019823

019823
 ^&f^M^

ILLUSTRATED KEY TO
ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES OF VIETNAM
30 JULY 1965

V/ELFARE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH/ EDUCATION, AND
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
 ILLUSTRATED KEY TO
ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES OF VIETNAM

Chester J. Stojanovich
and
Harold George Scott

30 JULY 1965

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Communicable Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia
 CONTENTS

I N T R O D U C T I O N .......................... I

L I S T O F I N C LU D E D S P E C I E S .. 2

A N^P H E JL E.S. LA RVA .................... 3

K E Y T O AN OPH E L E S. LA RVA E .... 4

A D U L T F E MA L E A N O.P H E_L^S,.,o,.... 15
K E Y T O F EMA L E A N O P H E L E S^ .... 16

B I ON OM I C S ....,.,.,,,.,..., ^........... 27
 INTRODUCTION

The mosquitoes of Vietnam are imperfectly known. However, this key includes all
species of Anopheles considered to be present. The relationships of mosquitoes to
human disease known to exist in Vietnam are (Foote and Cook, 1959):

MALARIA. -- The principal malaria problem exists in the foothills. Plasmodium faici-
parum predominates although f_. vivax accounts for an equal number of cases in certain
areas. Plasmodium malariae rarely accounts for over 10 percent of the cases in any
locality.

Up to about 1,500 feet malaria is transmitted chiefly by Anopheles minimus, by far the
most important vector. Anopheles leyporiensis candidiensis. a second foothill species,
also plays an important part in malaria transmission. Anopheles maculatus, a third
foothill species, has been found highly infected, especially in Tonkin. It is present
in large numbers in newly cleared jungle areas=

Malaria of low endemicity, with occasional epidemic outbreaks?occurs in the extensive

rice-growing areas of Tonkin and Cochin China. It is transmitted chiefly by Anopheles
sinensis. With the clearing and cultivation of lowland jungles, this mosquito often
appears in tremendous numbers. Anopheles aconitus has been strongly suspected as a
vector in southern Annam. However, in Tonkin and Cochin China, its importance is un-
predictable and it is regarded as a secondary vector- Anopheles sundaicus, restricted
to the southern coast, is of less importance than the foregoing species because of its
distribution and its zoophilism, but it transmits coastal malaria in occasional small
epidemics.

DENGUE. --Dengue occurs throughout Vietnam. Both urban Aedes aegypti and the slightly
wilder A^. albopictus are extensively distributed and are responsible for transmission.
Yellow fever has not been reported from Vietnam.

ENCEPHALITIS. -- A virus resembling that of Japanese encephalitis has been isolated

from Tonkin. Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus have been found in human sera
at Hanoi.

FILARIASIS. -- Filariasis occurs principally in the Red River Delta. Both Wuchereria
bancrofti and W. malayi are prevalent not only in low land but in higher areas.
Natural infections have been found in Anopheles minimus, A_. jeyporiensis, A_. vagus, A.
maculatus, A. sinensis, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Mansonia uniformis, M. Indiana,
and M. annulifera.

In preparation of the Key, specimens were used insofar as available, but it was
necessary to depend on literature sources for some of the species.
 LIST OF INCLUDED SPECIES

Anopheles aconitus Donitz, 1902

Anopheles aitkeni aitkeni James, 1903
Anopheles aitkeni bengalensis Puri, 1930
Anopheles alon»?ensis Venhuis, 1940
Anopheles annandaJ-ei annandalei Baini Prashad, 1918
Anopheles annandalei interruptus Puri, 1929
Anopheles annular!s Van der Wulp, 1884
Anopheles baeaai Gator, 1933
Anopheles barblrostris Van der Wulp, 1884
Anopheles barbu’nbrosus Strickland and Chowdhury, 1927
Anopheles culicifacies Giles, 1901
Anopheles fluviatilis James, 1902
Anopheles gigas baileyi Edwards 1929
Anopheles .1’aiaesi Theobald, 1901
Anopheles .1’eyporiensis candidiensj-s. Koidzumi, 1924
A110,!^!fi!fi3 .I’eyporiensis .leyporiensia James, 1902
Anopheles kar\jari Jaiaes, 1903
Anopheles kochi Donitz, 1901
Anopheles leucosphTrus Donltz, 1901
Anopheles lindesayi Giles, 1900
Anopheles litoralis King, 1932
Anopheles maculatus Theobald, 1901
Anopheles macolipalpis Giles, 1902
Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901
Anopheles nigerriims Giles, 1900
Anopheles pallidus Theobald, 1901
Anopheles philippinens i s Ludlow, 1902
Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828
Anopheles splendidus Koidzmni, 1920
Anopheles subpictus Grassi, 1899
Anopheles sundaicus Rodenwaldt, 1926
Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901
Anopheles umbrosus Theobald, 1903
Anopheles vagus Donitz, 1902
Anopheles varuna lyengar, 1924
 ANOPHELES LARVA
Inner Clypeal Hair --. _ ^

Antenna _ ^

Antennal Hair^

Prothoracic Hairs _

Thoracic
Palmate
Hair

Abdominal
Palmate
Hair
 KEY TO ANOPHELES LARVAE
1. Distance between inner clypeal bases greater than the distance between the bases of the
outer clypeal and inner clypeal (Fig. 1 A)..........................«"

Distance between inner clypeal bases less than the distance between the bases
of the outer
2"
clypeal and inner clypeal (-Fig. 1 B) ....................-*-
Inner Cypeal Outer Clypeal Inner Clypeal

Fig. 1 A Fig. 1 B

2. Abdominal segments 3-7 with large anterior tergal plates (Fig. 2 A).....

Abdominal segments 3-7 with small anterior tergal plates (Fig. 2 B).. .. .
3. Inner and outer clypeal hairs simple (Fig. 3 A). ..

Inner and outer clypeal hairs feathered (Fig. 3 B), aconitus

Fig. 3 A Fig. 3 B

4. Hair 0 arising on tergal plates 2-7 (Fig. 4 A). varuna

Hair 0 not arising on tergal plates (Fig. 4 B)., fluviatilis and minimus

Fig. 4 A

5. Inner and outer clypeal hairs simple (Fig. 5 A)

Inner and outer clypeal hairs feathered (Fig. 5 B)

Fig. 5 A Fig. 5 B
6. Palmate hairs on segments 4-5 with very narrow (tassel-shaped) leaflets (Fig. 6 A)
..,..................................................-...*-...’. maculipalpis

Palmate hairs on segments 4-5 with "broad leaflets (Fig. 6 B).

Fig. 6 B
Fig. 6 A \
^

7. Palmate hairs on segment 2 weakly developed, about equal to palmate hairs on segment 1
(Fig. 7 A)........................................................................ 8

Palmate hairs on segment 2 fairly well developed much larger than palmate hairs on seg-
ment 1 (Fig. 7 B)................................................................. 9

Fig. 7 A Fig. 7 B

8. Prothoracic hair 1 with only 2-4 branches (Fig. 8 A).. tessellatus

Prothoracic hair 1 with numerous branches (Fig. 8 B), . I eucosphyrus

Fig. 8 A
prothoracic hair---!---
6
9. Distance between inner clypeal bases at least twice the distance between the outer and inner
clypeal bases (Fig. 9 A)............................................................ 10

Distance between inner clypeal bases less than twice the distance between the outer and inner
clypeal bases (Fig. 9 B).....................................................alongensis

Vr^~H.
/\^ f\
/^^^\
^T
Fig. 9 A
10.
/ 4.
f <
Post clypeal hairs very short,
»
Fig. 9 B (
^
inserted nearer midline than. the inner clypeal hairs (Fig. 10 A)
......................*.......................................................vagus

Post clypeal hairs not very short, not inserted nearer midline than the inner clypeal hairs
(Fig. 10 B)....................................................................... .11

\
\1 \
1
X
I K!_I\^/
\fi^ j A<:
\ V~~
11.
Fig. 10 A / "
l^J
^^
palmate hairs not elongated (Fig. 11 A &: B).
Fig. 10 B
^ \^ r*-

Inner clypeal hairs about 4 times longer than the outer clypeals; filaments of abdominal
...,.....*............................ kochi

Inner clypeal hairs shorter; filaments of abdoj-ninal palmate hairs elongated (Fig. 11 C & D)
................................................................................ 12

Fig. 11 D
Fig. 11 A Fie. 11
12. Palmate hair on abdominal segment 1 with broad leaflets (Fig* 12 A) .. 13

Palmate hair on abdominal segment 1 with hair-like leaflets (Fig. 12 B}. 15

Fig. 12 A

13. Leaflets on thoracic palmate hair flattened (Fig. 13 A), culicifacies

Leaflets on thoracic palmate hair hair-like (Fig. 13 B)

14. Outer clypeals at least 2/3 or more the length of inner clypeal hairs; prothoracic hairs I, 2,
and 3 with moderately large tubercles (Fig. 14 A & B)........................... Utoralis

Outer clypeals usually less than 2/3 length of inner clypeal hairs; prothoracic hairs I, Z, and
3 with weakly developed tubercles (Fig. 14 C & D). ............... subpictus and sundaicus
15. Outer and inner clypeal hair finely feathered; Fig. 15 A), maculatus

Outer clypeal hair always simple, inner clypeal hair usually simple (Fig. 15 B).. Stephen si

16. Outer clypeal hair with long, brush-like branches (Fig. 16 A)... 17

Outer clypeal hair without long, brush-like branches (Fig. l6 B), ,20

17. Sutural hair simple or split at tip (Fig. 17 A).

Sutural hair split near base into 2-8 branches (Fig. 17 B),
 18. Palmate hair on abdominal segment 1 with well-developed leaflets (Fig. 18 A)..... annularis

Palmate hair on abdominal segment 1 without well-developed leaflets (Fig. 18 B). .... jamesi

Fig. 18 A Fig. 18 B

19. Postclypeal hair with 2-5 bra-nches; palmate hairs on abdomen with filaments half as long
as blades (Fig. 19 A & B)....................................................pallidus

Post clypeal hair with 7-10 branches; palmate hairs on abdomen with filaments 1/4 as long
as blades (Fig. 19 C & D).............................................. Philippine nsis

Fig. 19 A Fig. 19 C

Fig. 19 D
20. Outer clypeal hair with numerous short lateral branches along its entire length (Fig. 20 A)
................................ jeyporienis jeyporiensis and jeyporiensis candidiensis

Outer clypeal hair without numerous branches (Fig. 20 B), 21

Fie. 20 A Fia. 20 B

10
21. Outer clypeal hair often split into two and with 3-7 lateral branches (Fig. 21 A), .splendidus

Outer clypeal hair not split into two and with few fine lateral branches (Fig. 21 B). .karwari

Fie. Zl B

22. Antennal ’hair simple (Fig. 22. A).., 23

Antennal hair branched (Fig. 22 B), 24

22 A Fig. 22 B

23. Both of the long pleural hairs of the meso and metathorax Simple (Fig. 23 A). ...........
............................................................. annandalei annandalei

One of the long pleural hairs of the meso and metathorax barbed (Fig. 23 B). ............
...*....*.*...........................,...............annandalei interruptus

Fig. 23 A Fig. 23 B

11
24. Outer clypeal hair densely branched with 35 or more branches (.Fig. 24 A). .. . . . 25

Outer clypeal hair not densely branched with fewer than 20 branches (Fig. 24 B) 26

25. Prothoracic hair 1 with 6-8 branches (Fig. 25 A)

Prothoracic hair 1 simple or at most split into 2-3 branches (Fig. 25 B). ...............
........................................................... sinensis and nigerrimus

26. Outer clypeals with 11-20 branches (Fig. 26 A), 27

Outer clypeals with 10 or fewer branches, usually 5 or fewer; if 10 branches are present the
inner clypeal hair is always simple (Fig. 26 B)..................................... 28

Fig. 26 A . 26 B

12
27. Inner clypeal hairs simple or forked at tip; at least some palmate hairs on the abdominal
segments with leaflets (Fig. 27A&B).................................. bar^bumbi-osus^

Inner clypeal hairs finely branched at tip; palmate hairs on abdominal segments without
leaflets (Fig. 27 C & D). ..................................................... baezai

/ x I
/ I
28.
Fig. 27 A Fig. 27 B ^
Fig. 27 C
-/

rig. 27 D

Inner clypeal hairs split with 2-5 branches, bases not nearly touching (Fig. 28 A). ..... .29

Inner clypeal hairs simple, bases nearly touching (Fig. 28 B)........................ .30

Fig. 28 A Fig. 28 B

1 -1 >

29. Inner clypeal split into 2 branches (Fig. 29 A). ...... aitkeni aitkeni

Inner clypeal hair split into 3-5 branches (Fig. 29 B) .aitkeni bengalensis

Fig. 29 A Fig. 29 B

13
30. Palmate hairs on all abdominal segments with leaflets hair-like; prothoracic hair 1 with
fewer than 5 branches (Fig. 30 A & B) ..................................... umbrosus

Palmate hairs on at least some abdominal segments with broad leaflets; prothoracic hair
1 with usually more than 5 branches (Fig. 30 C & D). .............................*..31

Fig. 30 A

Fig. 30 B

31. Palmate hairs well developed on thorax; prothoracic hair 1 with about 10 branches, basal
tubercle weakly developed (Fig. 31 A & B).................................. lindesayi

Palmate hairs not well developed on thorax; prothoracic hair 1 with 3-8 branches, basal
tubercle strongly developed (Fig. 31 C & D).............................. gigas baileyi

Fig. 31 C

Fig. 31 B Fig. 31 D

14
ADULT FEMALE ANOPHELES

15
 KEY TO FEMALE ANOPHELES
1. "Wing without areas of pale scales (Fig. "1. A)

Wing with areas of pale scales (Fig. 1 B). . .

Fig. I A

2. Vertex of head with narrow upright scales; first segment of antenna with a patch of scales
(Fig. 2. A)...^..............^........^. ^............................... alongeinsis
^...

Vertex of head. with very narrow upright scales, first segment of antenna without a patch of
scales (Fig. 2. B). ............................... aitkeni aitkeni and aitkeni. bengalensis

Fig. Z A Fig. 2 B

16
3. .Front margin of wing with fewer than 4 dark areas (Fig. 3 A) .4

Front margin of wing with 4 or more dark areas (Fig. 3 B) 13

Fig. 3 A

Fig. 3 B

4. Hind femur with large tuft of scales (Fig. 4 A)

Hind femur without large tuft of scales (Fig. 4 B)

Fig. 4 A Fig. 4 B

5. Wing with a subcostal pale spot (Fig. 5 A), annandalei inter ruptus

Wing without a subcostal spot (Fig. 5 B). . amiandalei. aimandalei

Fig. 5 A Fig. 5. B

17
6. Hind femur with. a broad white band near middle (Fig. 6 A). . . lindesayi

Hind femur without a broad white band near middle (Fig. 6 B), ....... .7

Fig. 6 A Fig. 6 B

7. Palps banded (Fig. 7 A). ... . 8

Palps not banded (Fig. 7 B), 10

Fig. 7 A Fig. 7 B

8. Femur of middle leg with a large pale spot near apex (Fig. 6 A). . . ;igas baileyi

Femur of middle leg without a large pale spot near apex (Fig. 8 B), ..........9

Fig. 8 A Fig. 8 B

9. Tarsus with broad bands; tarsal segments usually banded at both ends (Fig. 9 A).. nigerrimus

Tarsus with narrow bands; tarsal segments not banded at both ends (Fig. 9 B).......sinensis

Fig. 9 B

18
10. Ventral abdominal segment 7 with tuft of scales (Fig. 10 A).............................11

Ventral abdominal segment 7 without tuft of scales (Fig. 10 B). ......................... 12

ki-r^
Ljs^ T~ ~^’»n~>
ULJ-J---1^
Fig. 10 A Fig. 10 B

11. Ventral surface of abdomen with scattered white scales (Fig, 11 A)............ barbirostris

Ventral surface of abdomen without scattered white scales (Fig. 11 B)........ barbumbrosus

"^?~-^^ ’T’^~TT’^^
^T^t- 1 5 \ *\

12. Tarsus of hind leg

Fig. 11 A
^ JJ_J-J-^
Fig. 11 B

with narrow pale bands (Fig, 12 A).......................... umbrosus

Tarsus of hind leg without narrow pale bands, entirely dark (Fig. 12 B)............. baezai

Fig. 12 A

Fig. 12 B

13. Hind tarsus with 5th segment tipped with white or completely white (Fig. 13 A)........... 14

Hind tarsus with 5th segment entirely dark (Fig. 13 B). ............................... .24

Fig. 13 B

19
14. Legs speckled with white scales (Fig. 14 A). . . .

-Legs not speckled with white scales (Fig. 14 B),

15. At least segments 4 and 5 of hind tarsus entirely paled scaled (Fig. 15 A),

Segments 4 and 5 of hind tarsus never both entirely pale scaled (Fig. 15 B),

Pig. 15 A
^SS-^^^!^*^ ^
-^"Sf-^--’~y~s-y^.
-^s-s’^-’^-^^ipsr^fae^a

16. Palpi speckled (Fig. l6 A)

Palpi not speckled (Fig. 16 B)

Fig. 16 A Fig. 16 B

20
17. Vein 6 of wing with. outer half almost entirely dark (Fig. 17 A). . . maculipalpis

Vein 6 of wing with outer half not almost entirely dark (Fig. 17 B), splendidus

18. Apex of hind tibia and base of first tarsal segment with
a prominent white band (Fig. 18 A).
..........................j.......................................*...leucosphyrus

Apex of hind tibia and base of first tarsal segment without a prominent white band (Fig.
18 B).......................................................................... 19

Fig. 18 A ^^ Fig. 18 B

19. Ventral surface of abdomen with a row of tufts of black scales (Fig. 19 A). . . kochi

Ventral surface of abdomen without a row of tufts of black scales (Fig. 19 B), .20

-<71
^
"
"
:y

^j"
^^ s; o,^^ -j^
’Sjt,

>

’ T
^ ^.. .
Fig. 19 A
^ Fig. 19 B

20. Palps with 3 pale bands; tarsal bands broad (Fig. 20 A & B). . maculatus

Palps with 4 pale bands; tarsal bands narrow (Fig. 20 C & D) tessellatus

Fig Fig.

Fig. 20 B Fig. 20 D

21
21. Hind tarsus with only segment 5 white (Fig. 21 A)..... karwari

Hind tarsus with segments 3, 4 and 5 white (Fig. 21 B), 22

Fig. 21 A Fie. 21 B

22. Wing vein 5 mostly dark (Fig. 22 A), annular is

Wing vein 5 mostly pale (Fig. 22 B). 23

23. Hind tarsal segment 1 white at apex; ventral surface of abdomen with few or no broad
scales (Fig. 23 A & B) ................................................ philippinensis

Hind tarsal segment 1 entirely dark; ventral surface of abdomen with scattered, broad,
scales (Fig. 23 C & D) ......................................................pallidus

Fig. 23 B Fig. 23 D

22
24. -Fore tarsus with "broad pale bands (Fig. 24 A). ............................ 25

Fore tarsus usually unhanded or if banded with. very narrow bands (Fig. 24 B). 29

"^ Fig, 24 B
25. Femur and tibia speckled with pale scales (Fig. 25 A), 26

28

26. Palps with 2 "broad apical, bands (Fig. 26 A)

Palps with’ 1 broad apical band (Fig. 26 B). ,27

,
Fit

27. Wing with sector pale area on costa, absent or not distinct; prehumeral dark spot usually
with pale scales (Fig. 27 A). ................................................. litoralis

Wing with sector pale area on costa distinct; prehumeral dark spot without pale scales (Fig.
2 7 B)................................................. ................... sundaicus
*

prehumeral dark spot prehumeral dark spot sector pale area

^-.
\
^ /
/
^ \
\ . ../
/
.
.
.
Fig. 27 A Fig. 27 B

23
28. Apical band of palp about as long as preapical dark area {Fig. 28 A). ............ subpictus

Apical band of palp longer than preapical dark area (Fig. 28 B) .................... vagus

0
^^ a-
^M^^
y/j^i^ 1’"
^i^^S^

’h
Fig. 28 A Fig. 28 B

29. Thorax with distinct scales (Fig. 29 A). ............................................ 30

Thorax without distinct scales (Fig. 29 B). .......................................... 31

^
Fig. 29 A Fig. 29 B

30. Apical pale band of palps about as long as preapical dark band (Fig. 30 A)...............
......................................................... je yporiensis jeyporiensis
Apical pale band of palps much longer than preapical dark band (Fig. 30 B)...............
........................................................ jeyporiensis candidiensis

Fig. 30 A Fia. 30 B

24
 31. Palps with subapical pale band longer than subapical dark band (Fig. 31 A).,

Palps with subapical pale band shorter than subapical dark band (Fig. 31 B),

Fig. 31 A Fig. 31 B

32. Wing with fringe-spot present at vein 6; proboscis pale at apical half (Fig. 32 A & B),
......................................................................... aconitus
Wing with fringe-spot absent at vein 6; proboscis not distinctly pale at apical half (Fig. 32
C & D).......................................................................... .33

Fig. 32 C

Fig. 32 B

25.
33. Basal third of costa with a pale interruption; proboscis with apical half dark (Fig. 33 A). . .
minimus

Basal third of costa without a pale interruption; proboscis with apical half pale (Fig. 33 B).
. -.-----.-.-.........................*..... varuna

fluviatilis
34. Wing with fringe-spots present at all veins except 6 (Fig. 34 A),
culicifacies
Wing with fringe-spots on only 1 or 2 veins (Fig. 34 B).........

26
 BIONOMICS

Anopheles acoru. tus Donitz, 1902

Adults are commonly taken in houses. They feed readily on man and buffalo and
many of the females are caught with blood in the gut. Larvae breed in rice fields,
freshwater pools with grassy edges, pools with aquatic vegetation and shade, arms
of lakes, pools in creek and river beds, clean tanks with grassy edges and road-
side storm-water drains. Breeding places are usually in the open, especially
swamps with clear slowly flowing water. In rice-fields larvae do not appear until
the crop is about half-grown, after which they increase rapidly up to the time of
harvest. The species normally occurs at moderate altitudes, having been recorded
at 2,800 feet. It may breed throughout the year. It is a secondary malaria
vector.

Anopheles aitkem aitkeni James, 1903 and Anopheles aitkeni benga lensj-s^ Puri, 1930

This shy species does not frequent houses, though it may rarely be taken there.
It was observed in the shade of jungle attempting to feed on man, and it is re-
corded as feeding on cattle. Larvae are found especially in forest and jungle in
connection with small streams, seepage springs and pools, tea-drains shaded by tea,
swamps, marsh, channels, rivers, rock-pools, and wells. It occurs especially Co-
wards the end of the cold season in the hills.

Anopheles alongensis Venhuis, 1940

The larvae are found in water in rock holes where the water is pure, fresh and
without any debris or vegetation as in the bottom of caves with hardly any light
penetrating. The larvae and pupae are extremely delicate and hard to breed out.

Anopheles annandalei annandalei Baini Prashad, 1918 and Anopheles annandalei interruptus
Puri, 1929

The larvae are found in treeholes, usually in deep forest or wooded country. Some
first-stage larvae taken nearly 2,000 miles by train during the winter, hatched
out eventually as full-sized adults, being fed on fragments of insects but without
other precautionso

Anopheles annular is Van der Wulp, 1884

Being pre-eminently a cattle-feeder, this species is commonly found, often in very

large numbers, in cattle-sheds and similar situations. It also rests among bushes
and grass-tufts, away from habitationso It is also found in houses, but usually
not in such numbers or frequency as in places where cattle have been kept. It
feeds readily on human, cattle, buffalo, pigeon and sparrow blood at night. It
is a powerful flier, covering considerable distances from its breeding places,
and may be seen darting rapidly, when disturbed during the day, among bushes. It
appears to be attracted by light, as it may often be seen resting on walls near
lamps. It can overwinter both as larvae and adults. Larvae are found throughout
the cold season in weedy waters, and the adults in cow-sheds. Larvae have been

27
 found at 5,000 feet and adults at 7,000 feet. Larvae are found in clean, weed-
grown, stagnant waters, notably margins of lakes, tanks, moats, borrow-pits, back-
waters of canals, streams and drains, in pools in river beds (when these are es-
tablished with algae and plants), in wells with vegetation, in large canals with
vegetation, and grassy edges of slowly running streams.

Anopheleg baegaj^ Gator, 1933

The larvae are found in stagnant pools and swamps under shade along the coast.
As a brackish water breeder it finds many favorable sites along the extended coast-
line. The adults are found during the day resting on "nipah" palm fronds. It
feeds readily on domestic animals as well as on man.

Anopheles barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884

This common house species feeds readily on man and cattle in forest shade in the
daytime. Larvae occur in deep stagnant water containing much vegetation, and pre-
ferably in the shade, such as margins of lakes, swamps, sluggish rivers, streams,
stagnant irrigation cuts, ponds, borrow-pits, brick-field pits, standing water in
rice-fields, and in wells. It is generally recorded more or less all the year
round or as occurring late in the year, especially during the rains. It is rarely
taken at any great altitude.

Anopheles barbumbrosus Strickland and Chowdhury, 1927

The larvae are found in slowly running water, springs, jungle rice-fields, partially
shaded stagnant water, in sunshine in open grassy ravines and in clear streams
after these emerge from jungle shade. Typical breeding places are grass-fringed
streams running through narrow strips of grazing land between jungle-clad hills.

Anophelcs^ cuUjgifaci-es, Giles, 1901

Adults are found abundantly in houses, cow-sheds, and out-houses. It secrets
itself in holes, among dung-cakes and in chaff. It feeds readily on man and on
cattle at dusk. Larvae are found in clean fresh water; especially irrigation
channels, pools in sandy river-beds; freshly formed collections of rainwater,
shallow tanks, borrow-pits (especially with grassy edges), fallow rice-fields
and wells. Also recorded from brackish water. Ordinarily a plains species and
occurring at moderate altitudes, it has also been recorded to 7,500 feet.

Anopheles fluviatills James, 1902

Adults occur commonly in houses and cow-sheds and may exhibit a preference for the
former. They feed readily on man. Larvae occur especially in pools, stream-beds,
slow-flowing water with vegetation, springs, irrigation leaks, edges of swamps,
lake margins, drains, ponds and tanks. Records for wells possibly relate to A.
yaruna. Some older references to breeding in flowing streams probably relate Co
A. minimus. It is recorded at 6,000 feet and two specimens were taken 7,500 feet.
It is a strong flier and has been found in houses more than half a mile from
breeding places.

Anopheles gigas baileyi Edwards, 1929

Adults are taken in cattle-sheds and houses in scanty numbers. Larvae occur in
small pools cut off from the main stream or formed by springs or leaks. They
prefer pools of which the depth is comparatively great as compared with the area,
It is also found in clear rocky pools or perennial springs.

28
Anopheles jamejsi Theobald, 1901

Adults are found in houses and stables. Larvae occur in interstices of Cypereus
and Salvinia in lakes, rain-pools and ponds with grass, -pools in river-beds,
springs, and surface-dwells,

Anopheles leyporiensis candidiensis Koidzumi, 1924 and Anopheles leyporiensis

jeyporiensis James, 1902
Adults are taken in houses and cattle-sheds. They feed freely on man and attack
fiercely in the open towards evening. Larvae occur especially in streams and
flowing water connected with rice cultivation, in grassy streams, in grass-grown
edges of lakes, and in swampy land.

Anopheles karwari James, 1903

Adults are found in houses and cow-sheds and feed on man. Larvae occur in small
pools in open, swamps, springs, seepage water, weedy tanks, slow-running streams,
and drains with free vegetable growth. They are found particularly where water
runs over rock rather than earth.

AnopheJ-ejs kochi Donitz, 1901

Adults are found in houses, stables, cow-sheds and in the jungle. They feed on
man and cattle- Larvae occur in’small, shallow, often muddy collections of water
in the open, such as small pools, stagnant drains, buffalo-wallows, hoof-marks,
and collections in fallow rice-fields and streams. While they usually occur in
the open, they are also commonly found breeding in drains in the jungle and
especially in artificial containers.

Anopheles leucosphyrus Donitz, 1901

Adults occupy deep jungle and forest, but are recorded from houses. Larvae occupy
pools by sides of rocky streams in forest, disused wells, rainwater in borrow-pits
alongside the road,in thick forest, pools besides forest streams, streams descend-
ing from heavy jungle, heavily shaded swamps, densely shaded streams, and pools
in the open and at some distance from forest. Recorded one-half mile from its
breeding place.

Anopheles lindesayi Giles, 1900

This montane species is most prevalent over 4,000 feet and has been recorded at
8,940 feet. It does not frequent houses, but is occasionally found there. It
feeds readily on human blood, and feeds freely throughout the day and at dusk
near its breeding place. Larvae occur especially in small clear pools in the
rocky beds of mountain torrents, but also pools and ditches connected with gardens
or cultivation in the hills. Larvae are found in reduced numbers throughout the
cold season. The adult has been found resting among rocks and boulders near
breeding places.

Anopheles litoralis King, 1932

Larvae are found in salt-water fish ponds, salt-beds, marshes and lagoons, es-
pecially in the midst of algae. Adults feed on man as well as other mammals,

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Anopheles maculatus Theobald, 1901

Evidence on the occurrence of A. maculatus in houses is conflicting. Many record

it as more frequently caught in traps than in houses. Others, however, report it
commonly taken in houses and cattle-sheds. It probably commonly enters houses,
but leaves again after feeding. It feeds readily on human blood and has been
observed feeding on cattle. It feeds by night and by artificial light to which
it is attracted. It is essentially a stream and river-bed breeder also recorded
from springs, seepages, borrow-pits, lake-margins and rice-fields. It is a small
pool breeder, very commonly found in fast-flowing streams with grassy edges and
has been found in polluted water, hoof-marks, and artificial receptacles.

Anopheles^ maculipalpis Giles, 1902

Larvae are found in clear or muddy, shaded or unshaded water, including seepage,
hoof-prints, pools in streams, rock pools with little vegetation, swamps and
ditches. They can live in water so shallow that it is little more than liquid
mud under a thin film of water. Adults rarely, if ever, appear in houses or bite
man.

Anopheles mjLnimus Theobald, 1901

Adults are commonly found in houses and cattle-sheds. Larvae occur especially in
slow-running streams with grassy edges, edges of swamps, irrigation channels,
borrow-pits, paddy-fields and seepages from springs. It breeds during the monsoon
in clean grassy streams and drains, especially where there is a certain, amount of
shade, and in seepage from springs, but in cold weather in permanent rivers and
screams, grassy tanks and swamps. It is not found in dense virgin jungle, but
occurs commonly in streams covered with secondary jungle. It occurs chiefly at
low or moderate altitudes, but is abundant at 2,000 feeto

Anopheles nigerrimus Giles, 1900

Adults are not commonly found resting in houses and cattle-sheds, though they are
often captured in an incidental way among other species in such situations. It
feeds readily on human and other mammal blood, usually at dusk or by night, but
sometimes by day even in full sunshine. Larvae occur in the same locations as
A. sinensis.

Anopheles pallidus Theobald, 1901

Adults are taken in houses, cow-sheds and especially abundantly (in some places)
in stables. Larvae occur in lake-margins, ditches and ponds with vegetation along
the edges. The species shows a special relation to rice cultivation, the larvae
being found in the rice-fields themselves and in collections of water in embanked
fields and ditches in the neighborhood of rice cultivation.

Anopheles philippinensis Ludlow, 1902

A,, philippinensis is found in houses, cattle-sheds and stables. Larvae occur in

rice-fields, rush-swamp, tanks covered with water-weed, quiet shaded parts of lakes,
ends of inundated ponds, pools and borrow-pits with vegetation, and grassy edges
of slowly running streams.

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Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, 1828
f

Larvae are found in rice-fields, lakes, grassy pools, swamps, borrow-pits, edges
of slowly moving water (grassy streams or ditches); usually in, unshaded water,
though they have been recorded as breeding in shady pools. Occasionally they
occur in brackish water. The adult is much attracted by man and is found in
houses in great numbers in the daytime, but also feeds on buffaloes in large
numbers.

Anopheles splendidus Koidzumi, 1920

Adults are found, usually in small numbers, in houses, out-houses, and cow-sheds.
Larvae occur especially in pools with algae and vegetation, river-beds, jungle-
streams, ponds with aquatic vegetation, tanks with weeds, and marshy lake margins.

Anppheleja stephensj. Listen, 1901

Adults are commonly found in houses, barracks, and cow-sheds. The adult is secre-
tive and difficult to find. It feeds readily on man. Larvae occur in pools in
river and stream-beds, sluggish creeks, drains, irrigation channels, wells, cis-
terns, and artificial containers. It prefers clean water but has been recorded
in water contaminated with sewage and from brackish water. It breeds equally in
exposed and dark places. Larvae can sink deeply and remain long periods without
reappearing at the surface. It may be the species concerned with malaria trans-
mission in large cities.

Anopheles subpictus Grassi, 1899

Adults occur in houses, cut-houses, barracks, stables and cow-sheds. The female
feeds readily on many animals including man. Larvae occur in temporary water,
such as excavations and hollows (especially during the monsoons), about villages,
borrow-pits, buffalo-wallows, brick-pits, drains,, pools from leaks and waste water,
cement-sumps,fish ponds and during the rainy period often in furrows in gardens
and cultivated ground, collections of water in roof"gutters, hollows in scrapped
machinery, and other miscellaneous breeding places* It occurs in rice-fields,
in irrigation channels, and in wells. It may also occur in weedy lake-margins,
moats, and sluggish rivers, especially if near habitations. It can breed in
dirty or more or less polluted water as well as brackish water, occurring even
when the salinity rises to 8,6 percent.

Anopheles sundaicus Rodenwaldt, 1926

Adults are found abundantly in houses and cow-sheds and feed readily on man a

Apart from its special predilection for human blood, the outstanding features of
its bionomics are its close association with coastal conditions and its preference
for breeding in brackish water. The species breeds pre-eminently in salt swamps,
collections of brackish water along the coast. The species is a strong flier,
and may fly over 3 miles from its breeding places.

Anopheles tesscllatus Theobald, 1901

Adults occur in houses and cow-sheds and attack man readily. It also feeds on
buffaloes. It is a shade-breeder, with a preference for dirty stagnant water.

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Anopheles umbrosus Theobald, 1903

This is essentially a forest and heavy jungle species, and occurs abundantly in
houses near jungles. It feeds fiercely on man. Larvae occur in stagnant pools
in the forest, pockets of water in wet ground between the roots of trees in flat
forest land, in the valleys, and dirty slow-running brooks in virgin forest.
It prefers, but is not dependent on, shade. It is a strong flier.

Anopheles vagus Donitz, 1902

Adults occur abundantly in houses, cattle-sheds and similar situations. The

breeding habits are similar to those of A. subpictus, the species breeding in
pools, borrow-pits, drains, shallow rain-filled puddles, hoof-marks, grassy swamps,
and fallow and cultivated rice-fields.

Anopheles varuna lyengar, 1924

Adults are found in houses and cattle-sheds. Larvae occur in wells, stagnant
water in ponds and ditches, and during and soon after the monsoon in collections
of storm-water by roadsides.

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v &,TOt^’