ĐỀ CƯƠNG 1 – HKII

I. Vocabulary

1. safety (n): sự an toàn, sự chắc chắn /ˈseɪfti/

2. shortage (n): sự thiếu, số lượng thiếu /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/

Ex: food shortages (sự thiếu lương thực), a shortage of rice (sự thiếu gạo)

3. erosion (n): sự xói mòn, sự ăn mòn

Ex: soil erosion (sự xói mòn đất)

II. Grammar

1. The last time với khoảng thời gian: lần cuối cùng ai đó làm gì/ không làm gì là (khoảng
thời gian) về trước.

The last time + S + V (quá khứ đơn) + was + (khoảng thời gian) + ago

= S + have/ has + not + PII + O + for + khoảng thời gian

= S + last + V (quá khứ đơn) + (khoảng thời gian) + ago

= It has been (It’s been) + (khoảng thời gian) + since + S + last + V (quá khứ đơn)

Ex: - The last time I met her was 3 months ago. = I haven’t met her for 3 months.

= I last met her 3 months ago. = It has been 3 months since I last met her.

- The last time they ate in this restaurant was a year ago.

= They haven’t eaten in this restaurant for a year.

= They last ate in this restaurant a year ago.

= It’s been a year since they ate in this restaurant.

2. Mặc dù, mặc dầu

Although/ Even though/Though + S + V, S + V

= Despite / In spite of + Ving / Noun, S + V

Ex: Although / Even though / Though you dislike Anna, you should try to be nice to her.

= Despite / In spite of disliking Anna, you should try to be nice to her.