Untitled

Well Completion Report of 1 BH completed in Benishangul Gumuz Region of Bambasi Woreda
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope of the work and project area ........................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Scope of the work .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.2 Location and Accessibility of the area ................................................................................... 1
1.2.3 Geology of the area ................................................................................................................ 2
2. objective of the work .................................................................................................................. 3
3. Methodology of the Drilling ....................................................................................................... 3
4. Man power, Equipment and materials used ................................................................................ 4
4.1 Man Power ................................................................................................................................ 4
4.2 Equipment and Materials Used ................................................................................................. 4
5. drilling and construction history of the well ............................................................................... 5
5.1 Drilling ...................................................................................................................................... 5
5.2 DRILLING DIAMETER .......................................................................................................... 5
6. WELL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................ 5
6.1 ROCK SAMPLING .................................................................................................................. 5
6.2 LITHILOGICAL LOGGING ................................................................................................... 5
6.3 CASING ARRANGMENT AND WELL DESIGN ................................................................. 6
6.4 SURFACE CASING AND OBSERVATION PIPE................................................................. 9
6.5 GRAVEL PACKING................................................................................................................ 9
6.6 WELL DEVELOPMENT AND CLEANING .......................................................................... 9
6.7 WELL HEAD CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................... 9
7. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 10
8. PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ................................................. 11
8.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PUMPING TEST ............................................................................... 11
8.2 Pumping Test Instruments and Equipment ........................................................................ 11
8.3 PUMPING TEST ............................................................................................................... 12
8.3.1 PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ....................................... 12
8.3.3 CONSTANT RATE DRAWDOWN TEST ................................................................... 12
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNDATION ......................................................................... 20
Zekalay General Trading P.L.C i

9. Water quality............................................................................................................................. 22
9.1 Sampling method .................................................................................................................... 22
9.2 Measures of Groundwater Quality and Evaluation ................................................................. 22
9.2.1 Physical analysis .................................................................................................................. 22
9.2.2 Chemical Analysis ............................................................................................................... 23
9.2.3 PH ........................................................................................................................................ 23
9.2.4 Total hardness ...................................................................................................................... 23
9.2.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) ........................................ 23
9.3 Presentation and Interpretation ............................................................................................... 24
9.3.1 Pie chart ............................................................................................................................... 24
List of Figures & Tables

Table 1: - Specific location of the site ............................................................................................ 2
Figure 1: - Regional Geology of the area........................................................................................ 3
Table 2: - Man Power ..................................................................................................................... 4
Table 3: - Lithological Logging ...................................................................................................... 6
Table 4: - Casing arrangement of the well ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: - Lithological Log and Well Design ................................................................................ 8
Table 5: - well summary ............................................................................................................... 10
Table 6: - Time intervals set for the constant rate drawdown test ................................................ 13
Figure 3. Pie Chart ........................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 4. Water Quality Analysis Result ...................................................................................... 25
ANNEX-1 DRILLING DATA ..................................................................................................... 26
ANNEX 2 - ATTACHED RAW DATA FOR WAMBA WELL................................................. 29
Zekalay General Trading P.L.C ii

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
An agreement was made between International Rescue Committee (IRC) and Zekalay General
Trading PLC on Augest 23, 2018. The objective of the agreement was to drill, construct and
make a pumping test of Four (4) bore hole in Benishangul Gumuz regional state of Bambasi,
Tango and Tsore Refugee camp.
The drilling and related works of this well are completed as per the agreement & specification
and the completion report is presented here. In addition to the work activities included in the
BOQ, this report presents the location and accessibility, Methodology, Geology and
Hydrogeology of the area, Borehole hydrogeology, and the machinery and equipment used to
conduct the drilling of the wells.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK AND PROJECT AREA

1.2.1 SCOPE OF THE WORK
The scope of the work includes drilling of one borehole with 160-meter depth in the specified
place level. Including lithological logging, surface and production casing installation, installation
of observation pipe, gravel packing, grouting, well head construction, capping of the well,
pumping test, water quality test and analysis and reporting based on the agreement.
The drilling of the borehole was completed at 115-meter depth based on the agreement in order
to fully penetrate the aquifer and the drilling technique applied was DTH System. And the whole
drilled depth is covered by production casing of 6 inch inside diameter PVC casing.
1.2.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY OF THE AREA
The project area is located in Assosa zone of the regional state Benishangul Gumuz. The
administrative town Assosa is located at about 675km far from Addis Ababa (the capital city of
Ethiopia). It is accessible through Addis Ababa, Ambo, Nekemt, Gimbi and Assosa main asphalt
road. The site is accessible 57km far from Assosa town on the way to Bambasi woreda and it is
accessible with asphalt road except the road to the site is only dry weather.
Detail location information of the site well is listed in the table below
Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 1

S.N Zone Woreda Kebelle Site name (UTM) (UTM) northing Altitude
easting (m)
1 Assosa Bambasi Womba Bambasi refugee - - -
camp
T ABLE 1: - SPECIFIC LOCATION OF THE SITE

1.2.3 GEOLOGY OF THE AREA
Based on the geological coverage of the region, the proportion of each of the formation out of the
total surface area of Ethiopia is:
 Basement cover 18%

 Paleozoic and Mesozoic cover 25%
 Tertiary volcanic cover 40%
 Quaternary sediments and volcanic cover 17%
The major suture zone in the Southern Arabian–Nubian Shield has an oceanic affinity,
containing sutures of meta‐sediments of deep‐sea marine sedimentary origins (trench sediments),
volcanic rocks of calc‐alkaline (island‐arc) origin and fragments of mafic to ultramafic rocks
(ophiolites) of oceanic crustal origin. The sutures of former oceanic areas that have accreted to
form the Arabian–Nubian Shield consist of linear schist belts, containing phyllitic to greenschist
facies meta‐sediments and meta‐volcanics. The sutures in the accreted shield areas are the loci
for major shear zones that commonly host gold deposits. The regional structural set‐up of the
western Ethiopian shield is shown by three phases of deformation‐associated foliations, folding
and lineations. The Asosa region is represented by the Kuluck shear zone. The area is also
characterised by syn‐ and post‐kinematic Neoproterozoic granitoid intrusions, Tertiary basalts
and a lateritic cover (extensive over basaltic lavas). Important gold mineralization zones are
hosted within quartz veins, schist units (amphibolite schist, quartz graphitic schist and quartzo‐
feldspathic sericite schist) and granitic gneiss. The ANS mineralization is dominated by orogenic
gold, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, rare earth elements, uranium and tin.
The local geology of the area is covered by top soil at its top part and highly weathered and
fractured quartz dike deposit which is the most aquifer part of the well, developed from primary
porosity and permeability through direct recharge, and basalt formation is under laid started at
about 7.5m depth.

F IGURE 1: - REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
The main objective of this project is to provide clean and safe water for the camp users.
3. METHODOLOGY OF THE DRILLING

The major procedures or steps used or activities conducted for the completion of this project are
as follows:
 Mobilization of drilling rig, manpower, equipment and materials for drilling and
construction
 Site hand over from the representative
 Site clearing and mud pit excavation
 Borehole drilling, lithological & electrical logging
 Installation of 12" steel surface casing
 Installation of PVC production casing of 6" ID
 Installation of 3/4" GI observation pipe
 Supply & pack river gravel

 Well cleaning & development

 Capping or sealing borehole
 Grouting of the well
 Well head construction
 Demobilization of manpower & equipment of drilling
4. MAN POWER, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED

4.1 MAN POWER
No Position/Responsibility No. Qualification/Experience
1 Geologist One BSc in Geology

2 Site Mechanic One Diploma in auto mechanic
3 Ass. Driller Two Auto mechanic and > four years in drilling
4 Operator One Level-1 to level -5
5 Daily Laborers Two
6 Drivers Three Level 3 & level 4 driving license
7 Field administrator One 10th grade completed
T ABLE 2: - M AN P OWER
4.2 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED

Many different tools and equipment’s were transported to the site in order to complete the well
which has different purposes. Some necessary materials are listed below:
 Drilling rig (drilling Rig with Mud Pump, Foam Pump, and Air Compressor (Atlas Copco,
with maximum capacity of 21 bars), Isuzu Truck & Toyota light vehicles (Double Gabion).
The Rig is completely hydraulic with the maximum pull up of 18 tones.
 14" tungsten carbide inserted bit
 14 1/4" hammer bit
 Generator for welding and cutting
 12" steel surface casing and 6" PVC production casing
 10" & 12" different type of Drilling bits
 Other many accessory tools/equipment’s necessary for drilling

5. DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF THE WELL

5.1 DRILLING
The drilling and construction of the well started on 06/09/2018 G.C and completed on
06/10/2018 G.C. The project includes all the necessary activities starting from site clearing &
rigging up of the rig to the final work of well head construction & well capping.
DTH/MUD System was applied in order to drill 115meter depth. The upper surface of the well to
5-meter depth with 14-inch diameter bit. From 6-meter depth to 115meter depth, the well was
drilled and completed using DTH/MUD with 10-inch diameter bit.
5.2 DRILLING DIAMETER

The upper surface 5 meter of the well was drilled using 14-inch diameter rock bit in order to
insert 12-inch steel surface casing permanently to protect the well from collapsing. The rest
depth of the well or from 5 meter to 115 meter was drilled using 10-inch diameter Rock and
Tungsten carbide bits.
6. WELL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

6.1 ROCK SAMPLING
The accuracy of geological logging, which is highly required for well design, is a serious job
which need somewhat more detail attention in properly describing the collected samples. Such
log furnishes a description of the geologic character and thickness of each stratum encountered
as a function of depth and thereby enabling aquifers to be delineated.
6.2 LITHILOGICAL LOGGING

Lithological logging of the well was done by visual inspection and describing the cutting
samples; by identifying the rock type, its degree of weathering, fracturing and others which
reflect the hydrogeological characteristics of the sample. Cutting samples were collected from
the well at every 2.5 meters’ interval and when there is change of formation. The cutting was
carried out to the ground surface by drilling fluids.

Depth Lithology Lithological Description

0-2.5 Soil Top Soil
2.5-7.5 Quartz Highly Weathered and fractured quartz dike
7.5-20 Basalt Moderately weathered basalt
20-30 Basalt Slightly weathered basalt
30-40 Basalt Moderately weathered basalt
40-55 Basalt Moderately weathered basalt
55-75 Basalt Highly Weathered basalt
75-97.5 Basalt Moderately weathered and fractured basalt
97.5-105 Granite Highly fractured granite
105-115 Granite Moderately Weathered granite
T ABLE 3: - L ITHOLOGICAL LOGGING

6.3 CASING ARRANGMENT AND WELL DESIGN
Casing arrangement was done on the bases of the data obtained from lithological log of the well.
Blind Casings, in general, may serve to protect the borehole wall from caving, to protect surface
water from entering into the well and to seal out undesired groundwater, and to protect the pump
from damage. And Screen Casings assist the smooth flow of ground water to the well through
the perforated area of the casing.
The total drilled depth of the well is 115 meter and the whole depth is cased. The installed casing
is 6-inch internal diameter PVC casing. A total of 115.8m has cased including the stick-up length
as shown in the table below.
Casing Arrangement
From To Length (m) Remark
115.00 114.00 1 Blind
114.00 111.15 2.85 Screen
111.15 105.45 5.7 Blind

105.45 99.75 5.7 Screen
99.75 94.05 5.7 Blind
94.05 91.20 2.85 Screen
91.20 88.35 2.85 Blind
88.35 85.50 2.85 Screen
85.50 76.95 8.55 Blind
76.95 71.25 5.7 Screen
71.25 59.85 11.4 Blind
59.85 54.15 5.7 Screen

54.15 42.75 11.4 Blind

42.75 37.05 5.7 Screen
37.05 25.65 11.4 Blind
25.65 22.80 2.85 Screen
22.80 0.80 23.6 Blind
Blind (m) 81.6

Screen (m) 34.2
T ABLE 4: - C ASING ARRANGEMENT OF THE WELL

F IGURE 2: - LITHOLOGICAL LOG AND W ELL DESIGN

6.4 SURFACE CASING AND OBSERVATION PIPE

The top 6.5meter depth of the well was covered by 12 inch, internal diameter, steel surface
casing and left cased permanently in order to protect the well from collapsing and to protect the
well from pollution by contaminants.
To follow up the water level change during the pumping test and in the future during water
withdrawal from the well, GI observation pipe of ¾ inch inside diameter was installed to a depth
of 115m. To allow flow of water in to the observation pipe the bottom of the pipe is covered with
slotted observation pipe.
6.5 GRAVEL PACKING

After the installation of production casing and observation pipe, the next step of well
construction was packing of selected, well sorted, well rounded and clean river gravel. Because
Gravel packing helps to protect sand from passing into the screen, to strengthen the borehole
construction by supporting the wall of the borehole, to increase the yield of the well by removing
the formation material and replacing it with special type of well sorted and small sized rounded
material. Furthermore, it helps the casing to stand still vertically and take the space between the
well wall and the casing, the annulus. Therefore, 8 metric cube of selected and well-rounded 4 to
6 mm grain size gravel is packed in to the well annulus.
6.6 WELL DEVELOPMENT AND CLEANING

The purpose of well development is to improve the well performance and to remove undesired
sediments, fine materials and drilling fluids that contaminated the well wall and the water.
Hence, a productive well has to be cleaned from drilling cutting, drilling fluid that is foam in our
case, an unwanted fine and dust particle, waste materials which is inserted during drilling
activities and during gravel packing. Moreover, the aquifer has to be developed to keep its
maximum transmissivity. Hence, this well was cleaned and developed for 14:42 hours by
compressed air.
6.7 WELL HEAD CONSTRUCTION

The well head is constructed for placing of the pump and for protection of surface flooding.
Hence, 75cm height, 75cm length and 55 cm width of trapezoidal shape steel form work was
used to construct the well head.

7. SUMMARY
Well Name Assosa IRC BH#2
GPS Location -
Drilling method DTH/MUD
Drilling diameter 12 inch for surface casing and 6 inch for production casing
Drilled depth 115m
Cased Depth Blind 81.60m with stick up (0.8m)
Screen 34.20m
Estimated and Yield

4.66 l/s
Static water level 4m
Developing Time 14:42 hrs
Surface Casing Type Steel
Dia.(inch) 12
Length(m) 6.5m; permanently installed
Observation pipe Dia.(inch) ¾
installed Length(m) 108m
Recommended pump
position
105m
Well head type Trapezoidal
Well status Productive
T ABLE 5: - WELL SUMMARY

8. PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

To undertake the pumping test operation, a pumping test crew consisting of hydro geologist,
electrician / pumping test technician, Crane operator and assistant was deployed to the site being a
crew. Furthermore, all the necessary pumping test equipment’s and materials were also mobilized to
the site along with the pumping test crew by a support truck.
8.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PUMPING TEST

Pumping tests are increasingly used as one of the most frequent tools in practical ground water
development. It is critical task where very important information is collected regarding to the overall
groundwater condition of a given area. Proper data collection, analysis and interpretation of the
pumping test data greatly help in the proper defining of the subsurface condition of the target area.
However, the utilization of pumping test data in the solution of hydrologic problems requires an
understanding of some of the fundamental aspects of subsurface ground water flow conditions. This
enables to make assumptions about the aquifer and idealization of it. Hence assumptions and
idealization, on the other hand help to reach to a solution for hydrologic problems. The evident to
control the hydraulic behavior of the aquifer is so much complex. Therefore, few parameters utilized
to estimate the approximate values of sustainable / safe yield and some of hydraulic parameters.
Basically the pumping test in these specific sites is conducted with the following specific objectives.
 To check the well efficiency;

 To estimate hydraulic parameters of the aquifer
 To determine the potential of the well and the sustainable discharge rate;
 To determine the pump position and select appropriate type of pump.
8.2 PUMPING TEST INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
During the pumping test, pumping test crews consisting of well qualified pumping test
technician, electrician and a water level recording personnel with all the necessary materials and
equipment’s were deployed to the site. The materials and equipment’s used for the pumping test
are listed below.
 22kw, 15kw and 11kw submersible pump and accessories

 48Kw diesel generator to run the submersible pumps
 2” B-class pipes with heavy duty coupling & plumbing tools
 Deep meter to measure water level
 V-notch, ruler and height – yield relation table: to measure the discharge rate

 Welding Machine
 Tri pole with 5 tone chain block to install the submersible pump.
 Isuzu truck for mobilization and Demobilization
 Kitchen materials
8.3 PUMPING TEST

To undertake the pumping test operation, a pumping test crew consisting of Hydro geologist,
electrician and pumping test technicians were deployed to the site. Furthermore, all the necessary
pumping test equipment’s and material were also mobilized to the site along with the pumping
test crew. To minimize the problems that might occur after commencement of the pumping test
work, all the pumping test equipment’s and other accessories are checked whether they are in
working mode or not prior to starting of the work.
8.3.1 PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The duration and yield of the step draw down, constant test and recovery test are determined by
the supervisors from the client side according to the agreement. The step drawdown test was
conducted for short duration. The constant pumping test was conducted for relatively long
duration the site is conducted for 24 hrs and fixed discharge rate. The discharge rate for the step
drawdown test was determined from estimated compressor yield and preliminary test. The
discharge rate for the constant test was determined from the analysis of step drawdown tests.
8.3.2 Preliminary test

Prior to the commencement of the step test, Preliminary test for the well is conduct for 30
Minutes duration. The test is conducted mainly to determine the discharge rates for step draw
down test and thereby for constant test.
8.3.3 CONSTANT RATE DRAWDOWN TEST

Constant rate pumping test is conducted with the main objectives to determine the various
hydraulic parameters of an aquifer such as transitivity and storativity. So, the well can be used in
sustainable manner. It is also important to know the maximum drawdown that can be induced
when the well is pumped at its optimum rate. Furthermore; the results of the analysis helps to
determining the estimated safe yield, the pumping duration, proper pump position and selection
of appropriate type of pump to the well.
The constant pumping test is carried out after the water level of the well has returned to almost
the normal static water level right after the last step drawdown test. The discharge rate for the

constant pumping test is fixed based on the result of the successive step drawdown tests. During
the constant rate test, the fixed discharge rate is maintained throughout the pumping period.
Close follow up on the discharge measuring device was also made to maintain and control the
fixed discharge rate. Duration for constant test is 24 hours for this well. At the end of the
duration the well almost maintained equilibrium position.
The water level measurements are taken at frequent time intervals during the early stage and
relatively large interval during the later stage.
Time since pumping started Measurement time interval

0 –10 minutes Every 1 minutes
10– 20 minutes Every 2 minutes
20 – 60 minutes Every 5 minutes
60 – 100 minutes Every 10minutes
T ABLE 6: - T IME INTERVALS SET FOR THE CONSTANT RATE DRAWDOWN TEST
Usually the sustainable discharging rate (Safe yield) of a well is determined from the constant
pumping test. It is obvious that the optimum yield of a well is controlled by the available
drawdown and the specific capacity.
Womba Well
Constant test for this well is conducted for 24 hours at the constant discharge rate of 6.5 l/sec
(.561.60m3/day) and the static water level was 2.50m and the pumping water level (dynamic
water level) after 24 hours discharge at the specified yield is 36.47m and at this point it doesn’t
reach the equilibrium level, it was not lowering down. Hence, we have approximately
extrapolated to get the equilibrium position. Thus by extrapolating and estimating the total
drawdown is 33.97m + 5.0m (extrapolated) = 38.97m. This well is only 24 hrs pumping duration
is conducted to estimate the total DD. But it is known that the 24 hrs pumping duration is the

minimum require to estimating the DD for long duration pumping test. Thus; the specific
capacity of the well = constant discharge rate (m3/day)/total drawdown = 561.60m3/d/38.97m=
14.41m2.
Being the aquifer is unconfined we can take 60% up to 80% of the section from the static water
level up to the pump position as available drawdown. In this case SWL (2.50m) up to the pump
position (105m) is 102.50m thick, and from this section 57m thick is water bearing (aquifer). The
105m pump position is not selected B/c at this depth the casing is Screen; then, the 96m pump
position is selected B/c at this depth the casing arrangement from 94.05m – 99.75m is Blind and
there is enough section below this depth up to the final depth of 115m to accommodate siltation
for long time.
Being the aquifer almost unconfined we take 70% this value as available draw down. Thus; the
available drawdown for this well is 57m*0.70 = 39. 90m.Thus; maximum yield of the well =
available drawdown * specific capacity of the well = 39.90m*14.41m2/d =574.96m3/d (6.65.01
l/sec). So the safe yield = 574.96 m3/d * 0.70(safe factor) = 402.47m3/d = 4.66 l/sec.
Hence the well is safe to be pumped up to 4.66 l/sec; the amount of the water to be pumped up to
this yield is depending on the intended purpose and the required amount. The recommended
pump position is around 96m because at this depth the casing is blind and there is enough section
below this depth up to the final depth of 115 m to accommodate siltation for long time.





RECOVERY TEST
Recovery test for the well is conducted with the main objectives to understand the recovery
capacity of the well. The test is conducted assuming that after the pump has been shut down, the
well pumped at the same discharge as the constant test.
Recovery test for Womba Well

For constant test recovery was conducted for 1:00 hrs or 60minutes within this duration the water
level raised up from 36.47m to 4.85m, this shows that the well has very fast recovery. The
recovery in percentage is (36.47m – 4.85m) *100 / (36.47m – 2.5m) = (31.62/33.97) *100% =
93.00% of the well recovered within 60minutes. Thus the recovery as compared to the pumping
duration shows the well has very fast recovery.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNDATION

Based on the results obtained from the analysis of drilling and pumping test data, the following
conclusion and recommendation is made.
Total Specific Safe yield

Well Q SWL DWL DD extrapolated capacity (L/sec) Remark
(m) (m) (m) DD (m) (m2/d)
(l/sec)
Womba 6.50 2.50 36.47 33.97 38.97 14.41 4.66

 During the analysis of the pumping test data, the drilling log data is basically used to identify
the type and nature of aquifer. According to the close observation of the log data, static water
level and water strike of the well reveal that the major aquifer of the well has unconfined
nature. From the constant test the value of safe yield and maximum yield are calculated and
the summarized values are tabulated above.
 The constant discharge rate of this well is also determined based on the result of the step tests
and the actual finding of the wells.
 The specific capacity and safe yield of the well is also calculated from the constant rate test.
 Based on the results of the analysis, the pump position and pumping duration of the well is
determined.
The recommended pump position and pumping duration of the well is summarized in the table
below.
Well Sustainable Recommended Recommended pumping

depth (m) yield (l/sec) pump position (m) duration (Hrs/d)
Well Remark
Womba 115 4.66 96 18
The pump capacity should have the capacity to pump the safe yield or the required yield if it is
below the safe yield at total heat (from the recommended pump position up to the maximum
height of the reservoir); and the generator to run the pump should be three fold the capacity of
the pump in KW.
 For sustainable and efficient use, there must be sufficient time gap between the recharge
and discharge period. As a result, the pumping duration of the well should not exceed
from the recommended period. Since the well has fast recovery means high recharge can
be pumped for longer time per day.
 For the efficient and sustainable use of the well, continuous monitoring and evaluation of
the groundwater in and around the well should be carried out. Hence it is important to
establish a long term systematic measurements of water levels from observation or
production well that well provide essential data needed to evaluate fluctuations in the
groundwater resource.
 For long time siltation is expected, so rehabilitation work is recommended every 5 years
or less

9. WATER QUALITY
Quality of water depends upon quality and quantity of inorganic and organic compounds present
in water. During its traverse water picks up impurities in varying amounts; Gases from
atmosphere, inorganic and organic salts from top soil and geological strata. And also, water gets
contaminated by inorganic and organic salts sometimes beyond desirable limits.
Purposes of Water Quality Assessment are:
 To measure concentration of the constituents in quantity for Characterization of water for

different uses
 Of the various parameters in potable water few are objectionable even when present in
very small quantity
 Others if only present in unusual quantities as to relegate the water from the potable to
the unusable class
9.1 SAMPLING METHOD

The sampling plastic bottles were thoroughly cleaned prior to use. The method of cleaning was
such that no residue remains and the sampling plastic bottles were rinsed with a sample. This
will prevent the mixing of rinse water with the final sample. Samples were taken from the
borehole when the pumping period is 26 hours since the pumping started.
9.2 MEASURES OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND EVALUATION

In specifying the quality characteristics of groundwater, physical, chemical, and biological
analyses are normally required, but we made only physical & chemical analysis for this well.
9.2.1 PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

Properties of groundwater evaluated in a physical analysis include color; turbidity, odor, and
taste. From laboratory analysis of the water sample the PH (7.51), TDS (361.55mg/l) and EC
(507ųs/cm).

9.2.2 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

A complete chemical analysis of a groundwater sample includes the determination of the
concentrations of the dissolved inorganic constituents, dissolved organic constituents, and
dissolved gases. The analysis also includes measurement of pH, TDS and specific electrical
conductance.
9.2.3 PH
The balance of positive hydrogen ions (H+) and negative hydroxide ions (OH-) in the water
determines how acidic or basic the water is. The pH scale ranges from 0 (high concentration of
positive hydrogen ions, strongly acidic) to 14 (high concentration of negative hydroxide ions,
strongly basic). In pure water, the concentration of positive hydrogen ions is in equilibrium with
the concentration of negative hydroxide ions, and the pH measures exactly 7. Drinking water
with a pH value of between 6.5 and 8.5 is generally considered as satisfactory. In this specific
water well the pH value is 7.51 which is found in acceptable range for domestic use.
9.2.4 TOTAL HARDNESS

The total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations, both
expressed as CaCO3 in mg/l. It can be determined by substituting the concentration of Ca 2+ and
Mg2+ expressed in milligrams per liter, in the expression
The degree of hardness of the water is classified in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration
(after Sawyer and McCarty, 1967). The laboratory analysis indicates that the total hardness value
is 224.67mg/l (CaCO3). These values indicate that the sample from the borehole is soft water.
The WHO maximum allowable concentration is 500 mg/l (CaCO 3).
9.2.5 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations in groundwater vary over many orders of
magnitude. As it is cited in Fetter (1994), more than 90% of the total dissolved solids in
groundwater can be attributed to eight ions, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, and SO42-.
These ions are usually present at concentration greater than 1 mg/l.
The presences of all these chemical constituents give water the ability to conduct electricity.
Thus, the electrical conductivity (EC) of water is an indirect measure of its dissolved
constituents. In practice, EC is often expressed in terms of mili Siemens (ms) and micro

Siemens. The TDS and the EC are in a close connection. The more salts are dissolved in the
water; the higher is the value of the electric conductivity.
This specific water sample has a Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) value of 361.55 (mg/l) and
Electrical conductivity (EC) value of 507 (μS/cm).
9.3 PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

Tables showing results of analyses of chemical quality of groundwater may be difficult to
interpret, particularly where more than a few analyses are involved. To overcome this, graphic
representations are useful for display purposes, for comparing analyses, and for emphasizing
similarities and differences. Graphs can also aid in detecting the mixing of water of different
compositions and in identifying chemical processes occurring as groundwater moves. A variety
of graphic techniques have been developed for showing the major chemical constituents.
9.3.1 PIE CHART

The pie charts are used to plot the concentrations ratio of the major ions (or any combination of
parameters) for individual samples. As with the Stiff and radial diagrams, the pie chart is used to
graphically compare the concentration ratios of several measured parameters for several different
samples. The color and patterns used to identify each parameter are customizable.
Bambasi Refuge camp
5%
Na
24%
43% Ca
Mg
2% 4% Cl
22%
So4
Hco3
F IGURE 3. P IE CHART

F IGURE 4. W ATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULT

ANNEX-1 DRILLING DATA



ANNEX 2 - ATTACHED RAW DATA FOR WAMBA WELL



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Well Completion Report of 1 BH completed in Benishangul Gumuz Region of Bambasi Woreda

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C i

List of Figures & Tables

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C ii

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK AND PROJECT AREA

1.2.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY OF THE AREA

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 1

T ABLE 1: - SPECIFIC LOCATION OF THE SITE

 Basement cover 18%

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 2

F IGURE 1: - REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE DRILLING

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 3

 Well cleaning & development

4. MAN POWER, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED

1 Geologist One BSc in Geology

4.2 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 4

5. DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF THE WELL

5.2 DRILLING DIAMETER

6. WELL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

6.2 LITHILOGICAL LOGGING

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 5

Depth Lithology Lithological Description

T ABLE 3: - L ITHOLOGICAL LOGGING

115.00 114.00 1 Blind

114.00 111.15 2.85 Screen

111.15 105.45 5.7 Blind

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 6

54.15 42.75 11.4 Blind

Blind (m) 81.6

T ABLE 4: - C ASING ARRANGEMENT OF THE WELL

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 7

F IGURE 2: - LITHOLOGICAL LOG AND W ELL DESIGN

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 8

6.4 SURFACE CASING AND OBSERVATION PIPE

6.5 GRAVEL PACKING

6.6 WELL DEVELOPMENT AND CLEANING

6.7 WELL HEAD CONSTRUCTION

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 9

Estimated and Yield

T ABLE 5: - WELL SUMMARY

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 10

8. PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

8.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PUMPING TEST

 To check the well efficiency;

 22kw, 15kw and 11kw submersible pump and accessories

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 11

8.3 PUMPING TEST

8.3.1 PUMPING TEST DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

8.3.2 Preliminary test

8.3.3 CONSTANT RATE DRAWDOWN TEST

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 12

Time since pumping started Measurement time interval

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 13

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 14

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 15

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 16

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 17

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 18

Recovery test for Womba Well

Zekalay General Trading P.L.C 19

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNDATION

Total Specific Safe yield