1.

INTUSSUSCEPTION - Intussusception (in-tuh-suh-SEP-shun) is a serious condition in which part

of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine. This telescoping action often blocks food
or fluid from passing through. Intussusception also cuts off the blood supply to the part of the intestine
that's affected. This can lead to infection, death of bowel tissue or a tear in the bowel, called
perforation.
SYMPTOMS

 The first sign of intussusception in an otherwise healthy infant may be sudden, loud crying
caused by belly pain. Infants who have belly pain may pull their knees to their chests when
they cry. The pain of intussusception comes and goes, usually every 15 to 20 minutes at first.
These painful episodes last longer and happen more often as time passes.
Other symptoms of intussusception include:

 Stool mixed with blood and mucus — sometimes referred to as currant jelly stool because of
its appearance.
 Vomiting.
 A lump in the belly.
 Weakness or lack of energy.
 Diarrhea.

3. SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden unexplained death in infancy. It tends to
occur at a higher than usual rate in infants of adolescent mothers, infants of closely spaced
pregnancies, and underweight and preterm infants.

Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, in addition to prolonged but unexplained apnea, other
possible contributing factors include:
• Sleeping prone rather than supine
• Viral respiratory or botulism infection
• Exposure to secondary smoke
• Pulmonary edema
• Brainstem abnormalities
• Neurotransmitter deficiencies
• Heart rate abnormalities
• Distorted familial breathing patterns
• Decreased arousal responses
• Possible lack of surfactant in alveoli
• Sleeping in a room without moving air currents (the infant rebreathes expired carbon dioxide)

4. COLIC - Colic is paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants under 3 months of age
and is marked by loud, intense crying (Shergill-Bonner, 2010). Infants pull their legs up against their
abdomen, their faces become red and flushed, their fists clench, and their abdomens become tense. If
offered a bottle, an infant with colic will suck vigorously for a few minutes as if starved and then stop
as another wave of intestinal pain occurs.

Features of colic may include the following:

 Intense crying that may seem more like screaming or an expression of pain
 Crying for no apparent reason, unlike crying to express hunger or the need for a diaper
change
 Extreme fussiness even after crying has diminished
 Predictable timing, with episodes often occurring in the evening
 Facial discoloring, such as skin flushing or blushing
 Body tension, such as pulled up or stiffened legs, stiffened arms, clenched fists, arched back,
or tense abdomen

5. TRISOMY 21 - DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21) (47XY21+ OR 47XX21+) - Down syndrome is

a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra
copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a
chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes
how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the
baby.
Some common physical features of Down syndrome include:

 A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose

 Almond-shaped eyes that slant up
 A short neck
 Small ears
 A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth
 Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye
 Small hands and feet
 A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease)
 Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb
 Poor muscle tone or loose joints
 Shorter in height as children and adults

6. CLEFT PALATE - A cleft palate is an opening of the palate and occurs when the palatal process
does not close as usual at approximately weeks 9 to 12 of intrauterine life. The incomplete closure is
usually on the midline and may involve the anterior hard palate, the posterior 1582 soft palate, or
both. Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby’s lip or mouth do not form
properly during pregnancy. Together, these birth defects commonly are called “roof of the mouth
(palate) is formed between the sixth and ninth weeks of pregnancy. A cleft palate happens if the
tissue that makes up the roof of the mouth does not join together completely during pregnancy. For
some babies, both the front and back parts of the palate are open. For other babies, only part of the
palate is open.

Symptoms of cleft lip and palate may include:

 Crooked, poorly shaped or missing teeth

 Misalignment of teeth and jaw
 Deformities of the upper jaw (maxilla)
 Speech problems
 Unrepaired oronasal fistulae, which is a hole between the mouth and nose cavity
 Alveolar clefts, which are defects in the bone that supports the teeth

7. IMPERFORATED ANUS - An imperforate anus happens when the anus is missing or doesn't

have a hole. The anus is the muscle ring that lets a person hold poop inside, then release it later
during a bowel movement (BM). Imperforate anus is a type of birth defect called an anal malformation.

Symptoms of Imperforate Anus

 The opening to the anus is missing or not in the usual place. In girls, it may be near the
vagina.
 No passage of poop within a day or 2 of birth.
 Passing poop through another opening, like the urethra in boys or vagina in girls.
 Swollen belly.

8. HIRCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE - Hirschsprung's disease (also called congenital aganglionic

megacolon) occurs when some of your baby’s intestinal nerve cells (ganglion cells) don’t develop
properly, delaying the progression of stool through the intestines. The intestine becomes blocked with
stool, and your baby or child will be constipated (unable to have normal bowel movements). Often, a
serious infection called enterocolitis can occur, which causes fever, pain, and diarrhea.

Each child may experience symptoms differently, but common symptoms in infants include:

 failure to have a bowel movement in the first 48 hours of life

 abdominal distention (stomach bloating)
 gradual onset of vomiting
  fever
 constipation or failure to pass regular bowel movements

Children who don’t have early symptoms may experience the following signs of Hirschsprung’s
disease as they get older:

 constipation that becomes worse with time

 loss of appetite
 delayed growth
 passing small, watery stools
 abdominal distention

9. SPINA BIFIDA - Spina bifida is when a baby's spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in
the womb, causing a gap in the spine. Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is
the structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and spinal cord. The neural tube starts to
form in early pregnancy and closes about 4 weeks after conception. In spina bifida, part of the neural
tube does not develop or close properly, leading to defects in the spinal cord and bones of the spine
(vertebrae).

Symptoms of spina bifida

Most people with spina bifida are able to have surgery to close the opening in the spine.But the
nervous system will usually already have been damaged, which can lead to problems such as:

 weakness or total paralysis of the legs

 bowel incontinence and urinary incontinence
 loss of skin sensation in the legs and around the bottom – the child is unable to feel hot or
cold, which can lead to accidental injury
 Many babies will have or develop hydrocephalus (a build-up of fluid on the brain), which can
further damage the brain.
Most people with spina bifida have normal intelligence, but some have learning difficulties.

10. HYDROCEPHALUS - Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within
the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. But
the pressure of too much cerebrospinal fluid associated with hydrocephalus can damage brain tissues
and cause a range of brain function problems.

Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus vary somewhat by age of onset.

Infants
Common signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus in infants include:

 Changes in the head

 An unusually large head
 A rapid increase in the size of the head
 A bulging or tense soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head
 Physical signs and symptoms
 Nausea and vomiting
 Sleepiness or sluggishness (lethargy)
 Irritability
 Poor eating
 Seizures
 Eyes fixed downward (sunsetting of the eyes)
 Problems with muscle tone and strength

Toddlers and older children

Among toddlers and older children, signs and symptoms might include:

 Physical signs and symptoms

 Headache
 Blurred or double vision
 Abnormal eye movements
 Abnormal enlargement of a toddler's head
 Sleepiness or sluggishness
 Nausea or vomiting
 Unstable balance
 Poor coordination
 Poor appetite
 Loss of bladder control or frequent urination
 Behavioral and cognitive changes
 Irritability
 Change in personality
 Decline in school performance
 Delays or problems with previously acquired skills, such as walking or talking

Young and middle-aged adults

Common signs and symptoms in this age group include:

 Headache
 Sluggishness
 Loss of coordination or balance
 Loss of bladder control or a frequent urge to urinate
 Vision problems
 Decline in memory, concentration and other thinking skills that may affect job performance

Older adults
Among adults 60 years of age and older, the more common signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus
are:

 Loss of bladder control or a frequent urge to urinate

 Memory loss
 Progressive loss of other thinking or reasoning skills
 Difficulty walking, often described as a shuffling gait or the feeling of the feet being stuck
 Poor coordination or balance

11. OTITIS MEDIA - Otitis media is inflammation or infection located in the middle ear. Otitis media
can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat, or respiratory infection.

Ear Infection Symptoms

The following are the most common symptoms of otitis media. However, each child may experience
symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

 Unusual irritability
 Difficulty sleeping or staying asleep
 Tugging or pulling at one or both ears
 Fever, especially in infants and younger children
 Fluid draining from ear(s)
 Loss of balance
 Hearing difficulties
 Ear pain

12. MENINGITIS - Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering
the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal
cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of
infections also can cause meningitis.

Symptoms of meningitis
Symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include:

 a high temperature (fever)

 being sick
 a headache
 a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it (but a rash will not always develop)
 a stiff neck
 a dislike of bright lights
 drowsiness or unresponsiveness
 seizures (fits)

13. FEBRILE SEIZURE - A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that's caused by a fever. The
fever is often from an infection. Febrile seizures occur in young, healthy children who have normal
development and haven't had any neurological symptoms before. It can be frightening when your
child has a febrile seizure. Fortunately, febrile seizures are usually harmless, only last a few minutes,
and typically don't indicate a serious health problem.

Symptoms
Usually, a child having a febrile seizure shakes all over and loses consciousness. Sometimes, the
child may get very stiff or twitch in just one area of the body.

A child having a febrile seizure may:

 Have a fever higher than 100.4 F (38.0 C)

 Lose consciousness
 Shake or jerk the arms and legs

14. AUTISM/ADHD - ADHD and autism are separate neurodevelopmental disorders that can share
some symptoms. There are key differences between the conditions, and a person can have both.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism can look a lot like each other. Children with
either condition can have problems focusing. They can be impulsive or have a hard time
communicating. They may have trouble with schoolwork and with relationships. Although they share
many of the same symptoms, the two are distinct conditions. Autism spectrum disorders are a
series of related developmental disorders that can affect language skills, behavior, socializing, and the
ability to learn. ADHD is a common condition that can impact how well you concentrate, stay still, or
think before you act.