Electrical Network Analysis

(EE2004)

Circuit Analysis in S-Domain

Spring, 2022

Dr. Hassan Saif

Department of Electrical Engineering
FAST-NUCES Islamabad, Pakistan
e-mail: hassan.saif@nu.edu.pk
Dr. Hassan Saif 1
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2 reproduction or display.
Ohm’s law specifies that
v(t) = Ri(t)
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides
V(s) = RI(s)
The impedance Z(s) is defined as
V(s)
Z(s)  R
I(s)
and the admittance Y(s)=I(s)/V(s) is 1/R
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Since v(t) = L di/dt taking the
Laplace transform of both sides of
this equation yields

V(s) = L[sI(s) − i (0−)]

The impedance is Z(s)=sL and the

initial condition is modeled as a
voltage source in series.
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Find the voltage v(t) given an initial current i(0−) =1 A.

3
= I(s) + 2sI(s) – 2 = (1+2s)I(s) - 2
𝑠+8

5
 Find the voltage v(t) given an initial current i(0−) =1 A.
3
= I(s) + 2sI(s) – 2 = (1+2s)I(s) – 2
𝑠+8

V(s) =sLI(s) – Li(0)

Simplify and do partial fraction

v(t) = [3.2e−8t − 1.2e−0.5t ]u(t) volts 6

Using i=C dv/dt, we can find Z(s)=1/sC and
we model the initial condition as in (b) and (c)
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Find the voltage v(t) given an initial current v(0−) =-2 V.

v(t) = [9− 11e−2t/3 ]u(t) volts

8
9
Determine the mesh currents i1(t) and i2(t)
(assume zero initial energies)

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Determine the mesh currents i1(t) and i2(t)
(assume zero initial energies)

11
Determine the mesh currents i1(t) and i2(t)
(assume zero initial energies)

12
Determine the mesh currents i1(t) and i2(t)
(assume zero initial energies)

13
Find vx

vx = [4 + 6.864e−1.707t − 5.864e−0.2929t ]u(t) 14

Find vx

5 5
𝑉𝑥 − 𝑠 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑠
2 + 𝑉𝑥 + =0
4𝑠
𝑠
𝑠𝑉𝑥 −5 𝑠𝑉𝑥 −5
+ 𝑉𝑥 + 2 =0
2 4𝑠

2𝑠 3 𝑉𝑥 − 10𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 2 Vx + sVx - 5 = 0
15
Find vx

2𝑠 3 𝑉𝑥 − 10𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 2 Vx + sVx - 5 = 0

10𝑠 2 +5 10𝑠 2 +5
𝑉𝑥 =
2𝑠 3 +4𝑠 2 +𝑠
= 𝑠(2𝑠 2 +4𝑠+1)

vx = [5 + 5.657e−1.707t − 5.657e−0.2929t ]u(t)

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Voltage source can be transformed into equivalent
current source and vice versa

Voltage to Current Source Transformation:

𝑉𝑠
Is =
𝑍
Z parallel to Is
Current to Voltage
Source Transformation:
Vs = Is x Z
Z in series with Vs 17
Voltage source can be transformed into equivalent
current source and vice versa

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Find v(t) using source transformation

ST

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Find v(t) using source transformation

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Z1 = 2/s || 10 =
10𝑠+2

V2 = Is x Z1
Z2 = Z1 + 2/s 20
Find v(t) using source transformation

9𝑠
V(s) = 2/s || 10 = ×V2
𝑍2+9𝑠

21
Find v(t) using source transformation

Answer:
v(t) =[5.590 ×10−5e−0.1023t + 2.098 cos(3t + 3.912◦)
+ 0.1017e−0.04885t cos(0.6573t + 157.9◦)]u(t)

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H(s) is the transfer function
of the circuit, defined as
the ratio of the output to
the input.

Vout 1 1/ RC
H (s)   
Vin 1 sRC s 1/ RC

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 Y (s)
H (s) 
X (s)
For x(t) = δ(t)
X(s) = 1
H(s) = Y(s)
h(t) = y(t)

If input is delayed by “t = λ”
Output ?
Delay by same time t = λ
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If input is multiplied by some constant (x(t) at t = λ)
Output ? multiplied by same constant

x(λ1) δ(t – λ1) N x(λ1)h(t – λ2)

x(λ2) δ(t – λ2) N x(λ2) h(t – λ2)
x(λ1)δ(t – λ1) + x(λ2)δ(t – λ2) N ?
By Superposition principle
x(λ1)δ(t – λ1) + x(λ2)δ(t – λ2) N [x(λ1)h(t – λ2) +
x(λ2) h(t – λ2) ] 25
 ∞ ∞
‫׬‬−∞ x(λ) δ(t – λ) dλ N ‫׬‬−∞ x(λ) h(t – λ)dλ

∞
‫׬‬−∞ x(λ) δ(t – λ) dλ = x(t)

26
If we define the impulse response as h(t), then the
output y(t) is related to the input x(t) via the
convolution integral:

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If we define the impulse response as h(t), then the
output y(t) is related to the input x(t) via the
convolution integral:

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If x(t)=vi(t)=u(t)-u(t-1) and h(t)=2e-tu(t), then
by flip/slide/integrate, we find vo(t):

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Convolution in the time domain is multiplication in
the frequency domain:

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