R Refresh your memory!

Grammar reference Verbos irregulares

No existen reglas para formar los verbos irregulares. Puedes
consultar la lista de verbos irregulares en las páginas 118–119.
Adjetivos comparativos y superlativos
Usos
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
El past simple describe una acción que se completó en el pasado.
Adjetivos sweet sweeter the sweetest
‘We ate spicy food last night.’ ‘Did you like it?’
breves nice nicer the nicest
big bigger the biggest Empleamos el past simple si sabemos cuándo ha ocurrido una acción.
Adjetivos con happy happier the happiest We saw the film last night. We didn’t see it on Tuesday.
terminación
en -y
Pronombres
Adjetivos serious more serious the most
largos serious Pronombres Pronombres Adjetivos Pronombres Pronombres
Adjetivos good better the best sujeto objeto posesivos posesivos reflexivos
irregulares bad worse the worst I me my mine myself
Usos you you your yours yourself
Empleamos el adjetivo comparativo + than para he him his his himself
comparar dos o más cosas o personas. she her her hers herself
Winter is colder than summer. it it its – itself
Empleamos adjetivos superlativos para decir que una we us our ours ourselves
cosa o una persona es o no es la más/la mejor. you you your yours yourselves
My friend Joe is the funniest boy in the world! they them their theirs themselves
Empleamos less + adjetivo + than para comparar cosas Usos
que son diferentes. Los pronombres sustituyen a los sustantivos. Nos permiten
The film is less exciting than the book. expresar cosas de forma más rápida y menos repetitiva.
La forma superlativa de less + adjetivo + than es the I’ve met Peter. I met Peter yesterday.
least + adjetivo. I’ve met Peter. I met him yesterday.
This is the least comfortable dress I have!
Los pronombres sujeto sustituyen el sujeto de las oraciones.
Empleamos as + adjetivo + as para decir que las cosas She sat in the cafe.
son iguales.
Los pronombres objeto sustituyen el objeto de las oraciones.
Fresh fruit is as healthy as salad.
Patrick told them the story.
Not as ... as significa lo mismo que less ... than.
Los adjetivos posesivos describen a quién o qué pertenece algo.
Maria isn’t as tall as Tina. = Maria is less tall than Tina.
Its instructions are very hard to understand!
Their boots are in the hall.
Past simple Los pronombres posesivos describen un objeto y a quién
Past simple pertenece.
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They They’re our jackets. = They’re ours.
watched TV. Your bag is the blue one. = Yours is the blue one.
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They Empleamos los pronombres reflexivos cuando el sujeto y objeto
didn’t watch TV.
de una oración son la misma persona o cosa.
Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they I’ve hurt myself.
watch TV?
También podemos emplear pronombres reflexivos para
enfatizar que alguien ha hecho algo por sí mismo o sin ayuda.
Verbos regulares That bag is very heavy! Did she carry it herself?
cook → cooked prepare → prepared
stop → stopped study → studied
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Formas posesivas Past simple
Formas de describir la posesión en inglés 3 Complete the table with the correct past simple
Pronombres posesivos form of the verbs.
Los pronombres posesivos describen un objeto y a quién
arrive chat cook dance feel have help
pertenece. Los empleamos de forma independiente: mine, yours,
know sing sleep think try
his, hers, ours, theirs.
sustantivo + of + sustantivo
regular verbs irregular
Esta estructura suele emplearse para describir la relación entre
verbs
dos cosas en expresiones de posición.
+ -ed + -d double + -ied
The top of the picture. The corner of the classroom.
consonant + -ed
Excepción: A friend of mine
Posesivo con ’s arrived
Empleamos el posesivo con ’s al final de un sustantivo para
mostrar que algo pertenece a una persona o cosa.
Clara’s pencil. The house’s windows. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct past
Después de un sustantivo con un plural regular, el apóstrofe se simple form of four verbs from exercise 3.
incluye detrás de la s. 1 My dad me with my
The two boys’ bedroom. The students’ books. homework because he doesn’t understand
Adjetivos posesivos physics!
Los adjetivos posesivos se colocan antes del sustantivo. Muestran 2 Dave tired after the
a quién pertenece algo: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. football match?
3 Andy breakfast because
there wasn’t any food left!
Grammar practice 4 I for a long time with my friends
last night.
Comparative adjectives
Pronouns
1 Correct the underlined mistakes in the comparative 5 Choose the correct option.
sentences. 1 Tell us / we about your holiday.
I wanted a drink that was more cold than this glass of water. 2 Oh no! I’ve lost mine / my passport!
colder 3 Aunt Sarah has bought a new house, but I haven’t
1 This restaurant is less as expensive as the other one! seen it / its yet.
4 We looked at us / ourselves in the mirror.
2 Jack says he is more tall than me. 5 My mum is visiting her / hers sisters today.
6 He fell off a wall and broke his / himself leg.
3 Leaving home is as exciting than getting married.

4 Your house is less untidy as mine.

Possessive forms
6 Complete the sentences with the possessive
5 This exercise is difficulter than the last one. forms in the box.
its mine of the our ’s s’

Superlative adjectives 1 He found the jacket at the bottom

cupboard.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct superlative
2 My sister room is always tidy.
forms of the adjectives in brackets.
3 Don’t touch those books. They’re !
That’s the sweetest (sweet) cake that I’ve eaten!
4 The girl teachers want to speak to
1 Getting sunburnt was (bad) part of
them.
my holiday.
5 We mustn’t lose suitcases or we’ll
2 That’s (boring) film I have ever seen.
have no clothes to wear!
3 Fruit and vegetables are (healthy) things
6 The dog is eating dinner.
to eat.
4 Going abroad is (exciting) thing I’ve done!
5 That shop sells (good) clothes in town.
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Vocabulary reference

Viajes
be ill (v) /bi ˌɪl/ estar enfermo (v.)
buy souvenirs (v) /ˌbaɪ suːvəˈnɪəz/ comprar recuerdos (v.)
explore new places (v) /ɪkˌsplɔːr ə ˌnjuː ˈpleɪsɪz/ explorar lugares nuevos (v.)
forget your passport (v) /fəˈɡet jə(r) ˈpɑːspɔːt/ olvidar el pasaporte (v.)
get sunburnt (v) /ˌɡet ˈsʌnbɜːnt/ quemarse con el sol (v.)
go abroad (v) /ˌɡəʊ əˈbrɔːd / viajar al extranjero (v.)
have an accident (v) /ˌhæv ən ˈæksɪdənt/ sufrir un accidente (v.)
hire a bicycle (v) /ˌhaɪər ə ˈbaɪsɪkl/ alquilar una bicicleta (v.)
lose your suitcase (v) /ˌluːz jɔː ˈsuːtkeɪs/ perder la maleta (v.)
meet new people (v) /ˌmiːt ˌnjuː ˈpiːpl/ conocer a gente nueva (v.)
miss a flight (v) /ˌmɪs ə ˈflaɪt/ perder un vuelo (v.)
send a postcard (v) /ˌsend ə ˈpəʊstkɑːd/ enviar una postal (v.)
stay in a hotel (v) /ˌsteɪ ɪn ə həʊˈtel/ alojarse en un hotel (v.)

Verbos y preposiciones de movimiento

climb up (v) /klaɪm ʌp/ escalar (v.)
crawl along (v) /krɔːl əˈlɒŋ/ arrastrarse (v.)
dive into (v) /daɪv ˈɪntə/ zambullirse en (v.)
fall off (v) /fɔːl ɒf/ caerse (v.)
jump over (v) /dʒʌmp ˈəʊvə(r)/ saltar por encima de (v.)
run through (v) /rʌn θruː/ correr por (v.)
slide down (v) /slaɪd daʊn/ deslizarse por (v.)
stand on (v) /stænd ɒn/ estar de pie sobre (v.)
swim under (v) /swɪm ˈʌndə(r)/ nadar bajo (v.)
walk around (v) /wɔːk əˈraʊnd/ pasear por (v.)

Etapas de la vida
buy a house (v) /baɪ ə haʊs / comprar una casa (v.)
get a job (v) /ɡet ə dʒɒb/ conseguir trabajo (v.)
get married (v) /ɡet ˈmærid/ casarse (v.)
get a degree (v) /ɡet ə dɪˈɡriː/ graduarse en la universidad (v.)
go to university (v) /ɡəʊ tə ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ ir a la universidad (v.)
have children (v) /hæv ˈtʃɪldrən/ tener hijos (v.)
learn to drive (v) /lɜːn tə draɪv/ aprender a conducir (v.)
leave home (v) /liːv həʊm/ independizarse (v.)
move house (v) /muːv haʊs/ mudarse (v.)
retire from work (v) /rɪˈtaɪə(r) frəm wɜːk/ jubilarse (v.)

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Vocabulary practice
1 Choose the correct option in the photo descriptions 1–5.
Then match the descriptions 1–5 to photos A–E.

A B C D E

A holiday disaster!
Bu
1 ac t we lost / had an So Dad hired / booked We got to the airport too
cident on the way 2 a car and we drove to 3 late, so
– we lost / missed
oops! We had to fly
home. France. our flight to France!

We sent / booked a hotel Then Mum lost / hired

r at home her suitcase on the way
4 on our compute the 5
home. Next year, we’ll
befo re we left for
airport. stay at home!

2 Complete the verbs and prepositions of movement 3 Translate the sentences.

in the crossword. They are all two words. 1 My brother got married last year.
1 2
C J
2 Football isn’t as exciting as tennis.
3
S R
A 3 Grandma has just booked a holiday for herself.

W 4 Yesterday afternoon, Dave bought some souvenirs for

4 5 his friends.
D F L O
U A
5 My bag is heavier than yours!
L
6 That pizza is mine, not yours!
O
6
S I D N 7 That’s the least interesting documentary on TV.
G
8 Mum learned to drive 20 years ago.

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1 Unit 1
Grammar reference

could, can, will be able to: modales de should / ought to: modales de consejo
habilidad y permiso Should / ought to tienen la misma forma para todos los
Could, can y will be able to tienen la misma forma para todos sujetos. Se emplean con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
los pronombres sujeto. Se emplean con el infinitivo del verbo Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
sin to. Lauren should / We shouldn’t go. What should I do?
Afirmativa ought to go.
Pasado Presente Futuro Usos
Empleamos should y ought to para pedir o dar consejo.
I could sing. I can sing. I will be able to sing. Empleamos ought to en oraciones afirmativas.
Negativa ‘Should Jake buy a car?’ ‘No, he shouldn't.’.
Pasado Presente Futuro They ought to watch this documentary.
I couldn’t sing. I can’t sing. I won’t be able to sing.
have to, need to y must: modales de
Interrogativa
obligación, necesidad y prohibición
Pasado Presente Futuro
Have to y need to se emplean con el infinitivo del verbo
Could you sing? Can you sing? Will you be able to sing? sin to.
Usos
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Could, can y will be able to se emplean para expresar la
I / You / We / I / You / We / Do I / you / we /
habilidad que alguien o algo tiene para hacer algo o para
They have to / They don't have they have to /
decir qué es posible en determinada situación.
need to go. to / need to go. need to go?
Can y could también se emplean para expresar permiso.
He / She / It has He / She / It Does he / she /
‘Can I watch that film?’ ‘No, you can’t. You’re too young.’
to / need to go. doesn’t have to / it have to / need
need to go. to go?
allow somebody to / be allowed to: permiso Must tiene la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Allow somebody to / be allowed to se emplean con el Must se emplea con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
infinitivo del verbo sin to.
Afirmativa Negativa
allow somebody to I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It /
I allow the students to use dictionaries. They must wear a uniform. We / They mustn’t wear
They don’t allow you to listen twice. trainers.
be allowed to Usos
I am allowed to stay up late. Empleamos have to para hablar de obligaciones o reglas.
Students have to use the teachers’ surnames.
She isn’t allowed to wear trainers.
Usos Must no tiene forma en pasado. Empleamos had to.
Allow somebody to / be allowed to se emplean para They had to leave after the film.
expresar permiso. Empleamos don’t have to para indicar que no es necesario
They allow us to wear our own clothes to school. hacer algo o que no es obligatorio.
I’m allowed to drink cola with my dinner. Isabel doesn’t have to do PE.
They aren’t allowed to eat lunch in class. The students didn’t have to wear a uniform.
We don’t allow the students to use bad language. También empleamos must para hablar de cosas
Podemos emplear allow somebody to / be allowed to en importantes, obligatorias, reglas o leyes.
tiempos diferentes. You must wear ordinary shoes at school.
Futuro con will: I’ll allow you to come with us. Empleamos mustn’t para indicar prohibición.
Past simple: He wasn’t allowed to watch the film. Steve mustn’t eat his sandwich in the classroom.
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Must y have to tienen prácticamente el mismo significado. have to and must
I must do my homework. = I have to do my homework. 3 Put the words in the correct order to make have to
A menudo empleamos must para hablar de algo que el or don’t have to sentences and questions.
orador decide que es necesario. on Friday / go / We / to / to school / don’t / have
You must be at home at ten o’clock. We don’t have to go to school on Friday.
A menudo empleamos have to cuando otras circunstancias 1 to / Kate / give / in class today / a presentation / had
hacen que algo sea necesario.
2 have / to school yesterday / you / walk / Did / to / ?
I have to go to the sports centre because I need to train.
Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t. No es habitual 3 have / eat / lunch at school / don’t / Students / to
emplear must en oraciones interrogativas.
You mustn’t wear trainers at school.
Empleamos need to / don’t need to para hablar de 4 Complete the sentences with must or mustn’t.
necesidad o la ausencia de ella. 1 Dan revise for his exams because they
I need to try harder. are next week.
2 You take your sister’s books without
You don’t need to worry.
asking permission!
3 In Britain, you always say please when
you ask for something.
Grammar practice 4 Students use their mobile phones
in class!
Should / ought to and could / can / 5 In Swedish homes, you only wear socks or slippers
will be able to inside. You take your shoes off at
the door.
1 Rewrite the could, can or will be able to sentences in
the correct affirmative ✔, negative ✖ and question ? 5 Correct the underlined mistakes.
forms.
You mustn’t have to do after-school activities. You can
Callum could swim very fast. ✖
choose. don’t have to
Callum couldn’t swim very fast.
1 Sally must go to bed early last night.
1 Rajiva will be able to study at university next year. ?
2 Students don’t have to talk loudly in the library.

2 Jessica can’t study at the weekend. ✔

3 Do we must hand in our homework today?

3 I’ll be able to buy a new shirt before my interview. ?

4 All students have bring money for the school trip.

4 Could your dad speak French when he was young? ✖

5 We mustn’t get up early at the weekends. There’s no
obligation.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct
affirmative ✔, negative ✖ and question ? forms of allow / be allowed to and need to
should and ought to. 6 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
1 Kirsty practise her French more often.
2 Where I go to buy bread? don’t allow don’t need to needed to wasn’t allowed to
3 You go swimming. The water is too cold!
1 Tom go out last night. He had too
4 Sam tell his parents about his plans.
much homework to do.
5 we visit the Tate Modern gallery in
2 You bring a coat – it’s going to be
London?
very warm today.
6 We watch TV now – we’ve got exams
3 Alex’s parents him to play
tomorrow!
computer games during the week.
4 We go shopping – there was
nothing to eat in the fridge.

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Vocabulary reference

1.1 Adjetivos: sentimientos y comportamiento 1.4 Expresiones útiles

anxious (adj) /ˈæŋkʃəs/ nervioso/a (adj.) Habla sobre las noticias y reacciona ante ellas
appreciative (adj) /əˈpriːʃətɪv/ apreciativo/a (adj.) Guess what! ¡Adivina!
cheerful (adj) /ˈtʃɪəfl/ alegre (adj.) Have you seen ...? ¿Has visto...?
enjoyable (adj) /ɪnˈdʒɔɪəbl/ divertido/a (adj.) Have you heard about ...? ¿Te has enterado
helpful (adj) /ˈhelpfl/ útil (adj.) de...?
honest (adj) /ˈɒnɪst/ sincero/a (adj.) How awful! ¡Qué horror!
hurtful (adj) /ˈhɜːtfl/ hiriente (adj.) How terrible! ¡Qué horrible!
likeable (adj) /ˈlaɪkəbl/ agradable (adj.) How amazing! ¡Qué increíble!
offensive (adj) /əˈfensɪv/ ofensivo/a (adj.) How awesome! ¡Qué alucinante!
thankful (adj) /ˈθæŋkfl/ agradecido/a (adj.) That’s (so) awful. Es (realmente)
unfair (adj) /ˌʌnˈfeə(r)/ injusto/a (adj.) espantoso.
valuable (adj) /ˈvæljuəbl/ valioso/a (adj.) That’s (so) terrible. Es (realmente)
horrible.
1.1 Más vocabulario That’s (so) amazing. Es (realmente)
comforting (adj) /ˈkʌmfətɪŋ/ reconfortante (adj.) increíble.
grateful (adj) /ˈɡreɪtfl/ agradecido/a (adj.) That’s (so) awesome. Es (realmente)
life-changing (adj) /laɪf ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/ radical (adj.) alucinante.
overcome (v) /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ superar (v.) That’s (so) understandable. Es (totalmente)
self-esteem (n) /ˌself ɪˈstiːm/ autoestima (sust.) comprensible.
That sounds ... Me parece...
1.2 Sustantivos: bienestar What a shame! ¡Qué pena!
behaviour (n) /bɪˈheɪvjə(r)/ comportamiento What a pity! ¡Qué rabia!
(sust.) Oh no! ¡Oh, no!
bullying (n) /ˈbʊliɪŋ/ acoso (sust.) Oh dear! ¡Vaya!
compassion (n) /kəmˈpæʃn/ compasión (sust.) Oh wow! ¡Guau!
depression (n) /dɪˈpreʃn/ depresión (sust.) Oh really? ¿En serio?
empathy (n) /ˈempəθi/ empatía (sust.) I bet you are! Seguro que sí.
gratitude (n) /ˈɡrætɪtjuːd/ gratitud (sust.) What happened next? ¿Y después qué
kindness (n) /ˈkaɪndnəs/ amabilidad (sust.) pasó?
loneliness (n) /ˈləʊnlinəs/ soledad (sust.)
stress (n) /stres/ estrés (sust.)
tolerance (n) /ˈtɒlərəns/ tolerancia (sust.)

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Vocabulary practice 2 Complete the crossword with the well-being nouns.
1
L
1 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with 2
the adjectives.
enjoyable helpful hurtful unfair valuable
3

1 It was very that Toby’s slice of cake was

bigger than Jemima’s. Across
2 an ability to accept different ideas and beliefs
3 the act of using your strength or power to hurt or
frighten people who are weaker
4 the quality of being good, friendly and generous to
other people
5 worry and pressure that is caused by problems and
having too many things to do
Down
2 Zac is always when people can’t do 1 an unhappy feeling because you aren’t with other people
things for themselves.
3 Translate the sentences.
1 My brother needs to talk to someone about his low self-
esteem.

2 The children aren’t allowed to use offensive language.

3 We mustn’t forget to show our gratitude.

3 I mustn’t lose my new watch. It’s very . 4 They ought to be more appreciative.

5 Sam must try to overcome his injuries.

6 Should I buy a ticket here in the station or on the train?

7 Students don’t have to wear uniforms on Fridays at

our school.
4 Going bike riding with my friends is very .
8 I find it very comforting to talk to someone when I'm
feeling anxious.

5 Tanya’s comments were very and Joe was

upset.

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2 Unit 2
Grammar reference

too, too much, too many, (not) enough: Past continuous

cuantificadores Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Adjetivos Sustantivos Sustantivos I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?
contables incontables You were reading. You weren’t Were you reading?
The plot is too There are too many There’s too much reading.
predictable. special effects. dialogue in the film. He / She / It was He / She / It Was he / she / it
The film isn’t Are there enough There’s enough reading. wasn’t reading. reading?
exciting enough! tickets for action in the film. We / They were We / They weren’t Were we / they
everybody? reading. reading. reading?
too many / too much = más de lo necesario
enough = la cantidad necesaria
not enough = no lo suficiente, menos de la cantidad necesaria
Past simple y past continuous
Usos Usos
Empleamos too antes de adjetivos. Empleamos el past simple para hablar de acciones que
The novel is too long. terminaron en el pasado.
Empleamos too many antes de sustantivos contables en plural. Andy met his friends at the Zombie Lab yesterday
afternoon.
There are too many short films in the competition.
Empleamos el past continuous para hablar de acciones que
Empleamos too much antes de sustantivos incontables.
estaban en curso en el pasado.
There was too much sadness in the film.
What were you doing at seven o’clock?
Empleamos (not) enough después de adjetivos.
They weren’t showing the film.
Lily’s story isn’t interesting enough.
When y while
Empleamos (not) enough antes de sustantivos incontables y
Empleamos el past continuous y el past simple en la misma
sustantivos contables en plural.
oración cuando una acción interrumpe otra. Empleamos el
The play didn’t have enough romance.
past continuous para describir la acción más larga y el past
The film received enough awards. simple para la acción que interrumpe la otra. Normalmente
empleamos while con el past continuous y when con el
past simple.
Past simple
While we were watching the film at the cinema, my
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They phone rang!
watched a film last night.
I was watching a short film on the internet when the
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t electricity went off.
watch a film last night.
Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they
watch a film last night?

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Grammar practice

too, too much, too many, (not) enough Past simple and past continuous
1 Complete the sentences with too or enough. 4 Complete the sentences with when or while.
I was too tired to read and I fell asleep quickly. 1 I was reading my book, my phone rang.
1 The book was difficult to understand, so I 2 It was raining we arrived home.
stopped reading it. 3 J. K. Rowling discovered the famous Lello bookshop
2 There weren’t bad characters to make she was living in Porto, Portugal.
the story interesting. 4 Dad was watching Avatar he fell asleep.
3 The ending of the film was long. I 5 Alice finished her novel the rest of the
thought it would never finish! family were sleeping.
4 Is the new novel entertaining for you?
The last one was quite boring. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct
5 Were there dramatic scenes for an affirmative ✔, negative ✖ or question ? past simple
action film? or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
J. K. Rowling was living in Manchester when she got the
2 Choose the correct option. idea for the Harry Potter stories. (✔ live)
1 Were there too many / too much special effects in 1 When they
the film? the first Fantastic Beasts film? (? make)
2 There are too many / too much bad TV series at 2 The first Spider-Man comic
the moment. in 1962. (✔ appear)
3 It takes too many / too much time to write a novel – 3 I a book on the bus when
I would get bored! it stopped suddenly. (✔ read)
4 Can you come to the beach this weekend? Or have you 4 The last James Bond novel
got too many / too much homework? a bestseller. (✖ be)
5 There were too many / too much bad actors in 5 Who you to
that play. when I saw you in town? (? talk)
6 There was too many / too much loud music in the film.
6 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
3 Complete the text with too, too much, too many Use the correct form of the past simple or the
and enough. past continuous.
He wasn’t watching (not watch) a DVD when I arrived.
1 the play (finish) while Dan
In general, my opinion of the film is quite negative. was sleeping?
There was (1) talking and not 2 I (find) the book I wanted while I was
(2) action! The long dialogues browsing the internet.
weren’t interesting (3) . There 3 Ali received the text message while he
were also (4) characters, so (watch) TV.
the plot was (5) confusing! 4 Charles Dickens (work) for
And the ending? It was (6) a newspaper when he wrote his first novel?
predictable. 5 I finally (understand) the film’s plot while
Don’t watch this film! we were leaving the cinema!

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Vocabulary reference

2.1 Adjetivos: opiniones 2.4 Expresiones útiles

disappointing (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ decepcionante (adj.) Hablar de preferencias
dramatic (adj) /drəˈmætɪk/ dramático/a (adj.)
Preguntar por preferencias
dull (adj) /dʌl/ soso/a (adj.)
Do you prefer … or …? ¿Prefieres…o…?
entertaining (adj) /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretenido/a (adj.)
Would you rather … (+ infinitivo) or …? ¿Te apetecería
hilarious (adj) /hɪˈleəriəs/ graciosísimo/a (adj.)
más…o…?
informative (adj) /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/ informativo/a (adj.)
Would you prefer … (to + infinitivo) or …? ¿Preferirías…o…?
original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original (adj.)
Do you like …? ¿Te gusta…?
predictable (adj) /prɪˈdɪktəbl/ predecible (adj.)
Do you enjoy ... (-ing)? ¿Te divierte...?
realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪkˌrɪəˈlɪstɪk/ realista (adj.)
spectacular (adj) /spekˈtækjələ(r)/ espectacular (adj.) Expresar preferencias
terrifying (adj) /ˈterɪfaɪɪŋ/ terrorífico/a (adj.) I prefer … (to + infinitivo / -ing /
sustantivo) Prefiero…
I’d rather … (infinitivo) Preferiría…
2.1 Más vocabulario I’d prefer … (to + infinitivo) Preferiría...
audience (n) /ˈɔːdiəns/ audiencia (sust.)
I like / love … (to + infinitivo / -ing /
plot (n) /plɒt/ argumento (sust.)
sustantivo) Me gusta / encanta...
scene (n) /siːn/ escena (sust.)
I enjoy … (-ing) Disfruto de…
screen (n) /skriːn/ pantalla (sust.)
I don’t mind … (-ing / sustantivo) No me importa…
screenwriter (n) /ˈskriːnraɪtə(r)/ guionista (sust.)
It depends on … Depende de…
special effects (n) /ˈspeʃl ɪˈfekts/ efectos especiales
I find it really … (adjetivo) Me parece muy…
(sust.)
I can’t stand / I can’t bear … No soporto / no
(-ing / sustantivo) aguanto…
2.2 Literatura y cine I’m not very keen on …
award (n) /əˈwɔːd/ premio (sust.) (-ing / sustantivo) No me convence...
beginning (n) /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ comienzo (sust.)
bestseller (n) /ˌbestˈselə(r)/ éxito de ventas (sust.)
chapter (n) /ˈtʃæptə(r)/ capítulo (sust.)
critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ crítico/a (sust.)
editor (n) /ˈedɪtə(r)/ editor/a (sust.)
ending (n) /ˈendɪŋ/ final (sust.)
hit (n) /hɪt/ éxito (sust.)
narrator (n) /nəˈreɪtə(r)/ narrador/a (sust.)
novelist (n) /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ novelista (sust.)
publisher (n) /ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)/ editorial (sust.)
review (n) /rɪˈvjuː/ reseña (sust.)
setting (n) /ˈsetɪŋ/ marco (sust.)

88
 2
Vocabulary practice
1 Use an adjective to describe each scene. There is one extra adjective.
dramatic dull entertaining hilarious informative terrifying

1 entertaining 2 3

4 5 6

2 Match 1–8 to A–H. 3 Translate the sentences.

1 award D 5 novelist 1 I was reading a book when I had a great idea.
2 beginning 6 critic
3 ending 7 setting 2 I’ve got too many books on my shelf.
4 hit 8 review
3 It’s an entertaining tale about people in Ireland.
A last part
B writer
4 I haven’t got enough money to buy that book.
C written opinion of book or film
D prize
5 I thought the plot was really boring.
E time and place
F first part
6 The critics wrote negative reviews about the film.
G person who gives their opinion
H success
7 They spent too much money on special effects.

8 The narrator was telling the story too slowly.

89
3 Unit 3
Grammar reference

Present perfect Present perfect con how long, for y since

Afirmativa Usos
I / You have eaten. I’ve / You’ve eaten. Empleamos how long con el present perfect para plantear
preguntas acerca de la duración de algo. Normalmente
He / She / It has eaten. He’s / She’s / It’s eaten.
respondemos a esas preguntas con for o since.
We / They have eaten. We’ve / They’ve eaten.
‘How long has your mum had her own shop?’ ‘Since 2011’ /
Negativa ‘For eight years.’
I / You have not finished. I / You haven’t finished. For se puede emplear con el present perfect para describir
He / She / It has not He / She / It hasn’t finished. la duración de una acción o suceso que empezó en el
finished. pasado y continúa en el presente. Va seguido de un periodo
We / They have not finished. We / They haven’t finished. de tiempo: for three months, for five days, etc. Se coloca
antes de la expresión temporal.
Interrogativa
I’ve had the same mobile phone for two years. (And I still
Have I / you started? What have I / you missed? have it.)
Has he / she / it started? Who has he / she / it seen? Since también se emplea con el present perfect para indicar
Have we / they started? Why have we / they left? cuándo empezó una acción. Va seguido de un momento
Normalmente, en las oraciones afirmativas, empleamos determinado: since 2015, since my birthday, etc. Se coloca
las formas breves (’ve / ’s) después de un pronombre antes de la expresión temporal.
sujeto cuando hablamos. Empleamos las formas completas My dad has worked for a clothes manufacturer since
2011.
(have / has) en textos formales.
Normalmente empleamos las formas breves (haven’t /
hasn’t) en las oraciones negativas, tanto para el lenguaje Present perfect con still, yet y already
oral como para el escrito. Empleamos las formas completas
Usos
(have not / has not) en textos formales.
Empleamos still, yet y already con el present perfect.
No se puede confundir la forma breve de has (’s) con la
Empleamos still y yet en oraciones negativas para reforzar
forma breve de is (también ’s).
la idea de que algo no ha cambiado. Still precede a
Usos haven’t / hasn’t. Yet se coloca al final de la oración.
Empleamos el present perfect para hablar de experiencias
Kylie still hasn’t bought a new dress for the wedding.
que hemos tenido (o no) en algún punto del pasado.
I’ve overspent again. Tim hasn’t picked up any rock climbing skills yet.
También empleamos yet al final de las preguntas para
I haven’t taken up athletics this year.
saber si alguien ha hecho algo.
Nunca empleamos el present perfect para hablar de un
Have you taken up Italian yet?
suceso que ocurrió en un momento concreto del pasado.
Lo empleamos cuando el momento del suceso no importa Empleamos already en oraciones afirmativas para enfatizar
o no se sabe. Empleamos el present perfect para preguntar que alguien ha hecho algo. Already se coloca entre have /
acerca de experiencias pasadas. A veces empleamos ever has y el participio pasado.
en las preguntas para indicar “en cualquier momento de Beth has already left with the other trail bike riders.
nuestra vida hasta ahora”.
Have you ever tried out slacklining?

90

Grammar practice
Present perfect
1 Write sentences and questions. Use the present
perfect.
Jon / have / those shoes / for years / ?
Has Jon had those shoes for years?
1 we / not seen / Sally / since last summer
2 Kay and Alexa / own / their clothes shop / since last
year / ?
3 I / study / German / for five years
4 Harry / not save / enough money / for his holiday
5 Steve’s hair / grow / recently / ?
6 you / find / some good bargains / in the sales
7 Marie / not buy / any new clothes / this week
8 this shop / reduce / the prices of all its trainers / ?
Present perfect with for and since
2 Choose the correct option.
1 We’ve picked up a lot of new skills since September /
three weeks.
2 The sales have been on for a week / last weekend.
3 Sandy has known about the news for months /
last year.
4 They’ve lived here for 2013 / two years.
5 I’ve started three new sports classes since Christmas /
three months.
6 Alison has worn that dress three times since ages /
last Monday.
7 The antique shop has been in the family for 1950 /
70 years.
8 We haven’t had a holiday since 2015 / five years.
3
Present perfect questions with how long
3 Read the answers and write questions with How
long. Use the present perfect.
How long have they lived in their hometown?
They’ve lived in their hometown for ten years.
1
Tom has owned that designer jacket since Christmas.
2
Emily has had those boots for ages.
3
I have shopped online for years!
4
They’ve been at the shopping centre since nine o’clock.
5
Lucy and Ryan have known each other since my party
last year.
Present perfect with still, yet and already
4 Correct the underlined mistakes with still, yet
and already.
We’ve yet joined the athletics team. already
1 Have you been trail biking still?
2 Annie already hasn’t tried out street art.
3 I’ve still decided to do the course.
4 They yet haven’t left the shopping centre.
5 Has Rob finished his homework still?
5 Rewrite the sentences with the words in brackets.
Use the present perfect.
Mark has already learnt to swim. (Ben / still)
Ben still hasn’t learned to swim.
1 Katie hasn’t joined in with the dance lessons yet.
(singing lessons / already)
2 Sam has already played three football matches.
(a tennis match / yet)
3 Nas has already taken up a new language. (Mia / still)
4 They’ve already been shopping. (I / yet)
5 I still haven’t tried out my new bike. (my sister / already)
91
3
Vocabulary reference

3.1 Dinero y compras 3.4 Expresiones útiles

bargain (n) /ˈbɑːɡən/ ganga (sust.) Llegar a un acuerdo
be worth (v) /ˌbi ˈwɜːθ/ merecer la pena (v.) Why don’t we … (+ infinitivo)? ¿Por qué no…?
brand (n) /brænd/ marca (sust.) Let’s … (+ infinitivo) Vamos a…
budget (n) /ˈbʌdʒɪt/ presupuesto (sust.) Shall we … (+ infinitivo) ¿Qué tal si…
cost (v) /kɒst/ coste (sust.) We could … (+ infinitivo) Podríamos…
discount (n) /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ descuento (sust.) What about … (+ -ing) + sustantivo? ¿Y si…?
good deal (n) /ɡʊd diːl/ buena oferta (sust.) How about … (+ -ing) + sustantivo? ¿Qué te/os parece…?
overspend (v) /ˈəʊvəspend/ derrochar (v.) I suggest (I, you, we, etc.) … Sugiero…
reduce (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ reducir (v.) How does that sound? ¿Qué te parece?
sale (n) /seɪl/ rebaja (sust.) Do we all agree? ¿Estamos de
save up (v) /ˌseɪv ˈʌp/ ahorrar (v.) acuerdo?
shop online (v) /ˌʃɒp ˌɒnˈlaɪn/ comprar por Is everyone happy to go with that idea? ¿Todos estáis
Internet (v.) conformes con esa
idea?
3.1 Más vocabulario What do you think? ¿Qué te/os parece?
customer (n) /ˈkʌstəmə(r)/ cliente (sust.) That doesn’t work for me. A mí no me
department store (n) /dɪˈpɑːtmənt centro comercial convence.
ˌstɔː(r)/ (sust.) That’s not a bad idea, but (+ -ing) …? No es mala idea,
manufacturer (n) pero…?
/ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə(r)/ fabricante (sust.) That could be a bit difficult / Podría ser un poco
model (n) /ˈmɒdl/ modelo (sust.) expensive / tiring / … difícil / caro /
profit (n) /ˈprɒfɪt/ beneficio (sust.) agotador…
retailer (n) /ˈriːteɪlə(r)/ minorista (sust.) I’m happy to … Es un placer…
That sounds like a good plan / Parece un buen
3.2 Verbos preposicionales great idea. plan / una gran idea.
come along (phr v) /kʌm əˈlɒŋ/ venir (v.) That works for me. A mí me parece bien.
join in (phr v) /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse (v.) That’s fine by me. Por mí, vale.
miss out (phr v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt/ perderse una (not) be up for something (no) apetecer
oportunidad (v.) Question tags: isn’t it? / don’t we? / Question tags:
pick up (phr v) /ˈpɪk ˌʌp/ aprender (v.) aren’t they? ¿no?
take on (phr v) /ˈteɪk ɒn/ aceptar un
desafío (v.)
take up (phr v) /ˈteɪk ʌp/ empezar (a hacer
algo) (v.)
try out (phr v) /traɪ ˌˈaʊt/ probar (v.)
work out (phr v) /wɜːk ˈaʊt/ entrenar (v.)

3.2 Más vocabulario

archery (n) /ˈɑːtʃəri/ tiro con arco (sust.)
athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletismo (sust.)
kayaking (n) /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ hacer kayak (v.)
rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ escalada (sust.)
slacklining (n) /ˈslæklaɪnɪŋ/ funambulismo (sust.)
trail biking (n) /ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ/ ciclismo de montaña
(sust.)

92
 3
Vocabulary practice
Across
1 Complete the crossword.
1 Gareth’s jacket cost £100, but it isn’t worth it!
1 2 4 You need to the amount of money you spend
W O R T H
every month and save some.
5 I always wear the same of sports clothes.
3 4 6 Mum prefers these jeans because they don’t
5 much money.
7 We live on a small each month because we haven’t
6
got much money.
7 8 What an amazing ! 20% off everything in the shop!

Down
8 2 When we get paid, we always buy lots of things
and . Afterwards, we feel really stupid.
3 It was a – half-price!

2 Complete the second sentence so that it has the 3 Translate the sentences.
same meaning as the first. Use a phrasal verb from 1 The slacklining course wasn’t worth the money.
the box to replace the words in bold.
come along join in miss out take on take up
2 Amy has worked in the department store for six
work out
months.
1 Dad and his friends do exercise at the gym three times
a week.
Dad and his friends 3 Adam still hasn’t tried out archery.
.
2 Mum has decided to begin drawing for pleasure. Her
first class is next week. 4 How long has Ellie been your customer?
Mum has decided to
.
3 There will be lots of bargains in the sales tomorrow. We 5 Meena has done athletics since she was twelve.
don’t want to not have the chance to find any, so let’s
go early!
There will be lots of bargains in the sales tomorrow. 6 Have you picked up a lot of French since you moved to
We don’t want to France?
.
4 Josie didn’t enjoy her first day at school. She didn’t take
part in any games and she didn’t make any new friends. 7 Have you found any good deals yet?
Josie didn’t enjoy her first day at school. She didn’t

. 8 We’ve already spent a lot of money at the sales.

5 I’m ready to say yes to the challenge of a 10 km run.
I’m ready to
.
6 I can’t get to Tania’s party at 7 p.m. I’m going to arrive
later.
I can’t get to Tania’s party at 7 p.m. I’m going to

93
4 Unit 4
Grammar reference

Present perfect y past simple Preguntas de sujeto

Present perfect Empleamos la forma afirmativa del verbo para hacer
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa preguntas de sujeto.
I’ve / You've just I / You haven’t been Have I / you met Who unplugged the TV? Carl unplugged it.
been to Sydney. to Sydney. him before? What made that noise? His phone made that noise.
He / She / It has He / She / It hasn’t Has he / she / it Which cable connects the TV? The red one connects
already finished. finished yet. finished yet? the TV.
We / They have We / They haven’t Have we / they Usos
booked the flight. booked the flight. booked the flight? Empleamos preguntas de sujeto para preguntar acerca
Expresiones temporales del sujeto de una oración. La partícula interrogativa
already, yet, still, for, since hace referencia al sujeto.
Past simple A Someone unplugged your laptop.
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa B Who unplugged my laptop?
I / You / He / She / I / You / He / She / Did I / you / he / A David unplugged it. I saw him do it.
It / We / They saw It / We / They didn’t she / it / we / they
it. see it. see it?
Expresiones temporales Preguntas de objeto
yesterday, last night / week / year / month, at six o’clock, in the
Empleamos la forma interrogativa del verbo para hacer
winter, two weeks ago, etc.
preguntas de objeto.
Usos
What did John watch on TV? He watched a film.
El present perfect se emplea para describir sucesos que
comenzaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente. What did you press? I pressed the on / off button.
The Smith family has lived in Canada since 2013. Who did you message? I messaged Hazel.
El present perfect también se emplea para describir sucesos Usos
pasados sin referencias temporales exactas. Empleamos preguntas de objeto para preguntar acerca
They have tried all the games apps on their phones. del objeto de una oración. La partícula interrogativa
El present perfect emplea expresiones temporales que hace referencia al objeto.
describen el punto en el que comenzó una acción o un periodo A Dad spoke to someone at your school.
de tiempo: since 2010, for ten years. B Who did he speak to?
El past simple se emplea para hablar de una acción o periodo A He spoke to your maths teacher.
de tiempo del pasado que ya se ha completado.
The Jones family moved to Canada two years ago.
El past simple emplea expresiones temporales para momentos
específicos del pasado: yesterday, last night, last week, last year,
at six o’clock, etc.

94
 4
Grammar practice

Present perfect Present perfect and past simple

1 Put the words in the correct order to make present
perfect sentences and questions.
picked up / Harry / has / a lot of Bulgarian words /
already
Harry has already picked up a lot of Bulgarian words.
1 has / an upsetting / today / had / Megan / experience
3 Correct the underlined mistakes.
I’ve charged my laptop last night. charged
1 Maya still didn’t text me.
2 They’ve made the first Star Trek film in 1979.
3 Kiran has bought a smart phone last weekend.

2 already / my software / updated / I’ve 4 We already asked them for technical support.

3 in an exam / been / since / Rebecca / this morning / 5 Joe and Ben had their laptops since November.
has
6 We just bought new phones.
4 practised / yet / your / Have / Italian / you / ?
Subject and object questions
5 has / since / 2010 / Luke / in Cardiff / lived
4 Choose the correct option.
1 Which film did Leah stream / streamed Leah to
6 ever / Maya and Sean / been / Have / to Spain / ?
her computer?
2 What did confuse / confused you about the
7 just / We / Spanish / have / learning / started
teacher’s question?
3 Who did you tell / you told about your problem?
8 have / sushi / never / eaten / I
4 Who did give / gave Joe a new phone for his birthday?
5 What did Anil say / Anil said that was fascinating?
6 Which shop does sell / sells that new tablet device?
Past simple
2 Complete the sentences with the correct past simple 5 Complete the object questions with the correct form
form of the verbs in brackets. of do and the subject questions with – .
They arrived (arrive) in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, Who – invited you to the party?
last night. What did you bring to the party?
1 We (not visit) your Uncle Jim last night – 1 What you write when you messaged
he wasn’t home. Harriet?
2 Alex’s family (move) to 2 Who you speak to about the problem
Australia four years ago? with your phone?
3 Marta’s parents (live) in Thailand for 3 What bonnie mean in Scottish English?
six years. 4 How many people came to the meeting?
4 William (not buy) a laptop yesterday. 5 What caused the accident on holiday?
5 your class (visit) the
science museum too?

95
4
Vocabulary reference

4.1 Adjetivos: sentimientos 4.4 Expresiones útiles

amusing (adj) /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ divertido/a (adj.) Pedir y ofrecer ayuda
annoying (adj) /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ irritante (adj.)
Pedir ayuda
confusing (adj) /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ confuso/a (adj.)
Excuse me … / Sorry to bother you ... Disculpe... / Perdón
embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ vergonzoso/a (adj.)
por molestar...
fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ fascinante (adj.)
Could you help me (with) … please? ¿Podría ayudarme
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ aterrador/a (adj.)
(con)...?
frustrating (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrante (adj.)
Could you explain how to …? ¿Podría explicarme
inspiring (adj) /ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ inspirador/a (adj.)
cómo...?
motivating (adj) /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivante (adj.)
Can you (tell me / hold …), please? ¿Puede (decirme /
relaxing (adj) /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ relajante (adj.)
esperar...)?
upsetting (adj) /ʌpˈsetɪŋ/ sobrecogedor (adj.)
Could you (tell me / hold …), please? ¿Puede (decirme /
worrying (adj) /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ preocupante (adj.)
esperar...)?
I need some help with …, please. Necesito un poco de
4.1 Más vocabulario ayuda con...
blow your nose (v) /ˌbləʊ jə(r) sonarse la nariz (v.) Would you mind … (+ -ing), please? ¿Le importaría...?
ˈnəʊz/
Responder
blush (v) /blʌʃ/ ponerse rojo/a (v.)
Of course (not). Claro (que no).
burst out laughing (v) /ˌbɜːst aʊt
Here you are. Ya está.
ˈlɑːfɪŋ/ partirse de risa (v.)
Here you go. Listo.
compliment (v) /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ cumplido (v.)
I’m afraid (I’ve got no idea). Me temo que (no
sniff (v) /snɪf/ sorber (v.)
tengo ni idea).
I’m sorry, but (I’m busy right now). Lo siento, pero
4.2 Verbos: tecnología (ahora mismo estoy
browse (v) /braʊz/ navegar (v.) ocupado/a).
charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ cargar (v.)
Ofrecer ayuda y hacer sugerencias
download (v) /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ descargar (v.)
Would you like me to … for you? ¿Quiere que...por
message (v) /ˈmesɪdʒ/ mensaje (v.)
usted?
plug in (v) /ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn, / enchufar (v.)
Shall I help you with that? ¿Quiere que le ayude
press (v) /pres/ pulsar (v.)
con eso?
scroll (v) /skrəʊl/ desplazar (v.)
Have you tried … (+ -ing), Ha probado a...
stream (v) /striːm/ emitir (v.)
What about … (+ -ing), ¿Qué le parece si...?
swipe (v) /swaɪp/ arrastrar el dedo por
How about … (+ -ing), ¿Y si...?
la pantalla (v.)
Here, let me try. Déjeme a mí.
switch off (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ apagar (v.)
Here, let me have a go. Déjeme probar a mí.
switch on (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn/ encender (v.)
Why don’t you …? ¿Por qué no...?
tap (v) /tæp/ teclear (v.)
Make sure you … Acuérdese de…
unplug (v) /ʌnˈplʌɡ / desconectar (v.)
update (v) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualizar (v.)

96
 4
Vocabulary practice
1 Look at the map and the activities that Danny and James did at the weekend.
Complete the messages Danny and James sent home to their friends with the
adjectives in the box. Then match the messages to pictures A–D on the map.
annoying confusing fascinating relaxing 3 Just finished our
trip round
the Eden Project. We saw
1 We’ve arrived in Cornwall A so many beautiful, tropical
OK, but some of the plants.
road signs here are so Picture
! We’re a
bit lost right now!
Picture

B
C

2 We’ve already
had a swim at the 4 ARGH!!! How !
beach at St Agnes We’ve missed the train
and now we’re home! Sorry, Mum, I’m going
sunbathing! It’s very to be late.
! Picture
D
Picture

2 Choose the correct option. 3 Translate the sentences.

1 I’ve swiped through all my friend’s holiday photos.

100%
2 How did you update your software?

Mobile phone facts 3 How many times have you messaged your
friends today?
1 A lot of people switch on / unplug their
smartphone screens to check the time.
4 My phone’s not working. Have you switched it off?
2 These days, most teenagers message /
switch off friends on apps like WhatsApp 5 I burst out laughing when Erica told that joke yesterday!
more often than they text each other.
6 Which music videos have you streamed recently?
3 British children aged 8–14 scroll / browse
websites for more than one hour a day.

4 Approximately 57% of smartphone users use

their phones to stream / plug in videos.

97
5 Unit 5
Grammar reference

Past perfect Pronombres relativos

Afirmativa Pronombre relativo Se usa para…
I / You had eaten. I’d / You’d eaten. who personas
He / She / It had eaten. He’d / She’d / It’d eaten. which cosas / ideas
We / They had eaten. We’d / They’d eaten. where lugares
Negativa whose posesión
Usos
I / You had not finished. I / You hadn’t finished.
Las oraciones relativas nos ofrecen más información
He / She / It had not finished. He / She / It hadn’t sobre los sustantivos de la oración principal. Empleamos
finished.
los pronombres relativos para referirnos al sustantivo e
We / They had not finished. We / They hadn’t finished. introducir la oración relativa.
Interrogativa The man who the police interviewed is now a suspect.
Had I / you started? What had I / you missed? The new law which they made wasn’t very popular.
Had he / she / it started? Who had he / she / it seen? That’s the girl whose dad was a witness to the crime.
Had we / they started? Why had we / they left? The company where she works is in London.
Usos
Empleamos el past perfect para hablar de sucesos que
ocurrieron antes que otro suceso en el pasado. Modales de deducción
Before the film started, I had bought some popcorn. Modales de deducción
A menudo empleamos el past perfect en la misma oración can’t: totalmente He can’t be a suspect.
que el past simple. El past simple describe el suceso más might: posiblemente This might be the weapon.
reciente del pasado y el past perfect describe uno anterior. could: posiblemente The police could close the case.
We didn’t have any evidence because the burglar hadn’t may: posiblemente More witnesses may come forward.
left any fingerprints.
must: claramente She must have a motive.
Empleamos el past perfect para responder preguntas
Usos
acerca del pasado que comienzan con how long?
Empleamos can’t para hablar de cosas que creemos que
A How long had you been a police officer when you retired?
son imposibles o totalmente falsas.
B I’d been one for thirty-five years. This can’t be Camilla’s house. She lives on the next street.
Empleamos might, could o may para hablar de cosas que
posiblemente sean ciertas.
My mum might be at the supermarket, but I’m not sure.
Your keys could be in the cupboard.
Don’t trust him, he may be a fraudster.
Empleamos must para hablar con seguridad sobre cosas
que claramente son ciertas.
Levi saw the crime, so he must know who did it.
A la persona que habla le parece que el hecho de que Levi
sepa quién cometió el crimen es una deducción lógica.

98
 5
Grammar practice

Past perfect 4 Complete the text with the relative pronouns who,
which, where and whose.
1 Complete the sentences and questions with the
verbs in brackets. Use the past perfect.

WANTED
The victim had known (know) the murderer.
1 The burglar (not leave)
any evidence.
2 We (see) the crime scene.
3 You (not meet) the
police officer.

FOR KIDNAPPING
4 (they / do) any drug-
dealing before?
5 How long (he / be) there?
(1)
2 Complete the sentences so that they have the same Police are looking for a man
meaning as the first sentences. Use the past perfect. has escaped from the police station. He is
(2) is
I left my glasses at home. I didn’t have them with me. tall with dark brown hair
ation abou t
I didn’t have my glasses with me because I had left very long. Do you have any inform
er
them at home. this man? If so, please contact Police Offic
Adrian Marlowe, 3
( ) telephone
1 We visited the zoo. Then we went to a restaurant.
number is at the botto m of this poste r. Please
After , we went to
give PC Marlowe the address of the place
a restaurant.
(4) you saw the man. Do not go
2 The woman saw a murder. She went to the police. (5) is
The woman went to the police because she near him – this is a man
. very dangerous.
3 There weren’t any crimes in the town. Then the
kidnapping happened. Police Officer A. Marlowe 07609 543 228
Before the kidnapping happened, there
.
4 The police didn’t find any evidence. They closed the case.
The police closed the case because
Modals of deduction
.
5 Joe didn’t finish his work, so we couldn’t go out. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb
We couldn’t go out because of deduction from the brackets.
. There must be a motive. In my opinion, murders rarely
happen without them. (must / can’t)
Relative pronouns 1 This knife be the weapon. It doesn’t
match the injuries. (can’t / might)
3 Choose the correct option. 2 There be some witnesses. There were a
This is the crime story which / who / where is about lot of people in the area that evening. (can’t / may)
an imposter. 3 The police have a suspect. They have
1 That’s the police station whose / where / who the spoken to a man who matches a description of the
police interviewed me yesterday. mugger. (can’t / might)
2 She’s the woman where / whose / which husband 4 I think you should go to hospital. You say you feel fine,
committed credit-card fraud. but your injuries be serious. (could /
3 Jack is the burglar who / which / whose stole my must)
mum’s jewellery.
4 That’s the house which / who / where was burgled.
5 He’s the boy whose / who / which sister is a
police officer.

99
 5
Vocabulary reference

5.1 Sustantivos sobre delitos 5.4 Expresiones útiles

case (n) /keɪs/ caso (sust.) Hablar de fotografías
crime scene (n) /ˈkraɪm siːn/ escena del crimen
Describir fotos
(sust.)
In this picture. I can see ... En esta imagen. Veo...
evidence (n) /ˈevɪdəns/ prueba (sust.)
There’s / There are Hay...
fingerprints (n) /ˈfɪŋɡəprɪnts/ huellas dactilares
at the bottom en la parte de abajo
(sust.)
at the top en la parte de arriba
injury (n) /ˈɪndʒəri/ lesión (sust.)
in the background de fondo
motive (n) /ˈməʊtɪv/ motivo (sust.)
in the foreground en primer plano
murder (n) /ˈmɜːdə(r)/ asesino/a (sust.)
in the corner en la esquina
sample (n) /ˈsɑːmpl/ muestra (sust.)
in the middle en el medio
suspect (n) /səˈspekt/ sospechoso/a (sust.)
on the left a la izquierda
victim (n) /ˈvɪktɪm/ víctima (sust.)
on the right a la derecha
weapon (n) /ˈwepən/ arma (sust.)
It looks like ... Parece que...
witness (n) /ˈwɪtnəs/ testigo (sust.)
He/She can’t be ... Seguro que no está/
es...
5.1 Más vocabulario He/She could be ... Podría ser/estar...
court (n) /kɔːt/ juzgado (sust.) He/She might be ... Podría ser/estar...
defendant (n) /dɪˈfendənt/ acusado/a (sust.) He/She must be ... Seguro que es/está...
jury (n) /ˈdʒʊəri/ jurado (sust.)
offender (n) /əˈfendə(r)/ delincuente (sust.)
peers (n) /pɪə(r)s/ iguales (sust.)
trial (n) /ˈtraɪəl/ juicio (sust.)

5.2 Delitos
arson (n) /ˈɑːsn/ incendio provocado
(sust.)
blackmail (n) /ˈblækmeɪl/ chantaje (sust.)
burglary (n) /ˈbɜːɡləri/ robo (en una casa)
(sust.)
credit-card fraud (n) /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd estafa con tarjetas
ˌfrɔːd/ de crédito (sust.)
drug-dealing (n) /ˈdrʌɡ ˌdiːlɪŋ/ tráfico de drogas
(sust.)
forgery (n) /ˈfɔːdʒəri/ falsificación (sust.)
identity theft (n) /aɪˈdentəti ˌθeft/ robo de identidad
(sust.)
kidnapping (n) /ˈkɪdnæpɪŋ/ secuestro (sust.)
mugging (n) /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/ atraco (sust.)
pickpocketing (n) /ˈpɪkpɒkɪtɪŋ/ robo (de carteras)
(sust.)
shoplifting (n) /ˈʃɒplɪftɪŋ/ robo en una tienda
(sust.)
smuggling (n) /ˈsmʌɡlɪŋ/ contrabando (sust.)
speeding (n) /ˈspiːdɪŋ/ exceso de velocidad
(sust.)
vandalism (n) /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ vandalismo (sust.)

100
 5
Vocabulary practice 3 Translate the sentences.
1 The burglar returned to the crime scene because he
1 Find ten crime words in the wordsearch. The words had forgotten his weapon.
can be vertical (↓), horizontal (→) and diagonal ( ).
S U F O R G E R Y W E B 2 Emma is the witness who saw the mugging.
U C O B M O T B A G N U
S A M P L E C L O D R R 3 These fingerprints must be the burglar’s.
P D O C B D A A W F O G
E W T B L A C K M A I L 4 You may be a victim of identity theft.
C A I N A B U R G R L A
T N V T C W O N B S O R 5 Shoplifting is a crime which costs shops a lot of money.
A G E O N T E F C O B Y
W B R D W E A P O N C A 6 That’s the room where the offenders must wait.
D S A T O U S W R R E O
V A N D A L I S M C G M 7 This is the man whose injuries are very serious.

T M N W G O M G T D W E
8 The jury needed more time after they had seen the
2 Match 1–8 to A–H. new evidence.
1 victim C
2 mugging
3 crime scene A
4 evidence ‘He didn’t notice when I took
5 smuggling his wallet from his jacket.’
6 pickpocketing B
7 credit-card fraud ‘The police dogs think there is
8 injuries something inside those bags.’

C
‘He hit me very hard and I don’t
remember anything after that.’

D ‘The burglars left a bag

when they escaped.’

E ‘A man has hit me

and taken my bag!’

F ‘He’s got cuts and bruises

and a broken arm.’

G ‘Someone has spent

a lot of my money!’ H
‘This is the place where
the murder happened.’

101
6 Unit 6
Grammar reference

Present simple passive Past simple passive

Afirmativa Negativa Afirmativa Negativa
I’m woken up by the alarm. I’m not woken up by the alarm. I was informed by the I wasn’t informed by the
You’re woken up by the You aren’t woken up by the teacher. teacher.
alarm. alarm. You were informed by the You weren’t informed by the
He’s / She’s / It’s woken up He / She / It isn’t woken up by teacher. teacher.
by the alarm. the alarm. He / She / It was informed He / She / It wasn’t informed
We’re / They’re woken up We / They aren’t woken up by by the teacher. by the teacher.
by the alarm. the alarm. We / They were informed We / They weren’t informed
La forma afirmativa de la present simple passive se forma by the teacher. by the teacher.
con el sujeto + el present simple de be + participio pasado. La forma afirmativa de la past simple passive se forma con
La forma negativa de la present simple passive se forma con el sujeto + el past simple de be + participio pasado.
el sujeto + el present simple de be + not + participio pasado. La forma negativa de la past simple passive se forma con el
sujeto + el past simple de be + not + participio pasado.
Interrogativa Respuestas breves Hockey was taken to Canada by European immigrants.
Afirmativa Negativa Modern snowboards weren’t used until 1965.
Am I helped by Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
them? Interrogativa Respuestas breves
Are you helped by Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. Afirmativa Negativa
them? Was I informed by Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Is he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it the teacher?
helped by them? it is. isn’t. Were you informed Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Are we / they Yes, we / they No, we / they by the teacher?
helped by them? are. aren’t. Was he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she / it
Formamos las oraciones interrogativas de present simple informed by the it was. wasn’t.
passive con (partícula interrogativa +) el present simple de teacher?
be + sujeto + participio pasado. Were we / they Yes, we / they No, we / they
‘Am I invited to the meeting?’ ‘Yes, you are.’ informed by the were. weren’t.
‘Is glass recycled here?’ ‘No, it isn’t.’ teacher?
Formamos la forma interrogativa de la past simple passive
When is the rubbish collected?
con (partícula interrogativa +) el past simple de be + sujeto
Where are the books stored? + participio pasado.
Usos ‘Was all the rubbish sent to the landfill?’ ‘No, it wasn’t.’
Empleamos la forma pasiva para hablar de lo que ocurre ‘Were the bottles recycled?’ ‘Yes, they were.’
con el sujeto de la oración. Las oraciones pasivas enfatizan
la acción. La acción es más importante que la persona que How was bread made in the past?
la realiza. Normalmente, en las oraciones pasivas se omite Where were hamburgers invented?
quién ha realizado la acción porque o resulta obvio o no es
importante.

102
 6
Grammar practice

Present simple passive Past simple passive

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 4 Complete the sentences with the correct past simple
verb be to create present simple passive sentences. passive form of the verbs.
These shoes are made by hand. The first mobile phone with a camera was sold (sell) in
1 In our house, paper thrown away in the Japan in 2000.
normal bin – it’s recycled. 1 Where the first pizza
2 Up to three litres of water used to (make)?
produce a one-litre bottle that sold 2 the car parts (reuse) to
in shops. make other products?
3 Our computers left on at night. We 3 Our house (build) by our dad and
switch them off. his brothers.
4 Food sold in that shop. They only 4 We (not give) hard-wearing boots
sell drinks. to wear.
5 Recycling suggestions given on 5 How much water (save) last year?
the website.
5 Rewrite the sentences in the correct affirmative ✔,
2 Complete the present simple passive sentences negative ✖ and interrogative ? forms of the past
and questions with the correct form of the verbs simple passive.
in the box. Basketball was invented by James Naismith. ?
Was basketball invented by James Naismith?
buy empty make not protect sell wear
1 The fish was cooked in the oven. ✖
Are lots of second-hand books sold in charity shops?
1 The local river against pollution – 2 Was that information taken from their website? ✔
it’s full of chemicals!
2 the old clothes by other 3 The rules were written by older students. ✖
people?
3 The recycling bin every week. 4 All the paper was thrown away. ?
4 old bikes into new things?
5 Our products by lots of people. 5 Were the houses built in 1888? ✔

3 Choose the correct option.

The council saves / is saved money by using
solar panels.
1 A lot of natural resources use / are used to
make clothes.
2 Today, ice hockey plays / is played in lots of northern
European countries.
3 Some supermarkets don’t use / aren’t used
plastic bags.
4 In the UK, a lot of food wastes / is wasted
by supermarkets.
5 How often is the local park cleaned up / does
clean up?
6 Find the mistakes in the past simple passive
sentences. Then correct them.
Who was all the cakes made by? were
1 These football boots weren’t wear by Lionel Messi.
2 The river was pollute with people’s rubbish.
3 This skateboard weren’t used by my brother.
4 When was the town hall building?
5 The clothes was got rid of a long time ago.

103
 6
Vocabulary reference

6.1 Verbos: medio ambiente poor-quality (adj) /ˌpɔː(r) ˈkwɒləti / de baja calidad
clean up (the park) (v) /ˈkliːn ʌp/ limpiar (el (expr.)
parque) (v.) practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ práctico/a (adj.)
damage (the environment) (v) perjudicar (el reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable (adj.)
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/ medio ambiente) (v.) reusable (adj) /ˌriːˈjuːzəbl/ reutilizable (adj.)
get rid of (old clothes) (v) deshacerse (de unreliable (adj) /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ poco fiable (expr.)
/ɡet ˈrɪd ˈəv/ ropa vieja) (v.) useful (adj) /ˈjuːsfl/ útil (adj.)
pollute (rivers) (v) /pəˈluːt/ contaminar (ríos) (v.) useless (adj) /ˈjuːsləs/ inútil (adj.)
protect (the planet) (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger (el
planeta) (v.) 6.4 Expresiones útiles
recycle (plastic) (v) /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ reciclar (plástico) (v.) Hablar de comida
reduce (waste) (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ reducir (los How is it cooked? ¿Cómo está
residuos) (v.) cocinado?
reuse (bags) (v) /ˌriːˈjuːz/ reutilizar (bolsas) (v.) It’s cooked in a (frying) pan / the Está cocinado en
save (water) (v) /seɪv/ ahorrar (agua) (v.) oven / under the grill … una sartén / en el
throw away (paper) (v) /ˌθrəʊ əˈweɪ/ tirar (papel) (v.) horno / a la parrilla
use up (resources) (v) /juːz ʌp/ consumir It’s grilled / fried / baked / boiled. Está a la plancha /
(recursos) (v.) frito / al horno /
waste (food) (v) /weɪst/ malgastar cocido.
(comida) (v.) You bake / boil / fry / grill it … Se prepara al horno /
cocido / frito / a la
6.1 Más vocabulario plancha
brand new (adj) /ˌbrænd ˈnjuː/ nuevo/a (adj.) It’s got … in it. Lleva...
eco-conscious (adj) /ˈiːkəʊ ˈkɒnʃəs/ ecológico/a (adj.) It’s made with … Está preparado con...
organic (adj) /ɔːˈɡænɪk/ orgánico/a (adj.) What does it come with? ¿Con qué viene?
second-hand (adj) /ˌsekənd ˈhænd/ de segunda mano What is it served with? ¿Qué lleva de
(expr.) guarnición?
sustainable (adj) /səˈsteɪnəbl/ sostenible (adj.) It comes with … Viene con...
It’s served with … De guarnición lleva...
6.2 Adjetivos: tecnología That smells / looks / sounds / tastes ... Huele / Tiene una
automatic (adj) /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/ automático/a (adj.) pinta / Suena / Sabe
convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/ conveniente (adj.) … are / is my favourite es / son mi(s)
disposable (adj) /dɪˈspəʊzəbl/ desechable (adj.) preferido/a(s).
efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ eficiente (adj.) I absolutely love … Me encanta...
fragile (adj) /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ frágil (adj.) I can’t resist … No me puedo
good-quality (adj) /ˌɡʊd ˈkwɒləti/ de buena calidad resistir...
(expr.) I don’t mind … Me da igual...
hard-wearing (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈweərɪŋ/ resistente (adj.) … isn’t my favourite, but I’ll eat it. ...no es mi comida
heavy (adj) /ˈhevi/ pesado/a (adj.) favorita, pero me lo
impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ impráctico/a (adj.) comeré.
inconvenient (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt/ inoportuno/a (adj.) I can’t stand / bear … No soporto /
inefficient (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ ineficiente (adj.) aguanto...
lightweight (adj) /ˈlaɪtweɪt/ ligero/a (adj.) I’m not very keen on … No me gusta
manual (adj) /ˈmænjuəl/ manual (adj.) mucho...

104
 6
Vocabulary practice
1 Match the adjectives to the speech bubbles.
convenient good-quality lightweight reliable

1 I want to buy new 2 It’s quick and easy

headphones that to get around town
are strong and made on a motorbike. It’s
of good materials. very .
They must be
.

3 4

I’ve been looking for

a new
suitcase. This one
It’s an old car, but it’s doesn’t weigh very
very . much, and I like the
It never breaks down. colour. It’s perfect!

2 Cross out the verbs that don’t complete the
sentences correctly.
You shouldn’t save / use up / waste natural resources.
1 You can damage / recycle / reuse plastic bags at
supermarkets.
2 The factories in the town recycle / damage / pollute
the local environment.
3 Eco-conscious organizations try to protect / clean up /
throw away our oceans.
4 How am I going to reduce / use up / get rid of all
this food?
5 I need to get rid of / waste / reuse these old clothes.
3 Translate the sentences.
1 Were the useless old computers given away after the
brand-new ones arrived?
2 These second-hand clothes are recycled and made
into dresses!
3 Organic food is eaten by a lot of people.
4 The new phone which she was given was unreliable.
5 What’s that handbag made from?

6 The city’s parks are cleaned up by the council every day.

105
7 Unit 7
Grammar reference Tiempos en presente con significado futuro
Podemos emplear el present simple para hablar de
will, be going to y future continuous momentos y fechas futuras que estén sujetas a un
calendario u horario.
will The bus leaves at 11.33 a.m.
Afirmativa Negativa Schools finish on 21st July.
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We / Podemos emplear el present continuous para hablar de
They will walk. They won’t walk. planes fijos en el futuro.
Interrogativa We’re meeting at 2 p.m.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they have lunch later? I’m going to the cinema on Saturday evening.
Usos
Empleamos will y won’t para predecir o dar nuestra opinión some-, any-, no-, every-
acerca del futuro.
We’ll have a good time at the weekend. Afirmativa Negativa e
interrogativa
una cosa: something anything
be going to There is something in the fridge. I haven’t eaten
todas las cosas: everything anything.
Afirmativa Negativa
We’ve got everything we need. Is there anything in
I’m going to run. I’m not going to run. ninguna cosa: nothing the cupboard?
You’re going to run. You aren’t going to run. Nothing was said at the meeting.
He’s / She’s / It’s going to He / She / It isn’t going to (en) un lugar: somewhere anywhere
run. run. We want to go somewhere hot. David hasn’t been
We’re / They’re going to run. We / They aren’t going to (en) todas partes: everywhere anywhere today.
run. I looked everywhere for my book. Do you want to
(en) ningún lugar: nowhere go anywhere
Interrogativa
There’s nowhere to stay. tomorrow?
Am I going to be late?
una persona: someone, somebody anyone, anybody
Are you / we / they going to run?
Ask someone / somebody to help. Kate didn’t tell
Is he / she / it going to stop?
todo el mundo: everyone, everybody anyone / anybody.
Usos Everyone / Everybody likes her. Did anyone /
Empleamos be going to para planes futuros. nadie: no one, nobody anybody phone?
We’re going to go rock climbing at the weekend. No one / Nobody has arrived yet.
Usos
Empleamos pronombres indefinidos para referirnos a
Future continuous cosas, personas, etc. sin decir exactamente qué, quiénes,
Afirmativa Negativa etc. son.
I / You / He / She / It / We / I / You / He / She / It / We / Después de un pronombre indefinido empleamos un
They will be working. They won’t be working. verbo en singular. Sin embargo, cuando nos referimos a un
Interrogativa pronombre indefinido que se refiere a personas, debemos
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be working? emplear un pronombre y verbo en plural.
Everybody in the class plays sport. They are all in different
Usos
school teams.
Empleamos el future continuous para hablar de acciones
que estarán en progreso en un momento determinado del Cuando empleamos nothing y no one / nobody como
futuro. Empleamos este tiempo con las expresiones in y at. sujeto de una oración, empleamos el verbo en afirmativa.
Sin embargo, el significado de la oración es negativo.
Little Joe will be making his own bed in a few years’ time!
Nobody liked the bedroom in the House of the Future.

106
 7
Grammar practice

will, be going to, future continuous and some-, any-, no-, every-
present tenses with a future meaning 4 Complete the mini-dialogues with the words in
1 Complete the sentences with the correct will or the boxes.
be going to form of the verbs in the box. anything everything nothing something
clean do make not play wash A Have you bought anything for Bella’s birthday yet?
We aren’t going to play tennis on Saturday morning B No! I’ve got (1) to give her! I’ve forgotten
because our coach is abroad on holiday. to buy a present!
1 Do you think Jack the dishes while A Well, you should buy (2) , but it’s difficult
we’re out? because she’s got (3) !
2 I spoke to Mike and Dan this morning. They
the oven after lunch. anywhere everywhere nowhere somewhere
3 I don’t think Sienna very well A We want to go (4) hot for our holiday,
in her maths test. In my opinion, she doesn’t work but we don’t want to go (5) which is full
hard enough. of tourists.
4 Phil has decided that he his bed B What about Asia? There’s (6) more
every day before he goes to school. exciting than Thailand! But then, ( 7) is
exciting in Asia – I love all of it!
2 Correct the underlined mistakes in the future
continuous sentences.
1 Will Sarah be left work early this afternoon? anybody everybody nobody somebody

A Is there (8) who can help me? I want to

2 My parents won’t go to the football match
speak to (9) who knows about computers.
this weekend.
B I’m sorry, there’s (10) available at the
3 I won’t be do the vacuuming at 7 p.m. tonight. I be
moment. (11) is busy. Can you call back
watching the athletics!
later, please?
4 In a few years from now, I be living in my own house!
5 Choose the correct option.
1 Have you got that I can clean the
3 Choose the correct option. oven with?
We won’t / aren’t going to have classes tomorrow –
A everything B nothing C anything
we’re going on a school trip.
2 has mopped the floor. It’s dirty!
1 This time next year, the boys will be starting / will
A Anybody B Nobody C Somebody
start school.
3 Kate has done and you’ve done nothing!
2 Our flight arrives / arriving at 10 a.m.
A nothing B anything C everything
3 In my opinion, robots won’t / aren’t going to replace
4 I rang the bell twice, but there wasn’t at
humans in the future.
home.
4 I’m so excited! Our team will / is going to take part in a
A anybody B nobody C everybody
tournament in France in June.
5 I can’t find my bag . Have you seen it?
5 Ahmed believes people will / are going to lose their
A anywhere B nowhere C somewhere
strength in the future because of computers.
6 When are you playing / do you playing your match?
7 According to the timetable, what time does / will your
train leave?

107
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Vocabulary reference

7.1 Do y make 7.4 Expresiones útiles

do exercise (v) /duː ˈeksəsaɪz/ hacer ejercicio (v.) Hacer planes para un viaje
do homework (v) /duː ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ hacer deberes (v.) Cliente
do nothing (v) /duː ˈnʌθɪŋ/ no hacer nada (v.) How do I get from … to … ? ¿Cómo puedo llegar
do someone good (v) /duː ˈsʌmwʌn sentar bien a de...a...?
ˈɡʊd/ alguien (v.) How long does it take to get there? ¿Cuánto se tarda en
do your best (v) /duː jə(r) ˈbest/ esforzarte (v.) llegar?
do well (v) /duː ˈwel/ tener éxito (v.) How often do the trains go to … ¿Con qué frecuencia
make changes (v) /meɪk ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ hacer cambios (v.) from here? hay trenes a...desde
make decisions (v) /meɪk dɪˈsɪʒnz/ tomar decisiones (v.) aquí?
make a difference (v) /meɪk ə marcar la What time do we get there? ¿A qué hora
ˈdɪfrəns/ diferencia (v.) llegamos?
make a mistake (v) /meɪk ə mɪˈsteɪk/ cometer un error (v.) Do I have to change trains? ¿Tengo que cambiar
make plans (v) /meɪk ˈplænz/ hacer planes (v.) de tren?
make progress (v) /meɪk ˈprəʊɡres/ progresar (v.) Can we get tickets on the train? ¿Se pueden comprar
los billetes en el
7.1 Más vocabulario tren?
give back (phr v) /ɡɪv bæk/ devolver (v.) How much is the ticket? ¿Cuánto vale el
give up (phr v) /ɡɪv ʌp/ rendirse (v.) billete?
look ahead (phr v) /lʊk əˈhed/ mirar hacia Which platform does the train go from? ¿De qué andén sale
delante (v.) el tren?
look back (phr v) /lʊk bæk/ mirar atrás (v.) Is there a student discount? ¿Hay descuento por
put off (phr v) /pʊt ɒf/ desalentar (v.) ser estudiante?
Vendedor de billetes
7.2 Las tareas del hogar Here you are. Aquí tiene.
change the sheets (v) /ˌtʃeɪndʒ ðə cambiar las Would you like a window or an ¿Quiere ventanilla o
ˈʃiːts/ sábanas (v.) aisle seat? pasillo?
clean the bath / shower (v) limpiar el baño / Would you like a single or return ticket? ¿Quiere billete solo
/ˌkliːn ðə ˈbɑːθ / / /ˈʃaʊə(r)/ la ducha (v.) de ida o ida y vuelta?
clean the oven (v) /ˌkliːn ðə ˈʌvn/ limpiar el horno (v.) Are you a student? ¿Es estudiante?
do the ironing (v) /ˌduː ðə ˈaɪənɪŋ/ planchar (v.) It takes … hours by train / by bus / Se tardan...horas en
do the vacuuming (v) /ˌduː ðə pasar la on foot tren / en bus / a pie
ˈvækjuəmɪŋ/ aspiradora (v.) It takes ... minutes by train / by bus / Se tardan...minutos
do the washing (v) /ˌduː ðə ˈwɒʃɪŋ/ lavar (v.) on foot en tren / en bus /
make the bed (v) /ˌmeɪk ðə ˈbed/ hacer la cama (v.) a pie
mop the floor (v) /ˌmɒp ðə ˈflɔː(r)/ fregar el suelo (v.) The train goes every hour / half hour / Hay un tren cada
take out the rubbish (v) /ˌteɪk aʊt fifteen minutes / etc. hora / media hora /
ðə ˈrʌbɪʃ/ sacar la basura (v.) quince minutos / etc
wash the dishes (v) /ˌwɒʃ ðə ˈdɪʃɪz/ lavar los platos (v.) The train leaves at … El tren sale a las...
You have to change trains at ... Tiene que cambiar
de tren en...
What time do you want to get there? ¿A qué hora quiere
llegar?

108

Vocabulary practice
1 Match the phrases in the box to the pictures A–H.
change the sheets clean the oven clean the shower
do the ironing do the vacuuming mop the floor
take out the rubbish wash the dishes
A B
C D
E F
G H
7
2 Choose the correct option.
Enter keywords
Year 11 is a very important school year for
students in England and Wales. This is the
year when they take important exams called
GCSEs, and their results will help them (1) make
decisions / make a mistake about their futures.
Suddenly, it’s more important than ever to (2) do
nothing / do homework, and also to (3) do
you good / do your best. Not surprisingly, a
lot of students find this year incredibly difficult.
They worry that they won’t (4) make decisions /
make progress during the year, and they are
scared that they will (5) make a mistake / make
progress in their exams.
However, students shouldn’t spend all their time
studying. They should enjoy their free time,
too, because it can really (6) do homework / do
them good. This doesn’t mean that students
should simply lie on their beds and (7) do
nothing / do their best. Taking up a sport or
other hobby can (8) make a difference / make
mistakes because it reduces levels of stress.
Is this year an important year for you?
Remember to (9) make a mistake / make plans
for your free time as well as for your studies!
like share
Comments
3 Translate the sentences.
1 I think the girls will mop the floor.
2 We’re going to make some important changes!
3 Don’t put off your homework for too long. The
teacher wants it on Monday!
4 Alison doesn’t think she’ll have time to change the
sheets today.
5 Will Andy give up junk food?
6 We’re going to do our homework after dinner.
7 I’m meeting my friends at 7 p.m.
8 When are you going to give me back my jacket?
109
8 Unit 8
Grammar reference

Primer condicional y unless Segundo condicional

Afirmativa Negativa Afirmativa Negativa
If I / you go to the party, I’ll / If I / you don’t go to the If I / you got up earlier, I / If I / you didn’t go to bed
you’ll see Joshua. party, I / you won’t see you would be on time. late, I / you wouldn’t be so
Joshua. tired.
If he / she / it helps, things If he / she / it doesn’t help, If he / she / it acted well, he If he / she / it didn’t act
will be easier. things won’t be easier. /she / it would get a good badly, he / she / it wouldn’t
If we / they study hard, If we / they don’t study review. get a bad review.
we’ll / they’ll go to hard, we / they won’t go to If we / they did more sport, If we / they didn’t do sport,
university. university. we / they would be fitter. we / they wouldn’t be very
Interrogativa fit.
If I / you go the party, will I / you see Joshua? Interrogativa
If he / she / it helps, will things be easier? If I / you got up earlier, would I / you walk to school?
If we / they study hard, will they go to university? If he / she / it acted well, would he /she / it get a good
El primer condicional se forma con if + sujeto + present review?
simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo. Normalmente empleamos If we / they studied more, would we / they do better at
las formas contraídas. school?
La oración que comienza con if forma la segunda parte de El segundo condicional se forma con if + sujeto + past
la oración principal. El significado no varía. simple, + would / wouldn’t + infinitivo. Normalmente
Usos empleamos las formas contraídas.
El primer condicional se emplea para hablar de las La oración que comienza con if forma la segunda parte de
consecuencias de una posible situación futura. la oración principal. El significado no varía.
If you ask Liam, he’ll help you. Usos
If we don’t rescue these cubs, they won’t survive. Empleamos el segundo condicional para hablar de
You’ll upset your friends if you are too competitive. situaciones hipotéticas en presente o futuro y sus
consecuencias.
A veces empleamos unless en lugar de if ... not.
If Grandpa had a mobile phone, I’d call him.
He won’t tell you his problems unless you insist.
Carine would make up with Nigel if he apologized.
= He won’t tell you his problems if you don’t insist.
If Maria was here, she would give us her opinion.
Unless you speak slowly, I won’t understand you.
A veces se utiliza were en lugar de was en las oraciones de
= If you don’t speak slowly, I won’t understand you.
segundo condicional.
If I were richer, I would buy a football club.

110
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Grammar practice

First conditional Unless

1 Complete the sentences with the correct 4 Replace the words in bold with a phrase beginning
affirmative ✔ and negative ✖ forms of the verbs in with unless.
brackets to make first conditional sentences. If you don’t walk your dog, it will become lazy.
If we buy (buy) a dog, you ’ll have to (have to) help look Unless you walk
after it. 1 The horse will get impatient if you don’t feed
1 If I (not sleep) more, I him quickly!
(not feel) better.
2 You (make) lots of friends if we 2 If we don’t leave now, we’ll be late.
(move) to a different city – don’t worry!
3 Tim (not do) better next time if he 3 The teacher will tell you off if you don’t start writing.
(not work) harder.
4 If we (take) umbrellas, we 4 If you don’t watch the documentary, you won’t learn
(not get) wet. anything about horses.

2 Complete the first conditional questions with the 5 I won’t make up with George if he doesn’t apologize!
correct question form of the verbs.
Amelia and Billy / make up the bear / attack
Mum and Dad / say the teacher / tell off Second conditional
we / do we / see
5 Choose the correct option.
If we go to Africa, will we see any wild animals? 1 If I had / would have a lot of money, I would travel
1 What if the around the world.
weather is bad tomorrow? 2 Jamie was / would be more popular if he were less
2 If I invite some friends home for a sleepover, what proud.
? 3 What did / would you do if you had more time?
3 the students if they
arrive late to class?
6 Match the sentence halves 1–4 to A–D.
1 I wouldn’t put up with Jake’s bad behaviour D
4 if we make a noise?
2 Who would Pippa turn to
5 if Amelia says
3 If I didn’t help him out,
she’s sorry?
4 If Steve didn’t call me,
3 Write first conditional sentences and questions with A would he call me selfish?
the words. B I wouldn’t speak to him very often.
if / you / not walk / your dog / it / become / lazy C if she had a problem?
If you don’t walk your dog, it will become lazy. D if he were my friend.
1 what / Robbie / do / if / he / not know / anyone / ?
7 Complete the second conditional sentences with the
2 the cat / get angry / if / you / put / it in the bath / ! correct form of these verbs and the verbs in brackets.
buy not finish know say
3 if / you / give / me / your phone number / I / phone /
you tomorrow What would your parents say if we met up (meet up)?
1 The teacher (tell) us off if
4 if / we / watch / the documentary / we / learn / we the homework.
anything / ? 2 We (apologize) to David if
we where he was.
5 I / protect / my friends / if / you / criticize / them 3 If you (have) a lot
of money, you only
expensive brands?

111
 8
Vocabulary reference

8.1 Adjetivos: personalidades 8.4 Expresiones útiles

ambitious (adj) /æmˈbɪʃəs/ ambicioso/a (adj.) Aprende a pedir perdón
brave (adj) /breɪv/ valiente (adj.) I apologize for ... Me disculpo por...
competitive (adj) /kəmˈpetətɪv/ competitivo/a (adj.) I’m so sorry. Lo siento mucho.
generous (adj) /ˈdʒenərəs/ generoso/a (adj.) I am really sorry about ... Lo siento mucho por...
jealous (adj) /ˈdʒeləs/ celoso/a (adj.) Sorry, it was all my fault. Lo siento, ha sido
lazy (adj) /ˈleɪzi/ vago/a (adj.) culpa mía.
loyal (adj) /ˈlɔɪəl/ leal (adj.) It was an accident. Ha sido un accidente.
proud (adj) /praʊd/ orgulloso/a (adj.) I’m afraid ... Me temo que...
selfish (adj) /ˈselfɪʃ/ egoísta (adj.) I’m sorry, but ... Lo siento, pero...
sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/ sensato/a (adj.) Sorry? (what?) ¿Perdón? (¿qué?)
sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/ sensible (adj.) Sorry. (Excuse me. / Let me past.) Perdón. (Disculpe /
stubborn (adj) /ˈstʌbən/ cabezota (adj.) Déjeme pasar.)
talkative (adj) /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ hablador/a (adj.) That’s all right. No pasa nada.
thoughtful (adj) /ˈθɔːtfl/ considerado/a (adj.) Never mind. Da igual.
unpredictable (adj) /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/ impredecible (adj.) Don’t worry about it. No se preocupe.
vain (adj) /veɪn/ vanidoso/a (adj.) No worries. No es nada.
No problem. Ningún problema.
8.1 Más vocabulario I’ll do better next time. La próxima vez lo
habitat (n) /ˈhæbɪtæt/ hábitat (sust.) haré mejor.
herd (n) /hɜːd/ manada (sust.) It won’t happen again! No volverá a ocurrir.
mate (n) /meɪt/ pareja (sust.) Next time I’ll remember to ... La próxima vez me
orphan (n) /ˈɔːfn/ huérfano/a (sust.) (infinitivo) acordaré de...
predator (n) /ˈpredətə(r)/ depredador (sust.)
the wild (n) /ðə ˈwaɪld/ la selva (sust.)

8.2 Verbos preposicionales: relaciones

fall out (with) (phr v) /ˌfɔːl ˈaʊt (ˌwɪð)/ discutir (con) (v.)
get on (with) (phr v) /ˌɡet ˈɒn (ˌwɪð)/ llevarse bien
(con) (v.)
look up to (phr v) /ˌlʊk ˈʌp ˌtuː, tə/ admirar a (v.)
make up (with) (phr v) /ˌmeɪk reconciliarse
ˈʌp (ˌwɪð)/ (con) (v.)
pick on (phr v) /ˈpɪk ˌɒn/ meterse con (v.)
put up with (phr v) /ˌpʊt ˈʌp ˌwɪð/ aguantar a (v.)
tell someone off (phr v) /ˌtel ˈɒf/ reprender a (v.)
turn to (phr v) /ˈtɜːn ˌtuː, tə/ acudir a (v.)

¡Ojo!
sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/ sensato/a (adj.)
sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/ sensible (adj.)

112
 8
Vocabulary practice

1 Match two adjectives from the box to the profiles of each person.
Nick
competitive generous jealous proud sensible sensitive stubborn talkative
Nick is very well behaved
Amy and always does the
right thing. He does his
Amy likes playing tennis and
homework at the right time
loves winning – she hates
and he always helps Jay
losing! Danny beat her in a
when she can’t do her
recent competition and she
schoolwork – he’s happy
was really annoyed – she
to lend her his books and
wanted to be the winner!
notes all the time. Jay thinks
She always wants what
Nick is very inspiring –
other people have! They
everything is easy for him!
aren’t talking now because
Danny thinks she’s selfish.

Jay
Jay is very sociable and
loves chatting to friends
Danny all the time. People who
Danny doesn’t ever accept meet Jay always say she’s
or listen to other people’s very friendly. Amy always
opinions. He thinks he is confides in her when she
always right and doesn’t has any problems – Jay is
ever admit he’s wrong! Jay a good listener and always
doesn’t like Danny very cares about other people’s
much, and they don’t enjoy feelings.
spending time together.

3 Translate the sentences.

1 If Danny were more thoughtful, he wouldn’t fall out
with Jay.

2 What will happen if they don’t make up soon?

3 Endangered species won’t survive if we don’t protect

their habitats.

4 If Mia wasn’t so sensitive, she wouldn’t get so upset all

2 Answer the questions with the names of the people the time!
in exercise 1 – Amy, Nick, Jay, Danny.
1 Who doesn’t Amy get on with? 5 The animals won’t survive unless they hide from their
2 Who does Amy turn to when she needs help? predators.

3 Who does Jay look up to? 6 If you told Ryan off, would he listen to you?
4 Who did Danny fall out with?

113
9 Unit 9
Grammar reference

Citas Órdenes, ofertas y sugerencias en estilo

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto indirecto
Alice: ‘I like listening to jazz.’ Alice told me that she liked Las órdenes indirectas se formulan con told + objeto + (not)
listening to jazz. to + infinitivo.
Susan: ‘My parents often Susan said that her parents Dad: ‘Wear a waterproof coat.’
participate in charity often participated in charity
Dad told me to wear a waterproof coat.
campaigns.’ campaigns.
Usos Mum: ‘Don’t come home too late.’
Empleamos el estilo indirecto cuando le decimos a alguien Mum told me not to come home too late.
lo que ha dicho otra persona. Las ofertas indirectas se formulan con offered + to +
Para introducir el estilo indirecto empleamos verbos infinitive.
introductores. Finlay: ‘Would you like me to sponsor you?’
Say and tell son verbos introductores muy comunes.
Finlay offered to sponsor me.
Después de tell empleamos un objeto, pero nunca después
de say. Podemos emplear that después de say y tell, pero Las sugerencias indirectas se formulan con suggested +
no es obligatorio. that + infinitivo.
Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace Jared: ‘Why don’t I organize a cake sale?’
that afternoon. Jared suggested that he organize a cake sale.
Anne told me (that) they needed more volunteers for their No empleamos to + infinitivo después de suggested.
fundraising event. Jared suggested to organize a cake sale.
Cuando cambiamos de estilo directo a indirecto, a menudo Sin embargo, es posible emplear la forma suggested + -ing:
cambiamos el tiempo verbal.
Jared suggested organizing a cake sale.
Los verbos en present simple se convierten en verbos en
past simple en estilo indirecto.
Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school
every year.’
The students said that they organized a charity sports
day at school every year.
Hay otras palabras que también cambian en estilo indirecto:
Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to work as volunteers at the hospital
next month.’
Ali and Tom told me that they planned to work as
volunteers at the hospital the following month.
Entre las palabras que cambian se incluyen:
los pronombres de sujeto y objeto:
I – he/she we – they me – her/him us – them
los adjetivos posesivos:
my – his/her our – their
las expresiones temporales:
next (week, year, etc.) – the following (week, year, etc.)
today – that day
las expresiones de lugar:
here – there this – that these – those

114
 9
Grammar practice

Reported statements Reported commands, offers and suggestions

1 Match reported statements 1–5 to direct statements
A–E. Then complete statements 1–5.
1 She said she
2 She said that the charity
3 She told us elderly people often
4 Choose the correct option.
1 He offered to give / that he gave me a lift home.
. 2 She told me stop / to stop talking.
3 I suggested that we try / trying a different shop.
. 4 My dad told my sister not to be / to be not late home.
5 She suggested to organize / that we organize
. a petition.

4 She said the shop . 5 Put the words in the correct order to make reported
commands, offers and suggestions.
5 She told us they . told / to / outside / wait / us / he
He told us to wait outside.
1 a coat / me / told / to / wear / My mum
A ‘Elderly people often feel lonely.’
B ‘We don’t have enough volunteers.’
C ‘I work in a charity shop.’
2 coffee / offered / a / make / Jayne / me / to
D ‘The charity helps elderly people.’
E ‘The shop doesn’t raise a lot of money.’

2 Choose the correct option to complete the report. 3 a campaign / Patrick / start / that / suggested / we

4 in the corridor / not / run / The head teacher / told /

to / us
Yesterday, a woman from a wildlife charity came
to talk to us at school. She (1) said / told that the
charity helped to protect endangered species. She
(2) said / told the audience that some people didn’t
5 a dress / lend / me / to / My sister / offered
donate money to animal charities. She (3) said / told
that those people often believed humans were more
6 to the cinema / suggested / we / go / Gemma / that
important. She also (4) said / told some animals
were more popular than others. She (5) said / told
the students that the charity believed all endangered
species were important. My friend Susie (6) said /
told her that she planned to start her own blog the
6 Complete the reported commands, offers and
suggestions.
following week to publicize the charity.
‘Would you like me to show you the way?’ she asked me.
She offered to show me the way.
1 ‘Write your names on the exam paper,’ he said to the
3 Read the report in exercise 2 again and complete the students.
direct speech. He told .
‘The charity helps to protect endangered species.’ 2 ‘I’ll open the door for you,’ he told us.
1 ‘Some people .’ He offered .
2 ‘These people .’ 3 ‘Why don’t you wear your new jeans to the party?’ she
3 ‘Some animals .’ said to me.
4 ‘The charity .’ She suggested .
5 ‘I plan .’ 4 ‘Don’t cry,’ he said to her.
He told .

115
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Vocabulary reference

9.1 Beneficencia y acciones solidarias How does it work? ¿Cómo funciona?

campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ campaña (sust.) The main advantage is … La principal ventaja
charity (n) /ˈtʃærəti/ beneficencia (sust.) es...
donate (v) /dəʊˈneɪt/ donar (v.) The main benefit is … El principal beneficio
donation (n) /dəʊˈneɪʃn/ donación (sust.) es…
fundraise (v) /ˈfʌndreɪz/ recaudar fondos (v.) One of the advantages of … is … Una de las ventajas
persuade (v) /pəˈsweɪd/ convencer (v.) de...es...
petition (n) /pəˈtɪʃn/ petición (sust.) One of the strengths of … is … Uno de los puntos
protest (n) /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta (sust.) fuertes de...es...
publicize (v) /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ promover (v.) Another strength is … Otro punto fuerte
raise money (v) /ˌreɪz ˈmʌni/ recaudar dinero (v.) es...
sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar (v.) Another benefit is … Otro beneficio es...
volunteer (v) /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ trabajar como … is a great benefit of this idea. ...es un gran beneficio
voluntario (v.) de esta idea.
… is a great advantage of this idea. ...es una gran ventaja
9.1 Más vocabulario de esta idea.
busker (n) /ˈbʌskə(r)/ músico callejero … is another advantage. ...es otra ventaja.
(sust.) … is a huge advantage. ...es una gran ventaja.
go viral (v) /ɡəʊ ˈvaɪrəl/ hacerse viral (v.) It is a great way to get publicity. Es una buena
live (adj) /laɪv/ en directo (expr.) manera de conseguir
tune (n) /tjuːn/ melodía (sust.) publicidad.
view (n) /vjuː/ visita (sust.) It is a great way to raise money. Es una buena manera
de recaudar dinero.
It helps … Ayuda a...
9.2 Ayuda escolar The main problem of … is … El principal problema
confide in (v) /kənˈfaɪd ɪn/ confiar algo a (v.)
de...es...
cope (v) /kəʊp/ sobrellevar (v.)
The main weakness of … is … El punto más débil
deal with (phr v) /diːl wɪð/ lidiar con (v.)
de...es...
mentee (n) /ˌmenˈtiː/ tutorando/a (sust.)
One of the weaknesses of … is … Uno de los puntos
mentor (n) /ˈmentɔː(r)/ tutor/a (sust.)
débiles de...es...
mentoring (n) /ˈmentɔːrɪŋ/ tutoría (sust.)
One of the disadvantages of … is … Una de las
peer group (n) /ˈpɪə ɡruːp/ grupo compañeros
desventajas de...es...
(sust.)
Another disadvantage of … is … Otra desventaja de...
pressure (n) /ˈpreʃə(r)/ presión (sust.)
es...
role model (n) /ˈrəʊl mɒdl/ modelo de conducta
Another problem with … is … Otro problema de...
(sust.)
es...
well-being (n) /ˈwel biːɪŋ/ bienestar (sust.)
… is a weakness of this idea. …es uno de los
puntos débiles de
9.4 Expresiones útiles esta idea.
Hablar de ventajas y desventajas … is a disadvantage of this idea. …es una desventaja
Can you explain how it works? ¿Puedes explicar de esta idea.
cómo funciona? … is another problem. ...es otro problema.
Can you explain a bit more about it? ¿Puedes explicar … is a small problem. ...es un problemilla
algo más? I’ve chosen … He elegido...
What are your reasons for choosing …? ¿Por qué motivos I think it’s a (fantastic / terrible) idea Creo que es una
prefieres...? because … idea (estupenda /
What are your reasons for suggesting …? ¿Por qué motivos espantosa) porque
sugieres...? The main reason for choosing … is … Mi motivo principal
Why do you think that? ¿Por qué piensas para elegir...es...
eso? The main reason for suggesting … is … Mi motivo principal
para sugerir...es...
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 9
Vocabulary practice
1 Complete the crossword.
1 Across
R
2 3 2 an experienced person who advises and helps
O somebody with less experience over a period
L of time
4
4 to tell somebody secrets and personal information
E because you feel you can trust them (two words)
M 6 a group of people of the same age or social
5
position (two words)
O
D Down
6
1 a person that you admire and try to copy
E (two words)
2 a person who is advised and helped by a more
L
experienced person over a period of time
3 worries or difficulties that you have because you
have too much to deal with
5 to deal successfully with something difficult

2 Match the verbs 1–8 to the actions A–H. Some verbs 3 Translate the sentences.
can go with more than one action. 1 Eva told me she couldn’t cope.

2 James suggested that we make a donation.

3 My mentor said I dealt with my problems well.

4 I’ve persuaded my parents to volunteer for the charity.

5 The busker told the people he knew a lot of tunes.

1 donate 5 sponsor
6 Anna said she wanted to go to the protest.
2 publicize 6 sign
3 volunteer 7 organize
4 raise 8 start a
7 The video which publicizes our campaign has gone viral.
A someone to run a marathon
B a petition
C protest 8 I told Adam he was a great role model for other students.
D a campaign
E clothes to a charity
F to help
G money for charity
H an event in the newspaper

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