PIMSAT COLLEGES

McArthur Highway, Bolosan District, Dagupan City

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NAVIGATION 2
Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation 1

Module 2
nd
2 Sem. 2021
2M FRANKLIN P. VICENTE
Instructor

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 First Semester
2nd Semester S.Y. 2021

Target Time Frame: 2 Weeks Duration

Approach: Distance Learning Alternative

Learning Strategy: PDF saved in USB to be picked up at

the office of Academic Director every two weeks

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Learning Outcomes……………………………………………………..04

Lesson 2 – Basic for Measuring Latitude and Longitude……...05

Topic 1 – Rules for Finding Latitude In………………...……..05

Topic 2 – Middle Latitude……………………………………....07

Topic 3 – Longitude………….…………………………………09

Assessment…………………………………………………………….16

Laboratory Instruction…………………………………………..18

Reference………………………………………………………..18

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 LEARNING OUTCOME
Subject matter After the end of this lesson, the student shall
be able to:

Lesson 2 - Identify the circles, points and angles on the earth

that are used in navigation.

- Locate the position of the observer on the surface of

the Earth.

- Compute the basic latitude and longitude problems

usually encountered in navigation; and

- Calculate speed – time – distance relationship

problems that are involved in the process of
navigation.

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Lesson 1 – BASIC FOR MEASURING
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

TOPIC 1 – RULES FOR FINDING LATITUDE IN

1. When the LATITUDE LEFT and the DIFFERENCE LATITUDE have LIKE (both N
or both S) NAME – ADD
2. When the LATITUDE LEFT and the DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE have UNLIKE
NAMES – SUBTRACT the smaller from the greater. Latitude in, will have the
same names as the greater number.

Rule 1 is based on the fact that when in NORTH LATITUDE latitude increases
northward and in SOUTH LATITUDE, it increases southward. Consequently if in
north latitude and the vessel travels southward, the latitude will decrease by an
amount to the DLAT. If the LATITUDE OF DEPARTURE is greater than the DLAT
the vessel will remain on the same side of the equator, or its latitude or arrival will
have the same name as the latitude from. But if the DLAT is greater, then the vessel
will cross the equator and will arrive at a latitude equal to the difference of dlat and
the LATITUDE OF DEPARTURE. The new latitude now assumed the opposite
name.

Examples:

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 Note: #1: in this example the ship being in north latitude and having gone 2 o 55’
to the north has consequently increased her distance from the equator, therefore
Dlat is added to the Lat Left to find the Lat In.

Note: #2: in the foregoing example the vessel was in south latitude and has
made 3+o+ 20’ difference of lat to the north and consequently neared the equator
by 3o 20’.

Note: #3: in this example the Dlat 7o 05’ south is greater than the latitude left,
which was North; the ship has therefore, crossed the equator and changed the
name of her latitude to south.

TOPIC 2 – MIDDLE LATITUDE

Middle Latitude is the latitude of the parallel passing midway between the two
places. Its value is the sum of the of the two places. The term is not applicable to
places on opposite sides of the equator.

Figure 1 – Difference of Latitude (1) and the difference of Longitude (Dlo)

HOW TO FIND THE MIDDLE LATITUDE
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1. The latitudes being of like names, that is both North or South, ADD together the
two latitudes and take half of their sum; the result is the middle latitude.

Example:

2. If the middle latitude is on the opposite sides of the equator, the procedure is
readily apparent in figure 1. Thus, Lm for point A and B (contrary names), is 45 o +
30o divided 2 = 37o 30’. In this case. However, 37o 30’ is not the middle latitude
(Lm) sought. It is the difference of latitude between either of the two points and
the desired Lm; that is, it is either:

45o – 37o 30’ = 7o north latitude or

30o – 37o 30’ = -7o 30’ (that is, 7o30’ on the other side of the equator from B,
which is as before, at 7o30’ north latitude)

TOPIC 3 – LONGITUDE
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Longitude is the angular distance of a place East or West of the Prime Meridian
measured from 0 degrees at the prime to 180 o. it is also an arc of the equator
included between the prime meridian and the meridian of the place.

There are 180o East Longitude and 180o West Longitude. 0 degrees being at the
Meridian of Greenwich and 180o at the nadir or opposite of that meridian.

Figure 2 – How Longitude is Formed

The Prime Meridian is the meridian used as the origin of measurement of

longitude. It is the meridian accepted by most nations which passes through the
Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

Longitude is a measure of angular distance expressed in degrees, minutes and

second of an arc and is labelled east or west as the case may be. It is measured
on the terrestrial equator.

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To understand how longitude is formed, imagine the earth (see figure 2) cut
along the equator and the northern hemisphere removed, so that the plane of the
equator and the center of the earth is visible. The plane of any meridian now
appears as straight line radiating from the center. The prime meridian (G) itself is
a straight line which will act as the fixed side or the base of the angle to be
formed, and the other side may also be imaginary fixed at the center that can
move East or West.

If the prime meridians and the imaginary lines coincides the angle is 0 o and the
longitude for all places along the prime meridian is 0 o. allow the imaginary line to
move eastward so that an angle of 10o is formed at the center. This 10o is the
angular extremity of that imaginary line. The point is said to be in Longitude 10 o
EAST, since it is measured eastward of the prime meridian.

Moving the line continuously eastward increase the angle to 180 o on the opposite
side of the prime meridian, which is then the limit of the measurement of
longitude.

Continuously moving the line from the prime meridian will pass the limit of 180 o. it
will still create an angle but this time the longitude is named West for the simple
reason that the measurement was done westward up to 180 o again on the
opposite side of the prime meridian.

All the points on the equator have an angular distance from the prime meridian.
These points have their own respective meridians extending toward the poles.
Therefore, other places on the earth’s surface their longitude will correspond to
the angular distance of those meridians they are found. For the North and South
Poles their longitude is zero because their points coincide with the center of the
earth where the angular measurement is determined.

DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE

The difference of longitude (DLO) of two places on the earth’s surface is the arc
of the equator included between their meridians or the corresponding angle at
the pole.

In determining the difference of longitude the two points may both be on the
same side of the prime meridian, in which case they are said to be of the “same
name” (that is, both are west longitude or east longitude), or they may be on the
opposite sides of the prime meridian, and of “contrary name” (one east longitude,
one west).
Rules for Finding Difference of Longitude:

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1. When the longitude is of the same name, take their difference, place e or w
on the remainder according to as the longitude is to East or West of the
longitude from.

2. When the longitude is of contrary names, take the sum of the two longitudes,
if less than 180o. But if the sum exceeds 180o, subtract it from 360o for the
difference of longitude, placing to it the contrary name to that found in usual
way.

Figure 3 – Difference of Longitude

Take note of the above figure. Suppose the problems was to find the difference
of longitude (Dlo) from point “A” to point “B”, as shown the longitude of point “A”

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is 74o W and that of point “B” is 95o W, the numerical answer is obviously of 21o.
As the meridian through point “B” is west that of point “A”, the direction of Dlo is
“West”. The correct solution therefore, is Dlo = 21 o W. if the problem involved
finding the Dlo from point “B” to point “A”, the answer would have 21 o E.

Suppose the problems is to find the difference of longitude (Dlo) from one point
“C” to point “D”. in this case it crosses the Prime Meridian. The Longitude are of
contrary names, therefore take the sum of the two longitude. (Long 74 o W plus
Long 18o E). See figure above. If the problem involved finding the Dlo from point
“D” to point “C”, the answer would have been 92 o W.

(Note: Since Longitude is reckoned from is Meridian of Greenwich (Long 0)

East or west to Long 180o, it follows that to pass from less to greater
longitude (both longitude of like name) the diff. of longitude must be of the
same name as longitudes in; and to sail from greater to a less longitude
(both of the same name) the diff. of long must be different name from
longitude in. But when the ship has to cross the meridian of Greenwich the
different of longitude must be east to pass into Long. E and W to pass into
West Longitude., the difference of longitude must be east to pass into W
long.; and the ship is in W Longitude the difference of longitude must be
west to pass into past longitude.)

Examples: 1, 2, 3, 4 Sequence (from up to down – upper right to lower

right)

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1. A ship sails from a port in Long 90o 30’ W, to a port in Long 70o 25’ W.
Find the Dlo.

Long from 09o 30’ W

Long In 70o 25’ W
Dlo 60o 55’ W

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(Note: in this example the sip passes from less to greater west longitude and
therefore the difference of longitude must be W to do so; the longitude in being
west of longitude.)

2. The longitude from a place is 97o 15’ W, and the longitude in 84o 48’ W.
What is the difference of longitude?

Long from 97o 15’ W

Long In 84o 48’ W
Dlo 12o 27’ E

(Note: Here the longitude in is less than longitude from and the ship passes from
a high W Longitude to lower, and the difference of a longitude must be E., to do
so.)

3. A ship sails from a place in longitude 12o 36’ E to a place in longitude

23o 09 E. Find the difference of longitude.

Long from 12o 36’ E

Long In 23o 09’ E
Dlo 10o 33’ E

(Note: here the longitude in is east of long from, therefore the Dlo is marked E.
The ship must evidently sail east to pass from lower east longitude to a higher
east longitude.)

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 4. A vessel from longitude 175o E is bound to a place in Long 95o 20’ E.
What Dlo must she make?

Long from 175o 00’ E

Long In 95o 20’ E
Dlo 79o 40’ W

(Note: here the ship sails from a greater to a less longitude and the longitude in
being west of longitude from, the Dlo is therefore of a difference name to the
longitude from.

HOW TO FIND THE LONGITUDE IN:

1. When the longitude from and the difference of longitude have like names,
proceed as follows:

To the longitude from add the difference; the sum if not more than 180, will be
the longitude in, of the same name as the longitude from; but if the sum,
exceeds 180o subtract it from 360o and the remainder is the longitude in and
the contrary name to longitude from.

2. When the Longitude from and the Difference of Longitude have unlike names,
proceed as follows:

Under Longitude from put the difference of Long, take the less from the
greater: the remainder, marked with the name of the greater, is the Longitude
in.

(Note: if the ship is receding from the first meridian her longitude
evidently getting greater, approaching it, less).

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 NAVIGATION 2

TERRESTRIAL AND COASTAL NAVIGATION I

Learning Activity #2

INSTRUCTION:

1. Observe spellings correctly.

2. Paper must clean and neat.
3. Answer the following question in the space provided.

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

Year/Section: BSMT 1 Score:_____________ /50

Directions: Answer the following depending on what the question is looking for.

ACTIVITY 1: PROBLEM SOLVING (30 pts.)

Solve the following problem with solution and illustration.

1. A ship from a place A in Lat 03o 15’ N and the ship sail 420 nautical miles
southerly difference of Latitude. What Latitude is she in? (10 points)

2. A ship steams from a Place A on the Equator and Steers due South 180
miles. What lat is she? (10 points)

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3. A ship sails from a port in long. 9o 30’ W to a port in Long. 70o 25 W. Find
the Dlo? (10 points)

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ACTIVITY 2: PLOTTING (20 pts.)

Use plotting sheet, compass divider, 2 triangles, and pencil to plot the following
coordinates. (20 pts)

Given:

1. Lat 12o 41’ 30” N

Long 122o 39’ 00” E

2. Lat 13o 02’ 14” N

Long 122o 08’ 00” E

3. Lat 13o 09’ 50” N

Long 121o 47’ 00” E

4. Lat 13o 33’ 15” N

Long 121o 14’ 12” E

Find course and distance in every coordinates.

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Reference: Terrestrial Navigation I – Eugenio J. Ynion

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

2/M Franklin P. Vicente Capt. Juan P. Iñigo

Instructor Dean, Maritime Education

Approved by:

Dr. Alfredo F. Aquino

VP for Research and Planning

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