Special Topics: Energy

Efficiency
Term 442 (2023)

Dr. Abdullah Alamri

Dept. of Electrical and Engineering
Islamic University of Madinah
Special Thanks for providing the course material

• Dr. Thamer Alquthami

• Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University

• Saudi Energy Efficiency Center (SEEC)

The Preliminary Energy Use Analysis (level 0)

• Step 1 – Calculate the gross conditioned floor area

• Sum up all spaces (no deductions for floor penetrations)
• Measured from exterior faces of walls
• EXCLUDE covered walkways, porches, garages, etc.

• Step 2 – Collect 1 to 2 years of energy bills

• Look for savings based upon rate structures, taxes, peak shaving opportunities, etc.
The Preliminary Energy Use Analysis (level 0)

• Step 3 – Calculate EUI and ECI of building(s) for each fuel type.
• Compare to benchmarks using Portfolio Manager (PM)

• Step 4 – Calculate target energy, demand and cost indices for a similar building
• Choose similar building with lowest energy index
• Lets look at Appendix 3 for a sample report from PM
Preliminary Energy Use Analysis

• Step 5 – Compare the energy and cost savings for each fuel type if it reaches target
EUI.
• Step 6 – Weigh if further analysis is warranted.
Othe
Bill Days Ave. Actual Billed Electric Demand Electric Total
r
Month Dat in Temp. Demand Demand Use Cost Use Bill
Fees
e Period (F) (kW) (kW) (kWh) ($) ($) ($)
($)
January $0
February $0
March $0
April $0
May $0
June $0
July $0
August $0
September $0
October $0
November $0
December $0
Annual
Totals 0 $0 $0 $0 $0

www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.
Preliminary Energy Use Analysis - Energy Performance
Summary
Conversion Total Annual Cost
Energy Type Total Annual Use Units kBtu
Multiplier ($)

Electricity 0 kWh 3.412142 - $ -

Natural Gas 0 therms 100 - $ -

Purchased Steam 0 -

Purchased Hot Water 0 -

Purchased Chilled Water 0 -

Oil #: 0 -

Propane 0 -

Coal 0 -

Thermal—On-Site Generated 0 -

Other 0 -

Electricity—On-Site Generated 0 -

Thermal or Electricity—Exported 0 -

0 -
Total - $ -

www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.
ASHRAE Level 1 Walk-Through audit

• Step 1 – Perform the PEA

• Step 2 – Walk through facility and note building features, major equip-ment,
operation, maintenance
• Step 3 – Meet with staff and review
• Planned building improvements
• O & M issues
• Equipment upgrade
• Step 4 – Conduct a space function analysis
• Are all functions the same as original intent?
Space Function Analysis Form
Weekly % of % of
Gross Floor Weeks/ Principal Lighting Principal HVAC
# Space Function Type Operating # Occupants # PCs Spaces Spaces
Area Year Type Type
Hours Heated Cooled
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
www.ASHRAE.org/PCBEA
ASHRAE Level 1 Walk-Through Audit

• Step 5 – Record low-cost/no-cost energy savings opportunities through changes to

facility or to O&M procedures.
• Step 6 – Estimate the approximate savings.
• Step 7 – Determine potential capital improvements for further study with potential
savings.
Level 1Expected Report Details

• Possible savings from utility rate changes

• Irregularities in monthly energy use patterns
• EUIs of peer comparable buildings
• Target of EUI and benchmark source (Portfolio Manager)

• Breakdown of energy and demand cost by fuel for year

• Estimate of potential savings if target EUI met

• Summary of problems noted in walk-through

• List of low-cost/no-cost changes with estimated savings

• List of potential capital improvements with savings

Level 2 Energy Survey and Analysis

• Step 1 – Start with Level 1 analysis.

• Step 2 – Review mechanical and electrical system design, condition, maintenance,
operation procedures.
• Step 3 – Describe all energy use systems including data collected and
calculations.
 www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.

Plug Loads
Manufacturer/Model

Equipment Type Desktop Computer Laptop Printer Fax Vending Other: No. of Units:

If cycling occurs, what is the rate?

Power Draw (kW): Stand-By Power (kW):
(e.g., min/h)

Control Type (circle one) Occupancy Sensor Other:

Circuit No.

Manufacturer/Model

Equipment Type Desktop Computer Laptop Printer Fax Vending Other: No. of Units:

If cycling occurs, what is the rate?

Power Draw (kW): Stand-By Power (kW):
(e.g., min/h)

Control Type (circle one) Occupancy Sensor Other:

Circuit No.

Manufacturer/Model

Equipment Type Desktop Computer Laptop Printer Fax Vending Other: No. of Units:

If cycling occurs, what is the rate?

Power Draw (kW): Stand-By Power (kW):
(e.g., min/h)

Control Type (circle one) Occupancy Sensor Other:

Circuit No.

Zone W/m^2 Corresponding Schedule (Reference Sample Form 1.33)

Notes
 www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.

Interior Lighting
Fixture Manufacturer/Model

Fixture Type Area Task Exit Track Display Other: No. of Fixtures:
Mounting Recessed Suspended Surface Mount Other: No. of Lamps/Fixtures:
Wattage of Lamps:
Fluorescent Tube Length: Diameter: T12 T8 T5 Other:
Lamp Type
Circle one: CFL Incandescent Halogen LED HID Other:
Ballast Circle one: Magnetic Electronic No. of Ballasts/Fixtures: BF: Watts:
Control Type (circle one) Manual Switch Bi-Level Switch Time Clock Daylight Sensor Occupancy Sensor Dimming Step Dimming None Other: Total Watts:

Work Plane Height: Horizontal Illuminance: Vertical Illuminance Sensitivity: Lamp Color Temp:

Fixture Manufacturer/Model

Fixture Type Area Task Exit Track Display Other: No. of Fixtures:
Mounting Recessed Suspended Surface Mount Other: No. of Lamps/Fixtures:
Wattage of Lamps:
Fluorescent Tube Length: Diameter: T12 T8 T5 Other:
Lamp Type
Circle one: CFL Incandescent Halogen LED HID Other:
Ballast Circle one: Magnetic Electronic No. of Ballasts/Fixtures: BF: Watts:
Control Type (circle one) Manual Switch Bi-Level Switch Time Clock Daylight Sensor Occupancy Sensor Dimming Step Dimming None Other: Total Watts:

Work Plane Height: Horizontal Illuminance: Vertical Illuminance Sensitivity: Lamp Color Temp:

Fixture Manufacturer/Model

Fixture Type Area Task Exit Track Display Other: No. of Fixtures:
Mounting Recessed Suspended Surface Mount Other: No. of Lamps/Fixtures:
Wattage of Lamps:
Fluorescent Tube Length: Diameter: T12 T8 T5 Other:
Lamp Type
Circle one: CFL Incandescent Halogen LED HID Other:
Ballast Circle one: Magnetic Electronic No. of Ballasts/Fixtures: BF: Watts:
Control Type (circle one) Manual Switch Bi-Level Switch Time Clock Daylight Sensor Occupancy Sensor Dimming Step Dimming None Other: Total Watts:

Work Plane Height: Horizontal Illuminance: Vertical Illuminance Sensitivity: Lamp Color Temp:

Zone W/m^2 Corresponding Schedule (Reference Sample Form 1.32)

 www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.

Domestic Hot Water

Storage Water Heater Instantaneous (Tankless) Boiler Tankless Coil Dishwasher Booster
Type (circle one)
Indirect—Steam to Hot Water Indirect—Hot Water to Hot Water
Purchased Hot Water Purchased Steam Heat Pump Solar Solar Backup Other:
Storage Size (liters, kg, …)
Location(s) No. of Units:
Fuel Type (circle one) Natural Gas Electric Fuel Oil LPG Heat Recovery Other:
System Integrity
Name and Model
Serial No.
Tank Capacity (if applicable) liters
Manufacturer Information Rated Input Capacity (circle units) kBtu/h kW
Efficiency Rating (circle units) Energy Factor Thermal Efficiency AFUE COP
Tank Internal Insulation R-Value (if applicable) Tank Dimensions:
Age (years) Condition: (describe)
Does the tank have an external insulation jacket? Yes No R-Value?
Average Hot-Water Temperature (°C)
Are the Hot-Water Pipes Insulated? Yes No How thick?
Loop Design Delta T
Design L/s Pump kW
Is there a recirculation pump? Yes No Min Flow (L/s)
Motor Eff
Pump Head (m) Max Flow (L/s)
Control (circle one): Continuous Temperature Timer Demand Other:
Recirculation Pump
Control Settings (e.g., setpoint
temperature):
Average Recirculation Time (min)

Drawings/Notes
 www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.

Domestic Hot Water Usage

Use this sheet to document the hot-water fixtures and their use. This will allow you to calculate
hot-water heating load reductions resulting from more efficient fixtures.
Lavatory Faucet Kitchen Faucet Dishwasher Laundry Washer
Type (circle one)
Shower Other:
Location(s) No. of Units:
Name and Model:
Serial No.:
Manufacturer Information
Flow/Cycle Rate: (circle units) L/s: liters per cycle:
Age: (years)
Does the Fixture Leak? Yes No Estimate how much:
Fixture Condition Good Poor Describe:

Applicable to:
Cycles per Day: When do most cycles occur?
Dishwasher
Laundry Washer Morning Midday Evening
Shower
Average No. of Users per Day: When does most use occur?
Use Rates (enter information
where applicable)
Lavatory Faucet Other
Morning Midday Evening
Fixture

Average Time of Use per Day: (mins) When does most use occur?

Kitchen Faucet Other Fixture Morning Midday Evening

Drawings/Notes
 www.ashrae.org/PCBEA.

Boilers
Site Name
Boiler ID/Tag
Location/Service
Mfr/Model #
Year Built Serial Number

Condition of
Tubes/Sections

Condition of
Combustion Chamber

Burner
TypeAir Atomized Pressure Atomized Rotary Cup Natural Draft Power Gas
Mfr/Model #
Year Built Serial Number

Boiler Type Boiler Fuel Heating Fluid

Scotch Marine Natural Gas Water (HWS/HWR) °C
Fire Tube—Fire Box Fuel Oil (grade) Glycol? yes / no
Cast Iron Sectional Propane Glycol %
Water Tube Electricity Steam Pa (LP/HP)
Electric Other _________ Other ____________
Natural Draft Summer/Winter psi?
Forced Draft Dual Fuel
Condensing
Other _________

Combustion Fan Data Design/Measured Data Accessories

Quantity Boiler Design Measured Draft Control
Manufacturer Input/Output (kWh) Flue Gas Recirculation
Full-Load kW L/s Oxygen Trim Control
Frame Size WPD (m) Stack Economizer
ODP/TEFC EWT/LWT (oC) Blowdown Economizer
Full-Load rpm Fan Design Measured
Fan Efficiency Volts Piping Configuration
Motor Efficiency Phase Primary-Secondary
Full-Load Amps FLA Primary-Only
Drive Type kW Variable Flow
PF
Temperature Control Feedwater
LWT Setpoint (oC) Condensate Returned (Y/N)
EWT Setpoint (oC) Feedwater Pump (Y/N)
Reset? yes / no If yes, describe: _________ Feedwater Pump (kW)
L/s
Controls WPD (m)
Describe in notes time-of-day scheduling, boiler staging, cycling controls, settings, and observations.
Air Handling System Controls
SAMPLE FORM
General Information
Site Name
Air Handler ID/Tag
Location/Service
Manufacturer/Model #
Year Built
Supply Fan Control
Constant Air Volume
VFD
Discharge Damper
Multi-Speed
DDC
Electronic Controls
Pneumatic Controls
Room Thermostat
Supply Fan Static Pressure (SP) Control
Constant SP Setpoint
Static Pressure Reset
Humidifier Control
Humidity Control?
Humidity Sensor Location
RH Setpoint, Max
RH Setpoint, Min
Operating Schedule
Occupied Hours
Unoccupied Hours
Morning Warm-Up Hours
Ductwork Control Accessories
Turning Vanes?
Single/Dual Duct
Other
GUIDANCE
provide name of site
near AHU nameplate, as-built AHU schedule
observe fan location/as-built AHU schedule
AHU nameplate, as-built AHU submittal
AHU nameplate, as-built AHU submittal Serial Number AHU nameplate
Outdoor Air (OA) Control
as-built sequence of operation Fixed OA l/s as-built sequence of operation
as-built sequence of operation Economizer? as-built sequence of operation, control system
as-built sequence of operation trends of economizer damper position
as-built sequence of operation Minimum OA % as-built sequence of operation, as-built AHU
as-built sequence of operation schedule
as-built sequence of operation Economizer Control e.g. drybulb, RH, enthalpy; as-built sequence of
as-built sequence of operation operation, control system trends
as-built sequence of operation Econo Upper Limit e.g. upper OA drybulb temp lockout; as-built
sequence of operation, control system trends
Econo Lower Limit e.g. lower OA drybulb temp lockout; as-built
as-built sequence of operation sequence of operation, control system trends
as-built sequence of operation Econo Control Point e.g. MA temp, CO2 sensor, as-built sequence of
operation
Temperature Control
as-built sequence of operation Occ Room Temp control system or logger trends
Unocc Room Temp control system or logger trends
as-built sequence of operation, visual observation
Heating SAT control system or logger trends
%, as-built sequence of operation, control system or logger Cooling SAT control system or logger trends
trends SAT Setpoint Reset control system or logger trends
%. as-built sequence of operation, control system or logger
trends
Specify occupied hours for each day of the week; as-built sequence of operation
Specify unoccupied hours for each day of the week; as-built sequence of operation
Specify when air handling system turn on for pre-occupancy warm-up for each day of the week; as-built sequence of operation, control system trends of
supply fan speed and supply air temperature
Louver/Damper Control
observe duct interiors; as-built ductwork plan Location(s) observe; as-built ductwork plan
as-built ductwork plan % Free Area measure; as-built ductwork plan
as-built ductwork plan Pressure Drop measure; as-built ductwork plan
Additional data collection forms

• HVAC
• Laundry
• Food Preparation
• Refrigeration
• Conveying
• Pools/Saunas/Spas
• Process Loads
• Building Envelope
Level 2 Energy Survey and Analysis

• Step 4 – Review existing O&M logs.

• Review planned building changes & estimate costs.
• Step 5 – Collect data on operating parameters.
• Compare data to design levels – spot or data logged.
• i.e. heating/cooling water temps
• Supply air temp
• Space temp
• Humidity levels
• Ventilation flow
• Lighting
Level 2Energy Survey and Analysis

• Step 6 – Perform energy end-use breakdown.

• Step 7 – List suggested equipment and operations modifications with savings
estimates.
• Step 8 – Review opportunities with client.
• Step 9 – Consider the interaction between recommendations and group those that
support each other together.
Level 2 Energy Survey and Analysis

• Step 10 – Estimate potential savings in energy costs and savings in EUI.

• Step 11 – Call OEMs and get quotes to develop implementation costs for each
measure.
• Step 12 – Estimate impact of each ECM on O&M.
• Step 13 – Compare combined effect of multiple measures to savings estimated
in Level 1 analysis.
• Step 14 – Perform financial analysis on recommendations based upon clients
criteria, i.e., NPV, simple payback, IRR, etc.
Level 2 – REPORT –Energy Survey and Analysis

• The report should include at minimum:

• Current energy use and cost accounting
• Building description
• Inventory of major energy-consuming equipment
• Complete list of energy conservation measures
Level 2 – REPORT –Energy Survey and Analysis

• Each ECM should include:

• Description of existing situation
• Description of the proposed change
• Possible impact on occupant health, comfort, and safety
• Possible impact on service capabilities (i.e., year round cooling)
• Each ECM should include:
• Impact on O&M and associated costs
• Expected life of new equipment or impact on existing equipment
• Outline of personnel training required
• All calculations performed
• Any non-energy benefits
Level 2 – REPORT –Energy Survey and Analysis

• Include a summary table estimating costs for all ECMs, potential savings,
financial evaluation.
• Show the estimated accuracy of the quote.
• Provide details on assumed sequence of implementation.
• Provide a list of ECMs considered but rejected and rejection reason.
• Overall project evaluation
• Recommended M&V methods
• Discuss any measure requiring level 3 analysis
LEVEL 3 – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE
MODIFICATIONS
• Step 1 – Start by performing a level 2 analysis.
• Step 2 – Perform additional testing and monitoring to determine feasibility of
ECMs.
• Step 3 – Ensure accurate modeling of proposed modifications – include system
interactions. Often includes computer simulations.
• Step 4 – Develop a detailed schematic for each ECM.
• Step 5 – Estimate costs and savings of each ECM.
• Step 6 – Perform a life cycle cost analysis for ECMs.
• Step 7 – Review proposed ECMs with client.
Level 3 - Report

• The report should include:

• All schematics, equipment descriptions, OEM details necessary to fully describe all
modifications.

• Firm price quotations from contractors may be included.

• A descriptions of any system interactions due to ECM.

• Detailed financial analysis for the capital investment using LCCA.

What is Wrong with Typical Audits?

• Level 1 and Level 2 audits are check-ups.

• Data is collected for one point in time only.

• Provides simplistic financial analysis.

• Ignores the time value of money.

• Ignores facility changes with time.

• Does not weigh out all the risks.

What is an Investment-Grade Audit (iga)?

• Is it an ASHRAE Level 1 audit?

• No
• Is it an ASHRAE Level 2 audit?
• Maybe, but usually not
• How about an ASHRAE Level 3 audit?
• Often, but not always…
• What is it that investors need?
• Bankers are not engineers. They need to be convinced in financial terms that the risks
are low enough before they open the vault.
Strengths of IGAs

• Investment grade audits consider:

• Human factors such as:

• Management commitment to project

• Management approach to operations and maintenance

• Skills of O&M staff

• Training requirements

• Pre-existing biases of staff

Strengths of IGAs

• Facility and equipment conditions

• Available budgetary funds for maintenance

• Project effect on overall process

• Additional factors that may affect project return on investment over time.
What Led us to IGAs?

• The investment grade audit developed as a function of the energy service performance
contract (ESPC).

• Clients wanted assurance that if they invested in an energy-savings project, they would
actually receive the projected benefits.

• Flawed audits by inexperienced auditors led to projects with inadequate savings.