Experiment 9

Roll no: B644

Aim: Study of Bluetooth protocol stack.
Theory:

Bluetooth network technology connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-

range to form a personal area network (PAN). The Bluetooth architecture has its
own independent model with a stack of protocols, instead of following the standard
OSI model or TCP/IP model. Another unique feature is that it is not mandatory for
all the devices in the Bluetooth system to use all the protocols in the stack. This is
because Bluetooth is designed to be used by myriad applications and the
application designates which part of the protocol stack is to be used.
You can roughly divide Bluetooth into Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) and
Low Energy (LE). The difference between these was more necessary a few years
ago, but it's not something you need to concern yourself with anymore. Most
devices bought in the five or so years come with Bluetooth 4.0, 4.1, or 4.2---all of
which make Low Energy the priority.
This process of breaking down data into smaller packets and sending them
individually is also why Bluetooth is used mainly for small data transfers that don't
need to happen quickly. If you need to transfer large amounts of data quickly, there
are better wireless protocols than Bluetooth.
Protocols in the Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Core protocols − this includes Bluetooth radio, Baseband, Link Manager Protocol
(LMP), Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP), and Service Discovery
Protocol (SDP).
Cable Replacement Protocol − this includes Radio Frequency Communications
(RFComm) protocol. It is short for Radio Frontend Component. It provides a serial
interface with WAP.
Adopted Protocols
− These are the protocols that are adopted from standard models. The commonly
adopted protocols used in Bluetooth are Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Internet
Protocol (IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP).
AT Commands − Attention command set.

Functions of the Core Protocols

Radio − This is a physical layer equivalent protocol that lays down the physical
structure and specifications for transmission of radio waves. It defines air interface,
frequency bands, frequency hopping specifications and modulation techniques.
Baseband − This protocol takes the services of radio protocol. It defines the
addressing scheme, packet frame format, timing, and power control algorithms.
Link Manager Protocol (LMP) − LMP establishes logical links between Bluetooth
devices and maintains the links for enabling communications. The other main
Functions of LMP are
device authentication, message encryption, and negotiation of packet sizes.
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) − L2CAP provides adaption
between upper layer frame and baseband layer frame format. L2CAP provides
support for both connection-oriented as well as connectionless services.
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) − SDP takes care of service-related queries like
device information so as to establish a connection between contending Bluetooth
devices.

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a specification for a set of

communication protocols to standardize the way wireless devices, such as mobile
phones and radio transceivers, can be used for internet access, including email, the
web, newsgroups and instant messaging.

TCP/UDP:
Point-to-Point Protocol- (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communication protocol
between two routers directly without any host or any other networking in between.
It can provide loop connection authentication, transmission encryption, and data
compression.
PPP is used over many types of physical networks, including serial cable, phone line,
trunk line, cellular telephone, specialized radio links, ISDN, and fiber optic links such
as SONET. Since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a modem line on their own
without some data link protocol that can identify where the transmitted frame
starts and where it ends, Internet service providers (ISPs) have used PPP for
customer dial-up access to the Internet.

Protocol Stack and Profiles

The BT core specifications as defined by the BT SIG allow for both data and voice
wireless transmission at actual data speeds up to 720 kbps and three simultaneous
voice channels. These core specifications divide a BT implementation into a
protocol stack and a
series of usage profile specifications. This implementation may take a feature-
complete form, allowing additions features through updates, and target desktop
computers running an operating system (OS) such as Windows 7 or OSX 10.6 “Snow
Leopard,” or a specialized device form that using an embedded system, such as
posting an entry in print queue in a photo printer from a camera. The BT protocol
stack specifications are the layered functionality that defines the workings of the
wireless technology. Layered architecture facilitates interoperability between new
and existing BT devices as the BT SIG releases updates to the BT standard.

Conclusion: The Bluetooth protocol stack experiment provides valuable insight in

the working of Bluetooth technology and its various layers.
 Department of Computer Engineering

Date: - / /2023
Roll No.: - B-644

Experiment - 08

Aim: To develop an android application that creates an alert upon receiving a message.

Objective: To create an application that creates an alert upon receiving a message.

Software:

• Android Studio

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android
app development. It is purpose-built for Android to accelerate your development and help
you build the highest-quality apps for every Android device. Android Studio is based on
the powerful code editor and developer tools from IntelliJ IDEA. It offers even more
features that enhance your productivity when building Android apps, such as a flexible
Gradle- based build system. Android Studio is available for download on Windows,
macOS and Linux based operating systems.

• The Android SDK (Starter Package)

The Android SDK stands for Android Software Development Kit, which is developed by
Google for the Android Platform. The SDK Starter Package is a part of the Android SDK
that includes only the core SDK Tools, which you can use to download the rest of the
SDK packages (such as the latest Android platform).

• Gradle

Gradle is a build automation tool used to automate the creation of applications. It is

known for its flexibility to build software and is an open-source build automation tool
flexible enough to build almost any type of software. Gradle makes few assumptions
about what you’re trying to build or how to build it. This makes Gradle particularly
flexible.

• Java Development Kit (JDK) 5

JDK 5 stands for Java Development Kit 5. It is a development environment for building
applications, applets, and components using the Java programming language. It is
supported on Microsoft Windows running Intel IA32, 100% compatible processors, and
AMD Opteron 32.

Program:
 Department of Computer Engineering

Code for Activity_main.xml:

?
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
2<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
3 android:layout_width="match_parent"
4 android:layout_height="match_parent"
5 android:layout_margin="10dp"
6 android:orientation="vertical">
7
8 <TextView
9 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
10 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
11 android:text="Message"
12 android:textSize="30sp" />
13
14 <EditText
15 android:id="@+id/editText"
16 android:layout_width="match_parent"
17 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
18 android:singleLine="true"
19 android:textSize="30sp" />
20
21 <Button
22 android:id="@+id/button"
23 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
24 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
25 android:layout_margin="30dp"
26 android:layout_gravity="center"
27 android:text="Notify"
28 android:textSize="30sp"/>
29</LinearLayout>
30
Code for MainActivity.java:
?
package com.example.exno10;

import android.app.Notification; import

android.app.NotificationManager; import
 Department of Computer Engineering

android.app.PendingIntent; import
android.content.Intent; import
android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View; import
android.widget.Button; import
android.widget.EditText;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity

{
Button notify;
EditText e;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{ super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
;

notify= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);

e= (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);

notify.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
PendingIntent pending = PendingIntent.getActivity(MainActivity.this, 0,
intent,
0); Notification noti = new
Notification.Builder(MainActivity.this).setContentTitle("New
Message").setContentText(e.getText().toString()).setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.ic_launcher).s
etContentIntent(pending).build();
NotificationManager manager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
noti.flags |= Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
manager.notify(0, noti);
}
});
}
 Department of Computer Engineering

Output:
 Department of Computer Engineering

Conclusion: Thus, we have successfully developed and executed a Simple Android

Application that sends alert on receiving a message.
 Department of Computer Engineering

Experiment – 10
Roll no: B644
Aim: To study security tools like Kismet and Netstumbler.

Theory:

Mobile security is the protection of smartphones, tablets, Laptops, and other

portable computing devices, and the networks they connect to, from threats
and vulnerabilities associated with wireless computing.

Why is mobile security important?

Securing mobile devices has become increasingly important as the number of
devices and the ways those devices are used have expanded dramatically. In
the enterprise, this is particularly problematic when employee-owned devices
connect to the corporate network.
 Department of Computer Engineering

There are various Mobile Security tools and they are

 Kismet
 Netstumbler
Kismet:

Kismet is a network detector, packet sniffer, and intrusion detection system

for 802.11 wireless LANs. Kismet will work with any wireless card which
supports raw monitoring mode and can sniff 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and
802.11n traffic. The program runs under Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD,
OpenBSD, and macOS. The client can also run on Microsoft Windows,
 Department of Computer Engineering

although, aside from external drones (see below), there's only one supported
wireless hardware available as a packet source.
Distributed under the GNU General Public License, Kismet is free software.
Features of Kismet:

Kismet differs from other wireless network detectors in working passively.

Namely, without sending any loggable packets, it is able to detect the
presence of both wireless access points and wireless clients and to associate
them with each other. It is also the most widely used andup-to-date
opensource wireless monitoring tool.

An explanation of the headings displayed in Kismet.

Kismet also includes basic wireless IDS features such as detecting active
wireless sniffing programs including NetStumbler, as well as a number of
wireless network attacks.
Kismet features the ability to log all sniffed packets and save them in a
tcpdump/Wireshark or Airsnort compatible file format. Kismet can also
capture "Per-Packet Information" headers.

Usage:
Kismet is used in a number of commercial and open-source projects. It is
distributed with Kali Linux. It is used for wireless reconnaissance and can be
used with other packages for an inexpensive wireless intrusion detection
system. It has been used in a number of peer-reviewed studies such as
"Detecting Rogue Access Points using Kismet".
 Department of Computer Engineering

Netstumbler:

NetStumbler (also known as Network Stumbler) was a tool for Windows that
facilitates the detection of Wireless LANs using the 802.11b, 802.11a, and
802.11g WLAN standards. It runs on Microsoft Windows operating systems
from Windows 2000 to Windows XP. A trimmed-down version called
MiniStumbler is available for the handheld Windows CE operating system.
Netstumbler has become one of the most popular programs for wardriving
and wireless reconnaissance, although it has a disadvantage. It can be
 Department of Computer Engineering

detected easily by most intrusion detection systems because it actively probes

a network to collect information. Netstumbler has integrated support for a
GPS unit. With this support, Netstumbler displays GPS coordinate
information next to the information about each discovered network, which
can be useful for finding specific networks again after having sorted out
collected data.
The program is commonly used for:

● Verifying network configurations

● Finding locations with poor coverage in a WLAN
● Detecting causes of wireless interference
● Detecting unauthorized ("rogue") access points

● Aiming directional antennas for long-haul WLAN links

Visuals of Netstumler:
 Department of Computer Engineering

Conclusion: We studied the security tools like Kismet and Netstumbler in

mobile computing.
 Department of Computer Engineering
Date: 09/03/23
Roll No: B-644
EXPERIMENT NO: 7

Aim: To study and implement J2ME Program for scrolling text using Java.
Theory:

J2ME Scrollable Messages

The ScrollMBDemo MIDlet is a test rig for a CustomItem subclass called
ScrollableMessagesBox. ScrollableMessagesBox displays a list of messages, and
allows the user to scroll up and down through them. Since the messages box is a
CustomItem, it can be easily integrated into forms alongside other items. shows
ScrollMBDemo in action. . ScrollMBDemo with Some Messages. The user types a
message into the "Enter:" textfield at the top of the form, presses the "Send"
command, and the message is added to the messages box.

Ticker sample program in J2ME

A ticker is an object that provides scrolling text across the top of the display.
A Ticker is associated with the display, not with the screen. You place a Ticker on
a screen using the Screen.setTicker(Ticker t) method, as shown in the code
below.You can associate the same Ticker object with multiple screens, however.
The implementation renders the Ticker on some constant portion of the display, in
this case at the top of the display.  Ticker is not an Item. Its derivation directly
from java.lang.Object gives you a clue as to why a Ticker can be tied to the display
and not to a screen. It doesn't need to be derived from Item, because it really is not
something that is placed in a Form.
 Department of Computer Engineering
Program:
import javax.microedition.midlet.*;
import javax.microedition.lcdui.*;
public class marquee extends MIDlet implements CommandListener
{
private Display display;
private Ticker text;
private Command exit;
private Form form;
public marquee()
{
form = new Form("Text");
display = Display.getDisplay(this);
text = new Ticker("WELCOME TO SIMM'S WORLD !!!!");
exit = new Command("Exit",Command.SCREEN,1);
form.addCommand(exit);
form.setCommandListener(this);
form.setTicker(text);
}
public void startApp()
{
display.setCurrent(form);
}
public void pauseApp(){ }
public void destroyApp(boolean unconditional)
{
notifyDestroyed();
}
public void commandAction(Command c, Displayable display)
{
String label=c.getLabel();
if(label.equals("Exit"))
{
destroyApp(false);
}
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}
}

Output:

Conclusion: Thus, I have implemented J2ME Program for scrolling text using
Java.
 Roll No: B644
Date: 01/03/2023
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Aim: To study and implement A3 Authentication Algorithm used in GSM.

Theory:
What is Global System for Mobile Communication?
1) GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. The concept of GSM
emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.
GSM is the name of standardization group established in 1982 to create a common
European mobile telephone standard.
2) GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented
globally. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight
25 kHz time-slots. GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800
MHz in most parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands 850 MHz and 1900
MHz.

3) GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates. Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in
more than 210 countries throughout the world. GSM provides basic to advanced voice and
data services including roaming service. Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone
number in another GSM network.

Features of GSM are :

 Supports international roaming

 Clear voice clarity
 Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
 Spectral / frequency efficiency  Low
powered handheld devices.  Ease of
accessing network  International ISDN
compatibility.
 Low service cost.
 New features and services.
What is A3 Authentication Algorithm?
1) Algorithm A3 is used for the authentication in the GSM cellular standard. Before a
subscriber can use any service provided by the GSM network, he/she must be
authenticated.
2) This authentication is based on the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), which stores the
authentication key Ki, the user identification IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity), and the algorithm used for this authentication i.e. A3. The authentication uses a
challenge- response mechanism.

3) The mobile station (MS) signs into the network. The access control (AC) generates a
random number RAND as challenge, and the SIM within the MS answers with the SRES
(Signed Response) as the response.

4) The AuC (Authentication Centre) generates the random values of RAND, the signal
response SRES and the cipher key Kc. This information is forwarded to the HLR (Home
Location Register). The VLR (Visitor Location Register) requests the values of RAND,
SRES and Kc from the HLR.
5) The VLR sends the RAND value generated to the SIM. On both sides, the network and
the subscriber module, same operation is performed between the 128 bit RAND and 128
bit Ki, called A3. SRES of 32 bit is generated on both the sides. MS sends the SRES
generated by the SIM to the VLR. Now VLR can compare both the SRES generated. If
both are same, the user or the subscriber is authenticated, otherwise rejected.

Code:
#Implementation of A3 Authentication Algorithm used in GSM
import random k=random.getrandbits(128)
m=random.getrandbits(128) kb=bin(k)[2:] mb=bin(m)[2:]
kbl=kb[0:64] kbr=kb[64:] mbl=mb[0:64] mbr=mb[64:]
a1=int(kbl,2)^int(mbr,2) a2=int(kbr,2)^int(mbl,2) a3=a1^a2
a4=bin(a3)[2:].zfill(64) a5=a4[0:32] a6=a4[32:]
a7=int(a5,2)^int(a6,2) print("128 Bit Key =" ,kb) print("128
Random Genrated =" ,mb) print("RES/SRES= ",bin(a7)
[2:].zfill(len(a5)))

OUTPUT:

Conclusion: Thus, we have successfully implemented A3 Authentication

Algorithm using python.
 Department of Computer Engineering

Roll No: B644

Date: 10/03/2023

Assignment No 2
Q. 1 Comparative study of different hosted and bare metal hypervisor with
suitable parameters along with their use in public and private cloud
platform
Answer:
Hypervisors are an essential component of cloud computing, allowing multiple virtual
machines to run on a single physical machine. A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine
monitor or VMM, is software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs).
A hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used in Cloud hosting to divide and allocate
the resources on various pieces of hardware. The program which provides partitioning,
isolation, or abstraction is called a virtualization hypervisor. The hypervisor is a hardware
virtualization technique that allows multiple guest operating systems (OS) to run on a single
host system at the same time. A hypervisor is sometimes also called a virtual machine
manager (VMM). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by
virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.

The physical hardware, when used as a hypervisor, is called the host, while the many VMs
that use its resources are guests. The hypervisor treats resource like CPU, memory, and
storage as a pool that can be easily reallocated between existing guests or to new virtual
machines.
 Department of Computer Engineering

All hypervisors need some operating system-level components such as a memory manager,
process scheduler, input/output (I/O) stack, device drivers, security manager, a network stack,
and more to run VMs.

Benefits of Hypervisor:
• Speed: It allows the immediate creation of virtual machines, unlike the bare metal
servers. This makes it easier to configure resources according to the needs of dynamic
workloads.
• Efficiency: It runs multiple virtual machines on the resources of one physical machine
can also make more effective use of one physical server. Running multiple virtual
machines on the same physical machine is more cost-effective than running multiple
underutilized physical machines on the same task.
• Flexibility: The bare metal hypervisor allows the operating system and its related
applications to run on various hardware types. Because the hypervisor separates the
operating system from the basic hardware, the software no longer depends on specific
hardware devices or drivers.
• Portability: It allows multiple operating systems to reside on the same physical server
(host machine). Because the virtual machines that run are independent of the physical
machine, they are portable. IT teams can shift workloads and allocate networking,
memory, storage and processing resources across multiple servers as needed, moving
from machine to machine or platform to platform. When an application needs more
processing power, the virtualization software allows it to seamlessly access additional
machines.

Hypervisors can be broadly classified into two categories:

• Bare-metal hypervisors
• Hosted hypervisors

In this comparative study, we will examine several hosted and bare metal hypervisors on the
basis of few parameters, along with their use in public and private cloud platforms.
Parameters used to compare hypervisors are as follow:
1. Performance: This parameter measures the hypervisor's ability to run virtual machines
efficiently and without impacting the host machine's performance.
2. Scalability: This parameter measures the hypervisor's ability to support a large number
of virtual machines on a single physical host.
3. Reliability: This parameter measures the hypervisor's ability to maintain uptime and
prevent data loss in the event of hardware failure.
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4. Management: This parameter measures the ease of use of the hypervisor's

management interface and the availability of advanced features like live migration and
high availability.

Bare-metal Hypervisor:
The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying host system. It is also known as a “Native
Hypervisor” or “Bare metal hypervisor”. It does not require any base server operating system.
It has direct access to hardware resources.

Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include:

• VMware ESXi
• Citrix XenServer
• Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor

1. VMware ESXi:
This hypervisor is a leading choice for enterprise data centers. It provides a high-performance
virtualization platform that can support hundreds of virtual machines on a single physical
host. It also provides advanced features like vMotion, High Availability, and Distributed
Resource Scheduler (DRS).
• Performance: VMware ESXi is known for its excellent performance, with low
overhead and efficient resource utilization.
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• Scalability: VMware ESXi can scale up to 480 virtual CPUs and 12 TB of RAM,
making it suitable for large workloads.
• Reliability: VMware ESXi is generally reliable and provides advanced features like
high availability and fault tolerance.
• Management: VMware ESXi provides a user-friendly interface for managing virtual
machines and supports advanced features like virtual networking and storage
management.
2. Microsoft Hyper-V:
This hypervisor is included with Windows Server and provides a scalable and reliable
virtualization platform. It supports a wide range of guest operating systems and provides
advanced features like live migration, storage migration, and virtual machine replication.
• Performance: Microsoft Hyper-V is known for its good performance, with efficient
resource utilization and low overhead.
• Scalability: Microsoft Hyper-V can scale up to 240 virtual CPUs and 12 TB of RAM,
making it suitable for large workloads.
• Reliability: Microsoft Hyper-V is generally reliable and provides advanced features
like live migration and storage migration.
• Management: Microsoft Hyper-V provides a user-friendly interface for managing
virtual machines and supports advanced features like virtual networking and storage
management.

3. Citrix Hypervisor (formerly XenServer):

Citrix Hypervisor is an industry leading platform for cost-effective desktop, server, and cloud
virtualization infrastructures. Citrix Hypervisor enables organizations of any size or type to
consolidate and transform compute resources into virtual workloads for today’s data center
requirements.
• Performance: Citrix Hypervisor is known for its good performance, with efficient
resource utilization and low overhead.
• Scalability: Citrix Hypervisor can scale up to 288 virtual CPUs and 6 TB of RAM,
making it suitable for large workloads.
• Reliability: Citrix Hypervisor is generally reliable and provides advanced features like
high availability and disaster recovery.
• Management: Citrix Hypervisor provides a user-friendly interface for managing
virtual machines and supports advanced features like virtual networking and storage
management.

Overall, bare-metal hypervisors are suitable for large workloads and are commonly used in
production environments. When it comes to performance, scalability, reliability, and
management, each hypervisor has its strengths and weaknesses, so it's important to evaluate
them based on your specific needs and requirements.
 Department of Computer Engineering

Hosted Hypervisors:
Hosted hypervisors, also known as type 2 hypervisors, run on top of a host operating system.
The host OS provides device drivers and other low-level functionality, while the hypervisor
sits on top and manages the virtual machines.

Some popular hosted hypervisors are:

• Oracle VirtualBox
• VMware Workstation
• Parallels Desktop
• QEMU

1. Oracle VirtualBox:
This hypervisor is a free, open-source, cross-platform tool that can run on Windows, Linux, and
macOS. It supports a wide range of guest operating systems and provides a user-friendly
interface for managing virtual machines.

• Performance: Oracle VirtualBox is known for its good performance, with efficient
resource utilization and low overhead.
• Scalability: VirtualBox can scale up to 32 virtual CPUs and 1 TB of RAM, making it
suitable for medium-sized workloads.
• Reliability: VirtualBox is generally reliable, but some users have reported occasional
crashes and stability issues.
• Management: VirtualBox provides a user-friendly interface for managing virtual
machines and supports advanced features like snapshots and cloning.
 Department of Computer Engineering

2. VMware Workstation:
This hypervisor is a popular tool for developers and testers who need to create and test
applications in different environments. It supports a wide range of guest operating systems
and provides advanced features like snapshots, cloning, and linked clones.
• Performance: VMware Workstation is known for its excellent performance, with low
overhead and efficient resource utilization.
• Scalability: VMware Workstation can scale up to 16 virtual CPUs and 64 GB of
RAM, making it suitable for medium-sized workloads.
• Reliability: VMware Workstation is generally reliable and provides advanced features
like snapshots, cloning, and linked clones.
• Management: VMware Workstation provides a user-friendly interface for managing
virtual machines and supports advanced features like virtual networking and virtual
machine sharing.

3. Parallels Desktop:
This hypervisor is designed for macOS users who want to run Windows or Linux virtual
machines on their Macs. It provides seamless integration with the Mac OS and allows users to
run Windows applications side-by-side with Mac applications.
• Performance: Parallels Desktop is known for its good performance, with efficient
resource utilization and low overhead.
• Scalability: Parallels Desktop can scale up to 32 virtual CPUs and 128 GB of RAM,
making it suitable for medium-sized workloads.
• Reliability: Parallels Desktop is generally reliable and provides seamless integration
with the host operating system.
• Management: Parallels Desktop provides a user-friendly interface for managing
virtual machines and supports advanced features like virtual machine sharing and
virtual networking.

4. QEMU: QEMU is a free and open-source emulator. It emulates the machine's

processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware and
device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems.

• Performance: QEMU provides good performance for emulation and virtualization, but
it may not be as fast as other hypervisors like VirtualBox or VMware.
• Scalability: QEMU can handle a large number of VMs, making it suitable for
enterprise- level deployments.
• Reliability: QEMU is known to be stable and reliable, with a good track record of
supporting various OSs.
• Management: QEMU offers a command-line interface (CLI) for managing VMs, as
well as APIs for integration with automation and orchestration tools.
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Hosted hypervisors are generally suitable for small to medium-sized workloads and are
popular in development and testing environments. When it comes to performance, scalability,
reliability, and management, each hypervisor has its strengths and weaknesses, so it's
important to evaluate them based on your specific needs and requirements.

KVM:
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is an open-source bare-metal hypervisor that is widely
used in production environments in both public and private clouds. KVM is built into Linux
as an added functionality that makes it possible to convert the Linux kernel into a hypervisor.
It is sometimes confused with a type 2 hypervisor. However, it has direct access to hardware
along with virtual machines it hosts.

• Performance: KVM is known for its excellent performance, particularly when running
workloads that require high levels of compute and memory resources. Because KVM
is integrated into the Linux kernel, it is able to leverage the full power of the host
system's hardware.
• Scalability: KVM is highly scalable, allowing cloud administrators to easily add new
hosts and scale up or down the number of VMs as needed. KVM also supports live
migration, which enables administrators to move running VMs between hosts without
any downtime or disruption to users.
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• Reliability: KVM is known for its reliability, with a proven track record of supporting
mission-critical workloads in production environments. KVM includes built-in fault
tolerance features, such as memory overcommitment and resource allocation policies,
which help ensure that VMs remain stable and available even in the event of hardware
failures or spikes in workload demand.
• Management: KVM can be managed using a variety of tools, including graphical user
interfaces (GUIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), and APIs. KVM is also
compatible with a wide range of management tools and platforms, including
OpenStack, Red Hat Virtualization, and oVirt.

Use of hypervisor in Public and Private Cloud Platforms:

Both hosted and bare metal hypervisors are used in public and private cloud platforms.
Hosted hypervisors are often used in development and testing environments, while bare metal
hypervisors are used in production environments where high performance and reliability are
critical. Some popular public and private cloud platforms that use hypervisors include:
Hosted hypervisors:
Hosted hypervisors are often used in development and testing environments in both public
and private clouds. They are also commonly used by individual users on their personal
computers for running multiple operating systems. Some popular hosted hypervisors include
VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, and Parallels Desktop.
Bare-metal hypervisors:
Bare-metal hypervisors are typically used in production environments in both public and
private clouds. They provide the virtualization layer that enables the creation and
management of VMs, which can be used for a variety of purposes including:
• Server consolidation: Bare-metal hypervisors can be used to consolidate multiple
physical servers into a single host, reducing hardware costs and simplifying
management.
• High availability: By running VMs on multiple hosts, bare-metal hypervisors can
provide high availability and resiliency to cloud applications and services.
• Resource pooling: Bare-metal hypervisors enable resource pooling, allowing multiple
VMs to share a pool of physical resources like CPU, memory, and storage.
• Cloud bursting: In a hybrid cloud environment, bare-metal hypervisors can be used to
quickly spin up new VMs in the public cloud to handle increased workloads during
peak periods.
Some popular bare-metal hypervisors used in public and private clouds include VMware
ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Citrix Hypervisor (formerly XenServer).
The choice of hypervisor will depend on the specific requirements of the cloud environment,
including factors such as workload size, resource requirements, management capabilities, and
cost.