv.imp- Morphology? Characteristics ? How does dis
tumour spread? complication?)
4-Meningioma (vvvv.imp- From which cell it arises?Histological patterns?)
5-Meningitis ( vvvv.imp- Common bacteria ? CSF findings ? Complications ?)
Acute pyogenic meningitis (imp- Cause ? Lab diagnosis?)
Morphology of tubercular meningitis and cerebral abscess (came in our proff -95%
students ne khud se bna k likh di ti 😂)

6-Salient Feature of cerebral vascular diseases ? 2 principle types of acute ischemic

injuries to brain with their morphology and causes ? Morphological changes in stroke?
(imp)
7-Alzheimer (morphology ? Pathogenesis?) D/w concussion and contusion injuries to
brain
Plus
Ap different types of meningitis me CSF analysis ki kia findings atin ye achey se
prepare kr li jiye ga (you can take help from google)
Plus term sendups proffs me mostly mcqs tumours se hotey hein
and bot se bchay wo mcqs ghalat krdeitie hotey hein since mcqs tricky hotey hein
Location of tumour in brain and age of patient will help you in diagnosis
And thora sa correlate kr k sochna hey k like ataxia and baki cerebellum k functions
me anomaly ari tw tumour woi hoga jo commonly cerebellum me hota and patient k
age group se relate kr k you will get your diagnosis inshaAllah
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
is topic se rarely hi ospe station ata and if aye tw usually meningitis se hota

Afaq Naeem 56 Special Pathology-Clinical Chemistry
13-Clinical Pathology
there will be one seq and 3 mcqs from this topic in your proffs
Best thing about dis topic is k you dont need to prepare it as a seperate topic 😅
This topic is automatically covered when you are done with all other topics of special
pathology
And funny thing is k if ap apne seniors se poochein gey tw un me se kuch logo ko pta b ni
hoga k ye b koi topic taaa since kuch students na TOCS deikhte or na smart work krtey and
iska portion baki topics se hi cover hojata or exam k bad b ni pta chalta k iski b alag weightage
ti 😅
Na hi past papers me iska alag se section bna huaa
BUT
jo smart workers unko pta hona chahie k is topic ki domain me kia kia ata so ap easily isme
8/8 score krein
and unko proff written karte hi pta chal jaye ga ye question clinical chemistry se aya huaa
Even mere apne senior mjhe kehte te k yawr liver achey se krleina usme se two seqs agaye te
hmari bari me
but mene jb year k end pe notice kia tw wo liver se two nahi blkay one question clinical
chemistry se taaa
Thora sa apko google work b krna chahiee
but minor level kaa
so is part k marks na waste hon

Smarties tw at the spot b improvise krlein ge baki topics ki knowledge pe

But jo kuch extra cheizein mere khyaal me ani chahien wo me apko btadu ga
Secondly, apko is chapter k specific topics ni milein ge kahin
and jo me guide kru ga wo b apni research and evaluation pe hoga and inshaAllah it will
cover everything hopefully
Jb proff me ap sarey topics krlein phir apne ye post open kr k deikhna hey k isk sare
contents cover hochuke ya nahii
TOPICS for CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
as i already said isk topics apk baki chapters me cover hojatey mostly
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ka mtlb jo lab tests and biochemical aspects related to
pathology
Iska seq most of the times LIVER, KIDNEY and ENDO se ata
1-LIVER (Liver function tests apko achey se ane chahie
A-Lab tests for assesment of liver function ? Hepatitis k markers and lab tests ? Lab
findings in different types of jaundice ? Obstructive jaundice lab findings? Bilirubin k
normal levels pta hone chahie
AST>ALT-Alcoholic hepatitis
ALT > AST-Non alcoholic hepatitis
Elevated ALP and GGT-Obstructive jaundice
Elevated ALP and Normal GGT -Source of ALP other than liver( rickets? pregancy?)
only GGT elevated ?-Think of non alcoholic fatty liver disease


2-KIDNEY
Renal function tests ko google krli jiye ga usme kon kon se tests atey and name ane chahie
unkey ? different types of acute kidney injury me kia lab changes atin (BUN:CR
ratio ,fractional excretion of sodium and urine osmolarity etc me ) , Chronic kidney disease ki
electrolyte and metabolic changes ani chahien,BUN and creatinine k normal levels pta honey
chahien
Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome k characteristics and causes
3-ENDO
thyroid function tests ko google krli jiye ga
TFT changes in different thyroid diseases ?
Pta hona chahie k thyroiditis me Radio active iodine uptake fall krta and grave me diffuse
increase hota and multinodular goitre me irregular increase uptake hota
TSH is most sensitive test
Diabetis ka diagnostic criteria ana chahie
Ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non ketotic coma ki lab changes me difference pta hona chahie
Hume proff me grave diseases k lab tests aye te
4-HEART
heart me MI k cardiac markers ka pta hona chahie
Unki utility ka pta hona chahie (CK MB for reinfarct and Troponins are most sensitive and
specific )
Timings ka pta hona chahie
Hum se MI k tests poochey te
Usme apne cardiac enzymes and ECG mention karna


5-BRAIN
meningitis ki CSF findings pta honi chahie for bacterial /aseptic /tubercular meningitis
6-BLOOD
apko CBC report deikh k type of anemia identify krni ani chahie like if increase MCV etc tw
megaloblastic anemia
Bleeding and clotting disorder identify krna ane chahie
Deep tissue bleed ? mucosal bleed ?
Elevated PT PTT ? or decreased platelet count
7-BONES and JOINTS
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis me differentiate karna ana chahie lab findings pe
Uric acid k normal levels ane chahie and gout ki lab diagnosis ane chahien
Osteoporosis , osteomalacia , paget disease and osteopetrosis ki lab changes me farak ana
chahie (PTH levels? Calicum and phosphate levels? ALP levels?)
8-LUNGS
Pulmonary function tests( ink names google krlijiye ga , ap first year me prh k aye hein )
Obstructive and restrictive diseases k PFTs me difference pta hona chahie
9-Reproductive systems and breast
Different germ cells tumours k markers ane chahie and significance pta honi chahie tumour
markers ki (screening , to monitor response of therapy and detect recurrance)
InshAllah dat will be more than enough
Breast cancer k prognostic markers ka idea hona chahie
mere mind me itna hi araa
and mene carefully sb topics k contents ko reevaluate kr k ye post likhi

Afaq Naeem 60 Special Pathology-Skin
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE

2-3 stations hotey hein clinical chemistry sey and inshaAllah jo mene post likhi wo unko b
cover krley gi
baki viva practical ki post me detail se btadu ga
14-Skin
is topic se kbi kbaar aek mcqs ajata
agr ajaye tw apne uska answer basal cell carcinoma lga deina Allah ka name lekr 😂
since mene b yei seniors se suna ta lol 😂
Is topic se kbi seqs ni aya
but kuch log jo smart work and TOCS ni deikhte wo is topic ko b full prepare kr leite
Anyhow its your choice
ALHAMDULILAH DAT WAS ALL ABOUT SPECIAL PATHOLOGY

OPHTHALMOLOGY(EYE)
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
Do remember me in your prayers 😇

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
OPHTHALMOLOGY
1 Overview 64
2 TOS 68
3 Eyelid 70
4 Lacrimal System 72
5 Conjunctiva 73
6 Orbit 75
7 Error of Refraction 77
8 Cornea 78
9 Lens 80
10 Glaucoma 82
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
11 Sclera 84
12 Uvea 85
13 Vitreous 87
14 Retina 88
15 Visual Pathway 90
16 Optic Nerve 91
17 Strabismus 93
18 Ocular Injuries 95
19 Pupil 96
20 Red Eye 97
21 Differential Diagnosis 98
22 Ward Test 99
Afaq Naeem 64 Eye-Overview
OVERVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
I believe i should discuss all the necessary details about ophthalmology first and inshaAllah it will help you
throughout the yeaar.
OPHTHALMOLOGY!
As i can remember , our class found ophthalmology quite troublesome
And sb se zada supplies b Eye me ayin ti
There are some reasons for it
1-First of all tw Eye ki terms me just mcqz hotey hein
and students eye prhte hi just terms me hein and jb prhte tw just mcqz k view se brief reading deite and
memorize ni krte
so yeaar k end pe jb sendups ka time ata tw they go for memorizing ophthalmology and unfortunately if baki
subjects pe grip achi na ho tw eye phr compromise hojatii
2-Secondly, its like second year ki anatomy and third year ki pharma
you have to be really smart to memorize it
and should have good memorizing skills.Year k end pe sb mix up hora hota and sb kuch retain karna kafi
mushkil
hojata , so apko cheizein conclude kr key basic principles work out krne prtey and un basic principles pe ap
sb ki investigations and treatments improvise krskte
3-Hmara Eye ka exam kafi zada tough aya ta so people suffered
BOOKS?
Jatoi is best book
But kuch cheizein apne jogi se b deikhni hein and wo me apko sath sath btadu gaa
Mainly apne try krna k jb jatoi krlein tw jisne bohat achey marks leine wo bad me jogi k tables and chapter k
end wale


HOW TO STUDY?
Like ENT and any other clinical subject , they will be giving you signs and symptoms and will
ask you for diagnosis and will ask you to write investigation and treatment
So apne Eye prhte wqt INVESTIGATIONS, TREATMENT,D/D and COMPLICATIONS bot
achey se karni
Another question you people are asking k bhae unki dosage and drug k names b karne ?
Eye and ENT ki bot piari bat ye hey k same imp topics come over and over in exams
And it happens in practical life too k kuch diseases bot common and they are always the focus
of exams
So jo topics me important btayu ga (hardly 5-6 topics from each chapter) wo tw apko finger
tips pe ane chahie
Baki bs vaguely read krne k hota kia hey and treatment me bs mota mota k antibiotics deini
and surgery krni
Simple is dat
As for drug k names and dosages , mene ye sb b work out kie te jo almost puri book k topics pe
apply hotey te
like jahan b eyelid and adnexa involve hon tw systemic antibiotics deini pr skti and jb b cornea
and conjuctiva involve hon tw unki blood supply bot kum hoti tw hmesha tropical drops deite
and or aesi technical batein jo k ubi apk lie bot complicated hjaye ga
jese viral me hmesha symptomatic treatment hota
Autoimmune me hmesha steroids deine hote
Ye prinicples khudi improvise krne hotey


PLUS APNE JO TOPIC KARNA SATH HI USKI JATOI KI PIC ACHEY SE DEIKHNI AND
YEAR K END PE YOU WILL THANK ME Since apki ospe perfect hogi inshaAllah
HOW COLLEGE PLANS YOUR EXAMS?
1/3 syllabus eye ka apko first term me hoga and 1/3 syllabus eye ka apki second term me hoga and
terms me just mcqz honge
Sendups me full course and uhs pattern pe exam hoga
Eye ka WARD TEST PROFF PATTERN pe hota
So WHEN YOU SHOULD STUDY OPHTHALMOLOGY?
if you ask me if ap terms me eye ka syllabus achey se prhlein tw phr sendups se phle baki ka 1/3rd
krlein and usi me acha prepare hjaye ga
Try krein terms ki preparation me hi memorize krlein sath sath
baki sara saal beshak Patho prhein
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
Written-100 Marks
45 mcqz and 9 seqs of 5 marks each and 10 marks for your internal assesment
VIVA And PRACTICAL PORTION
unlike ENT
in eye , ospe is very very imp
there will be 10 stations of 5 marks each so 50 MARKS OSPE
and 10 10 marks for clinical methods and 10 10 marks for internal and external vivaz
AIMC EYE DEPARTMENT
Our seniors got more than 50 distinctions in EYE
so jb hum aye te 4th year me tw seniors advised us k distinction leini tw isme koshish kro
aek hi book , college ospe b krwata and marks b deita khoob and written b easy hotaa
And fail hone ka tw chance e ni internal me


they indeed were right and proff me Eye departments were very very cooperative
Lemme share my personal experience with you guys
I prepared Eye, ENT and special pathology well while compromising Cmed Alot
I even gave 6 days to Eye preproff days me jb i only gave 2-3 days to Cmed and 3 days to
ENT
Alhamdulilah i did good in written exam , though it was a tough one and practicals me clg
was cooperative and meri sari ospe b bilkul theek hui alhamdulilah and even doctor nadeem
hafeez(Eye 2) said k tume tw bot zada ata lol alhamdulilah 😅
Eye was the only subject in which i was confident of geting distinction
When the result came i got 88 in written but college gave me only 80 so 2 marks se rehgi 😂
Later , i came to know k Eye 2 ne mostly students ko max 80 k kreeb hi die te
just 2 distinctions ayin EYE me and unka EYE 1 ta(Dr Hamid butt wala)
Ub scene ye hey k if apka Eye 1 banta tw sath ENT 1 banta
ub Eye 1 me distinction ati but ENT 1 marks ni deita
ENT 2 dhair marks deita tw Eye 2 blkl marks ni deita
Anyhow it is all about luck at the end 😅😂
For most ov you out there , best thing is k fourth year me koi department internal me fail ni
krta and bot help krtey sb 😅
Now i will continue with detailed discussion of topicz..

Afaq Naeem 68 Eye-TOS

Afaq Naeem 1 Eye-
Afaq Naeem 70 EYE-EYELID
1-Eyelid
There will be 1 seq and 2 mcqz from this section in your proffs
Eyelid is something jispe koi b disease ho tw sb apparent hota and puri
OPHTHALMOLOGY me jo jo cheizein apparent hoti hein unse ospe ka station zrur hota
hey soo eyelid se atleast 1 station lazmi ata hey proff ki OSPE me
HOW TO STUDY?
as i told you pehley b k Eye me kuch topics important hotey hein and uni se bar bar apka seq
ata heyy and unk hi apne treatment , investigation ,D/D and Complications bot achey se yad
karni
Signs and Symptoms Diagnose krne ane chahie
Baki topics apne just brief si read marni for
Jisne bot acha prhna wo jogi k differences wale tables (like d/w chalazion and stye ,d/w
types of blepharitis etc ) and mcqz lazmi krey warna jatoi bhi enough for getting good marks
Jatoi apne sari karni hein
Ub me topic wise btata hun
IMP TOPICS
1-Chalazion(imp) 2-Hordeolum,3-Blepharitis, 4-trichiasis,5-Entropion(imp) ,6-
Ectropion(imp) ,7-Ptosis (v.imp),8-Basal Cell carcinoma
TOPICS for Mcqs
1-Anatomy,2-Meibomianitis,3-Phthiriasis, 4-Tumours k jo 4-5 pages usme bs squamous and
basal cell achey se prhna baki beshak chordein ya aek nazar mcqz k lie read bs

Afaq Naeem 71 EYE-EYELID
IMP SEQS
1-Chalazion(complications?Difference from style(iska table jogi se krli jiye ga),treatment,D/
D-imp)
2-Blepharitis (complications, treatment?)
3-Entropion (Causes and treatment (imp))
4-Ectropion (Causes? Treatment-vvvvv.imp)
5-Ptosis(vvvvvimp-Complete (Classification? Causes? Clinical tests ?Marginal reflex
distance(past pprs),Investigations and treatment)
6-Basal cell carcinoma (risk factors and treatment?)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
Remember Ospe me just diagnose krna hota picture deikh k and baki 4 marks k questions apk
theory se hi hotey hein
1-Chalazion
2-Hordeolum
3-Blepharitis
4-Entropion
5-Ectropion
6-Ptosis
7-Capillary Hemangioma
8-BCC

Afaq Naeem 72 EYE-LACRIMAL SYSTEM
2-Lacrimal System
there will be two mcqz from this chapter and rarely seq bhi ajata isme se but
mainly two three hi seqs k topics hein so baki sara chapter apne just read karnaa
Its one of the easiest topic of the book and first sitting me b maximum three
hours me aram se achey se hojataa
IMP TOPICS FOR SEQS
1-Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction(v.imp-D/D? Complications and
Treatment? Age of Surgical Intervention)
2-Dry Eye Syndrome (imp-Signs ? Investigations and Treatment ?)
3-Chronic Dacryocystitis (Is k agar apse wo investigations poochein tw apne sari
wo chp k end wali likhni jo epiphora ki diagnosis me likhi hui and if they ask for
D/D tw apne lacrimation and epiphora k sarey causes likhne)
Baki sara chapter apne just mcqz k lie prhna
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
2-Dacryoadenitis

Afaq Naeem 73 EYE-CONJUNCTIVA
3-CONJUNCTIVA
There will be one seq and two mcqz from dis topic in your proff
This is one ov the most extensive topic of your 4th year Ophthalmology
And the good thing is k its one ov the ADJUSTABLES since isme 4-5 main topics hein and 99%
uni me se Seq ata hey and proff me just 2 mcqz k lie ispe 3-4 hours lgana worth it ni hota so you
do only important stuff isme se tb and mene khud proff me isme se just three questions kie tey
last hour me and uni me se alhamdulilah agya ta question 😅
This topic is important for Ospe and usually two stations ajatey isme se but isme b usually ini
3-4 topics se station hotaa
This topic is quite easy tooo
HOW TO STUDY?
jo me imp topics btayu ga unko apne detail se achey se yad karna hey even with dosages since
those topics are very very imp
Baki pura chapter apne just aek nazar se guzarna hey
Kuch topics ko ap even chor bhi sktey hein and i am mentioning them too
IMP TOPICS
1-Gonoccocal Conjunctivitis
2-Trachoma(vvvvvvvv.imp-Came in sendups)
3-Ophthalmia neonatorum (vvvvvvvv.imp- Came in proffs)
4-Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis(vvvvv.imp)
90% apka seq ini topics me se ata hey so apne iney bot achey se karna hey

Afaq Naeem 74 EYE-CONJUNCTIVA
OTHER IMP TOPICS

Adenovirus Conjunctivitis,Herpes simplex Conjunctivitis,Acute allergic Conjunctivitis,
Pterygium,Xerophthalmia and Subconjunctival Haemorhage
Start wale Classification and Clinical features lazmi prhne hein and unse concept bnna start
hojaye ga
TOPICS DAT YOU CAN LEAVE
All Conjunctival tumours
Usk ilawa anatomy,baki Conjunctivitis and Ocular Cicatricial and Steven Johnson ko ubi aek read
dedi jiye gaa aek nazar
IMP SEQS
1-Trachoma (vvv.imp-Features?Complications ? Sequele ? WHO Classification ? Treatment ? )
2-Ophthalmia Neonatorum (vvvv.imp -Cause ? Investigations ? Treatment ?)
3-Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (vvvvvv imp - Classification ? Etiology? Hypersensitivity Type?
Signs? Treatment?)
4-Follicular/Viral conjunctivitus (Complications ? Treatment?)
5-Acute allergic (Treatment?)
6-Pharyngoconjuctival Fever (Cause? Why should child stay at home ? Treatment ?)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE (ye jo me topics btata hu ye mene two three years ki AIMC ospes
deikh k sort out kie hue hein bara time lga k and ini me se har year atey mostly )
1-Mucopurulent Conjuctivitis
2-Purulent Conjuctivitis
3-Trachoma
4-VKC
5--Pterygium
6-Subconjunctival Haemorhage

Afaq Naeem 75 EYE-ORBIT
4-ORBIT
this topic is veryy important
The beauty of this topic k ye chotu sa chapter and isme se 2 mcqz and one seq(7 Marks) and
its very easy
So i always started my prep with this topic during sendups and proffs
HOW TO STUDY?
Proptosis tk apne pehle read krleina (mam uzma usually asks causes of proptosis in ward test)
IMP TOPICS
1-Preseptal cellulilits
2-Orbital Cellulitis (vvvvv.imp, came in our sendups)
3-Thyroid Ophthalmopathy(vvvvvv.imp, Came in our proffs)
95% in three topics me se aek question must ata heyy
Isk ilawa Dermoid cyst and Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis askta
Topics for Mcqz
(IOID,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Optic Nerve Glioma,Meningioma ) ye sb topics ubi aek dafa nazar
se guzaar li jiye ga
proff me time kum honey pe iney chor bhi sakte hein
JOGI se apne Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Orbital Cellulitis and Endophthalmous k
difference wala table deikhleina hey

Afaq Naeem 76 EYE-ORBIT
IMP SEQS
1-Proptosis(Causes? ,Causes of bilateral proptosis?)
2-Orbital Cellulilits(vvvv.imp-Clinical Signs? Investigations? Complications and
Treatment ?)
Ap ko isk scinarios diagnose krne me bot mushkil hogi since jb ap eye ki puri book
pe apko test krein ge tw tb is trf mind e ni jata
Jb b apk pas proptosis ka patient hoga or usk sath TEMPERATURE hoo and SINUS
INFECTION ki HISTORY ho tw you always Go for orbital Cellulitis
Endopthalmous ka patient b same symptoms and signs k sath aye gaa
usme apne deikhna k external cause ki history hogi( like bahir se trauma , ya lens
implantation k bad etc)
And cavernous sinus thrombosis ka patient b same presentation k sath aye ga but
usme sath systemic signs bot severe honge like rigors and sky high fever and
cavernous thrombosis usually bilateral hota and mastoid k peeche tenderness hoti or
nerve palsies
3-Thyroid Ophthalmopathy (vvvvvv.imp-Most imp topic of your book
Signs? Complications? Investigations, Treatment? )
Iska scinario b diagnose krna mushkil hjata since kae dafa bs proptosis ki history
hoti
Key hey hey k middle age women hogi (30s mey) and BILATERAL Proptosis
hogaa

Afaq Naeem 77 EYE-REFRACTIVE ERRORS
5-Errors of Refraction
This topic isnt dat important for written exams and apk TOS k acc just one mcqz aye ga is topic
se
But this topic is very important for vivaz
Apk ward test me b kafi viva isi topic se hoga plus Proff VIVA/Practical me if visual Acuity ka
method ajaye tw us station ka viva bhi isi topic se ata heyy
HOW TO STUDY?
Soo FOR WRITTEN EXAMS and VIVAZ
apne is topic ko mainly viva sunaney k lie read karna hey
Proff me even jb time kum ho tw ap ye topic chordeite hein since is topic ka na b revise kia ho
tw ap previous readings pe isko attempt krskte
IMP SEQ
1-Myopiaa (just yei topic two times proff me aya hua is chapter se and hume sendup me b aya ta
Myopia ki complications,degenerative changes (mam uzma ka fav question in ward
test),complications amd treatment (vvv.imp)
Hypermetropia and astigmatism b achey se prh lijiye gaa
OSPE
is chapter se kbi ospe station nahi aya or na hi askta hey
MCQS
apne Mcq k lie sb Achey se prhna hey
Afaq Naeem 78 EYE-CORNEA
6-CORNEA
there will be one seq and 3 mcqs from dis topic in your proff (imp chapter)
Usually there is one ospe station from dis chapter too
Cornea k scenarios b at times pick krne mushkil hojatey so jo key features me sath btayu unko ubi book
pe note down krlijiye ga
HOW TO STUDY
Anatomy ko just for mcqz prhnaa
IMP TOPICS for SEQS
Bacterial cornea ulcer ( v.imp) , fungal keratitis (v.imp), Acanthamoeba keratitis(imp), Herpes simplex
keraritis(imp) , Herpes zooster ophthalmicus (v.imp) , exposure keratopathy(imp), keratoconus
(vvvvvv.imp)
TOPICS for mcqz only (you can even leave these topics if proff exam me time kum ho)
Mooren ulcer,insterstitial keratitis , neurotrophic keratopathy, Filamentary keratitis, Corneal
degeneration, Corneal dystrophies , keratoplasty
IMP SEQS
First of all jb ap puri book krlein ge tw cornea , conjuctiva , uvea sclera and even uvea ki diseases me
se exam me exact disease diagnose krna mushkil hjata
since typical red eye, irritation, discomfort etc ki findings hotin
Corneal ulcer ka specific feature ye k first of all tw cornea pain sensitive hota and conjuctiva ni hota
So pain conjuctiva ki just un diseases me hogi jisme cornea b involve ho
Secondly cornea ulcer pe fluorescene staining postive hoti
Baki apko pta hey k cornea has role in refraction so corneal damage pe some degree of visual loss bhi
hoga
and cornea pe visible lesion hoga

Afaq Naeem 79 EYE-CORNEA

1-Why cornea is transparent ? Functions of cornea? Classify keratitis?
2-Bacterial corneal ulcer (vv.imp-Causative agents?Hypopyon? management?(v.imp) ,
treatment of non healing ulcer(imp), complications (v.imp)
3-Fungal keratitis(imp-signs? Treatment ?
Remember-Jb b trauma with vegetative matter ya farmer me trauma ki history ho or cornea pe
ulcer ho tw more likely its fungal keratitis and if time ho tw try kr k jogi pe jo bacterial and
fungal keratitis k differences ka table hey wo lazmi deikhlijiye ga )
4-Acanthamoeba keratitis( imp- Investigation ? Treatment ?
Isk scenario me patient contact lens user hoga or typical clinical signs hongey)
5-Herpes simplex keratitis (imp-Dendritic ulcer ? Geographical ulcer ? D/D?Investigations ?
Treatment ? Other corneal signs?
Iska typical feature reduction in corneal sensitivity and positive flourescene staining)
6-Herpes zooster ophthalmopathy (v.imp-Ocular lesions ? complications ? Treatment ?)
7-Exposure keratopathy (imp- Causes? Management?)
8-Keratoconus(one ov most imp topic of opththalmology-Etiology? Pathophysio? Signs?
Investigations? Treatment ?Complications ?)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-Bacterial corneal ulcer
2-Fungal keratitis
3-Herpes simplex keratitis
4-Keratoconus
5-Keratoplasty

Afaq Naeem 80 EYE-LENS
7-LeNS
there will be one seq and 3 mcqz from dis chapter
Imp chapter for written and viva
there will be one ospe station from dis chapter too and good thing is k sb se
easy Ospe station hota jisme simply opacity pe ap cataract likh deite 😂
HOW TO STUDY
Jatoi se apne sara chapter read krna hey
Lens ki anatomy just read karni and proff me beshak chordijiye ga
cataract tk complete yad krna
usk bad jo (preop evaluation types of cataract extraction, anaesthesia, types of
intraocular lens )
ye sb least imp
unko just aek nazar read krlijiye ga and proff me chor b skte time k acc
Phacoemulsification is very important and usko achey se karna hey
Complications of cataract surgery (vvv.imp)
Aphakia and Ectopia Lentis are imp too

Afaq Naeem 81 EYE-LENS
IMP SEQS
1-Congenital Cataract (vvv.imp-Etiology?D/D of white pupillary
reflex(vvvvv.imp), Investigations?(Lab tests plus ocular Exam),Treatment
(imp)? )
2-Causes of acquired cataract?(imp).Rosette cataract?
3-Senile cataract(imp-Stages? Complications? investigations? Procedure of
choice ?(phaco))
4-Advantages of Phacoemulsification? Surgical Options for cataract extraction?
Phacoemulsification ko detail me prhiye gaa since hmare examiners ka fav topic
hota ye
5-Complications of cataract surgery? (vvvvvv.imp) .Signs of aphakia ? (imp)
6-Methods of Visual Rehabilitation after cataract extraction ?
7-Ectopia lentis (imp-Define marfan syndrome? Wot are its ocular
manifestations?)

Afaq Naeem 82 EYE-Glaucoma
8-GLAUCOMA
There will be 3 mcqs and may be one seq from dis chapter (50% probability)
Apk TOCS k acc is topic se seq ni hey
but supply k exam me mostly and annual exams me occasionally seq ajata glaucoma se
Typical se kuch seqs hein and woi bar bar ateyyy
Baki chapter apne viva and mcqs k lie prhna
imp chapter for viva and ospe
HOW TO STUDY
Applied anatomy waley pages ko just read
and proff me beyshak chordijiye ga
Glaucoma ki definition , classification , pathogenesis and investigations read krni hein for concept
and mcqs
Visual field defects are imp
And imaging techniques k beyshak just names krlijiye ga
Primary angle glaucoma se ye chapter ka imp part start hota and proff me yahin se apne start krna
if time kum ho
Sb glaucoma ki investigation and treatment bohat imp hey
Apne basic scheme bnaleini strabismus waley chapter ki trh
Primary open angle ,Acute primary angle closure
Ye dono most imp hein and ini ki management pe seqs aye ga
causes and Clinical findings b achey se ani chahie
Baki glaucomas read krlijiye ga beyshak

Afaq Naeem 83 EYE-Glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma k causes k beyshak just names krli jiye ga and inki details related
chapters me di hui and management read krli jiye ga
Congenital glaucoma is very imp and isko bot achey se prepare krna each and everything
Surgical procedures in glaucoma -woi sari batein end pe dobara headings k sath di hui and
bot easy hey if ap prhein gey tw
IMP SEQS
As i said there is 50% probability that a question may come from dis chapter
and 90% chance dat if question comes from dis chapter it will be Primary open angle
glaucoma , acute angle closure glaucoma or congenital glaucoma
1-Perimetry (define ? normal visual field dimensions ? Visual field defects in glaucoma ?
2-Primary open angle glaucoma (imp-Risk factors , Investigations ? Management ? )
3-Acute angle closure glaucoma (v.imp-Clinical signs ? immediate management ?
Management options ?D/D?
4-Congenital Glaucoma (v.imp-Clinical findings ? D/D? Investigations ? Treatment ?)
5-Name surgical methods for glaucoma. Enumerate causes of secondary glaucoma
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
usually aek e station jo is chapter se ata usme fundus ki pic hoti and clearly apko pale optic
disc and cupping nazar ari hoti and ap glaucoma diagnose krleite

Afaq Naeem 84 EYE-Sclera
9-SCLERA
Usually 1 or 2 mcqs ajatey is topic se and past papers me just one time is se seq
aya hua
This chapter is adjustable so you can leave it in proff exams if time manage na
hora ho
IMP SEQ
1-Scleritis(clinical feature? Complications ? Treatment?)
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
Episcleritis
Aksar students is chp ko ospe k point of view se consider ni karte and they end
up paying the price
Remember jo topics pic visualize karne se hi diagnose hosakein wo sb chapters
ospe k lie imp like eyelid, conjuctiva, lacrimal, cornea, sclera, lens, squint etc
-in se aksar station ata and one station means 5 marks
and jo topics zada theoretical like visual errors,uvea ,vitreous,optic nerve ,optic
pathway etc unse rarely station ata
So you have to be smart..

Afaq Naeem 85 EYE-Uveal Tract
10-UVEAL TRACT
there will be 3 mcqs and occasionally 1 seq from dis chapter (30-40% probability dat
question may come from dis chapter)
This chapter is “ADJUSTABLE”
Adjustable doesnt mean dat you can leave dis chapter altogether
Adjustable means dat in sendups or proffs when you will be facing severe syllabus deficit
with little time at hand then you can prepare only imp topics of dis chapter in an hour or
soo
you must cover imp seqs at all costs
occasionally one non observed station from dis chapter
not imp for observed station and viva
HOW TO PREPARE?
Ubi first time k lie ap anatomy read krein gey and then type of uveitis memorize krein
gey , endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis bot achey se prepare krein gey and difference
wala table prepare krein gey
Ubi k lie behtar hey ap sympathetic ophthalmicus, toxoplasmosis and Tuberculous uveitis
b read krlein
and baki topics chordein
warna trust me jino ne just achey marks se pass hona unko is chapter me se Types of
uveitis,endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis k ilawa kuch read bhi krne ki zrurat nahi

Afaq Naeem 86 EYE-Uveal Tract

IMP SEQS
1-Classify uvieitis ? Role of cycloplegics in management ? Signs of chronic uveitis ?
2-Anterior uveitis (imp-Clinical signs ?D/D ? Investigations ? Treatment ? complications of
iridocyclitis?
3-Endophthalmitis ( v.imp-asked in our proffs -Causative organisms ? Source of infections?
D/D? Investigation and treatment ?
Exam me bot se bchay misdiagnosed krte
jb ap sarey chapters krlein ge tw endophtalmitis , orbital cellutits , cavernous sinus thrombosis
,preceptal cellulitis in sb ki almost same findings ayein gi scenario me
Apne yad rkhna k endopthalmitis is mostly due to exogenous infections (trauma ki history
hskti, surgery ki hskti)
Orbital cellultis me endogenous infection hoti (most sinusitis ki history hogi )
Cavernous sinus thrombosis me bot severe systemic signs (rigors , sky high fever) and usually
bilateral hota and mastoid k peeche tenderness hoti
ye wo characteristic points hein jo hmari apki class k 80-90% students ignore krdeite
same flow me sb chapters read krte
exam me mind click hi ni krta and diagnose ghalat and 5 marks Allah ko piareyyy
so mere piare juniors plz ye batein sath hi apni books pe note krlia krein
trust me jisk 9/9 scenarios theek diagnose usk written me 35/45 se kum aa hi ni skte
coz investigations and treatment aram se improvise hjati
scenario ghalat tw distinction Allah ko piari
So comparisons are very imp
4-Panophthalmitis (Complications ? Treatment ?)

Afaq Naeem 87 EYE-Vitreous
11-VITREOUS
Ye chapter usually retina k sath hi consider hota
and jo 2 seq and 7 mcqz retina se hein unme se 1 mcq vitreous se hskta and
rarely seq b ajata is topic se
This chapter is also adjustable
Persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous and Vitreous haemorhage ye dono topics
apne har surat proff me kr k janey hein and they are potential seqs
Baki chapter you can leave in proffs if time manage na hora and ubi aek dafa
pura chapter prh li jiye ga
IMP SEQS
1-Vitreous haemorhage (vvvv.imp-Causes? Complications ? Treatment.
ITS HIGHLY UNLIKELY K IS CHP SE OSPE STATION AYE

Afaq Naeem 88 EYE-Retina
12-RETINA
there will be two seqs and 7 mcqz from dis chapter in your proffs(17 Marks)
It is most imp topic of ophthalmology but its one ov the toughest topics of
ophthalmology
Imp topic for viva as well and there will be one Ospe station from dis chapter too
HOW TO STUDY?
Anatomy ko just mcqz k lie prhlijiye ga and proff me beshak chor di jiye ga
IMP TOPICS
Diabetic Retinopathy,Hypertensive retinopathy,Retinal Artery occlusion, Retinal
vein occlusion,Retinal Detachment,Retinitis pigmentosa , retinoblastoma
TOPICS for Mcqs
Toxemia of pregnancy,Retinitis of prematurarity, Age related macular degeneration
TOPICS DAT YOU CAN LEAVE
Central serous chorioretinopathy, Macular Hole
IMP SEQS
1-Diabetic retinopathy(vvvvvv.imp-Risk factors? Pathogenesis? Clinical
Classification(imp) ,Investigations and diagnosis (imp), Treatment modalities(imp),
Most common cause of sudden painless visual loss in Diabetic retinopathy-Vitreous
Haemorhage

Afaq Naeem 89 EYE-Retina
2-Hypertensive retinopathy (imp-Ketih Wegner and Barker classification)

3-Central retinal vein occlusion (imp-Predisposing factors? Investigations?
Treatment, Complications)
4-Central Retinal artery occlusion (imp-Signs ? D/D of cherry red spot on
macula ?Investigations and treatment ?
5-Write a note on Age related macular Degeneration
6-Retinal Detachment (v.imp-Non rhegmatogenous RD(vvv.imp),
7-Retinitis pigmentosa(vvvvvvvv.imp - One of the most imp topic of
ophthalmology-Define? Clinical features?Associations? Signs? Investigations?
D/D? Treatment? Which photoreceptors are affected? Pattern of genetic
transmission? Which vitamin deficieny cause similar symptoms?)
8-Retinoblastoma(vvvv.imp -Stages ? Investigations? Treatment)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-Diabetic Retinopathy
2-Hypertensivw retinopathy
3-Central Retinal vein occlusion
4-Central Retinal Artery occlusion
5-Retinal Detachment

Afaq Naeem 90 EYE-Visual Pathway
13-VISUAL PATHWAY
this is a very imp chapter
Sendups and proffs me atleast 2-3 mcqz is topic se hongey and hmari dafa tw sendups and
proff me is chapter se seq b aya ta though its only a two page chapter
This chapter is usually considered with optic nerve wala chp under the heading of
NEUROPHTHALMOLOGY
And inme se one seq lazmi ata
NEVA EVA DARE TO LEAVE DIS CHP IN PROFF EXAM...
Otherwise you will have to face the consequences..
ONLY 2 pages hein and dono achey se understand krne hein
Question usually indirect ata and most of the students get it wrong
hmari class k 75% bchon ka is chp waley seq ka diagnosis wrong ta proff me
Prolactinoma and papilloedema k features die ve tey
Bchon ne optic nerve ka question smjh k papilloedema diagnose kr k beith gaye
Halankey question me usne clearly visual defects ka hint dia ta
so apne relate krna hey k pituitory ka tumour bitemporal hemianopia krta and sath if
pituitory k tumour k systemic symptoms hon like acromegaly,prolactinoma and ya koi bhi
Tw diagnosis should be the disease
Not the clinical findings
MOST OV THE TIMES THERE IS NO OSPE STATION FROM DIS CHAPTER

Afaq Naeem 91 EYE-Optic Nerve
14-OPTIC NERVE
I have already told you dat dis chapter is considered along with visual pathway
under the heading of “Neuro Ophthalmology “
Both chapters are very imp
There will be 1 seq and 2-3 mcqs from these two chapters
1st priority chapters for sendups and proff prep
i have already discussed about visual pathway
OPTIC NERVE
Almost complete chapter karna hey
First page -reading
Papilloedema & optic neuritis are very important
Optic neuropathy -not dat imp for seqs but you should read it (AION is imp)
Optic atrophy-Try to learn dis topic too
IMP SEQS
Is chapter k scenarioz b mushkil hotey hein and usually overlap hota retina waley
chapter k sath
1-Papilloedema (v.imp-Clinical findings ? Signs ? D/D ? Investigations?
Treatment?
Usually apko space occupying lesion ki history di hogi like koi brain tumour ya

Afaq Naeem 92 EYE-Optic Nerve
2-Optic neuritis (vv.imp-Whole topic is very imp

Causes? Types? Clinical feature ? Investigation ? Treatment? Associated
neurological disease ?
Ub iska scenario pick karna aksar kafi mushkil hojata since findings overlap
with hypertensive retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion
Sb se imp cheiz AGE?
HTN retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion usually above 50,60 years hoti
But optic neuritis around 30 years
Secondly Optic neuritis ki findings optic disc k around hein mainly but vein
occlusion me puri fundus involve hogi
3-Giant cell arteritis/AION (investigation ? Treatment )
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
1-Papilloedema

Afaq Naeem 93 Eye-Strabismus
15-Strabismus
There will be one seq and three mcqs from dis chapter (8 marks )
1st priority chapter for sendups and proffs
To be honest dis chapter is tricky and your concepts should be very clear
Imp chapter
apk two methods bhi isi chapter se related so observed station pe bhi is se viva hosakta
And if you see TOCS tw wahan har chapter ka idea dia hota k kitna tough question aye ga
though it isnt always correct
but strabismus ka level 4 hey (baki kisi chapter ka level 3 se uper nahi)
so in order to attempt its seq and mcqs your concepts should be strong
There is will be one non observed ospe station from dis chapter too
HOW TO STUDY
almost complete chapter karna hey
They will ask you to diagnose and write investigations and treatment
Good thing about dis chapter is k isme three schemes bnein gi apki and usi pe sarey topics
ki investigations and treatment ap improvise karakte
one scheme for phoria ,one for comitant squint and one scheme for incomitant squint
Topics for concept building and mcqs are
Anatomy , BSV , Amblyopia , Duane retraction syndrome
Remaining topics are for seqs

Afaq Naeem 94 Eye-Strabismus

and apne diagnosis likhtey hue side zroor btani k right side ka hey left side ka
phir usk bad phoria hey ya tropia and phr eye ki alignment k acc usko hyper/exo ya eso define
karna usk bad jitna apko understand hora ho utna subtypes me jana (like you can define further
k accomodative hey ya non accomodative )
If characteristic nerve palsy k feature hon tw apne paralytic squint wali sari investigations and
treatment likhna
Nerve palsies are very imp
Apme se smart wo hoga jo basic three schemes bna ley ga usi pe sb subtypes ko attempt krey
ga
IMP SEQS
1-Phoria (investigations ? Treatment ?)
2-Non paralytic squint (imp-causes? Features? Investigations ? Treatment ? D/w paralytic and
non paralytic squint ?)
3-Paralytic squint/Ocular nerve palsy (v.imp-Causes ? Investigations ? Treatment ?)
IMP POINTS FOR DIAGNOSIS
A-If patient is a child with error of refraction and visible deviation-Always go for non
paralytic squint (child me hmesha lazy eye hota and diplopia ni hota )
B-Paralytic squint usually adults me hoga and visible deviation hogi and diplopia ki complain
hogi
Eye down and out in adults -Always 3rd nerve palsy
Eye deviated inwards in adults-6th nerve palsy
Eye deviated upwards in adults -4th nerve palsy
Its all about picking the scenario right
Afaq Naeem 95 Eye-Ocular Injuries
this topic is “adjustable “

16-Ocular Injuries
Is topic se occasionally seq ajata but apne is chapter k imp topics lazmi prh k jane hein for seqs
sendups me seqs ajata hota
HOW TO STUDY
Classification , Corneal and conjuctival foreign body ko read krlijiye ga
Contusion injuries me beyshak just headings krli jiye ga
Intraocular foreign body ki investigations and management ani chahie
Penetrating injuries beyshak chordi jiye gaa
and life me if or kuch karne ko nahi tw isey bhi prhlijiye gaaa
Hyphaema , chemical injuries and Blow out fracture are important (ap ne ye three topics lazmi
kr k jane in sendups and proffs and baki pura chapter ap chor skte if time kum ho )
IMP SEQS
1-Intraocular foreign body (how will you investigate ? Treatment ?)
2-Hyphaema (imp-Causes ? Grading ? complications ? Treatment ? )
3-Chemical injuries (imp-Grading ? Management ? complications ?)
4-Blow out fracture (vvvvv.imp-Investigation? Clinical findings ? Treatment )
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
Hyphaema (hmare college wale aksar ye lgadeite ospe me and meri proff ki ospe me b yei aya
ta)

Afaq Naeem 96 Eye-Pupil
this chapter is “ADJUSTABLE”

17-PUPIL
You can leave dis chapter for your written exam
and ap isey tb hi prepare krein ge jb apk baki chapters ka imp stuff prepare
hochuka ho
One or two topics apne koshish krne k prh k jayein for mcqs and wo me btadeita
HOW TO STUDY
Start me anatomy , Pathway and light reflex ye apne proff observed station k lie
read krne
You can leave them for written exam
Iskey jo abnormalities of pupillary reflex ,argyl robertson , Adie’s tonic pupil and
horner syndrome isko achey se read krlie jaye ga baki if proff me time kum ho tw
you can leave these topics too
Affarent pupillary defect is imp and isko apne lazmi prh k janey and is topic se
usually mcqs ajatey
There is usually no nonobserved ospe station from dis chapter

Afaq Naeem 97 Eye-Red Eye
Dis chapter is importantt

18-RED EYE
Beautiful thing about dis chapter is k ye chapter basically summary hey jo baki topics
se deduce ki hui
Is chapter ko apne End pe krna jb puri eye aek bar prh chukey honn
Almost 90% chapter apka baki topics me cover hochuka hoga
But isko read krne k bad apk concepts bohat clear hojayein ge and Accurate diagnosis
me bot help miley gi
It will hardly take 30 minutes to prepare dis chap
mje half hour lga ta bs first time prepare krne mey
Butt as i said isko end pe karna jb baki eye pe full grip ho
Favourite chapter of Dr nadeem hafeez butt
And proff written and proff viva me usually wo poochleite
Causes of red eye ? Causes of painful red eye ?

Afaq Naeem 98 Eye-Differential Diagnosis
19-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
mjhe is chapter ka written exam k bad pta chala ta k ye chapter b exist krta 😂😂😂
and pta aise chala k seniors told k dr nadeem hafeez butt isi se viva leitee
And mera sara viva isi chapter se huaa taa
He asked k isk D/D btayo and isk D/D btayooo
and jb i told him sarey k sarey D/D nonstop tw wo bot impress hogaye te 😂
though marks phr b 80 hi aye te (courtesy of having Viva in Eye 2 🤦)
And jb i read dat chapter for first time tw mje realize hua k past ppr and proff written me is se
seqs b atey hein
usually wo baki chapters ki knowledge pe improvise hojate so apko pta hi ni chalta
but this chapter is beautiful summary of other chapters
Isme apne woi causes karne jo me btayu gaa and unki list me type kr ra
1-Sudden painful loss of vision 2-Sudden painless loss 3-Gradual painless loss 4-Gradual
painful loss of vision
5-Amourosos Fugax 6-Halous around light 7-Night blindness 8-Floaters 9-Red eye 10-painful
red eye 11-leukocoria 12-Affarent pupillary defect 13-Cherry red spot 14-Central scotoma
ALHAMDULILAH DAT WAS ALL ABOUT OPHTHALMOLOGY

If still kuch confusion ya query ho tw you can freely ask

Afaq Naeem 99 Eye-Ward Test
Total Marks#90
WARD TESt OPHTHALMOLOGY
PATTERN
1-Non observed stations=5*10=50 marks
2-Observed stations=2*10=20 marks
3-Viva 20 marks
NON OBSERVED STATIONS
there will be ten non observed stations each carrying 5 marks (50 Marks)
Non observed Stations
Isme usually 2-3 stations intruments & drugs s related hotey
Intruments ka usually USE poocha hota & identify krna hota
Drugs me b mainly USE btana hota or they can ask side effects etc
Instruments and drugs ko prepare karne k lie pdfs hein
Jo mere data me b hein
Or me group me b share krdeita
Chp#26 jatoi sey uses krlijiye ga
Mere data me aek 222 pages ka pdf hey & usme se intruments /drugs & Kafi non observed
stations cover hojate
pdf krlein ya phr jatoi ki sari pictures krlein ta k diagnosis kr skein & treatment and complications
usually sath poochi hotin
pdf me Akhrar saeed wali retina wali pics beshak rehne dijiye ga
And secondly mostly uni topics se pictures ayein gi jo apko ward and class me prha chuke hongey

Afaq Naeem 100 Eye-Ward Test

OBSERVED STATIONS
there will be two observed stations
Dono stations pe aek aek method kr k dikhana hoga
Each station will be carrying 10 marks
Methods
Jatoi chp 4 se ap ye prh skte
visual acquity (page 18)
direct & indirect swinging light reflex(jatoi 227)
ocular motility test(279-281)
confrontation method(page 19)
squint/cover uncover (Page 17)
optic nerve function(Dr hammad ne lecture me btaya ta)
VIVA
hardly 3-4 minutes ka viva hota
first batch ka viva usually dr uzma k pas hota & second batch ka viva Dr hammad k pas
Usually uni topics se viva hota jo class /ward me aap parh chuke hotey
Usually following topics se viva hota
1-Errors of refraction
2-Glucoma
3-Cataract
4-Strabismus
Goodluck 😇

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY(ENT)
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr Topic Page
No No
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
1 Overview 103
2 TOS 106
3 NOSE 109
4 EAR 119
5 THROAT 131
Afaq Naeem 103 Otorhinolaryngology
Overview
Most ov you will find ENT as the most interesting subject of 4th Year 😀
you will prepare it well and is subject ki tiari apki sb se achi hogi before proff inshaAllah
Morever, those who wanna get DISTINCTION should prepare it welll 😉
According to Dr Umair Wahab (Warden Boys Hostel 3 ) ,Dr Kashif gave distinctions in vivas(85+\100)to
around 77 students jinka exam ENT 2 me viva hua ta (out ov around 160 Students)
Although only around 20 students managed to convert it into distinctions with their written exams
Morover , there is only one book for ENT
DHINGARA
sara exam usi me ata heyy and Uhs ki referred book hey
Plus DHINGARA is soo beautifully written k ap happily bar bar ENT ko prhte ho
Now i am gonna tell you stuff jo apne start se focus krna
Trust me hume ye sb cheizein Year k end pe pta chalin ti and if ap start se isk acc chalein gey tw it will be
lot easier for youu
WHEN TO STUDY ENT ?
There will be no tests of ENT
apne just aek ward test deina hoga and two terms and sendups
First term me apka around half course hogaaa(Nose and pharynx)
Second term me apka baki ka half course (Ear and larynx)
So as the name indicates
“Oto” means Ear
“Rhino” means Nose
and “laryngology” means throat(pharynx plus larynx)


And all three sections are of equal weightage (30 marks which includes 3 seqs and 15 mcqs)
Best thing would be k ap normal days me chill krein and special pathology prhlein
Eye ENT ap apne ward k sath prhlein just
If apka ward bad me hey
Tw apne sports week k bad march and april k first half me First term prepare karni
usme apka eye ka 1/3rd course and half ENT khudi prepare hojaye gi
Trust me Eye ENT ka complete course 15 20 days each se zada ka nahi hey
Yes Special patholology will take timee
Isi trh Second term apki july k mid me hogii
45 Summer holidays me apka baki ka 1/3 eye and half ENT prepare hojaye gii
So you can enjoy sports week
and then ramzan wala month(May)
And should study march,April and summer vacations k last 25 days
Trust me usk bad Ap august se december tk continously prhein gey hi so ubi jitna enjoy kr skte krlein
ENT WARDS?
Trust me hume year k end tk ni pta ta k examinations kitni important hein 😂
Proff me just 24 marks k 6 stations hotey hein Ospe k
baki 10 10 10 marks k nose, ear and throat ki examination k stations hotey hein
wo apne ward me achey se practise krleini or seekhleine
proff me if patient ko hath na lgaya gya ho tw us trh se perform ni kia jata
and i repeat 30 marks ki examinations hein
So apne wo bot achey se prepare krni hey
me inshaaAllah 2-3 days me Uzair ko data du ga sb fourth year ka usme sb detailed examinations ki
videos b hongi
usk ilawa ward me instruments sb bot achey se karne hein


One viva(usually external) instruments pe hota plus ospe ka one to two stations bhi
so uney achey se krleina or unk uses yad krleine
Jinka ENT 2 hey, they are very very lucky
Wo ward k sath hi prhlein
They will be matchless throughout the year
Even jinka ENT 2 ta they said k proff me b ENT 2 ward k lectures se mcqz aye te
WARD ki attendance bot matter karti hey ENT me and ward test ka result bhi
Wo ward book hi deikhtey hein viva se pehle
HOW TO STUDY ENT?
apne dhingara sari sari prepare ni karniii
ENT me kuch chapters chorne hotey hein and kuch bot achey se karne hotey hein
Important topics hi bar bar atey hein
Question hmesha scenario hoga
apne diagnose karna hoga and investigations and treatment likhne hongee
so isi ko focus kr k prhiye ga
WARD TESTS?
Mera ENT 1 ta
wahan mainly examinations and end waley operations/procedures se ward test hotaa
Usually ENT 1 k ward test end pe hotey and if apka fail b ho tw ap reappear hoskte
ENT 2 ka ward test proff k pattern pe hota and usk lie theory, ospe, examinations sb prepare karna prtaa
ENT 2 ka b retest hua ta
and ward book pe usi test k marks lgte jo apka pass ho 😇
AIMC ENT WARDS
Both ENT1 and ENT2 dont fail students
But ENT 2 jinka proff me banta unko bot zada marks milte
hardly kisi ko below 75 mile hongee
Dr Kashif ka viva bot zada matter krtaaa
sir ko jo acha suna de sir usko 90+ marks deite 😂
Yei reason hey k is year b sb se zada distinctions ENT me ayi (around 20-25)
Special Patho me hardly 4-5 ,Eye me only 2 and Community me no distinction at all
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
Written -100 marks (45 mcqs and 9 seqs of 5 marks each)
Viva/Ospe-100 Marks(30 marks examinations plus 6 marks History plus 24 marks Ospe and 15 15 marks k two vivaz )

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO #A
NOSE
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

Afaq Naeem 110 Otorhinolaryngology-Nose
NOSE
As i told you pehle bhi k ENT me there are three sections
1-OTO-EAR
2-RHINO-NOSE
3-LARYNGOLOGY-THROAT
Each Section carries equal marks(30 marks-15 Mcqs and 3 seqs of 5 marks each)
As far as NOSE AND PNS section is concerned , its the most easiest and shortest section.Best thing
is k it easily consolidates in long term memory unlike EAR and THROAT jo comparatively
mushkil hein.In my written proff , both of the times i started my prep with NOSE (since hume two
bar exam k lie prhna pra ta as our batch was supposed to give ENT Exam twice lol 😂)
Soo Nose ko ubi se acha krna bot zruri hey since proff me ye wo topic hota k ap 8-10 Hours me kar
k free hojatey and you feel very confident k you are already done with 1/3 of the prepapration
HOW TO STUDY
ENT apne sari DHINGRA se karni
Rule woi hey jo mene apko sb clinical subjects me btaya k you read sign and symptom achey se for
diagnosis and apko Investigations and Management Yad karni hein for seqs
Like Ophthalmology , yahan b kuch topics hein jo exam me baar baar atey and paper attempt krte
wqt bhi apk mind me woi topics hone chahie and unko bot achey se karna and baki topics just mcqz
k lie read karneyy
Pehley me apko chapter wise sb btata hu or phir usk bad me apko btayu ga k sendups and proff me
apne kis sequence se chapters start karney


CHP 1 ANATOMY OF NOSE
Is chapter ko just concept and mcqz k lie read karna
Ubi nose start krne se pehle isey lazmi aek nazar parhlein since it will help you in understanding
Proff me usually itna time ni hota tw we can skip it tb
CHP 2 PHYSIOLOGY OF NOSE
No need to read dis chapter at all
CHP 3 DISEASES OF EXTERNAL NOSE and NASAL VESTIBULE
This chapter isnt dat important but you have to give it a read
Imp Seqs
1-Write a note on rhinophyma and Rodent ulcer
Furuncle and Vestibulitis are imp too
Soo ubi apne sara read karna hey
sendups and proff me if time kum ho tw you can just give a read to Rhinophyma,Rodent ulcer,
Vestibulitis and Furuncle and skip rest of chapter ( so is chapter ko hum end pe rkhtey hotey)
CHP 4- NASAL SEPTUM and its DISEASES
Vvvvv.imp-Whole Chp IMP
i always started my Nose and PNS section from this chapter
Anatomy and Fractures ko just aek nazar read karna
2-DNS(vvvv.imp-Etiology? Types ? Clinical Features? Treatment? )
3-Septal Hematoma (imp-Complications? Treatment)
4–Septal Abscess(v.imp-Complications ? Treatment ?)
imp baat in dono k scenario me bchay aksar confuse hokar mistakes kartey
Ap aj hi mind me bithalein k jb TEMPERATURE ho sath ya Tenderness ka hint ho tw you always
diagnose it as Septal Abscess
5-Causes of Septal Perforation?

CHP 5 ACUTE AND CHRONIC RHINITIS

(vvvv.imp Chapter-Whole chapter very Imp)
6-Viral rhinitis (Treatment) plus Treatment of hypertrophic Rhinitis
7-Atrophic Rhinitis(vvvvv.imp-Etiology? Clinical Findings ? D/D( Caseosa and Sicca),
Investigations and Treatment ?)
8-Wot do you know about Rhinitis Caseosa and Rhinitis Sicca
Imp Point -Rhinitis Sicca ko Atrophic Rhinitis se aise differentiate krein gey k Sicca just
anterior 1/3 of nose me hoga plus isme crusts foul smelling ni hotin and patient dry Hot
Environment me kaaam kr ra hota)
CHP 6 GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE of NOSE
Relatively Less imp chapter and isko b hum end pe rakhtein hein
Mcqz askte hein one two is chapter se
Read karna once and time kum hone ki surat me proff me chora b ja skta
9-Wegner Granulomatosis (imp)
10-Usk ilawa they can sey k Granulomatous Ulcer k sath aya hey tw kia D/D hskte tw usme
apne ye sarey names likhdeine and investigations pooch skte
CHP 7 MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF NASAL CAVITY
whole chapter is very important
11-Foreign Body (investigations ? Complications ?
12-Rhinolith (imp-Etiology? C/F (clinical Findings? Investigation? Treatment? 5 Causes of
unilateral Nasal Discharge?)
Nasal Myiasis (Diagnosis ? Treatment?

13-Choanal Atresia (imp-investigations and Management ?

Yad rkhein k if patient mucoid glue like nasal discharge k sath aye or unilateral obstruction ho or
childhood se issue ho to always go for choanal Atresia
14-CSF rhinorrhea (Imp-How to differentiate from Nasal Secretion ? Investigation ? Treatment ?)
CHP 8 ALLERGIC RHINITIS
imp chapter
15-Etiology,Clinical Findings, investigations, complications and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis-
Imp
Acha ub apne allergic ko viral rhinitis se kese differentiate karna scenario me
First of all Allergy me paroxysmal attacks honge jo season related lag rahey honge plus isme
Fever ni hoga or sath itching hongi nose, Eyes me (ye sb points mene bari mehnat se nikaley hue
so plz inko apne sath sath book pe note krleina)
CHP 9 VASOMOTOR RHINITIS
16-Difference between allergic and Vasomotor Rhinitis ?
17-Complications and Treatment of Vasomotor rhinitis and wot do you know about rhinitis
Medicamentosa
CHP 10 NASAL POLYP
vvvv.imp Chapter
18-Antrochoanal Polyp (imp- Investigations ? Treatment ? D/w Antrochoanal and Ethmoidal
Polyp)
19-Ethmoidal Polyp (imp-Cause? Investigations ? Management ? )
20-Causes of Unilateral And Bilateral Nasal Obstruction-Imp


CHP 11 EPISTAXIS
vvvvv imp chapter
21-Causes ? Investigations ? D/w Anterior and posterior bleed ? (imp)
22-Iski management pe bot dafa question aya hua hey
me apko thori si summary btadeita k apne kese question ko lekr chalna
Sb se phle First aid (pinching , Trotters method and cold compress)
If bleeding control na ho tw hospitalize
Hospital Management is second step
Isme apne sarey general measures in epistaxis wale steps likhne
ub usk bad agar mild bleed ho at accessible site tw we do cauterization and if severe bleed and
exact location ka ni pta tw we go for packing
usk bad me third heading bnata ta Delayed management ki
if patient stable hochuka tw ap investigations kra k cause ko treat kro gey
Agar persistent and severe bleeding continue hey tw apne ligation and embolization krani
depending upon site of leaak)
CHP 12 TRAUMA TO FACE
Honestly speaking i dont know why i always happened to skip dat chapter
Seniors used to say k fracture of middle third , tripod fracture and orbital floor ko read karna
ap read krli jiye gaa in topics ko
Hume sendups proffs me kuch ni aya ta
I planned k if kuch aya tw investigations me X Ray PNS lateral view , CT scan and ocular
motility check krne ka likhu ga or treatment me antibiotics, analgesis, anti inflammatory, steroids
dekr fracture ki reduction kra du ga 😅

CHP 13 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PNS

you can skip this whole chapter
Bs itna pta hona chahie k konsi sinus kahan open kr ri
CHP 14 ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS
Classficiation and symptoms are imp, bacterial and viral rhinosinusitis ko just read hi krein ge
Maxillary Sinusitis is very imp and baki sinusitis ko b reaad
23-Maxillary Sinusitis(v.imp-Clinical Findings , Complications ,Investigations and Treatment)
CHP 15 CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
Reaad whole chapter
Old surgical techniques k beshak just names krlein
Fungal infection of sinuses is imp
24-Mucormycosis (Clinical findings? Investigation? Treatment ?) Name three approaches for
maxillary sinus
CHP 16 COMPLICATION OF SINUSITIS
whole chapter is imp for seq and mcqz
25-Mucocele ? Its D/D?
26-Orbital complications of sinusitis (imp-Came in our proff )
CHP 17 BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASM OF NASAL CAVITY
Is chapter me bs inverted papilloma karna hey and hemangioma
you can skip baki ka pura chapter
27-Inverted papilloma (Common site ? characteristic? Management ?)

CHP 18 NEOPLASM OF PARANASAL SINUSES

is chapter me apne bs carcinoma maxillary sinus karna hey
28-Maxillary sinus tumour (imp-TNM staging ? Management?)
CHP 19 PROPTOSIS
you dont need to read this topic at all
CHP 20 ADENOIDS (This is chapter 48 of dhingra )
Uncle dhingra wrote dis topic in pharynx but your examiners usually consider this topic in
NOSE and PNS
29-Adenoids (vvv.imp-Clinical Findings ? Investigation? Treatment ?)
CHP 21TUMOURS OF NASOPHARYNX (chap 49 of dhingra)
Examiners also consider this chapter in Nose and PNS and this chapter is very very important
30-Juvenile angiofibroma (vvvv.imp-Clinical Findings ? D/D? Investigation? Treatment )
Remember if adolescent male presents with profuse epistaxis -Always think of Angiofibroma
31-Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (vvvvv.imp-Etiology? Clinical Findings ? Investigation?
Treatment)
Its usually very tough to pick CA nasopharynx in exams
Remember
first of all age is very imp - Patient will be of 50-60 years and he may present with NECK
MASS, sometimes it even presents with unilateral serous otitis mediaaa
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES OF NOSE & PNS
Neva evaa forget to prepare operative techniques
First of all they are very imp for proff vivaz
Secondly they are potential seqs

3 out of 9 seqs in our exam were from Operative techniques

So you cant ignore them for suree
Wot should be your focus in operative techniques ?
INDICATIONS?CONTRAINDICATIONS , POST OP CARE ? COMPLICATIONS
Indication and complications are most imp
Post op care and contraindications are also asked kbi kbaar
Baki stuff isnt dat imp and is rarely asked but you should give it a read
A-PROOF PUNCTURE
This technique is imp
32-Procedure ? Indication and contraindication of proof puncture -IMP
B-INTRANASAL INFERIOR MEATAL ANSTROSTOMY
this technique isnt dat imp
C-CALD WELL LUC OPERATIOM
very important
33-Indication ? Complication of Caldwell luc -IMP
D-SMR and SEPTOPLASTY
very importantt
34-Indications ? Post op care ? Contraindication ? And d/w SMR and Septoplasy-
vvvv.imp(came in our proff)
E-NASAL ENDOSCOPY
not dat imp
you can leave it

F-ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY

Imp
35-Indications ? Complications of FES ? (imp-Came in our proff )
PREPARATION METHODOLOGY IN SENDUPS AND PROFF
you people are really lucky that you will be having three vacations in your ENT exam in
proffs
So you will be able to revise maximum course inshaAllah
if you ask me
You always start This section from nasal septum wala chapter
NASAL Septum, Acute and chronic RHINITIS ,Miscellaneous disorders, POLYP and
epistaxis
in chapters ko sb se pehle karna hey since mostly seqs ini me se atey hein
Then you go with Allergic rhinitis ,vasomotor and sinusitis waley chapters
Anatomy,granulomatous, Trauma- in sb ko you can even leave if time na ho ya end pe rkhein
External nose and tumours waley chapters ko ap selective kr skte hein jese mene btaya
And Angiofibroma and Nasopharynx apk Pharynx me prepare hojaye gee
Dats all for your first Section of otorhinolaryngology
Thank youu 🙃

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO # B
EAR
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

Afaq Naeem 120 Otorhinolaryngology-Ear
EAR
There will be three seqs and 15 mcqz from dis section (30 Marks )
This is favourite section of our ENT 2 Department.Mostly viva , Ospe isi me se hoti ENT 2 ki. Ear
is relatively tough and isk scinario grasp krne me mushkil hojati hey aksr. Plus unlike Nose , iski
long term retention itni achi ni heyy so ap proff se pehle if three times isey krlein tw then things
will be easy for you.
It’s extensive and time taking too
But good thing is k you dont need to prepare all those chapter
4-5 Chapters are super important and cover most of the seqs
First 7 chapters are for concept building mainly and are important for ospe and practical point of
view
But baki chapters in se linked hein so first time jb ap ear start krein tw it will be better to start from
the beginning
Proff me i didnt take risk of reading them at all
Proff and sendups me i always started from chp no 8 and proceeded forwards
And first 7 chapters k lie just last pe one hour rkha ta jisme super imp seqs deikhlie te just
Ku k first 7 chapters k seqs b next chapters ki knowledge pe improvise hskte
Secondly first 7 chapters can waste your super imp hours and ruin your prep
My few classfellow did dat mistake k uno ne one day first 7 chapters pe hi waste krdia ta and they
ended up leaving one or more important regions
So as i always say you have to be smart right

Chp 8, Chp 10 , Chp 11, Chp 12(selective) ,Chp 13 , Chp 14(Selective) , Chp 15 and Chp 18
Ye jo 8 chapters mene btaye -90% seqs in 8 chapters me se atey hein
Mostlyy all three seqs
Examiners b yei topic sunte
Baki chapters mostly selective krne hotey hein and unpe zada time waste krne ki zrurat b ni
Ub jo me imp seq btayu ga un chapters se wo apne achi trh yad krleine
Baki just reaad
Ok now i am proceeding forwards towards detailed guideline of each topic
CHP 1 ANATOMY OF EAR
Honestly speaking i didnt read dat chapter at all 😂
Just one seq hey woi kia taa
Anatomy se mcqs ajatey
but this chapter is way too much creepy so behtar hey ap youtube se anatomy ki video deikhlein
baki har chapter se phle b uski thori si anatomy btayi hoti so smjh ajati
Mastoid Antrum, mastoid and its air cell system (ye topic lazmi prhna and very imp)
Imp seq
1-Enlist various groups of mastoid air cells
CHP 2 PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF AUDITORY SYSTEM
No need to study dis chap at all
CHP 3 AUDIOLOGY AND ACOUSTIC
No need to read dis chap at all


CHP 4 ASSESMENT OF HEARING
dis chapter is very imp for understanding the basic concepts , investigations, interpretations of investigations
Very important for viva and practicals point of view
Out of Six Ospe stations , there is one confirmed station from dis chapter
So i will advice you to read it all
tuning fork tests are imp for mcqz and practical
Baki sb apne read krna and jo seq btara wo yad krne
Jo special tests of hearing hein wo apne jb Meniere disease and Acoustic neuroma wala topic prhna tw unko
dobara prhna sath
2-Types of tympanogram(imp)
Enumerate clinical tests of hearing.
3-Short note on BERA, Acoustic reflex (v.imp)
CHP 5 HEARING LOSS
dis chapter is very imp for viva
DR Irshad ne proff k viva me mjh se is chapter k tables ko values suni tin
Isme se aksar seq b ajata
Isme se jo topic apne ni krne wo me btadeita
(ossicular reconstruction,specific form of hearing loss k sarey topics, noise trauma , autoimmune , non organic
and social and legal aspect) ye sb topics ni karne
Table 5.1 ,5.2,5.4 ,5.7, 5.8 and 5.9, ye sb tables bot imp and yad karne
baki jo topics mene ni btaye wo sb krne hein
4-Causes of conductive deafness ? (vv.imp)
5-Causes of sensorineural hearing loss (imp) Causes of sudden hearing loss
6-Ototoxic drugs (vvvv.imp) , Degrees of hearing loss
7- Write a note on presbycusis (imp) Write a short note on tympanoplasty


CHP 6 ASSESSMENT OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
Is chapter me just apne fistula test ,Dix hall pike maneuver, and caloric test read krna
baki chapter prhne ki bilkul zrurat ni
CHP 7 DISORDER OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
is chapter me se just benign paroxysomal positional vertigo wala topic krna
CHP 8 DISEASES of EXTERNAL EAR
this chapter is super imp
usually there is one confirm seq from dis chapter
Congenital disorders arent dat imp (just read them)
Inflammation of ear canal me jo topics likhe ve they all are very imp
Wax, Foreign body,keratosis obturans ,myringitis bullosa and tympanic membrane rupture are very imp
8-Boxer ear (v.imp), Perichondritis (imp)
9-Furuncle(vvvv.imp D/D, precaution, Treatment)
10-Malignant Otitis Externa (vvvv.imp-Organism involved, D/D , Complications, Cranial nerves
involved ,Investigations and management )
11-Otitis externa haemorhagica (cause ? Complication? Management ?)
12-Otomycosis (vvvv.imp , Clinical finding and treatment )
Inko differentiate aise krna k furuncle me tw chill scene hey pain,tenderness temperature , pain during
moverment but deafness ni hogi
Otomyscosis me conductive deafness with whitish material in ear on otoscopy
malignant otitis externa me purulent foul smelling discharge with granulations in debilitated adults or
diabetic
13-Removal of hard wax ?(imp)
14-Various types of foreign body in ear ? Treatment of maggots in ear ?
15-Short note on keratosis obturans and myringitis bullosa
16-Causes of traumatic rupture of tympanic membrane

CHP 9 EUSTACHIAN TUBE

Is chapter me se apne bs valsalva test,politzer test,Toynbee test,Table 9.2,Table 9.3 and patulous
eustachian tube karna just
baki topics prhne ki zrurat ni
17-Patulous eustachian Tube (imp)
CHP 10 DISORDERS OF MIDDLE EAR
very imp chapter
complete karna
18-Acute suppurative otitis media(imp-Stages ? Investigations ? Treatment)
Remember jb b kid deafness,earpain and high fever k sath aye tw always go for ASOM
19-Serous otitis media( vvvv.imp-Etiology?Clinical features? Investigations? Treatment ?
Iska patient b kiddo hoga usually and uski history me risk factor hoga but isme khas pain ni hogi
patient ko or fever b ni hoga just hearing loss and delayed speech k symptoms honge
remember nasopharyngeal carcinoma ka patient adult age me present kr skta with serous otitis
media
CHP 11 CHOLESTEATOMA AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA
very imp chapter-Complete krna
One seq usually middle ear se ata and usme seq mostly acute otitis media,dis chapter and
complications of CSOM se ata
20-Define cholesteotoma ?Theories of its origin?(Came in our proffs ) Classify cholesteatoma?
Complications?
21-D/w tubotympanic and atticoantral? Investigations and treatment of both types (vvvvvv.imp)
22-Types of tympanic membrane perforations in CSOM and draw them? (asked in our sendups)


CSOM ka patient b usually kid hoga but adult b hskta
isme main point ye k ear discharge ki history hogi,hearing loss and otoscopy pe perforation nazar
ari hogi
23-Tubercular otitis media(imp-Hmare seniors ko aya ta seq
PulmonaryTB Ki history hoti plus isme facial paralysis and painless ear dischage and multiple
perforations hotin
CHP 12 COMPLICATIONS OF CSOM
ENT 2 wale kuch bachon ne ye chapter pura prepare kia ta
kuch bachon ne is chapter me se just names krlie te complications
Names tw bilkul sufficient ni hein
Humne Selective and imp kia ta and usi me se ata sb
Complications k names, Mastoiditis(complete),Related abscesses, Bezold Abscess, Masked
mastoiditis,Petrositis,Facial Nerve paralysis,Meningitis and Clinical features of lateral sinus
thrombophlebitis me se Just hectic picket Fence,Griesinger sign and tobey ayer test
ye jo topics mene btaye ye sb karne
baki sb chordein beshak
24-Enumerate intracranial and extracranial complications of mastoiditis(vvv.imp)
25-Acute mastoiditis (imp-Treatment? complications?D/d? Differences from furuncle?
26-Bezold abscess? Masked mastoiditis(imp)
27-Petrositis( Gradenigo syndrome ?)
28-Meningitis(investigations? Treatment?)
CHP 13 OTOSCLEROSIS
very imp chapter-Complete karna


29-Otosclerosis(v.imp-Etiology? Investigations? Treatment)
Isk scenario b aksar bchay pickup ni kr patey
Simple sa rule hey
20-40Years aged person with painless progressive bilateral conductive hearing loss-Always go for
otosclerosis
Agar kid hey with conductive loss,fever and earache-ASOM
If conductive loss with discharge and ruptured tympanic membrane -CSOM(tubotympanic) and if
sath headache and complications ki history tw CSOM(atticoantral)
30-Stapedectomy( Indications? Complications)
CHP 14 FACIAL NERVE
This chapter is v.imp and exam me 2-3 mcqz and aksar seq b ajata heyy
Is chapter ko selective karna hey
pura krne ki zrurat ni
Course of facial nerve(imp , isme se mcq and hmari bari seq b aya ta ),Table 14.1(Causes of facial
nerve palsy),Bells palsy,Melkersson Syndrome,Ramsay Hunt Syndrome,Temporal bone fracture
and localization of facial lesion
ye sb topics jo mene mention kie wo karne hein and baki topics na prhiye gaa
31-Enumerate branches of facial nerve (proff 2k19).Enumerate causes of facial nerve palsy
32-Management of bell’s palsy(v.imp)
CHP 15 MENIERE’S DISEASE
Dis chapter is very imp
jo inner ear wala seq wo usually otoscleroiss, meniere disease,acoustic neuroma and facial nerve
me se ata hey
apne meniere disease wale pure chapter ko read karna and Clinical features ,investigations and
management ko bot achey se karna

33-Meniere disease(vvv.imp-D/D,Investigations? Management ?)

Iska typical scinario hota jisme 40-60 years old person presents with episodic vertigo, progressive
sensorineural hearing loss,tinnitis and aural fullness
CHP 16 TUMOURS OF EXTERNAL EAR
is chapter me se apne just osteoma and exostosis read karna
baki chap chordein
CHP 17 TUMOURS OF MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID
isme se apne just glomus tumour prhna
34-Glomus tumour (Investigations? Treatment ?)
CHP 18 ACOUSTIC NEUROMA
imp chapter -Complete krnaaa
35-Acoustic neuroma(imp-Investigations? Treatment? d/w cochlear and retrocochlear lesion?
Isme 40-60 years old person me progressive unilateral sensorineural hearing loss hoga
If sensorineural loss k sath episodic vertigo-Menierre
If sensorineural loss k sath marked difficulty in understanding speech-Acoustic Neuroma
CHP 19 THE DEAF CHILD
is chapter ko bilkul selective karna
Table 19.2(methods of hearing assesment),Management of deaf child
36-Method of hearing assesment in infants and children(imp), Management of deaf child (v.imp)


CHP 20 REHABILITATION of HEARING IMPAIRED
is chapter ko b highly selective karna
Table 20.2(Disadvantages of conventional hearing aids,20.3(Complications of cochlear impant
surgery) and training
bs yei three topics karne
37-Training? Complications of cochlear impant surgery ?
CHP 21 OTALGIA
ye chapter pura read karna
CHP 22 TINNITUS
Isme se just table 22.1(Causes of tinnitus) and treatment of tinnitus karna
38–Causes of tinnitis?
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES OF EAR

As far as ear is concerned, ear k seqs usually chapters se hi atey hein

operative techniques k questions usually Nose and throat se atey hein
So techniques ko me detail me btara k apne kese prepare karna
A-MYRINGOTOMY
imp-ye puri read karni
39-Myringotomy(indications? complications?
B-EAR SURGERY and APPROACHES
no need to study dis technique at all
C,D,E-MASTOIDECTOMY
Cortical,Radical and modified radical mastoidectomy ka pura concept hona chahie k in me kia
differences
Usk ilawa indications, post op care and complications prhni hein achey sey
Steps of operation karne ki zrurat nahi
40-Types of mastoidectomy? Complications
F-MYRINGOPLASTY
dis technique isnt dat imp
bs pta hona chahie k kia hoti hey and dono types ka kia mtlb hey , post op care and complications
PREPARATION METHODOLOGY IN SENDUPs And PROFFs
proff and sendups me usually ear k lie ap aek complete day allocate karte hoo
Ear is adjustable
like kafi chapters selective hein
and kuch chapters bot imp dat will cover most of you seqs

like kafi chapters selective hein

and kuch chapters bot imp dat will cover most of you seqs
I always started from chapter 8 and then chapter 10,11,13,14,15,18 (these chaper will consume
your lot of time and apko lgra ho ga k yawr total 22 chapters or mene 8 chapters pe itna time
lgadia(approx 8-9 hours) and i am screwed
but you should always remember my words k jb ye 8 chapers hogaye tw you should be confident k
alhamdulilah 2/3 ear doneee
Then youuu start your nitrospeed mode 😅
and prepare chp 12,16,17 k selective topics within max 2 hours
you can leave chp 19,20,21 and 22 in proffs if time kum pr ra ho( i left them tooo 😅)
similarly jldi se selective chp 1,4,5,8krien within max 1-2 hours
and you can leave chp 2,3,6,7 in proffs( i left them too lol )
But you guys will be having three vacations in your ENT proff so things will be easier
inshaAllahhh
Dats All for Eaar
Stayy blessed 😇

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO # C
Throat
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

Afaq Naeem 132 Otorhinolaryngology-Throat
Throat
There will be three seqs and 15 mcqs from this section in your proffs (30 Marks)
It is most lengthy section of your ENT
But unlike ear and Nose , isme kafi kuch selective karna hota hey
secondly few chapters are way more important than other chps
It will be better if ap selective chapters ka selective content hi prepare krein
Since its already too much and end pe sari dhingra revise karna is quite impossible
Coz of these facts
I always prepared it end pe (after nose and ear) in proffs and sendups
BUT
Our college teachers have special obsession with this topic
1st term me nose and pharynx ta
And half paper nose and half paper pharynx se ta
2nd term me b half exam larynx and half exam ear se ta (so jino ne larynx ko light lekr ear pe focus
kia ta k majorly isi se aye ga they had to face serious consequences)
and sendups me tw akheer hi hogayi ti
Almost 3 seqs were from ear and Nose and baki 6 seqs were from throat


GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THROAT
there are 5 parts of throat
1-Oral Cavity
2-Pharynx
3-Larynx
4-Osophagous
5-Thyroid
But luckly in 5 parts me se thyroid ni karna hota
Osophagous super selective karna hey
Oral cavity me kuch important topics but zada reading and selective hey
Pharynx is imp and mostly one seq oropharynx (oral cavity + pharynx)
and 2 seqs larynx se hotey hein
Larynx is most imp part of throat and proff me ap larynx complete and baki 4 parts k just imp seqs b
krlein tw it will cover most of your throat section
Chp 48,49,51,52,58(selective),59,62 and 64 -They are most important chapters of throat and will
cover majority of your seqs and mcqs
Baki chapters ko mosty selective karna
Ok lets start with detailed discussion of each topic
A-ORAL CAVITY
Oral cavity is adjustable
Proff and sendups me ap isey bilkul last pe rakhtey ho and time kum ho tw just important seqs will be
enough
CHP 1 ANATOMY OF ORAL CAVITY
ap is chapter ko ubi aek nazar read krli jiye ga and proff me prhne ki zrurat nahi


CHP 2 COMMON DISORDERS OF ORAL CAVITY
is chapter ko selective karna hey
Ulcers of oral cavity ko lichen planus tk read karna ( Blood disorders, drug allergy and miscellaneous
chordeina)
Usk bad oral submucous fibrosis karna
Imp seqs
1-Causes of ulcers of oral cavity(imp-Asked in our proffs) Aphthous ulcers and Behcet syndrome are
very imp for seqs
2-Submucous fibrosis (vvvvv.imp-This is one of the most imp topics of throat
It was asked in our term and sendups
Etiology? Treatment (vvvvv.imp)
CHP 3 TUMOURS OF ORAL CAVITY
Selective-You need to prepare only important topics from this chapter
(Cystic lesions,Premalignant lesions ,carcinoma of oral cavity ,carcinoma of tongue ,Kaposi sarcoma)-
you should read these topics and you can leave remaining topics
3-Mucocele ? Ranula ? (imp), Premalignant lesions(imp)
CHP 4 NON NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS OF ORAL CAVITY
Selective
you should read-Mumps, chronic recurrent sialadenitis , sialolithiasis , Sjogren’s syndrome
you can leave remaining chapter
CHP 5 NEOPLASMS OF SALIVARY GLAND
read compete chap
Imp for mcqs
5-Enumerate benign and malignant tumours of salivary gland
6-Frey Syndrome (vvvvvvv.imp-You must not leave dis topic in proffs- Treatment ? (vvvvv.imp)


B-PHARYNX
Pharynx is important
Usually 1 seq ajata hota proff me pharynx se and some chapterrs are very imp for viva too
CHP 1 ANATOMY OF PHARYNX
You should prepare waldeyer’s ring and neck spaces and you can leave other topics from this
chapter
CHP 2 ADENOIDS
Important chapter-Complete karna
7-Adenoids (vvv.imp-Clinical Findings ? Investigation? Treatment ?)
CHP 3 TUMOURS OF NASOPHARYNX
Very imp chapter-Complete
8-Jevunile angiofibroma (vvvv.imp-Clinical Findings ? D/D? Investigation? Treatment )
Remember if adolscent male presents with profuse epistaxis -Always think of Angiofibroma
9-Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (vvvvv.imp-Etiology? Clinical Findings ? Investigation? Treatment)
Its usually very tough to pick CA nasopharynx in exams
Remember
first of all age is very imp - Patient will be of 50-60 years and he may present with NECK MASS,
sometimes it even presents with unilateral serous otitis mediaaa
CHP 4 ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHARYNGITIS
You can read dis chapter for mcqs
Not dat imp for seqs
You can even leave dis chapter in proff
10-Chronic Pharyngitis (signs? Treatment ?)


CHP 5 ACUTE AND CHRONIC TONSILLITIS
Very imp chapter-prepare complete chapter
11-Acute tonsillitis (imp-Symptoms? Signs? Complications ? Treatment ?)
12-D/D of membrane over tonsils (vvv.imp )
13-Faucial Diphtheria (v.imp-Clinical features ? Complications? Management ?)
14-Chronic tonsillitis (Clinical findings? Complications? Treatment ?)
CHP 6 HEAD And NECK SPACE INFECTION
Very imp chapter-Complete chapter
15-Ludwig angina (imp-Bacteriology? Cause ? Management?)
16-Quinsy (v.imp-Clinical features ? Treatment ? Complications? )
17-Parapharyngeal Absess (v.imp-Etiology? Clinical findings ? Complications? Treatment ? )
you can leave masticator space wala topic
CHP 7 TUMOURS OF OROPHARYNX
Selective
Prepare carcinoma of tonsils and styalgia and no need to prepare other topics
CHP 8 TUMOURS OF HYPOPHARYNX and PHARYNGEAL POUCH
Selective
Prepare carcinoma post cricoid region and Pharyngeal pouch
No need to prepare remaining chapter
18-Carcinoma post cricoid region (came in our sendups -Treatment ?) Pharyngeal pouch (imp-
Treatment?)
CHP 9 SNORING AND SLEEP APNEA
selective
prepare sleep apnea and leave sleep and snoring wale topics
19-Sleep apnea (causes ? Management?)

C-LARYNX
Larynx is most imp part of your throat section
There will be around 2 seqs from larynx
and proff me ap larynx lazmi prepare kr k jatey ho
Even if time kum hora ho tw larynx and baki throat k just imp seqs b krlo tw aram se manage
hojata
Larynx is very easy too
Isk scenarioz b sb se easy hotey hein
CHP 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LARYNX
Just read karna hey ubi k lie
embryo,paediatric larynx and physiology chordi jiye ga
Baki chapter ubi concept k lie prh li jiye ga ya video deikhlijiye koi youtube se
proff me zrurat nahi
Nerve supply , blood supply and lymphatic drainage ani chahie and proff me b ise prepare kr k k
jayie ga since mcqs atey unse
Baki isnt imp for mcqs or seqs
CHP 2 LARYNGOTRACHEAL TRAUMA
is chapter ko just read karna
Etiology ,pathology and clinical feature ko just aek nazar prhna
Diagnostic evaluation,treatment and complications yad karni
20-Laryngotracheal Trauma (investigations? treatment? Complications?


CHP 3 ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF LARYNX
Is chapter me acute epiglottitis ,acute laryngotracheobronchitis ,diphtheria and laryngeal
tuberculosis are super imp
Baki chapter ko apne just read karna for mcqs and proff me if bilkul time na bch ra ho tw ap skip
b krskte baki topics but behtar hoga mcqs k lie read dedein tb b
21-Acute epiglottitis (vv.imp-Cause ? Investigations? treatment?
22-Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (vvv.imp-Treatment?)
23-Laryngeal Diphtheria ( Clinical features? Treatment?)
24-Laryngeal tuberculosis (imp-Clinical features? Investigations? Treatment ?)
CHP 4 CONGENITAL LESIONS OF LARYNX And STRIDOR
imp chapter-Complete karna
25-Laryngomalacia (vv.imp-clinical features? Investigations ? Treatment ,D/D) Usk ilawa koi b
question askta jisme examiner apse congenital lesions k name enumerate krne ko keh skte
26-Stridor (imp-Defination? Causes? How will you investigate?)
CHP 5 LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS
Ye chapter itna imp tw ni for seqs but concepts are imp for mcqs
Sb se pehle tw nerve supply understand karni
phir is topic ka basic concept bnaleina complete read dekr
Har paralysis me apne 5 features evaluate karne — Paralysis me konse muscles involved?
Anaesthesia of larynx ? Vocal cord position ? Patient’s voice? Aspiration? Stridor and respiratory
arrest ?
jb ap chapter read kr k nerve supply se is chapter k har topic k ye features understand krlein ge
phir next time apko is chapter pe half hour se zada ni lge ga inshaAllah
Baki is chapter k tables are imp for mcqs


CHP 6 BENIGN TUMOURS OF LARYNX
Is chapter me apne names sarey yad krne like apko pta ho solid non neoplastic and cystic lesions me konse
tumours atey and neoplastic me konse atey
Vocal nodule , vocal polyp and jevunile papillomatosis are imp for seqs
baki chapter apne achey se read karna heyy
Behtar hey complete hi aek bar krlein so proff me if time kum ho tw imp topics ko yad and baki ko read kr
k kaam chal jaye
27-Vocal cord nodules (vvvv.imp-Investigations? D/D? Management ? Pathology? )
28-Vocal polyp (imp-Management ? Investigations?)
29-Jevunile Papillomatosis (imp-Investigations? Treatment)
CHP 6 CA LARYNX
this is one of the most important chapter of your ENT syllabus
Prepare complete chapter-word to word
30-CA larynx (vvvvvvv.imp-Etiology? TNM classification? Investigations? Treatment ? Indications for
total laryngectomy? define T1 T2 T3 and T4 of glottic cancer? treatment of T1N0M0, T3N1M0? )
CHP 7 VOICE AND SPEECH Disorder
Hoarseness is important and baki chapter apne mcqs and vivas k lie karna
31-Hoarseness (Causes ? How will you evaluate?)
CHP 8 TRACHEOSTOMY
Most imp chapter of your 4th year ENT
favourite chapter of dr rashid zia
most imp chapter for vivas
Larynx ka atleast one seq CA larynx or tracheostomy se zrur hota
and at times dono seqs bhi
Or kuch krein na krein ye dono chapter if ap chor k gaye tw Smart work ka is se bura mazak ni ur skta 😂
Beshak apko fazool wale 8-10 chapter chorne prein


CHP 9 FOREIGN BODIES of AIR PASSAGES
Ye chapter b mcqs and viva k lie read karna
Investigations and management can be asked in your exams
D-OSOPHAGOUS
Oesophagous isnt dat important
And ap isey sendups and proffs me chor b sktey if time na ho
and just imp seqs krli jiye ga
as i already said
mostly apk seqs larynx and pharynx se ayein gey
Oesophagous ko just utna hi prepare kijiye ga jitna me btayu
coz mainly its part of Gastroentology (not ENT)
CHP 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIO OF OESOPHAGOUS
read only introductory paragraph along with oesophageal constrictions ,nerve supply and lymphatic
drainage of oesophagous
and no need to read remaining chapter
CHP 2 DISORDERS OF OESOPHAGOUS
prepare following topics (Corrosive burns, benign strictures ,plummer vinson syndrome (vv.imp) ,
Nut cracker oesophagous ? Achlasia & GERD
Remember ye mainly apk pathology and medicine k topics hein
yahan apne just mcqs k lie prhna
33-Oesophagous (normal constrictions? Causes of pathological constrictions? )
34-Plummer vinson syndrome (management?


CHP 3 DYSPHAGIA
Read investigations
CHP 4 FOREIGN BODY of FOOD PASSAGE
read investigations and management
Is chapter se seq is trh askta k foreign body ki history hogi and apne Investigations and
management btani hongi
35-Person ingested 5 rupee coin (investigations ? Management? complications of
oesophagoscopy?
F-THYROID
i didnt prepare even a single topic from dis section
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES OF THROAT
As far as operative techniqes of throat are concerned , they are most important

1-DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
36-Direct laryngoscopy (Indications ?contraindications and complications ?)
viva me apko laryngoscope hold karne ka way present krne ko keh sktey
2-BRONCHOSCOPY
imp -Prepare everything
procedure isnt dat imp but read it
37-Bronchoscopy (Indications ? Complications?)
3-OESOPHAGOSCOPY
Prepare its indications,contraindications, position and complications
Read technique
4-TONSILLECTOMY
most imp operative technique of ENT
Prepare whole topic
38-Tonsillectomy (Indications ? procedure ? post op care ? Techniques ? complications ?
Type of haemorhages?
5-ADENOIDECTOMY
Imp-Prepare whole topic
39-Adenoidectomy (indication ? Complications ?)

PREPARATION METHODOLOGY IN SENDUPS and PROFFS

as you can apprehend , throat is most lengthy section of your ENT
but good thing is k kafi kuch chora ja skta and selective kia ja skta
for two vacation exam
i will suggest k nose se start krein
and second day complete Ear ko dein
last 8-9 hours me throat ko rakh sktey aap
usme larynx apki finger tips pe ho
like last topic i studied before starting my patho proff prep was larynx
uska advantage ye ta k ENT exam me mene last day 4 hours larynx k lie allocate krdie te and barey aram s
imp imp 4 hours me hogya ta and 2 seqs cover hojatey imp part sey
As far as oral cavity and osophagous are concerned
unko hardly 30minutes se 45 minutes die te breakfast k sath and most imp seqs aek nazar bs
And pharynx me adenoids, nasopharyngeal tumours , tonsils , neck spaces and techniques
ye must heinnn
isko karna prey ga
so in short
Throat me
1-Adenoids 2-Nasopharyngeal CA 3-Tonsils 4-Neck spaces 5-CA larynx 6-Tracheostomy & techniques
Ye sb finger tips pe hona chahie and lazmi kr k jana
usk bad larynx k imp seqs jo jo mene mention kie wo sb lazmi cover krne
and then pharynx k jo kuch imp seqs reh jatey
oral cavity and oesophagous me jo imp seq wo aek nazar deikhne ki last half hour to one hour me try ki
jaye

Community Medicine
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
Community Medicine
A Overview 148
1 Field Trips 148
2 Presentation 149
3 Poster & Brochure 150
4 Research 151
5 Journal 152
6 Marks Division 154
B TOS 156
C TOPICS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1 Basic De nition 158

2 Concept of Disease & Health 158
3 Primary Health Care 159
4 Biostatistics 159
5 Epidemiology 160
6 Immunology 162
7 Screening & Sampling 163
8 Communication 163
9 School Health Services 165
10 Family Planning 165
11 Demography 167
12 Reproductive Health 168
fi
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
13 Nutrition 169
14 Occupational Health 171
15 Disaster Management 172
16 Hospital Waste Management 173
17 Non Communicable Diseases 173
18 Mental Health 175
19 Social & Behavioural Sciences 176
20 IMNCI 176
21 Environment 177
22 Radiation 179
23 Medical Parasitology 179
24 Communicable Diseases 180
Afaq Naeem 148 Community Medicine-Overview
OVERVIEW OF Community Medicine

it is more of a practical subject than theoretical subject
You people will be asked to submit research, posters, presentations , journal and there will be field
trips and ospe exam after field trips
And all ov these are very important
Lemme discuss them one by one
A-FIELD TRIPS & OSPE
field trips are very very impp
Almost har field trip ka one mark hota hey proff me
if anyone of you has missed any field trip tw kindly ubi apne tutorial Teachers se baat kr k kisi or batch
k sath trip lekr complete krlein if possible
Iski ospe ki b internal assesment me weightage hoti hey
HOW TO PREPARE FIELD TRIP OSPE?
there will be 10 stations, each carrying 4 marks n there will be 3 minutes for each station
Syllabus: Topics related to your field trips
1-Immunlogy me s EPI schedule lazmi ana chahie sb ko ,usk ilawa cold chain n usk
equipments,Immunization of tetanus,for travellers etc
2-Primary health care
Behtar hey k ye chp prhlein aek dafa
BHU n RHC k differences ,services n staff are imp
3-School health services
Isme mainly aspects of school health services n class rooms kese hone chahien n duties b especially
Desks are very imp

4-Reproductive health n family planning

Isme MCHC n Antenatal care are imp
family planning me barriers n IUCDS are very imp(Side effects, contraindication , advantages
everything) ,usk ilawa oral contraceptives pills are imp
5-Usk ilawa field trip s related kuch batein like BMI calculate krna ,growth curve ki
interpretation and ORS ki composition n types
6-Usk ilawa SSPS software me jo cheizein krayi gayi usme s aek station hota usually
7-Services provided at PSRD and d/w prosthesis and orthosis
Isi se related kuch pics hein jo me is post k sath share kr ra hu
if time ho tw excel k end pe jo ospez di hui wo deikhlijiye
B-PRESENTATION
they are important too
isk b internal assesment me marks hotey hein
HOW TO PREPARE A PRESENTATION and Score good marks?
Jo b ap 5 students ko topic mile
first of all apne google pe us topic se related presentations go through krni
kuch log A to Z google wali presentation copy kr k chaley jatey and it leads to mark deduction
Zada fency presentations se behtar hey k ap 2-3 presentations deikhein
imp points nikal lein
and simple si slides unse mila k khud bnayein
Alhamdulilah our presentation was declared presentation of the day
So me apko presentation k lie few points bta deita apko


1-First of all aek slide pe just few lines honi chahien , try to just mention the headings on slides and khudi unko
explain krein
Dat gives a very good impact
if ap sb kuch slides pe likh k usko just read krdein ge tw you wont get good marks
2-Try k ap english urdu mix me presentation dein
Just english me usually people dont listen
Urdu keeps people involved
And bheich me interactive stuff ho
like recent incidences ki examples dein
you can add one or two jokes
Imp is k you get everyone listen to you
Ap deikhein ge k kafi presentations me people start murmuring and dont give a damn k samne presentation hori
so try to keep audience involved
3-Always try k atleast 3-4 students hon presentation me and slides equally divide hon
If koi zada acha bolta tw give him/her start wali and end wali slides
4-Each presentation should end with a moral
Try to put a quote end pe and usk bad ask audience if they have any question and then thank youu
InshaAllah these points will help you
C-POSTERS & BROCHURES
Always try to go for posters lol 😂
try kijiye k apk mix group hon
Girls usually make them and boys are supposed to print them bahir se 😂
Year k end pe one day hota posters and brochure ka jispe best posters and brochures wale groups ko certificates
milte 😅
Posters and brochures k proper rules hotey bnaney k
wo apk Cmed k notice board pe display krdie jayein ge and apne usk acc bnana hogaa

D-RESEARCH
Research is most important of all
isk almost 15 marks hoteyy
and research k kafi zada steps hote
like introduction, questionnaire, Data collection, Data analysis, Results , conclusions and abstract
For now just ap apne groups bnalein and topics decide krlein
Reseach Apki summer tk chaley gi
RESEARCH TOPIC?
to be honest fourth year k level pe research publish hona is a miracle
Apko proper guidance hi ni hoti
and year k end pe apko realize hota k there were many flaws
So try kijiye k har step pe apne tutorial teachers se advices lijiye
they will help you outt
Try to choose simple topics like awareness, determinants etc
Incidence,prevalence, associations are not possible 4th year k level pe
College just expects k ap aek dafa research k procedure se guzar jayein and sare steps krlein
They wont blame you if apki research se koi b meaningful results na ayein
Try kijiye k disease related topic choose krein as dat would be easyyy for you
or daily life k topics like fast foods, cellphone , life style etc
Bus us topics pe previous researches hui hon since end pe apko references deine hotey previous
researches k
You can ask me for help wheneva you wantt


E-JOURNAL
there will be around 15 marks of Cmed journal in your viva practical portion(10 marks journal plus
5 marks of household performas)
Hmari mostly class ne second term k bad bnaya or submit kraya ta
but as most ov you are asking to post regarding Journal
So i will try to explain how to complete it
First ov all its not dat simple as it appears to be
Journal has different sections
A-NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS
This section is very imp
apk journal k start me 12 topics btaye hue
usme se apne 9-10 topics ki english news paper se cuttings dhondni hoti (me un topics ki picture b
post kr ra)
Like communicable diseases tw usme ap hepatits,polio,corona virus koi b cutting lga skte
Non communicable me ap diabetis ,cancer ,heart disease etc lga skte
Environment me kisi b pollution pe and so on and so for
now there are two ways to find newspaper cuttings
mene senior api ki copy se utaar k apni copy pe lgalie te 😂
and dates 2019 ki likhdin ti apni marzi k months k sath 😅
or you can find cuttings yourself
Boys hostel me jo rehte wo hostel office ja kr sari purani english newspaper lekr cutting dhond
sktey


Cutting apne left pe lgani pe lgani hoti
or right side pe uska topic,Title,Source,Date and summary(jisme ap us cutting k main main points
likhdeite),Comments(mainly kuch b apne views deine hotey and end pe suggestions k is sb ko kese
behtar kia ja skta
Ub jo kisi senior ki copy se cuttings lgare wo aram se usi k content ko copy past kr skte
baki me aek sample cutting ki pic or uske content ki pic b post kr ra
B-FIELD VISITS
isme mainly apne field visit ka data likhna hota
Performas bney hue apki copy pe
Humne tw seniors ki copy wala data hi copy paste krlia ta
Ni tw ap ne khud field visit kie and usme jo jo deikha usk acc fill krlijiye ga
Usk ilawa mall se around 200 rupees ki pictures milti hein
wo relevant field trip k performa k sath left pe lgani hoti
Birth chart lgana hota jo apko field trips k wqt apko milna JHL k visit pe
C-HOUSE HOLD SURVEY PERFORMAS
Isme b apne apne field trip pe jo housesvisit krte
usk acc forms fill krne hotey
and end pe wo jo apko Library k visit pe jo tables wgera bnatey wo sb print krwa k lgane hotey
or mall se b miljata survery k tables wgera since hum se usually wo pages gum jatey or hum bother ni
krtey library wala print krane ko 😂
D-ASSIGNMENT
last pe assignments likhni hoti
usme usually end pe kisi senior ki copy se hi copy paste kr k 15-20 assignments likh leite
Me iski bhi pictures post kr ra ap deikh k beshak woi likh li jiye ga


E-HEALTH EDUCATION TALK
isme ap urdu me copy k last 1,2 page chor k likhte hein
Me iski bhi pictures post kr ra ap deikh k beshak woi likh li jiye ga
F-POSTER BROCHURE
ye apne copy k last 1,2 pages pe lgana hota
isme apne poster/brochure ka print out lgana hota and usme jo incharge hotey unse sign krwane hotey
As you all can see k its a bit complicated
But trust me mene jitna simplify kr k btadia itna hume b ni pta ta 😂
Me index ki picture b post kr ra is post k sath so apko different sections ka idea hojaye
usk ilawa
Me apni puri copy ki pictures post kr ra huuu different sections ko individually
Me pehle btara k usme mistakes hoskti and mene lines kha kha k b likha hoga 😅😂
But apko inshaAllah helpful hoga
F-THEORY and MARKS DIVISION
around 40-50 marks practical work k hotey hein in proff viva ospe portion
Written me theory 135 marks (65 mcqz and 5 marks k 14 seqz-70)ki hoti he
and viva ospe me 70marks k two vivaz (35 plus 35) and 40 marks ki ospe and 40 marks for practical
work(field trips, research , presentation etc)
Honestly speaking mene Cmed itni hi parhi ti k aram se pass hojayuu
So meri guideline distinction level wali ni hogiii
it would be enough to pass achey se inshaAllah
we focused on the other three subjects
So if apne bot acha prhna tw you can ask eisha etc
inshaAllah they will guide you park k topics wgera ka b


BOOKS?
1-Excel
2-PARK
hum mostly boys ne tw excel hi ki ti to be honest sara saaal
And proff k written k sb seqz b excel se horey te alhamdulilah
but yes mcqz park se tey zadaa
but ap aram se pass hoskte te excel se
As i have already said if apne bot acha prhna and distinction leini tw just meri guideline pe na
rahiye ga
AIMC CMED DEPARTMENT
They all are very nicee
all the tutorial teachers are always there to help youu
There will be two tests , two terms and a sendup
Even proff me they give you confidence
i remember Jis day hmara viva ta
DR Naeem jarey te
we greeted him
Even he said to us k “books chordoo
Be confident
You all are iqbalians
tum logo ki aek class hey
no body is going to fail today”
And its famous k community wale proff k viva me bot marks deite and kisi ko fail ni krteyyyy

Afaq Naeem 156 Community Medicine-TOS
Type to enter a caption.

Afaq Naeem 157 Community Medicine-TOS
Type to enter a caption.

Afaq Naeem 158 Community Medicine
1-BASIC DEFINITION
Bohat hi easy chapter and just concept and definition karni and selective karna hey(jo me btara bs
woi karna)
1-Program and its types (seq)
2-Community diagnosis(def),Concept of disease control(definition sb ki),Epidemiological triad(imp)
and incubation period tk karna )
3-Agent factors me mainly headings karni just
4-Levels of prevention and levels of intervention(vvvvv.imp seq)
5-WHO k functions
Baki chapter ap chor sakte
2-Concept of disease & Health

This chapter is important and almost sara karna hey
First page pe mainly definations karni
1-Spectrum of diseasee and Iceberg of Disease (seq)
2-Determinants and dimensions of health me mainly headings karni bs
3-Indicators of health (imp)
4-PQLI and HDI(seq)
5-Millennium goals me just goals krne hein and indicators bilkul nahi karne (seq)

3-Primary Health care

This topic is imp and there will be 3 mcqz and 1 seq from this topic in your proffs
1-Defination,elements & principles of PHC (imp seq-came in our proff)
2-Health for all ko just aek nazar deikhlijiye ga
3-Health planning cycle and 5 star doctor (imp)
4-Usk bad BHU and RHC me apne just services,staff,building and unka difference karna hey (v.imp)
Usk ilawa baki beshak chordeina ya aek nazar deikhleina.
5-Duties of LHV And LHW parhni
6-Selective versus comprehensive health care me GOBI-FFF(imp)
4-BIostatistics
Jis chapter is very imp and there will be 1 seq and 4 mcqz from this topic in your proff(9 marks)
Is chapter se usually calculation ka question ata hey
atleast 1 ospe station b is chapter se ata and proff k viva k lie important topic hey
Start wale 4-5 pages (introduction se lekr scattered diagram tk mainly ospe or mcqz k lie hein so
apne concept leina hey just and unpe zada time waste ni karna
2-Measures of central tendency and dispersion se aksar question ajata (mainly calculate kr k
deina hota and kafi easy hota)
3-Chi square test(vvvv.imp , isme b usually calculation ka question ata hey and iska concept
thora mushkil hey , ap park se b is topic ko deikhlijiye ga if smjh na aye)

4-Test of significance (ye usually bchay park se krte tey)

5-Life table (read only)
6-Normal distribution Curve (vvvvvv.imp
Is ko bot achey prepare krna hey
Park page 886 se b prhlijiye ga isey
Aksar positive and negatively skewed curves ka question ajata
usme if mean>mode (Curve is positive
ly skewed) If mode>Mean(Negatively skewed).Is se related calculations b asktin so if apko curve ka
achey se concept hoga tw ap har trh ki calculation kr skte
7-Hypothesis and its types(imp)
5-Epidemiology
There will be one seq and 5 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (10 Marks)
this chapter is very important for written/viva/Research and Ospe etc
Start wale pages k formulas ospe k lie bot important hein and hmari proff ki ospe me three stations ini
formulas se tey
Case control and cohert studies are super imp (70% question ini topics me se ata)
Usk ilawa blinding and investigating a case of epidemics is very imp too
in short apne pura chapter prhna hey
Observational and experimental studies ki mainly headings krli jiye ga beshak just
Proff me aksar time ni hota tw ap is chapter ko end pe rkhtey
like mene proff me is chapter k lie last me one hour rakha ta just and usme most imp topics krlie te just
since isme kuch hi topics se har saal question ata

1-Def,Components,Uses of Epidemiology(seq)
2-Approach,measures & tools ko just read krna for concept
3-Measures of mortality me usually calculation ka question ata(Case fatality date and
standardized mortality ratio are veryy very imp)
4-Measures of morbidity me Incidence,prevalence and secondary attack rate ki calculation se
usually ospe station and seq ajata
5-Observational Studies me mainly definations and headings karni hein and baki aek nazar
prhli jiye ga
6-Case Control and cohert studies (vvvvvvv.imp-Complete, isme mainly calculations ,
advantages, disadvantages and differences ka question ata)
7-Expermental ko just aek nazar read karna for mcqz (seqs ni ata isme se)
8-Blinding and its types(vvvv.imp)
9-Association ko achey se prhna
Criteria for judging Causality(v.imp seq)
10-Web of causation and types of epidemics(imp)
11-Basic step of epidemic investigation(vvvv.imp)
12-Bias ko b read karna and us se next two pages ap chor skte

6-Immunology
There will be one seq and 5 mcqz from dis chapter in your proffs(10 Marks)
Very imp chapter
ye chapter at times apk diseases wale topic ka seq b cover krleita hey jisme aksar EPI vaccine
schedule poocha hota
Ospe me b usually one station is chapter se hotaa
First two pages woi third year ki pathology hey and baki almost sara chapter karna hey
Immunizing agents ko mcqz k lie prhna
Some common vaccines ko b read krna and jo seqs btara wo yad krne
Cold chain,VVM,EPI schedule ka table and adverse effects of vaccines are very imp
Imp seqs
1-HERD Immunity(imp-Def)
2-Cold Chain and cold chain Equipments(v.imp-seq)
3-Vaccine Vial monitor (imp)
4-EPI Schedule (iska table ana chahie mainly-Table is very very very imp)
5-Hazards of immunization and jin vaccines k adverse effects die hue(imp)
6-Tetanus toxoid and tetanus vaccine in females (v.imp)
7-Polio vaccine schedule and causes of failure of polio eradication in pakistan (imp)
8-Post exposure prophylaxus of tetanus and Hepatitis(imp)
9-Immunization recommended for people traveling for hajj (imp)

7-SCREENING & Sampling

this chap is important too
Usually is chapter me se b seq ajata and viva and ospe k lie b important
Whole chapter is important
Imp seqs
1-Screening( Def? Aims? Uses? Types?)
2-Criteria for screening? Types of variations ?
3-Validity (vvvv.imp- Isme sensitivity,specificity , predictive values, False positives and negatives
-in sb k apko definatilons and formula bot achey se ane chahie and aksar calculation ka question
ajata )
4-Types of probability sampling (v.imp-Aksar poochleite k konsi sampling use hui scenario me and
usko define krne ka kehdeite and calculation bhi poochleite )
Advantages and disadvantages of probability sampling?
5-Non probability sampling (Def?Types? Advantages and disadvantages?)
6-Sampling error (imp)
8-Communication in health Education

This is an important chapter too
There will be one seq and one mcq from dis chapter (6 marks)
Is chapter ki achi baat ye k its like pak studies ka chapter

apne mainly headings yad krni justt

and har topic aek seq heyy
Jis trh pak studies me krte te k headings and neeche khud se
apko khud andaza hoga k ap writer se zada acha likh skte apni trf se
Ubi first time brief sa content bhi prhlijiye ga headings k sath
proff me headings b enough hongi
i did dat chap in 20 minutes in proffs end pe rkh k lol 😂
Purey chapter ki headings are important
IMP SEQS
1-Define communication? Components ? channels of communication? (imp-is topic ki detail b
prhni)
2-Shannon weaver communication model ? Types of communication (v.imp-was Asked in our
proffs-Details bhi prhni
3-Methods in health communication (imp-Mainly headings and if kisi cheiz ka na pta ho tw
details )
4-Barriers of communication (vvv.imp)
5-Define health education ? Functions of health communication (headings mainly)
6-Stages of health education (imp)
7-Contents of health education (headings)
8-Models of health education (imp)
9-Principles of health education (vv.imp-Headings)
10-D/w Health education and propaganda (imp)

9-School Health Services

Imp topic- Complete karna
Ocassionally seq ajata plus imp for mcqz (usally 3-4 mcqs are asked from dis chapter) and
viva too
Its a very easy topic
No need to cram it
Just read it like a news paper and headings mind me bitha li jiye ga or brief sa content
Imp seqs
1-Define school health services? Aims?
2-Aspect of school health services (imp-isme periodic exam pe question ajata hota and ye b
poochleite hote k healthful school environment kesa hona chahie )
3-Duties of school medical officer(imp)
4-Types of desks (vvvvv.imp)
5-School health problems and immunization done at school
10-Family planning
Ye chapter usually reproductive health wale chapter k sath consider hota hey and dono topics se mila k 6 mcqz and 1 seq atey
hein
But mostly seq is from reproductive health wala chapter and is chapter se usually 1-2 mcqs atey hein but at times seq b ajata
Not dat imp for viva though

But dis chapter is imp for your proff ospe and usually 1 station ajata from dis chapter
HOW TO PREPARE?
Almost sara chapter apne read karna hey
Cramming ki zrurat ni
Basic cheizein hein
Reading kr k basic idea lelijiye ga and you can write in your own words
First page apne read karna and then cafeteria choice and classification ko memorize krna and
barrier methods arent dat imp for seqs and unko b just read karna
IUCD are very imp for Ospe and seq, Orall pills are also imp for ospe and seq ,Depot
formulations and post contraceptive methods ko b just read, Miscellaneous and natural methods
me just calender method is imp and baki just concept leina ,Terminal methods are very imp ,
Health aspects wale topic ko b just read ,evaluation of contraceptive method is important
IMP SEQS
1-Cafeteria choice ? Classification of contraceptive methods?
2-IUCD (imp-Mechanism? Advantages ? Contraindication? Side Effects ?
3-Oral contraceptive pills (imp-Classification? Mechanism? Schedule? Use of iron pills?
Disadvantages (ye bot imp and disadvantages/side effects excel pe itne achey ni likhey hue and
google kr lijiye ga ), Uses (imp)
4-Terminal Methods (vv.imp)
5-Calender method of contraception? Pearl index (usually calculation ati isme)

11-Demography
This chap is one of the most imp chapters of community medicine
There will be 1 seq and 3 mcqs from this chapter in your proffs (8 marks)
Very imp chapter for viva and ospe too
HOW TO PREPARE
Almost sara chapter karna heyy
And formulas bot achey se karne hey since calculations kafi atin hein mcqz/Seqs and ospe
stations me from dis chapter
IMP SEQS
1-Calculate Doubling time and growth rate (v.imp). Growth rate ka formula vague sa dia hua so
apne calculation karte wqt usey population se divide and 100 se multiply zroor karna hey and tbhi
jaa k growth rate nikley ga(google se aek bar check krlijiye ga )
2-Determinants of fertility (imp) ? Causes of high fertility and how infant mortality affects
fertility?
3-Jo basic fertility measues usme se b calculations ajati aksar.
4-Population pyramid (vvvv.imp-Define ? Types ? and uses ?
Is ka bot acha concept hona chahie apko
5-Calculate dependency ratio and sex ratio , Virtual index (v.imp)
6-Demographic Transition? Stages of demographic cycle (v.imp)
7-Population momentum (imp-came in our proff and isko google kr k iski definiton achi si bna li
jiye ga ku k excel me proper definition ni di hui)

12-Reproductive health
There will be one seq and 5-6 mcqs from this topic
Imp topic for viva and Ospe too
HOW TO PREPARE
Almost sara chp imp hey
Excel pe almost sara hi read karna hota hey unless if me kahu k ap kuch chor sktey
and jo seq hon wo yad karne hotey and baki mcqs k lie read like a newspaper
IMP SEQS
1-Define maternal health.Maternal morbidity and mortality ki sb definitions and formula are imp
2-Causes of maternal mortality and measures to reduce MMR (imp)
3-High risk approach in pregnancy (v.imp)
4-Antenatal care (imp-Objectives? Components-ye sb achey se prhna hey and they can ask routine
visits, minimum visits ? or indirect questions like aek pregnant woman ayi hey tw ap usko kia advice
dein ge konse tests krwayein ge etc
5-Intranatal care (imp- Define? d/w domiciliary and institutional care
6-Care of the new born (imp). LBW (define ? Prevention and treatment ?
7-Growth chart (imp- define? uses? Pitfalls? )
8-Care of under fives (imp)
9-Breast feeding (advantages ? Contraindications ? What do you know about weaning (vvv.imp)
10-Indicators of MCH care(vvvvvv.imp- ye sb formulas apki finger tips pe hone chahie
seq mcqs and ospe sb me ye bot pooche jatey
usk ilawa causes of Infant mortality ? (imp) ,measures to reduce IMR (imp)
11-Safe motherhood(v.imp -WHO strategies?)

It is an imp topic too

13-Nutrition
There will be 1 seq and 5 mcqs from this topic in proff (10 marks)
Imp topic for viva and ospee too
HOW TO STUDY
Nutrition is a very extensive chapter
But its very easyyy and its one of those chapter jisko bs simple read kr k concept bna k ap apne words
me likh skte aram se
Proff me it will be better k ap isko last night pe rakho since tb ye topic speed me bot jldi prepare hoskta
Is topic k end pe excel pe jo tables die hue they are very important and potential seqs
Jo first few pages hein (adulteration of food se pehley tk ) wo sb just mcqs k lie read karna mostly
Caloric requirement, food caloric values and daily requirements achey se karni hein yad since kafi
mcqs ajatey usme se
Adulteration of food se lekr preservation of food se pehle tk achey se prhna
and then jo meat,meat borne diseases wala topic wo simple read ya ap proff me chor b skte
Milk wala topic is imp and usk bad assessment of nutrition status se lekr end tk pura chapter is
important
End pe jo vitamins wala table usme vitamin A,D,K and B12 are imp
and minerals me se Calcium,iron and iodine are imp
Proff/sendups me if apk pas time kum ho tw ap just end wale tables karein and usk bad mere btaye hue
imp seqs and calorie requirement and values

IMP SEQS
1-Dietery fibers (imp-Daily requirement ? beneficial effects on body?) Balanced diet ?
2-D/w food fortification and adulteration (imp)
3-How to humanize cow milk ? sources of adulteration of milk (imp)? Methods to render milk safe
(imp)
4-Assessment of nutritional status (v.imp)
5-Protein energy malnutrition (vvvv.imp)
Iska usually clinical scenario hoga and apne condition identify kr k related questions ka answer krna
hoga
(Etiological factors? Gomez classification?
D/w kwashiorkor and marasmus? Prevention (vvvvv.imp)
Is chapter me koi b disease /vitamin /mineral deficiency ki prevention aye tw apne same 4 headings
bnaleini
like improvise karna ana chahie
A-Health promotion me ap patient education,family planning etc likhdijiye ga , B-Specific protection
me food fortification etc and then C-Early diagnosis and prompt treatment, D-Rehab-jisme follow up
wgera
6-Nutritional anemia (vvvv.imp- Cutoff ? Management?)
7-Investigating a case of food poisoning (imp- iski just headings kr k apne words me likh sktey
8-Prevention and control of food poisoning (imp- ye b mainly headings )
9-Vitamin A/D/Calcium/Iron/Iodine (imp-Daily requirement ? Sources? Prevention of disease caused
by their deficiency?)
10-D/w cholera and food poisoning ?
11-D/w Food toxemia and food infection

14-Occupational Health
There will be one seq and 4 mcqs from this chapter (9 marks )
imp chapter as only few pages will guarantee you 9 marks
First page read karna
Occupational health ki definition and functions yad krne
Ergonomics and sickness absenteeism are imp
Occupational diseases read krni
Pneumoconiasis is very imp
Agey sara chapter is very imp and potential seqs
IMP SEQS
1-Define occupational health ? its Functions? What do you know about ergonomics and sick
absenteeism?
2-Pneumoconiosis (vvvv..imp-Usually isme uno ne scenario dia hota and they ask you to
diagnose, tell agent and write management plan/Prevention
Koi b disease ho usme apne management plan k sarey steps likhne (medical measures,
Engineering measures and legislative measures )
3-Measures for general health promotion and protection of workers ? Occupational Hazards ?
4-Lead poisoning (vvvv.imp-Clinical picture ? Investigations ? Prevention?(same steps) ,
management ?)

15-Disaster management
there will be one seq and 1 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (6 marks )
imp chp-Only 5-6 pages will guarantee you 6 marks
Very easy chapter
Usually no ospe station from dis chapter
Imp for viva
HOW TO STUDY
Almost complete chapter karnaa
Mainly headings hein and baki ap read kr k khud se bhi likh skteyyy
Last two pages only read
IMP SEQ
1-Define disaster ? Types of disaster ?
2-Steps in Disaster management (imp-isme predisaster ,during disaster and post disaster management
ki headings ajayein gi)
wo apse thora specify kr k b pooch skte k flood ya earth quake ko kese manage krein gey
3-Steps of Predisaster management ? What do you about disaster preparedness ? Disaster mitigation?
4-Disaster response ? Triage ?(vvv.imp)
5-Post disaster management (vvvvvv.imp-They may ask dis question as disaster relief phase /
Responsibility of health authority in recovery phase / Measures to prevent health problems in disaster
affected people)
6-Reasons for increased transmission of communicable diseases after disaster ? Measures in flood
disaster ?

16-Hospital Waste management

dis chapter isnt dat important
Brief sa read krlijiye ga
TOCS k acc there will be no seq from dis chapter
mcqs k lie read krna heyy
And proff me you can leave dis chapter if time kum ho ya half hour me jldi se
krlijiye ga aek nazar
Possible seqs
1-Types of waste ? Hazards of health care waste
2-Enumerate steps in waste management
(mcqs ajatey hotey about colour codings and containers and mcqs me they will ask k
specific waste type ko kis trh dispose krna )
17-non communicable diseases

Usually two questions hotey hein diseases wale chapters se (communicable and non communicable diseases )
And mostly both questions are from communicable diseases
Good thing about these chapters is k ap patho k knowledge pe kuch na kuch improvise kr sktey hein
As i told you at the start of the year , dat i wasnt able to study Cmed dat well nor it was my priority subject so
meri Cmed ki guideline apko inshaAllah pass krwa dein gi aram se
but if ap bot acha /distinction score krna chahte tw dat wont be enough

HOW TO STUDY?
Is chapter me seqs me mainly they will ask about preventions
Accidents .Coronary heart disease, Diabetis , Hypertension ,Obesity , Rheumatoc heart
disease and Snake bite are imp
Ye sara kuch apne kisi na kisi stage pe prha hua so mainly preventions pe focus kijiye ga
And prevention b chapter prh k apki orientation bn jaye gi k ap kisi b disease ki
prevention khud se improvise kr skte
Honestly speaking me ye chapter proff me chor k gya ta 😂
IMP SEQS
1-Accidents (Prevention?) How can you prevent blindness ?
2-Cancers (prevention ? Screening of breast cancer (asked in sendups)?)
3-Coronary heart diseases (risk factors ?Prevention?
4-Prevention of diabetes and HTN ?
5-Calculation of BMI? Classification on basis of BMI?Hazards of obesity ?
6-Rheumatic heart disease (Who criteria ? Risk factors ?)
7-Snake bite (vvvv.imp-complete )

18-Mental Health
Usually dis chapter is considered with social and behavioural sciences wala chapter
and there will be one mcqs and one seq from these two chapters
Mental Health wala chapter is very important and very easyy
will hardly take 2-3 hours
Prepare complete chapter from Excel
IMP SEQS
1-Define ? Classification of mental illness ? Etiology of mental illness?
2-Crucial points in life cycle ? Characteristics of mentally healthy person (imp) Warning signs
of poor mental health
3-Common mental health problems in pakistan ? Prevention?
4-Define Delusion? illusion ? Drug addiction ? Drug habit ? Drug abuse ? Drug dependence ?
5-Enlist dependence producing drugs ? Factors associated with high drug abuse ? symptoms
of drug addiction? Prevention and treatment (v.imp)
6-Alcohol (imp-Causes ? Related psychosocial and health issues ? Prevention and
managememt ?)
7-Tobacco smoking (imp-Chemical constituents ? Related health problems ? Tobacco
dependence syndrome ? WHO recommendations to combat tobacco smoking ?

19-Social & behavioural sciences

unimp chapter
ap beyshak is chapter me just Family and uski types krli jiye ga
honestly didnt happen to experience any mcqs seqs from dis chapter anywhere
But those who wanna score high should give whole chapter a read
20-IMNCI
dis chapter is important
Like excel chotu si book tw uspe usually important stuff hi hota 🙈
Situition of women and children in pakistan chordijiye ga
baki almost sb read karna
IMP SEQS
1-IMNCI ? Its components and advantages?
2-Diarhea (Imp-Management ? D/w ORS and ORT? Component of ORS?
3-Acute respiratory Infections (imp-Criteria of fast breathing ? classification ?
Management ? Tables of diagnostic signs and Treatment of ARI are very imp)

21-environment
there will be one seq and 5 mcqs from dis chapter in your proffs (10 marks )
Imp chapter for written and ospe
HOW TO STUDY
Honestly speaking mene ye chapter sendups k bad first time prepare kia ta
since is ki koi clinical significance ni hein
And apko prh k feel hoga k yawr hume ye sb ku prha rey
Fazool and basic sa chapter
jitna lengthy utna simple and easy
mene ye chapter selective kia taaa
ap selective bhi kr skte but jink pas time hey and wo acha score krna chahte wo complete kijiye ga
A-WATER
Topics you can leave -Cone of filtration ,Slow sand and rapid sand filtration ka just mene chapter k end
wala table kia ta , Horrocks apparatus ki just definition ,Double pot (ni karna ) ,surveillance of drinking
water
Baki topics read krlijiye ga
IMP SEQS
1-Classification of water ? Criteria for quality of water? WhO standards for safe water supply?
2-Purification of water on large scale ? (v.imp).
3-Chlorination( vv.imp-complete )
4-Purification of water on small scale ?(imp)
5-Steps in well disinfection (imp)
6-Health hazards associated with swimming pool (v.imp) , Sanitary measures ?
7-Water related diseases (complete -vvvv.imp)

B-AIR
Air almost sara read krna
Sampling and inspection mene read ni kia ta
Soil ,nitrogen and carbon cycle b mene ni prha ta
Imp seqs
8-Causes of air pollution ?(imp).Effects of air pollution/health hazards (imp)
9-Global warming (complete )
10-Purification of air (v.imp-complete )
Ink ilawa
Housing me criteria for healthful housing , housing standards & effects of poor housing read
karna
Hazards of multistoried building and places of temporary chor skte
Hazards of overcrowding (imp)
acceptable noise level (imp for mcqs)
Effects of noise exposure and control (imp)
Climate mene chordia ta sara
Effects of heat stress (v.imp) and cold stress (imp)
Humidity , rainfall sunshine ye sb chor skte
Methods of refuse disposal (imp)
Methods of excreta disposal (imp-mainly headings)
End wali definitions are imp

Dis chap is important

22-Radiation
Considered with environmental wala chap
And there will be 1 seqs and 6 mcqs from these two chapters in your proff
Imp for seqs and Viva
Prepare complete chapter from excel
IMP SEQS
Radiation (Types ? Biological effects?(v.imp) , Uses? Prevention ?(vvvvv.imp)
23-Medical parasitology
Is chapter ki sari batein ap kisi na kisi stage pe pehle prh k aye hue hein
Obviously they dont gonna ask you about pathogenesis or morphology or biochemical tests here
Yahan pe bs micro ki knowledge pe diagnose karna hoga and prevention likhni hogi
So ap khud se prevention k points bnali jiye gaa
like jo fecooral route se transfer hoti unki aek scheme bnaleina
Jo skin penetration se hotin unki prevention ki aek scheme bnaleina
one to two hours me first time me isey compile krleina
mene ye chapter sendups proffs me prha bhi ni ta since khud ap improvise kr skte
Aek dafa prhlijiye ga ubii
Mcqs ajatey and seq b askta

24-CommuniCable diseases
honestly speaking proff me diseases k two chapters or kafi extensive course se just 1 seq ata or
may be 2 seqs askte and wo b ap pathology ki knowledge se kuch na kuch likhleite
But ink barey me jitna knowledge apko chahie wo ap medicine and paeds final year me bot achey
way se prhlo gey jahan apki excel/park se bot acha likha hua and jo knowledge apko honi chahie
like kese diagnose krna ,treatment and prevention wo sb final year me hey
I am so so so sorry k me year k end pe aakr ub is topic ki post kr ra
Truth is k mene khud isko kbi sae se prepare kia hi ni ta
Mcqs thorey bot patho pe hjate thorey bot ghalat hojatey
Questions ap isk thora bot first two chapters se pattern deikhleite k kese attempt krna
Jese Primary prevention secondary tertiary
Sb diseases ki prevention me health education , improve quality of life and diet ,seminars , early
diagnosis ,vaccine , rehab jesi headings pe improvise kr skte
phr usk transmission source ko rokne k thore se points bna leite
and them immunology waley chapter me apne vaccines prhin hui mostly topics ki
Wahan se vaccine likhdein
EPI wali koi b disease ati tw uski vaccine ap likh sktey aram se
Tetanus hepatitis k prophylaxis apne us chapter me read kie hue
Its all about interlinking all the available knowledge and improvising
so if apne ye topic ni kia huaa
you dont need to worry at all
and dont panic about about it


14 seqs hein
Exam me aksar tw wese hi 1 seq time kum
hone ki waja se drop hojata lol 😂
Sooo have a chill pill
Have been receiving tons of texts for its guideline lately
Meri to honestly speaking Cmed khas priority hi ni ti
Khudi attempt ho hu gya ta
dengue aya taa
prevention likhni ti
khudi likh li ti k mosquito repellent dis and dat
Ub jo baat me btane jara hu wo sb se important hey
Apne hmesha aek subject ko uski nature k acc prhna hota
apko yad hoga mene Anatomy me apko structures pe emphasize krwaya ta, physio me apko functioning pe stress
krwaya , patho me ma hmesha morphologies and pathogenesis ka kehta ra & ENT and Eye me apko hmesha
investigations and Treatment ka bolun gaa
Isi trh Community me hmesha question apka Prevention and Control ka hoga
so apne kiaa seekha ubi tk?
K community me jb ap disease prhein tw apne baki sb just mcqz k lie prhna hey
And control , Prevention, mode of transmission and vaccinations achey se prepare krni
Wot if koi disease ajaye jiska apne kuch ni prha hua Cmed me
Suppose Typhoid
And uska control poocha hua
Tw ap khud se likh skte
apne patho me prha hua k water se spread krskta so sb woi measures likhdein like cooking food properly, drink hygienic
water and improve sanitation etc
End pe har disease me health education likhdein
Awareness seminar ka btadein etc
Vaccinations krwa dein random

Dengue agyaa
Mosquito control k bare me likhdein like mosquito repellents, Evening me bahir jane se
prohibit krdein, insecticides spray krwa dein , awareness kradein
Like question attempt hogya na ?
So smartly chalna hey 😏
Sb diseases ko isi pattern pe prhna
so if ub proff after few days and apne ubi tk is topic ko ni prepare kia
Wot to do ?
Past papers wali imp diseases krlein just
me imp diseases ki list b share kr ra
Hmesha most recent and prevalent disease ati ti
hmari bar dengue bot spread hua ta wo agya ta
apko shaed corona ki prevention ajaye
Imp topics
1-Corona Virus 2-Chicken pox 3-cholera
4-malaria 5-dengue 6-diphtheria
7-measles 8-mumps 9-polio
10-rabies 11-scabies 12-tetanus
13-TB 14-hepatitis 15-typhoid

Afaq Naeem 183 Viva & Practical Exam
Format Of Viva & Practical Exam

(for guideline of viva & Ospe exam-Do listen to my voice notes
-InshaAllah it will help alot)
Afaq Naeem 184 Viva & Practical Exam

Afaq Naeem 1 Special Pathology
Afaq Naeem 186
4th Year-The End Game

(pReparatory Plan for proff )
Clock is ticking...
17 days to goo..
The number game has begun
And for each wasted evening you may have to burn midnight oil for its compensation..
OMG
We are back to square oneee
After academically unhappening session-The toil may be hard to endure and pressure is reaal..
Special Pathology-The Giant has started to haunt us already
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY-2 Days to prepare all ENT ? 🙄
COMMUNITY MEDICINE ? We havent prepared it properly and how will we solve mcqs ?
EYE ? Dis exam perplexes us most
How are we suppose to prepare it with two vacations ? 🥺
PRACTICALS VIVA ? OH NOO , have literally no idea about them ☹
Anyhoww these were the questions dat were repeatedly asked and like always i thought its high timee
to write one finaal post for your annual Fourth year Written proff
I will try to help you guys by providing baseline preparatory plan for each of your written exam and
will put forward some backup plans so we can eliminate the threat of failure and ensure maximum

Afaq Naeem 187 4th Year-End Game

some of you are concerned dat you people are not able to retain course well?
Actually our brain has limited capacity and as we keep feeding new information its natural dat the
things we studied few days back will start fading awayyy
But you people have the basic concept and inshAllah you will be able to attempt most of your exam
in much better way
Now i am going to discuss subject wise preparatory plan
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY
I will advice k ap 17 se 18 days rkhein for patho coz its your first exam and most of you have
abandoned it since your sendups
If any other of your subject is compromised then it will be smart to leave one topic of patho and
allocate 14-15 days for patho and ensuring you manage to get through all exams without much
distress
Last 3 days must be allocated for revision even if you have to skip one topic
Skipping or doing only past papers for one or two topics wont hurt dat much as it will be 135 marks
exam but not being able to retain coz of lack of revision can hurt you badly
You can leave blood if kuch chorna ho since lots of syllabus but only ten marks
And CNS and CVS ko selective kr skte
i will advise k baki topics complete ane chahie
Sb se phle wo topics krein jo apko sb se weak atey and end pe unko rkhein jo sb se achey atey coz
end pe ap start wale topics hi revise krein gey
3 Days GIT & Liver
4 Days Male,Female, Breast & Endo
3 Days Blood & CVS
4 Days Kidney, musculoskeletal, CNS and Respiration
3 days revision
17 days plan


What to revise in last three days ?
In last three days you revise only imp questions(given in pdf /past papers) coz revision is basically for
seqs
Mcqs can be easily attempted even if you have read topics ten days back
I will advice you adopt “MOMENTUM CONSERVATION and READY TO GO” approach for patho in
which you will ensure atleast 7 hours sleep daily till your patho exam and will keep your energy and
sleep stores fully repleted to face the upcoming ENT and EYE challange
2-OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
isko bari detail me mene chapter wise har region k end pe apk pdfs me btaya hua heyyy
If you ask me
I will suggest k you start nose first day pe and try to complete it by lunch of your day 2 (isme ap pdf me
details deikhlijiye ga kia cheizein ap proff me chor skte and konse chapter ko kis trh krna and then you
start EAR and prepare chp 8,10,11,13,14,15 and 18 by the end of your day 2
So when you go for sleep on day 2 you will have ensured your 5/9 seqs
DAY 3 - you adopt “ELIMINATE THE THREAT & GO for BIG “ approach
Now you start preparing selective topics
First of all you prepare all the imp topics of larynx (almost 2 seqs ) and then imp chapters of pharynx
like Tonsils and neck spaces
and last 4-5 hours for only imp seqs of remaining ear , oral cavity and osophagous
3-COMMUNITY MEDICINE
InshAllah it will be doable and you people should go for covering whole Cmed course
Communicable diseases and environment ko last pe 4-5 hours pe rkhiy ga and baki you should try to
prepare complete book
Chp 1,2,3,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,16,17,18,20,22,23
They should be covered first and will cover most of your high yield topics

4-EYE
Ummm dis exam can be distressing onee
But its totally doablee
“DAMAGE CONTROL Approach” should be adopted right from the start so dat your exam cant be
jeopradize
It will be very tough to cover whole course
Dats why i adviced you people to prepare it well before starting patho
Our target will be to cover max seqs
One day 1 -Try to prepare eyelid , orbit and optic nerve ( as i said damage control approach it means k apne
fazool topics ni prhne like eyelid k tumours ya Inflammatory orbital disease etc)
you will be done with 3 seqs on day 1 inshAllah
Day 2-Go for retina , lens , strabismus and Vitrous (you will be done with around 6-7/9 seqs)
Now some of you will think k yawr just 7 chapters hue and 9-10 chapter tw rhte
but it wont be like dat
Actual me you will have covered atleast 2/3 of your syllabus
Now on day three after ensuring 6-7 seqs
we will go for selective seqs
it will be naive to go for complete conjunctiva and cornea and leaving all other chapters
start with chotey chotey chapter and prepare only imp seqs given in pdf like three topics from injuries , halka
sa errors wala chapter read , two three topics from lacrimal, only three topics from uvea is trh se
You can leave sclera,pupil
and glaucoma ko two hours me blkl brief sa jese mere notes me te
Primary open angle , acute angle closure and infantile glaucoma lazmi prh k jana hey
Conjunctiva ko ap fajjar k bad rkhlein 2-3 hours me
And cornea ko dinner k bad 3 hours
InshAllah sb manage hojaye ga aram se

InshAllah sb manage hojaye ga aram se

You people trust me.Dont you?
did it ever happen dat i said something and it turned out to be misguiding ?No?
So believe me
inshAllah you all will do great
E-VIVA PRACTICALS
4th year viva practical will be the easiest one you ever came across
They will be like private colleges k viva practical
No one fails
And achey marks
Ospes are from your course
No need to prepare extra shitty stuff like pharma ki copy ya urine/ stool examination etc
sari ospe apk syllabus se hogi and bs identification k lie pics and thora data deikhna prey ga
eye and ENT ki ospe blkl apk ward test ki trhh
And our internals are awesome
no one fails
InshAllah aram se hjata
me inshAllah jese jese Allah himmat deita apk written finish hone tk ye four posts krdu ga and then my job for
fourth year guidelines will be over inshAllah
ONE MOST IMP THING
har exam se phle apne last two three years ki mcqs keys lazmi deikh k jani hein
Lazmiii
me b ni deikh k jata ta and i paid for it
20-30% mcqs of ENT patho and Cmed were from last year ki keys
and shitty mcqs mosty woi purane hotey jo jtna marzi concept lgalo ni are hote
hafiz bilal ki first aid book me wo keys di hotin i guess

Afaq Naeem 191 TIPS FOR EFFICIENT

LEARNING
HOW TO BECOME AM EFFICIENT
LEARNER
1-PAST PAPERS
Ap jo b topic start krein sb s pehley usk PAST PAPERS open krein (plus imp
questions dat i used to post )n apni book pe wo topicz mark krlein ya alag s
likhlein (coz past papers s apkey exam ka ka part ajata mostly
phir jb wo topic prhein tw mainly wo questions prepare krein n baki sb ko general
read dedein-you dont need to waste your time on unimp fazool topicz by
cramming them A to Z (simply go through those topics for mcqz point ov view n
understanding
2-Study with Reasons
Try to study with reasons like har cause or effect ko reason nd krein
Exams me distinctions or medals uni k atey jo proo e krte k they are differen
End pe woi boooks sb ne parhi hotin hei
Difference isi baat ka hota k kis bachay ko kitna concep
viva me har question ka answer deina matter ni kart
Matter ye karta k k atleast one two answers aise dedein k examiner ko con rm
hojaye k isne bot depth me prha huaaa
)
fi
a
fi
)
fi
t

LEARNING
3-Signi cance of Ospe/Practical Portion
Ospe/practical portion is equally important to
Hum yahan written exams pe tw bot effort krte but ospez pe utni effort ni krte
Ospe ka one station drop honey se apk 4 marks jatey heinn or yei end pe ka kuch
determine krte
Ospez are very very important
4-Shortlisting
You must SHORTLIST topicz too (repititions n Fazool lines kat dein, dont try to remember
names ov scientists ,dates n experiments etc , introductions ,super cial facia like things ,
details ov branches of nerves arteries n stuff , aesi values jo apko lgein k proff me in sb ko
revise krna mushkil hoga wo sb bhi kat dein n at times complete page me imp material
thora sa hota so wo complete pages kat kr unki summary side pe likhtey jaya krein
5-Smart work
Aek or problem jo hum usually encounter krtey wo ye k ap jb aek topic krlete tw apki
satisfaction ni hori hoti n you think k ye tw ap bhool jao ge ya aesi terms ajatin t
kuch topic ko fazool me bar bar mind me revise kr rey hote n needless time waste krte
try not to do da
simply aek register sath rkhein n jo jo topic ya point apko confuse ya stressout kr ra ho
usper alag s likhtey jayein n then revise it at some other time like ap renal kr rey tw aese
points likhtey jayein n jb renal complete hojaye tw end pe uni points ko revise krlein
phr next topic k baad krlein ,aese sb confusing points long term memory me consolidate
hojayein ge
fi
y
fi
fi
y

LEARNING
6-PROPER SCHEDULE
you guys should have clear plan ov action about how to cover syllabus n try to
follow dat schedul
dont make needless ammendment
7-SELF ASSESSMEN
Try to study with STOPWATC
like koi b topic start krein tw turn on the stop watch n try not to use cell phone
during dat perio
iska bene t ye hoga k sometimes you study all day n at the end ov the day apka
kaam planning s kum hua hota
so it will encourage you dat you are trying your best plus it will give you rough
ideaaa about the time you ill be requiring to cover dat particular topic on exam da
TRY TO STUDY Atleast 8 hours these days (preproff days)n note down your daily
progress
8-Study with proper gaps
Try krein k continous 6-7 hours prh k fatigued honey ki bjaye short sessions
(3-4hours)me 9-10 hours prhein(preproff days
like Aek chapter complete kia tw usk bad namaz lunch ki break lel
phr aek topic complete kia tw namaz prhli n ghar walon k sath chaye pil
phr aek topic complete kia tw Koi tv show deikhliaaa ya walk/exercise/game krl
It keeps up your spirit high n ap refresh rehte

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LEARNING
9-Mental Health
Try to take sleeping shots ov 30-40 minutes, one to two times a day in between
study sessions ,spend some time with family , watch some season or show
before sleepin
all these things will help you to keep your mind fresh n will improve your ef cac
Trust mee if ap sb kuch chor k har wqt khud ko studies me indulge rkhein ge tw
your performance will fall graduall
coz your brain ill start working slo
n nally you ill burn out n apko one two days rest leni prey g
so daily 1-2 hourss khud ko refresh krne k lie nikalein
Mobile pe needless time waste krne ki bjaye these things will help you lot
10-SLEEP IS VERY IMPORTANT
Try to sleep around 6-7 hours at night n 1-2 hours in form ov naps during the
da
11:Healthy diet
Plus eat healthyyyyy tooo
Take multiple short meals coz heavy mealss cause laziness n sleepines
Try to make habbit ov eating 7-8 Badaams each day (i know it seems funny😂,
but they will improve your memory )
fi
y
fi
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Afaq Naeem 195

Few Advices/Stress Coping Strategies
1-Plz doosro ko depress na kia krein or na hi doosron ko deikh k depress hua krei
If someone is studying like 14 hours a day you shouldnt be bothered at al
Always remember k jo apka naseeb hey wo apk sath hey or jo apko milna hey wo
mil k rehna Hey and no body can stop you from achieving da
So aeek doosrey ki help krein and trust me apko life me different instances pe feel
hoga k Allah is helping you
2-Allah ne if two years apki help kr k apko yahan tk pohnchaya hey wo Allah ub b
apka sath ni chorey g
You just need to believe in yourself and believe in your prayer
Nothing can stop you from doing great agar Allah ne apka sath dia
And its never too late to pray
Always believe k Allah can do everything and Allah asks us k mjh se mango
And jb insan yaqeen se mangta tw Allah zroor deit
3-Always believe dat you can accomplish everythin
“YOU PEOPLE ARE NO LESS TO ANYONE
belief and con dence is the ke
Firm belief k apk naseeb me jo hey wo apko mil k rehna he
Always pray k “Allah me jo mehnat kr ra hu teri di hui himmat se kr ra hu and jo mile
ga tere karam se mile ga
since hm Allah ki help k bagair kuch b ni hein
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Afaq Naeem 196

Allah ne ap sb ko extraordinary abilities di huin hein and with hardness and
belief therez nothing you cant achiev
4-Effort kr k Allah pe chorna seekhei
Kbi b aesa mat sochein k agar aesa hogyaaa agar wesa hogyaa , ye na ho ye
ajaye ,ye na hoo wahan bhool jaye ,viva ma confuse na hojayu et
stop thinking on useless thing
you cant control
Always be con dent dat you are trying your best n Allahh will never let your
efforts go unrewarde
Jb ap yaqeen k sath matters Allah pe chorna start krdeite tw apko wahan
wahan se help milti jahan jahan se ap soch b ni sakt
Kia pta written me sb questions woi ajayein jo apko sb se achey atey ho
kia pta viva me ap se woi suna jaye jisk bare me apko sb se zada concept h
5-Yad rakhein k Uhs me hmesha woi fail hota hey jo give up krta heyy
Soo halaat jitne marzi khraaab hon apne give up ni karnaa blkay jitna possible
ho utna kr k Allah pe chor k exam me appear hona he
Believe me i have seen people jo 60% course prepare kr k b pass hue ve hein
fi

Afaq Naeem 197

6-Hmesha usi subject pe focus krein jiska exam ho
Like apne previous exam k barey me bilkul ni sochna k usme kia hua or na hi
agley exam ki ker krni k usme kese cover kru gaa
7-Once you are done with exams , matters Allah pe chordein
Or jo b result aye usko happily accept krei
Allah apko bless krey tw uska jitna shukar kr skte hein krein since hm usk
bagair kuch b nii
If unlucky rahein phir b sabar se kaaam lein since Allah kisi ki mehnat zaya ni
krtaaa or Allah at times apk
azma raha hota or uski azmaish pe utarne ka bot bara inaaa
hota
My father always says to me “Khoobi dikha k kheil me fatah o shikast bhool jao
I hope you people will do greaaat inshaAlla
May God bless you all
a
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i

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Guideline for 4th Year

Afaq Naeem 2 Table of Contents

1 Basic De nition 158

Why conceptual Study is Important?

Dis pdf is dedicated to Ibrahim 😍

Afaq Naeem 17 Table of Contents

OVERVIEW OF Special Pathology

Afaq Naeem 20 Special Pathology-Overview

Afaq Naeem 21 Special Pathology-Overview

Afaq Naeem 22 Special Pathology-Overview

Afaq Naeem 23 Special Pathology-Overview

AIMC PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT?

Afaq Naeem 24 Special Pathology-TOS

Afaq Naeem 26 Special Pathology-Respiration

Afaq Naeem 27 Special Pathology-Respiration

Afaq Naeem 28 Special Pathology-Gastroentology

Afaq Naeem 29 Special Pathology-Gastroentology

3-Squamous Cell Carcinoma Esophagous (Risk Factors)

Afaq Naeem 30 Special Pathology-Liver Pathology

3-Liver,Pancrease & Gall Bladder

Afaq Naeem 31 Special Pathology-Liver Pathology

Table of hepatitis viruses, figures of their clinical outcomes and morphology of

Afaq Naeem 32 Special Pathology-Endocrinology

Afaq Naeem 33 Special Pathology-Endocrinology

Afaq Naeem 34 Special Pathology-Nephrology

Afaq Naeem 35 Special Pathology-Nephrology

Afaq Naeem 36 Special Pathology-Nephrology

11-Types of nephrolithiasis with their prevalance?

Afaq Naeem 37 Special Pathology-Bones & Joints

Afaq Naeem 38 Special Pathology-Bones & Joints

Afaq Naeem 39 Special Pathology-Bones & Joints

Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis me differentiate krna b at times kafi mushkil

Afaq Naeem 40 Special Pathology-Male Repro

7-Male reproductive system &

Afaq Naeem 41 Special Pathology-Male Repro

Afaq Naeem 42 Special Pathology-Female Repro

8-Female Reproduction System

Afaq Naeem 43 Special Pathology-Female Repro

Afaq Naeem 44 Special Pathology-Breast Pathology

Afaq Naeem 45 Special Pathology-Breast Pathology

4-Risk factors of Breast Carcinoma (imp), Gene Mutations associated with CA

Afaq Naeem 46 Special Pathology-Heart &Vessels

Afaq Naeem 47 Special Pathology-Heart & Vessels

Myocardial Infarction (Table of morphological changes -vvvvv.imp)

Afaq Naeem 48 Special Pathology-Hematology

Afaq Naeem 49 Special Pathology-RBC

A-RED BLOOD CELLS

Afaq Naeem 50 Special Pathology-RBC & Platelets

3-Classification of anemia on basis of RBC morphology and etiology

Afaq Naeem 51 Special Pathology-Platelet & WBC

Afaq Naeem 52 Special Pathology-WBC

Afaq Naeem 53 Special Pathology-CNS Pathology

Afaq Naeem 54 Special Pathology-CNS Pathology

C-Meningitis (vv.imp - Robin page 862)

Afaq Naeem 55 Special Pathology-CNS Pathology

6-Salient Feature of cerebral vascular diseases ? 2 principle types of acute ischemic

Afaq Naeem 56 Special Pathology-Clinical Chemistry

Afaq Naeem 57 Special Pathology-Clinical Chemistry