Q1)a) explain foreach loop wih suitable example
}
The foreach statement is used to iterate through the items in a list. It operates on arrays or
collections such as ArrayList, which can be found in System, collections namespace. The
general form of foreach is,
forech(<type><itemname>in<list>)
{ for (int i=0; i < scores.Length; i++ )
code
} You can initialize a jagged array as –
The type is the type of item contained in the list. Eg – if the type of list is int[], then the type
would be int. The itemname is an identifier that you can choose, which could be anythingbut
should e meaningful. While iterating through the items of a list with a foreach loop, the list
is read only. This means you cant change the value of any items in list within a foreach loop.
Example-
using System;
class ExamplefForEach
{ }
public static void main()
{ Static constructor should be parameter less means it should not contain any input
string[] str={“Sanjeev”,”Rakesh”,”Sagar”};
foreach(string s in str)
{ invoked only during the first initialization of instance. It is used to initialize static fields of
Console.Writeline(s);
} static int x;
} static test()
} {
Output-
Sanjeev
Rakesh
Sagar
b)what is namespace? Describe the system namespace
A namespace is designed for providing a way to way to keep one set of names separate from
another. The class names declared in one namespace does not conflict with the same class
declared in another.
Define a Namespace= A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace
followed by the namespace name as follows:
Namespace namespace_name
{ i. Console application:
//code declaration
} console command.
To call the namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, prepend the
namespace name as follows:
Namespace_name.item_name;
The initialization of a two-dimensional array at the time of declaration is done in the
following manner.
int[,] x={{1,2},{2,4},{5,6}};
or
int[,] x=new int[2,3]{ {1,2},{2,4},{5,6}};
h) Give details about Type Conversion
It is a process of converting value of one ty[e into another type. It is also know as type
casting.
Type conversion are of two types:
I. Implicit type conversion:
⎯ It is automatically done by C# in type safe manner. ⎯ Conversion of lower type to higher
type is done implicitly. ⎯ No casting required ⎯ No loss of precision.
E.g. int x = 10;
float y = x; // implicit
II. Explicit type conversion:
⎯ Here the casting operator/ conversion function is explicitly required to perform casting.⎯
Conversion of higher type to lower type is done explicitly.⎯ There is loss of precision.
E.g. double p= 12.6;
int x =(int)p;
C# provides many conversion function. They are:
• ToBoolean= Converts a type to a Boolean where, possible. • ToByte= Converts type to a
byte. • ToChar= Converts a type to a single Unicode character, where possible. •
ToDetermine= converts a type (integer to string) to date-time structure. • ToDecimal=
Converts floating point or integer type to decimal. • ToDouble= Converts a type to a double
type. • ToInt16= Converts a type to 16-bit integer. • ToInt32= Converts a type to 32-bit
integer. • ToInt64= Converts a type to 64-bit integer. • ToString= converts a type to string.
• ToSingle= Converts a type to small floating point number
Q2)a) List and explain any four types of validation controls used in ASP.NET.
1. RequiredFieldValidator Control
The RequiredFieldValidator control is simple validation control, which checks to see if the
data is entered for the input control. We can have a RequiredFieldValidator control for each
form element on which you wish to enforce Mandatory Field rule.
The syntax of the control is as given: <asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="rfvcandidate"
runat="server" ErrorMessage="Please enter name !!"
ControlToValidate="txtName"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
2. RangeValidator Control
The RangeValidator Server Control is another validator control, which checks to see if a
control value is within a valid range. The attributes that are necessary to this control are:
MaximumValue, MinimumValue, and Type.
iv) Menu :- The ASP.NET Menu control allows us to develop both statically and dynamically
displayed menus for our ASP.NET Web pages. We can configure the contents of the Menu
control directly in the control, or we can specify the contents by binding the control to a
data source. Without writing any code, we can control the appearance, orientation, and
content of an ASP.NET Menu control.
Example –<asp:Menu ID="Menu1" runat="server"></asp:Menu>
Q3)a)what is Query string
In web application, passing of data from one page to another is an essential part. By using
QueryString, one can easily transmit data from one page to another. QueryStrings are
simply the data that is appended to the end of a web page URL. The user can view the values
which the QueryString holds without using special operations like ViewSource.
Advantages- 1)it is very easy to use. Disadvanage- 1)it cannot be used to send and add space
characters
b) What is a theme? How does it work?
A theme decides the look and feel of the website. It is a collection of files that define
the looks of a page. It can include skin files, CSS files & images.
Uses of Themes
1. Since themes can contain CSS files, images and skins, you can change colors, fonts,
positioning and images simply by applying the desired themes. 2. We can have as many
themes as we want, and we can switch between them by setting a single attribute in the
web.config file or an individual aspx page. Also, we can switch between themes
programmatically. 3. Setting the themes programmatically, we are offering our users a
quick and easy way to change the page to their likings. 4. Themes allow us to improve the
usability of our site by giving users with vision problems the option to select a high contrast
theme with a large font size. We define themes in a special App_Themes folder. Inside this
folder is one or more subfolders named Theme1, Theme2 etc. that define the actual themes.
The theme property is applied late in the page's life cycle, effectively overriding any
customization we may have for individual controls on our page.
There are 3 different options to apply themes to our website:
1. Setting the theme at the page level: The Theme attribute is added to the page directive of
the page. <%@PageLanguage="C#"AutoEventWireup="true"CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs"
Inherits="Default"Theme="Theme1"%>
2. Setting the theme at the site level: to set the theme for the entire website we can set the
theme in the web.config of the website. Open the web.config file and locate the <pages>
element and add the theme attribute to it: <pages theme="Theme1"> .... .... </pages> 3.
Setting the theme programmatically at runtime: here the theme is set at runtime through
coding. It should be applied earlier in the page's life cycle ie. Page_PreInit event should be
handled for setting the theme. The better option is to apply this to the Base page class of the
site as every page in the site inherits from this class. Page.Theme = Theme1;
c) What are the three different ways to use styles on web pages? Explain various
e) Explain jagged array with an example.
A jagged array is an array of arrays. You can declare a jagged array named scores of type
in as int [][] scores;
Declaring an array, does not create the array in memory. To create the above array
int [][] scores = new int [5][];
{ scores[i] = new int[4]; }
Int [][] scores = new int [2][]{new int []{92,93,94},new int []{85,66,87,88}};
Where, score is an array of integers – scores [0] is an array of 3 integers and score[1] is an
array of 4 integers
f) What is .NET Framework? Explain its architecture in brief.
Following are the components of .Net Framework:
A. User and program Interface:
• It specifies the type of application that can generated using .Net.
• We can create following:
⎯ These are the application where input and output are through
⎯ There are no forms, no internet connectivity required.
ii. Windows application:
⎯ Here input and output are through windows form.
c)various file types used in asp.net
d)list controls in asp.net
Asp.net provides the following controls –
• dropdown list
• list box
• radio button list
• checkbox list
• bulleted list
master page to create a menu that applies to all pages. ➢ They give us fine-grained control
over the layout of the final page by allowing us to control how the placeholder controls are
rendered. ➢ They provide an object model that allows us to customize the master page from
individual content pages
e) Describe session state variables in asp.net
• Session-state management is one of ASP.NET’s premiere features. • It allows us to store
any type of data in memory on the server. • The information is protected, because it is never
transmitted to the client, and it’s uniquely bound to a specific session. • Session state is ideal
for storing information such as the items in the current user’s shopping basket when the
user browses from one page to another. • ASP.NET tracks each session by using a unique
identifier. • ASP.NET uses a proprietary algorithm to generate this value, thereby
guaranteeing (statistically speaking) that the number is unique and it’s random.
• When the client presents the session ID, ASP.NET looks up the corresponding session,
retrieves the objects we stored previously, and places them into a special collection so they
can be accessed in our code. • The session state object is created from the HttpSessionState
class, which defines a collection of session state items. • We can interact with session state
by using the System.Web.SessionState.HttpSessionState class, which is provided in an
ASP.NET web page as the built-in Session object. • The syntax for adding items to the
collection and retrieving them is basically the same as for adding items to a page’s view
state.
• Adding session state variables :-
Session["session_variable_name"]=value;
Example :-
Session["x"] ="Tata";
Session["y"] = "atat";
The session variable can also be added using add() method.
Example :
string s1 = TextBox1.Text;
Session.Add("z", s1);
• Retrieving Session Variables :-
String variable=Session["session_variable_name"].ToString();
Example :-
string x = Session["z"].ToString();
f) Explain exception handling mechanism with proper syntax and example.
• An exception is an event that interrupts normal program execution. • In other words,
when an error occurs in our application, the .NET Framework creates an exception object
that represents the problem. • We can catch this object by using an exception handler. If we
fail to use an exception handler, our code will be aborted, and the user will see an error
page. • If we catch the exception, we can notify the user, attempt to resolve the problem, or
simply ignore the issue and allow our web page code to keep running. • There are two
4. Copy Constructor
A constructor that contains a parameter of same class type is called as copy constructor.
C# does not provide a copy constructor. A copy constructor enables you to copy the data
stored in the member variables of an object of the class into another new object means it
helps to copy data stored in one object into another new object of the same instance.
class test
{
public test(test t1) //Copy constructor
{
length =
t1.length;
breadth =
t1.breadth;
}
5. Static Constructor
parameter. Program will not execute if static constructor is having any input parameter.
Static constructor can be invoked once for any number instances are created and it is
the class. Static constructor is created using a static keyword as shown below.
Console.WriteLine("static cons ");
x = 10;//set the values for static member here
}
f)What are .NET languages? Explain various features of C# languages.
The Microsoft .Net Framework provides the necessary foundation for developing windows
as well as web applications. The unique feature of .NET is the multi-language support that
it provides. To help create languages for the .NET Framework, Microsoft created the
Common Language Infrastructure specification (CLI). The CLI describes the features that
each language must provide in order to use the .NET Framework and common language
runtime. The .NET platform supports many languages and the list is growing day by day.
The C# compiler is considered to be the most efficient compiler in the .NET family
C# is object oriented programming language. It provides a lot of features that are given
below:-
1. Simple :- C# is a simple language in the sense that it provides structured approach, rich
set of library functions, data types etc. Unsafe operations such as direct memory
manipulation are not allowed.
AdRotator
• One use of the AdRotator is to show banner-style advertisements on a page, but you can
use it anytime you want to vary an image randomly. • The basic purpose of the AdRotator
is to provide a graphic on a page that is chosen randomly from a group of possible images.
• In other words, every time the page is requested, an image is selected at random and
displayed,which is the rotation indicated by the name AdRotator.
The Advertisement File
The AdRotator stores its list of image files in an XML file. This file uses the format shown
here:
<Advertisements><Ad><ImageUrl>prosetech.jpg</ImageUrl><NavigateUrl>http://www.
prosetech.com</NavigateUrl><AlternateText>ProseTech
Site</AlternateText><Impressions>10</Impressions><Keyword>Computer</Keyword>
</Ad></Advertisements>
• To add more advertisements, you would create multiple <Ad> elements and place them
all inside the root <Advertisements> element. • Each <Ad> element has a number of other
important properties that configure the link, the image, and the frequency. • The actual
AdRotator class provides a limited set of properties. • You specify both the appropriate
advertisement file in the AdvertisementFile property and the type of window that the link
should follow (the Target window). • The target can name a specific frame, or it can use one
of the values.
This is a fully configured AdRotator tag:
• <asp:AdRotator ID="Ads" runat="server“ AdvertisementFile="MainAds.xml“
Target=”_blank” KeywordFilter=”Computer” />
f) What are .aspx files? Explain code behind class file in detail
• An ASPX file is an Active Server Page Extended (ASPX) file, which is a webpage generated
by web servers running the Microsoft ASP.NET framework. • It contains one or more scripts
written in VBScript or C# code that are processed by the web server into HTML, which is
sent to the user's web browser. • ASPX pages are also called ".NET Web forms". • The
program logic is written in a separate file called code behind file. • The code behind file has
the extension .aspx.cs. There is a code behind file associated with each page of a website. •
As the program logic is separated from user interface design code, this model is easy to
understand. • The code for the page is compiled into a separate class from which the .aspx
file derives. Only server controls can interact with the code behind the page; not the HTML
controls. • In the code-behind file, we create a class (which can be any class derived from
the Page class) that serves as the base class for the web page we create in the .aspx file. •
This relationship between our class and the web page is established by a Page directive at
the top of the .aspx file. • When users point their browsers to the .ASPX page, the code-
behind class file runs and dynamically produces the output for the page. When the page is
requested, the code-behind file is loaded and treated as an integral part of the page. • We
enable the ASP.NET code-behind feature by adding a couple of attributes, namely Inherits
and Src, to the @Page directive - <%@ Page Language="C#" Inherits="MyBasePageClass"
Src="MyBasePage.cs" %> • The Inherits attribute contains the name of the code-behind
This management technique basically makes use of the following:
a. View State: View State can be used to maintain the State at a page level. The term "Page
Level" means that the information is being stored for a specific page and until that specific
page is active (i.e. the page which is being currently viewed by the user). Once the user is
re-directed or goes to some other page, the information stored in the View
State gets lost. b. Hidden Fields: ASP.NET provides a server control called "Hidden Field"
which can be used to store a value at a page level, which is similar to a View State. The value
of the Hidden Field is sent along in the HTTP Form Collection along with the value of other
controls. c. Query String: A Query String is a string which is appended to the end of the
Page URL. It is very simple to use and can be used to send data across pages. It stores
information in a key - value pair. A "?" signature is used to append the key and value to the
page URL. d. Cookies: ASP.Net provides another way of state management, which is by
using Cookies. Cookies are one of the best ways of storing information. It is nothing but a
text file which is stored on the client's machine. When the user sends a request to the server,
the server creates a cookie and attaches a header and sends it back to the user along with
the response. The browser accepts the cookie and stores it at a specific location on the
client's machine. Even large sites like Gmail, Facebook, Yahoo use cookies. Server Side State
Management. It is another way which ASP.NET provides to store the user's specific
information or the state of the application on the server machine. It completely makes use
of server resources (the server's memory) to store information.
This management technique basically makes use of the following,
a. Application State: If the information that we want to be accessed or stored globally
throughout the application, even if multiple users access the site or application at the same
time, then we can use an Application Object for such purposes. It stores information as a
Dictionary Collection in key - value pairs. This value is accessible across the pages of the
application / website. b. Session State: Session is one of the most common way which is
being used by developers to maintain the state of the application. The Session basically
stores the values as a dictionary collection in key/value pairs. It completely utilizes server
resources to store the data. It is a secure way of storing data, since the data will never be
passed to the client. For each and every user, a separate Session is created, and each and
every Session has its Unique ID. This ID is being stored in the client's machine using cookies.
If there are multiple users who are accessing a web application, then for each user a
separate Session is created. If a single user logs in and logs out the Session is killed, then if
the same user again logs into the application, then a new Session ID is being created for the
same user.
h) What is ViewState in ASP.NET? State its advantages and disadvantages.
ViewState is one of the most import and useful client-side state management mechanism. It
can store the page value at the time of post back of your page. ASP.NET pages provide the
ViewState property as built-in structure for automatically storing values between requests
for the same page.
Example: Of you want to add one variable in ViewState
Hide Copy Code ViewState[“Var”] = Count;
data through ADO.NET. The data reader is also called a firehose cursor or forward read-only call WriteStartElement() and follow it up with a call to WriteAttributeString(), you are
cursor because it moves forward through the data. The data reader not only allows you to adding an attribute to that element. Similarly, if you use WriteString(), you insert text
move forward through each record of database, but it also enables you to parse the data content inside the current element, and if you use • WriteStartElement() again, you write
from each column. The DataReader class represents a data reader in ADO.NET. another element, nested inside the current element.
Similar to other ADO.NET objects, each data provider has a data reader class for example;
OleDbDataReader is the data reader class for OleDb data providers. Similarly, 5d. What is authorization? Explain adding authorization rules in web.config file.
SqlDataReader and ODBC DataReader are data reader classes for SQL and ODBC data Ans: • Authorization is the process of determining whether a user has sufficient permission
providers, respectively.The IDataReader interface defines the functionally of a data reader to perform a given action. • Once a user is authenticated, authorization is the process of
and works as the base class for all data provider-specific data reader classes such as determining whether that user has sufficient permission to perform a given action (such as
OleDataReader. SqlDataReader, and OdbcDataReader. Figure 5-36 shows some of the viewing a page or retrieving information from a database). • Windows imposes some
classes that implement IDbDataReader. authorization checks (for example, when you open a file), but your code will probably want
Code - to impose its own checks (for example, when a user performs a task in your web application
SqlCommand myCMD = new SqlCommand("SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName FROM such as submitting an order, assigning a project, or giving a promotion). • Authentication
Categories;" + "SELECT EmployeeID, LastName FROM Employees", nwindConn); and authorization are the cornerstones of a secure user-based site. • To control who can
nwindConn.Open(); and can’t access your website, you need to add access-control rules to the <authorization>
SqlDataReader myReader = myCMD.ExecuteReader(); section of your web.config file.
do { • WEB.CONFIG FILE
Console.WriteLine("\t{0}\t{1}", myReader.GetName(0), myReader.GetName(1)); <configuration>
while (myReader.Read()) Console.WriteLine("\t{0}\t{1}", myReader.GetInt32(0), myRea ...
der.GetString(1)); } <system.web>
while (myReader.NextResult()); ...
myReader.Close(); <authentication mode="Forms">
nwindConn.Close(); <forms loginUrl="~/Login.aspx" />
</authentication>
Q5)a) What do you mean by authentication? Explain its types. <authorization>
Authentication: <allow users="*" />
⎯ In ASP.NET there are many different types of authentication procedures for web </authorization>
applications. If you want to specify your own authentication methods then that also is </system.web>
possible. ⎯ The different authentication modes are accepted through settings that can be </configuration>
applied to the applications web.config file. ⎯ The web.config file is XML-bsed file which • The asterisk (*) is a wildcard character that explicitly permits all users to use the
allows changing of ASP.NET behavior easily. ⎯ ASP.NET provides three different application—even those who haven’t been authenticated. • The question mark (?) is a
authentication provides: o Windows o From o Passport wildcard character that matches all anonymous users. • By including following rule in
✓ Windows: It allows to authenticate user based on their windows accounts. This provider applications web.config file, you specify that anonymous users are not allowed.
uses IIS to perform the authentication and then asses the authenticated identity to your <authorization>
code. This is the default provides for ASP.NET. Syntax: <authencation mode= “windows”> <deny users="?" />
✓ Forms: It uses custom HTML forms to collect authentication information and lets you use </authorization>
your own logic to authenticate users. The users identification are stored in a cookie for use One can add more than one rule to the authorization section:
during the session. Syntax: <authencation mode= “forms”> <authorization>
✓ Passport: it uses Microsoft passport service to authenticate users. It maintain only <allow users="*" />
username and password. Syntax: <authencation mode= “password”> <deny users="?" />
</authorization>
b) What is XML? What are its basic characteristics?
e)Define Authentication and Authorization. Give types of Authentication. (5)