DECENTRALIZATION

PASCUAL
MALIBIRAN
DE GUZMAN
ZIGANAY
The Cause of Decentralization
• World War 1
• Rise of Motorized Vehicles
• Rise of Social Activism
Effects of Decentralization
•  Redesign of Destroyed Renaissance
Cities
•  International Style
•  International Exposition of Modern
Industrial and Decorative Arts
Le Corbusier
•  Le Corbusier or Charles-
Édouard Jeanneret was
a Swiss-French architect,
designer, painter, urban
planner, writer, and one of the
pioneers of what is now
called modern architecture.
•  founding member of
the Congrès International
d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM)
•  prepared the master plan for
the city of Chandigarh in India
Pavilion de l'Esprit Nouveau

•  is a dwelling that standardized to meet the needs of men.

•  Is made to displays new urbanism to European cities
•  The pavilion is imagined as a dwelling in series of larger blocks.
Immeuble Villas

•  Immeuble Villas modular project of a new city, a space

devoted to the illustration of innovative theories for a
better quality of urban life.
Cite Industrielle

•  The Cité Industrielle was to be situated on a plateau in

southeastern France, with hills and a lake to the north and a
river and valley to the south. The plan takes into consideration
all the aspects necessary to running a Socialist city
AMERICA REACHING FOR THE FUTURE
Towers Come of Age
•  Chicago initially led the way in skyscraper design during the
late 1880s and early 1890s

•  The world's first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1885.

(Since that time, the United States has been the home of world's
tallest skyscrapers)

•  The early skyscrapers attempted to balance aesthetic

concerns with:
ü practical commercial design
ü producing large
ü square palazzo-styled buildings hosting shops and restaurants
on the ground level
ü containing rentable offices on the upper floors.
•  New York's skyscrapers were frequently narrower towers which,
more eclectic in style, were often criticized for their lack of
elegance.

•  In 1892, Chicago banned the construction of new skyscrapers

taller than 150 feet (46 m), leaving the development of taller
buildings to New York.
•  Chicago built new skyscrapers in its existing style, while
New York experimented further with tower design. Iconic
buildings such as the Flatiron were followed by the:
Ø Singer Tower 612-foot (187 m) tall
Ø Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower 700-foot (210 m) tall
Ø Woolworth Building792-foot (241 m)
Ø Chrysler1 ,046 feet (319 m)
Ø Empire State Building 1,250 feet (380 m)
Rockefeller Center
•  1930 – 1939
•  Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise
commercial buildings covering 22 acres (89,000 m2) between 48th
and 51st Streets in New York City
•  14 towers designed by Raymond Mathewson Hood
•  Centerpiece – Statue of Prometheus
•  Entrance – Zeus wielding a lightning bolt

Raymond Mathewson Hood

•  Was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style.
•  Represents pure American urban design
•  1930, parkways had appeared
•  Skyscraper – King
•  Urban Center – Kingdom

•  General Motors (GM)

Ø commonly known as GM, is an American multinational corporation
headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, that designs, manufactures,
markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells
financial services.
•  Norman Bel Geddes
Ø was an American theatrical and industrial designer
Hugh Ferriss
•  was an American delineator (one who creates drawings
and sketches of buildings) and architect
•  Idealized the style of Hood
•  The Metropolis of Tomorrow
AMERICA REACHING FOR THE
FUTURE
Magic Motorways
AMERICA REACHING FOR THE
FUTURE
Automobile Suburbs for Everyman
•  1920, national highway system and new parkways are
under construction
•  Overpasses and underpasses are improved
•  Total of almost 250, 000 homes
CIAM
•  The first congress of CIAM is organized by Le Corbusier
and his colleague Sigfried Giedion.
•  CIAM was one of many 20th century manifestos meant to
advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".
•  The organization was hugely influential. It was not only
engaged in formalizing the architectural principles of the
Modern Movement, but also saw architecture as an
economic and political tool that could be used to improve
the world through the design of buildings and
through urban planning.
•  According to Eric Mumford, author of The CIAM Discourse
on Urbanism, 1928-1960, Le Corbusier restate "the ideas
of his Plan Voisin
Plan Voisin

•  architectural establishment with his plan of razing a large

swath of central Paris in order to build massive office
towers and apartment buildings
The Functional City
•  “The Functional City” principle is the first stage in
obtaining "an insight into the organization of today’s cities
and their generally recognized deficits", on the basis of
case studies.
•  importance of solar orientation in governing the directional
positioning of low-cost housing on a given site.
•  In example Amsterdam Expansion Plan by Van Eesteren
and city planner Theodor Karel van Lohuizen
•  These proceedings went unpublished from 1933 until
1943, when Le Corbusier, acting alone, published them in
heavily edited form as the "Athens Charter."
Athens Charter

•  Athens Charter, a document showed the strong influence

of Le Corbusier's Ville Radieuse, his earlier Ville
Contemporaine and Plan Voisin, and Gropius's 1920's
housing plans for various German cities.
Ville Radieuse
•  The Ville Radieuse plan at
once affirmed and expanded
planning ideas embodied in
the Ville Contemporaine and
the Plan Voisin.
The "anti-industrial city": Towers in a park
Frank Lloyd Wright
•  Broadacre City was an urban or suburban
development concept proposed by Frank
Lloyd Wright throughout most of his
lifetime.
•  He presented the idea in his book The
Disappearing City in 1932.
•  Broadacre is a continuous metropolitan
region of low density. Areas designated to
serve similar purposes are allocated
functionally (parallel along traffic systems of
more than regional importance like
monorail and motorway): trade,
entertainment, industry, agriculture, housing
etc.. Arrangements are selective - idealized
- but not exclusive.
•  The road is a symbol of individual freedom.
Cars aren't simply contemporary or
modern, they represent democracy itself.
BROADACRE CITY
Expo 67
•  The 1967 International and Universal Exposition or Expo 67, as
it was commonly known, was a general exhibition, Category
One World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from April
27 to October 29, 1967. It is considered to be the most
successful World's Fair of the 20th century with the most
attendees to that date and 62 nations participating. It also set
the single-day attendance record for a world's fair, with 569,500
visitors on its third day.
•  The theme of Expo 67 was "Man and his World", taken
from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's memoir Terre des
hommes (literally "land of men", though it was published under
the title Wind, Sand and Stars). Housing was also one of the
main themes of Expo 67.
•  general exhibition world fair (other terms: world’s fair, world fair
or expo for short-international exhibition designed to showcase
achievements of nations.
Habitat 67
•  Habitat 67 comprises 354 identical, prefabricated concrete
forms arranged in various combinations, reaching up to 12
stories in height. Together these units create 146
residences of varying sizes and configurations, each
formed from one to eight linked concrete units.
•  The complex originally contained 158 apartments, but
several apartments have since been joined to create
larger units, reducing the total number. Each unit is
connected to at least one private terrace, which can range
from approximately 20 to 90 square metres (225 to
1,000 sq ft) in size
Arcosanti
•  Arcosanti is a projected experimental town with a molten
bronze bell casting business in Yavapai County, central Arizona
•  Its arcology concept was posited by the Italian-American
architect, Paolo Soleri (1919–2013). He began construction in
1970, to demonstrate how urban conditions could be improved
while minimizing the destructive impact on the earth. He taught
and influenced generations of architects and urban designers
who studied and worked with him there to build the proposed
'town.'
•  The goal of Arcosanti is to explore the concept of arcology,
which combines architecture and ecology. The project has the
goals of combining the social interaction and accessibility of an
urban environment with sound environmental principles, such
as minimal resource use and access to the natural environment
Walking city:
•  Walking city: one of the many unbuilt
mega structures from the 1960’s
•  Walking City imagines a future in which
borders and boundaries are abandoned
in favour of a nomadic lifestyle among
groups of people worldwide. Inspired by
NASA’s towering, mobile launch pads,
hovercraft, and science fiction comics,
Archigram envisioned parties of
itinerant buildings that travel on land
and sea. Like so many of Archigram’s
projects, Walking City anticipated the
fast-paced urban lifestyle of a
technologically advanced society in
which one need not be tied down to a
permanent location.