Under The Supervision Of: Academic Supervisor: Professional Supervisor

REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB (PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)
This is to certify that the internship report entitled REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK
SLAB (PRE-FABRICATED RIBS) submitted by TEBOU TIYO AUBIN BRICE work done and submitted
during 2020-2021 academic year, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Higher National
Diploma of University Institute of the Coast, in School of Engineering and Applied Science department of civil
/structural design engineering.
Under the supervision of:
Academic Supervisor: Professional Supervisor:
Mme TSUAN-YON Lado Mr. ZIMO DOMO Clinton
Lecturer in IUC Site Engineer
Signature: …………………. Signature: ……………
Date: ………………………. Date: …………………
i
WRITTEN BY TEBOU TIYO AUBIN BRICE
TO
MY
BELOVED
FAMILY
ii
This piece of work is not only an individual work but a collective one full of encouragements and assistance.
I hereby acknowledge the participation of each of the following persons, who with their advices and
guidelines made my internship and academic studies a peaceful and instructive one.
A special thanks to the Almighty God who gave me the strength to be able to go through each blessed day.
I thank my academic supervisor Mme TSUAN-YON LADO who sacrificed her time to guide me and direct me
throughout the realization of my report and for making all necessary corrections.
Also, I thank each member of the civil engineering department and lecturers of SEAS who gave me a helping
hand during this period of my studies.
I remain passionately indebted to testify that it would not have been possible to go through this piece of
work without the approval of ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE and I would like to give a special thanks to my
industrial supervisors Mr. ZIMO DOMO Clinton and my head of site Mr. TSAFACK PAUL Marie for their time,
guidance, encouragements, help and support throughout my internship period.
I thank also Mr. NYAME David and Mr. NYAME HENRI Didier for their advice, support and encouragement
during my internship period.
My sincere gratitude to my lecturers Mr. EBESOH Marinus and Mr. NKWEYA Francis for their guidance and
moral support during the realization of this piece of work.
Many thanks to my lovely parents Mr. TEBOU Zacharie and Mme ATSAYO TEOUDEOU Clementine for their
unconditional support, because without them I could not have undertaken a professional education.
Many thanks to all my brothers and sisters for their help and guideline during the realization of this report.
To all my friends, my fellow classmates and particularly to my mentor TIETA Stephanie for her guidelines,
advice and concern during the realization of this report.
iii
An internship is the situation of a student or trainee who works in an organization, sometimes without pay, in
order to gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a qualification. The main objective for undertaking
professional studies is to be able to develop efficient performances so as to respond favourably to the
professional world work criteria or demand. Apart from the theoretical studies obtained in school, it is
important for us to complete our studies with the help of practical sessions, reason why the internship done
from the 20th July to the 28th August at ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE was really important. According
to the work that was given to the enterprise, we able to come across the realities of the working environment
and with the help of this experience, we able to choose as report topic “REALISATIION OF A HOLLOW
BLOCK SLAB (PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)”. This report is based on two principal parts, which are broken
down in to four chapters and which are briefly explained, we have the general introduction, and then the first
part which consist of chapter one and two, chapter one gives the presentation of the enterprise; its organisation,
service and products offered ,and then the chapter two gives the activities carried out during the internship
explaining some specific terms. Part two work consist of chapter three and chapter four. Chapter four gives
literature review on the what is a slab stating types, functions, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages
of slab and later on tells about procedure of realizing a hollow block slab stating equipment and material used
and then the realization process; then chapter four gives some remarks and difficulties encountered on site and
then suggestions made to improve development, and finally there is the general conclusion and the
bibliography.
iv
Un stage est la situation pour un étudiant ou un stagiaire de travailler dans une organisation, parfois sans
salaire, afin d’acquérir de l’expérience de travail ou de satisfaire aux exigences d’une qualification. L’objectif
principal de la réalisation d’études professionnelles est de pouvoir développer des performances efficaces afin
de répondre favorablement aux critères ou à la demande professionnels du monde du travail. Outre les études
théoriques obtenues à l’école, il est important pour nous de terminer nos études à l’aide de sessions pratiques,
raison pour laquelle le stage effectué du 20 juillet au 28 août à l’ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE était
vraiment important. Selon le travail qui a été donné à l’entreprise, nous avons pu rencontrer les réalités de
l’environnement de travail et avec l’aide de cette expérience, nous avons pu choisir comme sujet de rapport "
PROCEDURE DE REALISATION D’UNE DALLE DE BLOCS CREUX (NERVURES
PREFABRIQUEES) «. Ce rapport est basé sur deux parties principales, qui est divisé en quatre chapitres et qui
sont brièvement expliqués. Nous avons l’introduction générale, et la première partie se composent du chapitre
un et deux, chapitre un donne la présentation de l’entreprise ; son organisation, service et produits offerts, puis le
chapitre deux explique les activités menées pendant le stage en expliquant quelques termes spécifiques. La partie deux
se composent également de deux chapitres, chapitre trois et quatre. Le chapitre trois donne la revue de la littérature
sur ce qui est une dalle indiquant les types, fonctions, caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients de la dalle et
plus tard parle de la procédure de réalisation d’une dalle de bloc creux indiquant l’équipement et le matériel
utilisé, puis le processus de réalisation, puis le chapitre quatre donne quelques remarques et difficultés rencontrées au
cours de la période de stage avec des suggestions faites pour améliorer le développement et enfin nous avons la
conclusion générale, puis la bibliographie.
v
This internship report ““is part of the requirement to the award of the Higher National Diploma (HND)
program.
This report gives a brief presentation of the company and activities carried out, alongside the skills gained
not leaving out difficulties and proposed solutions.
The report is divided in to five chapters to ease the presentation of what has been achieved during this
internship.
With the aim of assuming a durable development and to provide competent and competitive handwork in
different domains to companies, the Cameroon government through the Ministry of Higher Education
permitted the opening of the private institutes of Higher Education.
Giving the opportunity to private Institutions to contribute to the acquisition of academic and professional
training in appropriateness with the professional World.
University Institute of the Coast (IUC) consist of five (5) different Institutions which are:
➢ SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES (SEAS)
✓ HND INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS

▪ Electrical power systems (EPS)
▪ Industrial Computing and Automation (ICA)
▪ Telecommunication (TEL)
▪ Software Engineering (SWE)
▪ Networks and security (NWS)
▪ Chemical Manufacturing (CM)
▪ Mechanical Manufacturing (MEM)
▪ Building Science and Technology (BST)
✓ HND COMMERCIAL PROGRAMS

▪ Marketing (MKT)
▪ Management (MGT)
▪ Accountancy (ACC)
▪ Banking and Finance (BF)
▪ Logistics and transport management (LTM)
✓ BTS PROGRAM
• GENIE CIVIL (GC)
▪ GEOMETRE TOPOGRAPH (GT)
▪ BATIMENTS
▪ TRAVAUX PUBLIC (TPU)
vi
✓ BACHELORS OF ENGINEERING (B-Eng.)

▪ Computer Science Engineering
▪ Electromechanical Engineering
▪ Civil and Environmental Engineering
✓ BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY (B-Tech)

▪ Chemical Engineering
▪ Electrical and Electronics Engineering
▪ Civil Engineering
▪ Software Engineering
▪ Mechatronics Engineering
▪ Industrial automation and computing
▪ Welding and Fabrication Technology
▪ Thermal Engineering Technology
✓ BACHELORS OF HEALTH SCIENCE (B-HES)

▪ Physiotherapy
▪ Medical Laboratory
▪ Nursing science
✓ LIPRO
▪ Genie Civil
✓ MPRO
▪ Genie Civil
➢ L’INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DES TECHNOLOGIES ET DU DESIGN INDUSTRIEL (ISTDI)
✓ BTS PROGRAMS :
▪ Génie Chimique des procédés (GCP)
▪ Maintenance des systèmes informatique (MSI)
▪ Informatique Industriel (II)
▪ Electrotechnique (ET)
▪ Electronique (EN)
▪ Froid et climatisation (FC)
▪ Maintenance et après-vente automobile (MAVA)
▪ Bâtiment (BAT)
▪ Travaux publics (TP)
▪ Géomètre topographe (GT)
▪ Energie Renouvelable (ER)
▪ Génie Bois (GB)
▪ Chaudronnerie (CH)
▪ Fabrication Mécanique (FM)
vii
✓ DSEP PROGRAM :
▪ Réseaux et Télécommunication (RT)
✓ LICENCES PROFESSIONNELLES INDUSTRIELLES in partnership with the University of DSCHANG:

▪ Administration des systèmes Réseaux
▪ Génie Logiciel
▪ Automatique et informatique Industrielle
▪ Electrotechnique
▪ Electronique
▪ Management des systèmes Automobiles
▪ Maintenance et Expertise des Automobiles
▪ Maintenance des systèmes Industriels
▪ Génie Energétique et Industriel
▪ Production et commercialisation du bois
▪ Ameublement et construction du bois
▪ Génie Mécanique et productique
✓ MASTER PROFESSIONNEL INDUSTRIEL in partnership with the University of DSCHANG:

▪ Génie Electrique et informatique Industrielle
▪ Génie des Réseaux et Télécommunications
▪ Systèmes d’information et Génie Logiciel
▪ Systèmes d’information Audit et Conseil
➢ L’INSTITUT DE COMMERCE ET D’INGENIERIE D’AFFAIRES (ICIA)
✓ BTS PROGRAMS
▪ Action Commerciale
▪ Assurance
▪ Banque et Finance
▪ Communication d’Entreprise
▪ Commerce International
▪ Gestion Logistique et Transport
▪ Informatique de Gestion
✓ LICENCES PROFESSIONNELLES COMMERCIALES ET GESTION in partnership with the University of

DSCHANG:
▪ Assurance
▪ Banque
▪ Banque – Assurance
▪ Comptabilité Contrôle et Audit
▪ Finance – Comptabilité
▪ Gestion des Ressources Humaines
▪ Logistique et Transport
▪ Marketing
▪ Management des Opérations du Commerce International
viii
✓ MASTER PROFESSIONNEL COMMERCIAL in partnership with the University of DSCHANG

▪ Finance-Comptabilité
▪ Audit Comptable et Financier
▪ Banque
▪ Fiscalité
▪ Management des Organisation
▪ Marketing-Communication
▪ Gestion des Ressources Humaines
▪ Logistique et Stratégique
✓ MASTER ISUGA-FRANCE in partnership with EMBA France

▪ EXECUTIVE MBA in partnership with ESSEC Douala
L’INSTITUT D’INGENIERIE INFORMATIQUE D’AFRIQUE CENTRALE (3IAC)

✓ Cycle des TIC in partnership with CCNB-DIEPPE of CANADA
▪ Réseautique et sécurité
▪ Programmes et Analyse
✓ MASTER EUROPEAN in partnership with 3IL France
▪ Génie Logiciel
▪ Administration des Systèmes Réseaux
✓ MASTER PROFESSIONNEL in partnership with ENSP Yaoundé
▪ Génie Civil
▪ Génie Energétique et Environnement
▪ Génie Industriel et Maintenance
✓ CYCLE INGENIEUR Information (3IL-France)
▪ Pôle de Recherche Innovation et Entreprenariat
➢ LES PROGRAMMES INTERNATIONAUX DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES DE L’INNOVATION (PISTI)

✓ Cycle des Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Ecoles d’Ingénieurs (CP) in partnership with the
University of MAINE FRANCE:
▪ Classes préparatoires
▪ Licences Sciences et techniques
✓ CYCLE INGENIEUR de Génie Industriel (Polytechnique-NANCY France)
✓ INGENIEURIE BIOMEDICALE in partnership with the University of Tor Vergata (ROME II)
✓ ARCHITECTURE ET DESIGN INDUSTRIEL in partnership with the University of CAMERINO (ROME I)
The student of the cycle BUILDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HND2 is held in the year 2021 to perform a
specialty project during his academic course. This project will allow students to better understand the
knowledge acquired and especially applied to a field of the specialty. It is with this in mind that we have done
work on the topic: THE REALISATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB(PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)
ix
Figure 1: Staff .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Concrete tile ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Excavator ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4:Bulldozer ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5: Formwork of Beam .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Scaffolding ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Elevation of walls ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8: Hollow block slab ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 9: One-way slab.................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10: Two-way slab ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 11: Precast slab ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12: Framing .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 13: Propping ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 14: Positioning of rib beams and hollow blocks .................................................................................................. 25
Figure 15: Reinforcement of compressive mat ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 16: Mobile concrete mixer ................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 17: Pouring and vibration of concrete .................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 18: Finished slab .................................................................................................................................................. 28
x
Table 1: Identification slip of ETS Global Multi Service .................................................................................................. 8

Table 2: Internship Activities ......................................................................................................................................... 10
xi
CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................... iv
RESUME .......................................................................................................................................................................... v
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................................ xii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
PART ONE : INTERNSHIP ENVIRONMENT AT ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE ........................................ 2
CHAPTER ONE : PRESENTATION OF THE ENTERPRISE ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE MULTI SERVICE ........................... 3
1.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE ............................................................. 3
1.2 PRESENTATION OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE ................................................................................. 4
1.3 OUR SERVICE AND PRODUCT OFFERS ................................................................................................ 4
1.4 DELIVERY SERVICES ............................................................................................................................... 4
a. RENTAL OF TRUCKS AND ENGINES ........................................................................................................ 4
b. CONSTRUCTION SERVICE DELIVERY ...................................................................................................... 5
c. QUINCAILLERY MATERIALS: .................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 IDENTIFICATION SLIP .............................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO : EVOLUTION OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................. 9
2.1. INTRODUCTION: ........................................................................................................................................ 9
2.2. PRESENTATION OF WEEKLY ACTIVITIES:........................................................................................ 10
2.3. DETAIL EXPLANATION OF SOME KEY WORDS ............................................................................... 11
a. Formwork: ................................................................................................................................................... 11
b. Scaffolding: .................................................................................................................................................. 12
c. Elevation of Walls: ...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4. JUSTIFICATION OF TOPIC: .................................................................................................................... 13
PART TWO (CASE STUDY) : REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB (PRE-
FABRICATED RIBS) ................................................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE : THE SLAB......................................................................................................................................... 15
SECTION ONE : GENERALITIES OF SLAB ....................................................................................................................... 15
xii
3.1. DEFINITION: ............................................................................................................................................. 15

3.2. FUNCTIONS OF A SLAB .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.3. LOADS ON SLABS .................................................................................................................................... 15
a. PERMANENT LOADS: ............................................................................................................................... 15
b. EXPLOITATION LOADS: ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. TYPES OF FLOOR SLABS: ...................................................................................................................... 16
i. HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB:............................................................................................................................ 16
ii. CONVENTIONAL SLAB: ............................................................................................................................ 17
iii. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB: ........................................................................................................ 19
iv. PRECAST SLAB: ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FLOOR SLAB FOR A BUILDING ................................................ 21
SECTION TWO : REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB CASE OF PRE-FABRICATED RIBS ................. 22
3.6. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 22
3.7. EQUIPMENT NEEDED: ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.8. MATERIALS NEEDED: ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.9. REALIZATION PROCEDURE: ................................................................................................................. 23
a. FIXING AND TRANSFER OF THE DATUM LEVEL ................................................................................. 23
b. SETTING OUT AND ERECTION OF THE PLATFORM ........................................................................... 23
c. PLACING OF RIB BEAMS, HOLLOW BLOCKS AND REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSIVE MAT: . 24
d. ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................................................................. 26
e. PLUMBING ................................................................................................................................................. 26
f. FRAMING OF THE SIDE OF THE FLOOR............................................................................................... 26
g. BATCHING, MIXING OF CONCRETE AND TRANSPORTATION ........................................................... 26
h. POURING OF CONCRETE, VIBRATION AND CURING OF THE SLAB ................................................ 27
CHAPTER FOUR: REMARKS, DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS ................................................................ 29
4.1. REMARKS AND DIFFICULTIES: ............................................................................................................ 29
4.2. SUGGESTIONS: ......................................................................................................................................... 29
GENERAL CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
xiii
An internship period is an opportunity offered by a company to students called inters, to work at a company
for a limited period of time as required by the HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA. It is a period during which
students match the theoretical studies with the practical ones. This is an internship report under the topic
REALIZATION PROCESS OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB for the activities carried out from the 20th of
July to the 28th of August 2020 in ETS GLOBAL MUTLI SERVICE.
In a building, the slab has two main important roles which are: it serves as a floor for those found on the upper
level and as a roof for inhabitants found on the lower level. The main objective for this study is to be able to
put more emphasis on the methodology on how to realize a hollow block slab of a building.
By constantly being on the site and practicing the work much more is learned on the topic, with the help of
books and from my supervisors I was able to obtain sufficient data to come through this work successfully.
To carry out this work in an efficient and organised manner, this report is divided in to two main parts;
➢ Part one: which is divided in to two chapters;

✓ Chapter 1: Presentation of enterprise
✓ Chapter 2: Evolution of internship activities
➢ Part two: which is equally divided in to two chapters;
✓ Chapter 3: Generalities on slab and realization procedure of a hollow block slab
✓ Chapter 4: Remarks, difficulties and suggestions
1
PART ONE : INTERNSHIP ENVIRONMENT AT ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE
The First part will be focused on the organisation of the enterprise with it different parts of works and the
activities carried out on site. It comprises of two chapters; the first chapter presents enterprise’s
environment and the second chapter gives the internship evolution.
2
CHAPTER ONE : PRESENTATION OF THE ENTERPRISE ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE MULTI SERVICE
CHAPTER ONE :
PRESENTATION OF THE ENTERPRISE
ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE
1.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE
General Manager
Assistant General
Manager
Executive Assistant
Executive Secretary
Human Accounting Technical Head of Legal

Resources and Human Direction Projects Manager
Manager Finance
Manager
Accounting
Assistant
Maintenance Work Driver Head of

Design Office
3
1.2 PRESENTATION OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

ETS Global Multi Services is a Cameroonian start-up specialized in general trade and service delivery.
It is located in Douala, the economic capital of Cameroon, whose geo-political and economic position is
the main economic centre of most companies and a means of penetration into hinterland and subregion.
We are passionate about what we do and wish to serve a wide range of customers in the place where we
are based. We are well trained and equipped to satisfy the ever-increasing demand of our customers. We
are passionate about the pursuit of excellence and financial success through services and uncompromising
integrity. That is why we decided to set up our own service delivery and general trade company.
Our overall business objective is to position ETS Global Multi Services so that it becomes one of the
leading service providers in Douala during the first five years of business.
Our motivation, based on our best interests, is our motivation. We will take all necessary measures, guided
by our values and professionalism, in order to respond precisely and completely to the needs of our
customers. ETS Global Multi Service is managed by Mr. Fouafack Leonard. It is a respected figure in
the sector of the provision of construction materials service.
1.3 OUR SERVICE AND PRODUCT OFFERS
ETS Global Multi Service is a standard licensed company offering a wide range of services that resolves
around the construction sector and other complementary services. We intend to give our customers all the
reasons for making repeated purchases. That is why we have customized our services to exceed our
customer’s expectations. Our commercial services and products include:
1.4 DELIVERY SERVICES

a. RENTAL OF TRUCKS AND ENGINES
ETS Global Multi Service offers trucks and engines rental services, we are optimistic that our values, our
highly reliable and comfortable fleet and of course our offer of quality services will help us drive our car
rental company to enviable peaks and attract the number of customers who will make it a highly profitable
business. We are a company dedicated to establishing good business relationships with our customers,
giving them the best value for money and giving them the reasons to rent our trucks and machinery on
several occasions.
4
b. CONSTRUCTION SERVICE DELIVERY
ETS Global Multi Service offers comprehensive services designed for customers, allowing the company
to do everything necessary to carry out a project. Some of these services include:
Plan design work,
Site preparation,
Carpentry,
Aggregate delivery,
Painting and Plumbing

Decoration and Staff
Floor tile
c. QUINCAILLERY MATERIALS:
The store in the hardware store mainly sell a wide range of renovation equipment and related supplies.
Products such as hardware, plumbing, electrical tools and painting tools, etc., are the most commonly
stored products that you will probably find in a hardware store. Global Multi Service is in the hardware
industry to serve a wide range of customers. That is why we will do everything in our power to make
available a wide of materials and other related products of the best manufacturing brands in Cameroon
and other countries.
Our product offers are listed below:
Retail equipment
Tools and equipment for retail sale
Retail sale of valves and plumbing accessories
Retail sale of electrical supplies
Retail sale of paint and supplies
Retail sale of garden products and equipment
5
Figure 1: Staff
Figure 2: Concrete tile
6
Figure 3: Excavator
Figure 4:Bulldozer
7
1.5 IDENTIFICATION SLIP
COMPANY NAME ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE
DATE OF CREATION DECEMBER 2014
GENERAL MANAGER Mr. FOUAFACK Leonard
ACTIVITY ❖ Study and realisation of BTP work
❖ Rental of trucks and engines
❖ Sales of construction material (sand, gravels,
pozzolan, cement, sheets, iron)
❖ Service provision (Placement of house staff)
❖ Sanitation
❖ Representation
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION At 5m from Carrefour Logbessou, on the left
going toward Sodicombo, Douala, Cameroun.
TELEPHONE NUMBER 680 52 85 83/ 656011735
E-MAIL globalms.cm@gmail.com
Table 1: Identification slip of ETS Global Multi Service
8
WRITTEN BY TEBOU TIYO Aubin Brice
CHAPTER TWO : EVOLUTION OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER TWO
EVOLUTION OF INTERNSHIP
ACTIVITIES
2.1. INTRODUCTION:
This section will give an evolution about our internship which lasted for five weeks in ETS Global Multi
Services. It summarises all the activities carried out in the enterprise and at the construction site which was
located in Logbessou about 15m from the Jehovah Witness Institute.
9
2.2. PRESENTATION OF WEEKLY ACTIVITIES:
Week Activities carried out

20/07/2020-24/07/2020 ✓ Conception of a house with a given dimension
✓ Drawing of Ground Floor plan (see appendix)
27/07/2020-31/08/2020 ✓ First arrival on site
✓ Presentation of site and working personnel
✓ Scaffolding
✓ Formwork of beams
✓ Reinforcement of beams
✓ Concreting the beams
✓ Preparing the formwork for the slab of the ground floor
10/08/2020-14/08/2020 ✓ Elevation of walls
✓ Cleaning of site
17/08/2020-21/08/2020 ✓ Elevation of walls
✓ Formwork of beams and lintels
✓ Reinforcement of beams and lintels
✓ Concreting the beams and lintels
24/08/2020-28/08/2020 ✓ Masonry works
✓ Preparing the formwork for the slab of the first floor
✓ Placing the ribs
✓ Placing the hollow blocks
✓ Reinforcement
✓ Concreting the hollow block slabs
✓ End of internship
Table 2: Internship Activities
10
2.3. DETAIL EXPLANATION OF SOME KEY WORDS

a. Formwork:
A form work is a temporary or permanent mould into which concrete or similar materials is poured. Form
work can be realized with different material which include (wood, steel). For the realization of a form work
we need boards of 10,15,20,30 and nails.
- Realization of form work for a beam of section 25 cm by 15 cm
For a beam form work to be realized, the pillars need to be concreted first. When this is done until the pillars
had hardened, a board 15 is cut with the length being equal to the span between the pillars that will support
the beam. Short cuts of board 15 are also cut and nailed at the end of the long board 15. The structure formed
is then nailed on the pillars and it is being supported in between the span with the help of Indian bamboos. We
then cut two pieces of board 30 with the length equal to the span between the pillars we measure a distance of
25 cm along the board 30 and we put nails to mark them. When this is done, the two pieces of board 30 are
then placed on top of the board 15. We then brace the form work ensuring that the width is 15cm all through.
Figure 5: Formwork of Beam
11
b. Scaffolding:
Scaffolding is a temporary structure on the outside of a building made up of wooden planks or
metal poles, used by workmen while erecting, repairing or cleaning the building. This was done
for many purposes such as elevation of walls, formwork, placing of reinforcement, concreting of
beams.
Figure 6: Scaffolding
c. Elevation of Walls:
On a levelled plane, with the use of a blue thread, the axis point is determined by placing a
horizontal and vertical line which intersects thus making a perpendicular angle. The horizontal
distance which is the surface over which the blocks would be placed is measured using a meter
rule. The dosage and preparation of mortar is 1bag of cement, 2 wheel barrow of sand and water.
The surface is made wet and mortar is spread evenly over the surface. The first row of blocks is
installed by placing two blocks at its ends which maintains a rope in a horizontal alignment with
the help of a piece of wood sticked to the blocks with the help of nails. Other blocks are fitted in
between living few millimetres spacing to introduce mortar which is given a straight appearance
using the construction float whereas for the block to stay firm in its position, a club hammer is
applied on the block. The blocks are mounted on top of one another using the same method but
with the use of semi-blocks making sure that the horizontal arrangement of blocks is irregular to
transmit the loads evenly. This is done repeatedly till we obtain a wall of required height.
12
Figure 7: Elevation of walls

2.4. JUSTIFICATION OF TOPIC:
A practical construction process of a building can involves the realisation of many floors whereby each
floor is separated from the other by a slab. Fortunately, we have been able during our internship period to
take part in the realisation of the first level floor of a G+3 residential building. It is not always easy to
match the theoretical aspect with the practical work due to some factors such as climatic conditions, loss
of materials, late delivery of working materials and other issues. Therefore, it is important to bring more
help in the realisation of the floor of a building.
This realisation process consists of many parts such as formwork of pillars, beams and lintels, elevation of
walls but we decided to choose as topic REALIZATION OF THE HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB. This is
because we were curious to know how the floor separating each level of a building is being done.
13
PART TWO (CASE STUDY) : REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB

(PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)
14
CHAPTER THREE : THE SLAB

CHAPTER THREE
THE SLAB
SECTION ONE : GENERALITIES OF SLAB

3.1.DEFINITION:
Slabs are flat horizontal structural elements made of reinforced concrete that receive the load and transfer it
through the beams to the columns and to the footings to the soil below. Slabs are used in both load bearing
structures and framed structures.
3.2.FUNCTIONS OF A SLAB
In a building, a floor slab plays the following functions:

- It resists the loads which are imposed on it.
- It provides a passage conduit for electricity, drainage, ventilation and waste disposal pipes.
- It acts as a divider(privacy) for the occupants
- Upper slab become the ceiling of the floor below.
- It serves as a fire proof between compartments.
- It serves as a thermal and a sound insulator.
3.3.LOADS ON SLABS
On slabs as on some other structures, we generally consider the action of two classes of loads which are
permanent loads and exploitation loads.
a. PERMANENT LOADS:
They are also called Dead loads. Permanent loads generally refer to the loads that will remain
relatively constant and stationary on the structure throughout its live span. On a slab, the action of
the following permanent loads are as follows:
* Self-weight of slab: This refers to the weight of the slab itself. It is usually gotten by
multiplying the cross-sectional area of the slab by the density of its composition material.
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* Light partition walls: This refers to the weight due to the walls dividing the different halls
on the slab. They usually depend on the height and the material used to build these walls.
* Ceilings and floor finishing: These are loads due to the finishing or ceiling recovering the
slab. They vary according to the density of their composition material.
b. EXPLOITATION LOADS:
They are also called live or imposed loads. They are usually temporary, changeable and dynamic.
The intensity of these loads may vary depending on the occupational purpose of the floor and the
time of the day. Some examples of exploitation load on floor are;
* For residential homes: 1.5 – 3.0 KN/m.
* For office buildings: 2.0-20.0KN/m.
* For stores, shops and public buildings: 4.0KN/m.
3.4.TYPES OF FLOOR SLABS:
Slabs may be supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams usually casted monolithically with the slab,
by structural steel beams, by columns or by the ground. There exists various type of slabs in the construction
industry. In general, all over the world, we can distinguish about 20 different types of slabs, listed below:
Conventional slabs(One way slab and two way slab), Flat slab, Waffle slab(grid slab), Solid slab, Hollow
block slab, Bubble deck slab, Hardy slab, Dome slab, Pitch roof slab, Pre-tensioned slab, Post-tensioned slab,
Precast Slab, Arched Slab, Low roof slab, Sunken slab, Slab on grade, Composite slab. Some of them are
outdated while others are frequently used everywhere. In our region, we are mostly familiar with some of the
following types of slabs as shown below;
i. HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB:

This is the most type of slab used. The use of hollow blocks and rib beams is based on the rational use
of concrete. The upper part called the compression table (4 to 5 cm thick) assures the rigidity of the
assemblage. Reinforcement of the compression table is usually in the form of a wire mesh that is
unfolded on the surface of the blocks.
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Figure 8: Hollow block slab
Advantages of hollow block slab

- It reduces building cost and the overall weight of the structure
- Excellent fire resistance and sound insulation due to it thickness
- Easy to install and requires less labour
Disadvantages of hollow block slab

- It is not economical for small slabs
- It difficult to repair and strengthen
- Not suitable for heavy loads
ii. CONVENTIONAL SLAB:

The slab which is supported with beams and columns is known as conventional slab. In this kind of
slab, the thickness of the slab is small whereas the depth of the beam is large. The load is transferred
to the beams and from beams to the columns. It requires more formwork as compared to the flat slab
and there is no need of providing column caps in conventional slab. The thickness of conventional
slab is 10 cm, 12 cm to 15 cm is recommended if the concrete will receive occasional heavy loads,
such as motor homes or garbage trucks .Normally, it is square in shape and has a length of 4 m.
Reinforcement is provided in conventional slab and the bars which are set horizontally are called Main
reinforcement bars while bars set vertically are called Distribution bars. These types of slabs are used
in multi-storey buildings.
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Advantages of conventional slabs

- They are practical for verandas.
- They carry a higher range of loads.
- They are very good thermal and acoustic insulators.
Disadvantages of conventional slabs

- They are very expensive to realize.
- Its realization is very strenuous lasting for days without interruption.
Based on length and width, conventional slab can be classified into two; One-way slab and Two-way
slab.
1) One-way slab:
One-way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load
along one direction. The ratio of longer span (Ly) to the shorter span (Lx) is greater than or equals
to 2. It is considered as One-way slab because this slab can bend in one direction (that is in the
direction along its shorter span). However, minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel is
provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to distribute the load uniformly and
to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses. Generally, all the cantilever slabs are one-way slabs.
Verandas are practical examples of one-way slabs.
Figure 9: One-way slab
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2) Two-way slab:
A two-way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the
supports along both directions. In two-way slab, the ratio of the longer span (Ly) to the shorter
span (Lx) is less than 2. The slabs are likely to bend along the two spans because the loads are
transferred in both directions to the four supporting edges, and hence distribution reinforcement is
provided in both directions.
Figure 10: Two-way slab
iii. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB:

Mechanically R.C slabs are considered to function like beams of wider width. The thickness of a slab
depends on the resistance of the slab to bending. Generally, the thickness varies between 1/30 and
1/35 of the free span of a slab supported at two ends and 1/40 to 1/50 for slabs on four supports for
R.C. Slabs of the span between girders (main beams) is reduced by introducing intermediary rib
beams. This type of slab is casted in-situ at times monolithically that is with the beams at once. A
mesh of reinforcement is placed at the bottom and at the compression zone of the concrete and another
made of distribution bars, placed at the tension zone separated from each other by bent rods, protected
from external damages by a concrete cover. Some types of reinforced concrete slabs specified by the
code are solid slabs, Flat slabs and ribbed slabs (with solid or hollow blocks or voids)
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Advantages of Solid R.C slabs

- They are easier to construct.
- They are malleable that is can be shaped in a desired form.
- They are very good in acoustic and thermal insulation.
- They can support very heavy loads as compared to others
Disadvantages of Solid R.C slabs

- They need skilful professionals.
- They need very high quantity of form work.
- They need a high number of personnel for their realization.
- They are very expensive in cost.
- They are very strenuous and necessitates a long-lasting realization time
iv. PRECAST SLAB:

Precast concrete slabs are casted and cured in manufacturing plants and then delivered to the
construction site to be erected. The most outstanding advantage of preparation of slabs in
manufacturing plants is the increase in efficiency and higher quality control which may not be
achieved on site.
Figure 11: Precast slab
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3.5.CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FLOOR SLAB FOR A BUILDING

✓ It should be durable.
✓ It should be easy to clean.
✓ It should be Noiseless.
✓ It should have a good appearance.
✓ It should be free from dampness.
✓ It should offer a good fire resistance.
✓ It should be of low-cost maintenance
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SECTION TWO : REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW

BLOCK SLAB (PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)
3.6. INTRODUCTION
The use of hollow blocks is to fill portions of the slab thickness while saving the amount of concrete used and
hence the self-weight of the slab. The reinforcement is located inside the ribs that supports the hollow blocks
and the diameter of the embedded reinforcements varied according to the dimensions of the slab and the
importance of the load that it supports. Here the ribs are pre-fabricated and store for later usage. It is a very
used floor for residential purposes. The realization of a hollow block floor like any other piece of work requires
a certain number of steps for its success.
In this part which is reserved for the realization of the hollow block floor, we will give you the materials and
equipment used and the process of realization
3.7.EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
- A vibrator
- A hammer
- A tape
- A saw
- A spade
- Nails
- Buckets
- Timber or plywood
- Mobile concrete mixer
- Slats
- Indian bamboo
3.8. MATERIALS NEEDED:

- Water
- Sand
- Gravel
- Cement CPJ 42.5
- Iron rods
- Concrete blocks
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3.9. REALIZATION PROCEDURE:
The realization of any work in civil engineering goes in accordance with several previous defined steps. As
concerned with our project, the steps were as follows:
a. FIXING AND TRANSFER OF THE DATUM LEVEL
* Measure 1.2m from the floor and mark a point that is called our reference point
* We use our water level to transfer the level round the building
* We transfer the level up to the half beam that will support the slab by subtracting 2.5cm from
180cm remaining
b. SETTING OUT AND ERECTION OF THE PLATFORM
* We have checked the heights of the supports at the level of the beams.
* We strike the blue line round the building at the level of the beams supporting the floor slab to
have a uniformly levelled platform
* We made a square grid that will carry the ribs and hollow blocks with slats spaced at 70cm
between each other (see fig)
Figure 12: Framing
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* We pointed the Indian bamboo under the slats at the point of intersection between two
perpendicular slats and the connection was made using nails of diameter 80.
Figure 13: Propping
c. PLACING OF RIB BEAMS, HOLLOW BLOCKS AND REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSIVE MAT:
* We hoisted our rib beams above our joists while positioning them in the direction of the smallest span
of our slab, that is the width of each room in the building. The first beam is strictly parallel to the
starting wall.
* We adjusted the spacing between the beams using the hollow blocks.
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Figure 14: Positioning of rib beams and hollow blocks
* We aligned a first row of hollow block for our starting slab. The first row of block was supported
on one side on a rib beam and the other side on the joist
* We filled rows of hollow blocks between rib beams one after the other. In case where there is a gap
between the last rib beam and the beams, we put a formwork board underneath and we pour solid
concrete there.
* We have laid the block all over the surface of the slab
* We then reinforced our compression slab by making a grid with steels HA08
* We have cleaned the area reserved for the compressive mat.
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Figure 15: Reinforcement of compressive mat
d. ELECTRICITY
Different sizes of pipes were used:
- 32mm pipes were used for the main supply and for air conditioners
- 25mm pipes were used for sockets
- 20mm pipes were used for lamps.
- Earth cable were connected to all junction boards and it was to the ground for earthing
e. PLUMBING
Different types of plumbing pipes were used;
- Pipe 125PVC were used for the discharge of waste from toilets
- Pipe 63PVC were used for the discharge of waste from the kitchen and shower.
f. FRAMING OF THE SIDE OF THE FLOOR
* We fix plank at the side of the slab round the whole building where the slab is to be casted.
g. BATCHING, MIXING OF CONCRETE AND TRANSPORTATION

The batching was done according to the following dosage:
- 1 bag of cement
- 2 wheelbarrow of gravels 5/15 and 15/20
- 1 wheelbarrow of sand
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We first of all batched the concrete on the floor before sending it into the concrete mixer for mixing of
concrete with water
The concrete was transported using buckets from one worker to another. The first worker fills the
bucket with concrete and sends it to the worker positioned on the ladder who sends it to the one on the
floor and that one pours the concrete.
Figure 16: Mobile concrete mixer
h. POURING OF CONCRETE, VIBRATION AND CURING OF THE SLAB

After batching, mixing and transportation process is accomplished, the liquid concrete is first of all
poured on the external part of the rib beams first and vibrated. After which it was poured on the entire
surface of the slab. The slab was cured using an adequate technique.
The formwork was removed after 21 days.
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Figure 17: Pouring and vibration of concrete
Figure 18: Finished slab
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CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FOUR: REMARKS, DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS
REMARKS, DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1. REMARKS AND DIFFICULTIES:
During the internship period at Global Multi Service Establishment, we could remark some weaknesses of the
enterprise which has affected the working process on site. The following are the remarks and difficulties
encountered during the realization process on site.
➢ Language barrier
There was a small problem of communication among us as practically all the workers were
French speakers. That made it difficult to understand some of the explanations. Nevertheless, the head
of site tried as much as possible to translate those explanations efficiently.
➢ We lost one week of work during our internship period due to the second semester exam that took part
during it.
➢ Some working equipment were not sufficient; hence some workers had to wait for the others to finish
their work before getting started.
➢ There was a delay in the realization process. Since the work was taking place during the rainy season,
work could not be done effectively.
4.2. SUGGESTIONS:
According to the above stated weaknesses, we have decided to make some suggestions in order to solve their
problems and ameliorate the evolution of works. They are as follows:
➢ The enterprise should train their workers or employ those that will be both French and English
speaking. This will facilitate communication in almost all parts of the country.
➢ The enterprise should put at the disposal of his workers all the necessary material for the realization of
the project.
➢ The head of site should make sure that all his workers are present with their necessary equipment for
work and sanction those that don’t have theirs.
➢ During rainy days, head of site should assign the workers to other duties that are not affected by the
rain like working on reinforcement or formworks.
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As a whole, this internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. We can conclude that during
these one and a half months of internship in ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE, we have been able to acquire
some experience on the way of working in a professional milieu. Needless to say, that the technical aspects of
the work we have done are not flawless and could be improved but we can now be proud to outline in details
the realization procedure of a hollow block slab. During this internship, we were mainly thought the
importance of time management, self-discipline and respect of the hierarchy.
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▪ NON-PUBLISHED BOOK
✓ Old internship reports (session 2020)
▪ http://civilread.com
▪ http://theconstructor.org
▪ http://dailycivil.com
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REALIZATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB (PRE-FABRICATED RIBS)

Under the supervision of:

Academic Supervisor: Professional Supervisor:

Mme TSUAN-YON Lado Mr. ZIMO DOMO Clinton

Lecturer in IUC Site Engineer

Signature: …………………. Signature: ……………

Date: ………………………. Date: …………………

✓ HND INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS

✓ HND COMMERCIAL PROGRAMS

✓ BACHELORS OF ENGINEERING (B-Eng.)

✓ BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY (B-Tech)

✓ BACHELORS OF HEALTH SCIENCE (B-HES)

➢ L’INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DES TECHNOLOGIES ET DU DESIGN INDUSTRIEL (ISTDI)

✓ LICENCES PROFESSIONNELLES INDUSTRIELLES in partnership with the University of DSCHANG:

✓ MASTER PROFESSIONNEL INDUSTRIEL in partnership with the University of DSCHANG:

➢ L’INSTITUT DE COMMERCE ET D’INGENIERIE D’AFFAIRES (ICIA)

✓ LICENCES PROFESSIONNELLES COMMERCIALES ET GESTION in partnership with the University of

✓ MASTER PROFESSIONNEL COMMERCIAL in partnership with the University of DSCHANG

✓ MASTER ISUGA-FRANCE in partnership with EMBA France

L’INSTITUT D’INGENIERIE INFORMATIQUE D’AFRIQUE CENTRALE (3IAC)

➢ LES PROGRAMMES INTERNATIONAUX DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES DE L’INNOVATION (PISTI)

Figure 1: Staff .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Table 1: Identification slip of ETS Global Multi Service .................................................................................................. 8

3.1. DEFINITION: ............................................................................................................................................. 15

➢ Part one: which is divided in to two chapters;

PART ONE : INTERNSHIP ENVIRONMENT AT ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

PRESENTATION OF THE ENTERPRISE

ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

1.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

Human Accounting Technical Head of Legal

Maintenance Work Driver Head of

1.2 PRESENTATION OF ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

1.3 OUR SERVICE AND PRODUCT OFFERS

1.4 DELIVERY SERVICES

b. CONSTRUCTION SERVICE DELIVERY

Plan design work,

Painting and Plumbing

Our product offers are listed below:

Tools and equipment for retail sale

Retail sale of valves and plumbing accessories

Retail sale of electrical supplies

Retail sale of paint and supplies

Retail sale of garden products and equipment

Figure 2: Concrete tile

1.5 IDENTIFICATION SLIP

COMPANY NAME ETS GLOBAL MULTI SERVICE

DATE OF CREATION DECEMBER 2014

GENERAL MANAGER Mr. FOUAFACK Leonard

ACTIVITY ❖ Study and realisation of BTP work

❖ Rental of trucks and engines

❖ Sales of construction material (sand, gravels,

pozzolan, cement, sheets, iron)

❖ Service provision (Placement of house staff)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION At 5m from Carrefour Logbessou, on the left

going toward Sodicombo, Douala, Cameroun.

TELEPHONE NUMBER 680 52 85 83/ 656011735

Table 1: Identification slip of ETS Global Multi Service