Pakistan Studies

2059/P1 workshop
BY MS SUNAIN RUDANI
 Ch 11: Early Problems and how successful were the attempts to solve
problems

• Minority Pact
• Making of a govt
• Refugee Problems
Problems

Solutions
• Karachi as capital
• Geographical
• Liaquat Ali Khan as a PM
problems
• Urdu as a National Language
• Political Problems
• Membership in UN
• Economic Problems
• Relief camp
• Social Problems
• State Bank of Pakistan in July
• Accession of Princely
1948
state
• Ceasefire was arrange in 1948
• Division of Assets
• Indus Water Treaty
• Canal Water Dispute
What expected questions comes
from this chapter???
 What was Kashmir issue? [4]
 What was canal water dispute? [4]
 What was refugee problem? [4]
 Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem
in 1947? [7]
 How successful was the Government of Pakistan
in solving the problems of partition? [14]
 Ch 12: Early Ministry 1948-1970
Liaquat Ali
Malik Ghulam
Khan/Khuwaja Iskandar Mirza Ayub Khan
Muhammad
Nazimuddin • Constitution of 1956 • Basic Democracies were
• Objective resolution • 6 Years Plan (Pakistan
• Basic principle that covered • One unit scheme introduced which was a 4 tier
committee agriculture, power, • Appointed PM from structure of government
• Minority Pact industry and East Pakistan • Constitution of 1962
transport) • Modernization • 1962 an oil refinery was
• Criticism on
Objective resolution • Shortage of food • Changes many PM established in Karachi and a
• Drought Mineral Development
• Could manage govt
• Constitutional Corporation was
problem • set up for the exploration of
mineral deposits.
• An Export Bonus Scheme was
set up offering
• incentives to industrialists who
increased exports
• New capital
• Social reforms
• Modernization in Agriculture
• Green Revolution
• Landlords were more powerful
• Conflict with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Democratic Action committee
was formed and he resigned
 Expected Questions
 What was Objective resolution? [4]
 What was Basic Principle committee? [4]
 What was PRODA? [4]
 What was Rawalpindi Conspiracy? [4]
 Who was Muhammad Ali Bogra? [4]
 What was constitution of 1956/1962? [4]
 What was one unit scheme? [4]
 What was basic democracy? [4]
 Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? (7)
 Explain why General Muhammad Ayub Khan came to power in 1958. [7]
 Why was martial law imposed in Pakistan in 1958? (7)
 Why Islamabad was chosen as capital of Pakistan?
 To what extent were the years 1958 to 1968 ‘A Decade of Development’? Explain your answer. [14]/[10]
 Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958: (i) Liaquat Ali
Khan; (ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad; (iii) Iskander Mirza? Explain your answer with reference to all three of the
above. [14]
Ch 13: Partition of East Bengal 1971

Social And Cultural Disparity

Economic Disparity
Political Disparity
Cyclone Bhola 1970
Election 1970
6 points of Mujib ur Rehman
Operation Searchlight
Mukti Bahini
War With India 1971
Partition 1971
 Expected Questions

 What was operation searchlight? [4]

 What was Mukti Bahini? [4]
 Why did the victory of the Awami League in the
1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional
crisis?
 Was social and cultural disparity the most
important reason for the partition of Bengladesh
1971? Explain your answer. [14]
Ch 14: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-77)
Economic
Agricultural Constitution of
reform-
reforms 1973
Nationalization

Simla
Security of Education
Agreement
Tenure reform
with India

Administration
Health reforms Election 1977
reform
 Ch 14: Zia Ul Haq (1977-1988)
To produce a strong and stable government managed by people committed to
Islamic values.
He wanted to provide a counter to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s socialist
He made the Islamic laws strict in order to produce a strong government by imposing
a strict legal code.
He wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing disrespect towards
the Prophet
implemented in schools to raise Islamic awareness.

He wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing

Islamic taxes following Islamic principles.

Pakistan’s relationship with China was strengthened in 1978 with the opening of the Karakoram
Highway, opening up huge areas of both countries to trade and tourism.
Pakistan received support from the West to assist Afghan fighters in their conflict with
Russia in 1979.
Negotiations between Pakistan and Bangladesh on tourism, culture and trade,
brought an extra $40 billion a year into Pakistan by 1986.
 Expected Questions
 1. What was constitution of 1973? [4]
 What was Simla Agreement? [4]
 What was Security of Tenure? [4]
 Who was Junejo?
 What was Zakat Ordinance? [4]
 What was eight amendment? [4]
 Why Zia wanted to introduced Islamization policy?
 How successful was Zia in establishing his Islamization
policy? Explain your answer. [14]
 How important was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s nationalization
policy? Explain your answer. [14]
 Ch 15: Benazir Bhutto
1988-1990
• She wanted to bring changes and was able to take some measure
• She ended BAN on Trade Union
• RELEASED Political Leaders
• RESTROED Student Unions
• She was first to take step towards spreading ELECTRICITY in RURAL areas
• But failed to continue collaboration with MQM and Nawaz Sharif

1993-1996
• Just after becoming a PM she met Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi. It was a first time
that an Indian PM visited Pakistan Both agreed to not bomb each other
• Agreed to uphold the terms of the 1972 Simla Agreement
• She took Pakistan into Commonwealth
• She hosted 4th SAARC Conference
• She made an official visit to USA in June 1989
• To meet President BUSH
• This restored better relation between USA and Pakistan
• Her government was accused for Corruption
• Her husband, Asif Ali Zardari was accused of taking rakeoffs on government deals
• Family Dispute
 Ch 15: Nawaz Sharif

• Began National reconstruction program to industrialize

• Unemployment was biggest problem of Pakistan Industrial
growth can solve this problem
1990-1992

• Use policy of PRIVATISATION

• Number of industries such as Electricity, Airlines,
Telecommunication were opened
• Barotha Hyder power project and Gwadar Mini port began
operational
• Pakistan’s first motorway, M2 Completed in 1997
• Began Yellow Cap Taxi loans
• BCCI scandal
• Cooperative Societies scandal
• Kalashnikov culture
• Relation with President
First thing was done by Sharif was introducing 13thamendment
This means that PM can dismiss or revoke the authorities of President
PM can revoke National Assembly
The President also lost the power of appointing Chief of Staffs in all forces
It also means that President has now become CEREMONIAL position
This was supported by all political parties
Sharif also stopped the unions and switching parties
14th Amendment was passed with ANTI-DEFECTION BILL 14th Amendment means
removal of NO CONFIDENCE VOTE
Nuclear Testing
Conflict with Chief justice and General Jahangir
Kargil War
Conflict with Gen. Pervez Musharaf
 Expected Questions
 What happen at Pucca Qila? [4]
 What was Cooperative Societies scandal? [4]
 What was BCCI scandal? [4]
 What problems were faced by Nawaz Sharif’s government in 1999? [7]
 What was 14th amendment? [4]
 What was 13th amendment? [4]
 What happened on 12th October 1999? 16. Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in
Sindh the main reason why she left office in 1990? Explain your answer. [14]
 Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government ended in 1996. [7]
 Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) the main
reason for the government ending in 1993? Explain your answer. [14]
 To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatization policy contribute to the government
being replaced in 1996? Explain your answer [14]