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Business Networks,
Telecommunications & Benefits
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Telecommunications in Business

 Telecommunications:

 Exchange of data and information in any form (voice, data, text,

images, audio, video) over networks.

 Allows communications over large distances

 Network technologies bring about several improvements to

business process
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Telecommunication based services
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Telecommunications in Business
(continued)
 Advantages of telecommunications
 Better business communication
 Geographical distance irrelevant
 Greater efficiency
 Information becomes immediately available
 Better distribution of data
 Instant transactions
 Alternative channels
 However network security is risk
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Telecommunications in Daily Use:
Mobile Phones
 American term of “cellular phone” is derived from areas
of service called cells

 Transmits and receives signals

 Transmit and receive calls almost anywhere
 Other uses
 E-mail and faxing
 GPS
 Digital cameras
 Major advantage is mobility
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Videoconferencing and Fax

 Videoconferencing: transmitted  Fax: Transmission and reception of

images and speech
 Brings conference rooms thousands of
miles apart together
 Save on multiple costs
 Travel
images over telephone line
 Fax machine digitizes image and
transmits representative bits to other
fax machine
 Can be sent through Internet

 Lodging  Uses special software

 Time
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Wireless Payments and Warehousing

 Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology enables quick

transactions and payments

 Used in gas stations and wireless toll plazas

 Facilitates payments
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Peer-to-Peer File Sharing

 Peer-to-Peer file sharing: locate and download files from online computer
through Internet
 LimeWire
 KaZaa
 Morpheus
 Exchange music and video files
 Raises many issues with copyright violation
 Bit Torrent: Download segments of files from multiple sources
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Web-Empowered Commerce

 Increasingly fast communication allows businesses options

 Research
 Market
 Educate
 Train
 Shop
 Entire industries created by Web
 Online exchanges and auctions
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Business value of internet
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Bandwidth and Media

 Bandwidth: speed at which data are communicated

 Bits per second: unit of measure for bandwidth
 Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time
 Broadband: carry multiple transmissions simultaneously
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Media

 Several types of communications media

 Tangible or intangible
 Tangible
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber
 Intangible media
 Microwave radio technologies
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Media (continued)

 Twisted pair cable: pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together

 Twisting reduces electromagnetic interference
 Low cost
 Used in networking devices
 Coaxial cable: for cable television transmission
 Used for Internet
 Optical fiber: uses light to represent bits
 Not susceptible to interference
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Media (continued)

 Terrestrial Microwaves: high-frequency radio waves that can carry signals

over long distances
 Used in radio-frequency technologies
 Signals transmitted by satellite links
 Geostationary satellites are farther away from the Earth

 Bluetooth: A short range wireless technology

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Media (continued)
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Networks

 Network: combination of devices (nodes)

connected through communication channels
 Any compatible device can transmit and receive
on a network
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Types of Networks

 The basic types of networks

 Local area network (LAN): established by single organization and shared
among employees
 Server: single computer often used as central repository of programs and files for
all computers
 Peer-to-peer LAN: no central device controls communications
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Types of Networks (continued)

 Metropolitan area network (MAN): links multiple LANs within large city
 Wide area network (WAN): far-reaching system of networks composed of
LANs or MANs
 Wireless LANs (WLANs): easier installation and more scalable
 Scalability: ease of expanding system
 Wireless networks less secure
 Value-added networks (VANs): networks with enhanced services
 Reliability
 Management
 Maintenance
 Internet service providers (ISPs): preferred method of conducting commerce
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PANs

 Personal area network (PAN): wireless network designed for handheld and
portable devices
 Used by one or two people
 Transmission speed slower
 Maximum distance 10 meters
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Networking Hardware

 Networks use variety of devices to connect computers and peripheral

devices
 Network interface card: connects through cable or wireless antenna to
middle device
 Middle device connects to LAN or WAN
 Hub: central location to connect computers
 Switch: controls direction of communications
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Networking Hardware (continued)

 Bridge: connects two networks

 Router: routes data packets to next node
 Repeater: amplifies or regenerates signals
 Modem: translates communication signals form analog to digital and vice
versa
 Dial-up connection: slower type of connection through modem
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Virtual Private Networks

 Virtual private network (VPN): alternative to creating LAN

 Does not require leasing of lines
 Utilizes Internet, a public network to simulate a private network
 Enables intranets and extranets
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Switching Techniques

 Circuit switching: dedicated channel established for duration of transmission

 Packet switching: message broken into packets
 Packet: group of bits transmitted together
 Frame relay: high-speed packet-switching protocol used in WANs
 Variable-sized packets routed quickly
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Telecommunications Processors

 MODEM : are the most common type of communications processor.

 They convert the digital signals from a computer or transmission terminal

at one end of a communications link into analog frequencies that can
be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines.

 A modem at the other end of the communications line converts the

transmitted data back into digital form at a receiving terminal.

 This process is known as modulation and demodulation, and the word

modem is a combined abbreviation of those two words
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inter-network processors

 Telecommunications networks are interconnected by special-purpose

communications processors called inter-network processors:

 switches,
 routers,
 hubs,
 gateways
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Ethernet

 Ethernet: LAN protocol using coaxial cable

 Gigabit Ethernet: faster Ethernet connections
 Devices on network contend with other devices for
transmission time
 CSMA/CD protocol ensures no collisions in transmission
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Generations in Mobile Communications

 Networking professionals refer to generations of mobile communication

technologies
 First generation analog
 Second generation used digital voice encoding
 Third generation stepped up speeds
 Fourth Generation digital
 Packet switching
 Higher security
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Internet Networking Services

 Variety of options to choose from when subscribing to network services

 Downstream: speed of receiving from network

 Upstream: speed of transmitting to network

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Cable

 Internet links provided by television cable firms

 Cable connected to Internet server
 At residence, cable split into TV set and computer
 Cable shared by all subscribers
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

 Digital subscriber line (DSL): data remains digital through entire transmission
 Uses telephone lines connected to DSL bridge
 Several types of DSL
 Asymmetric allows different upstream and downstream rates
 Transmission rates closely related to distance from telephone company
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Satellite

 Satellite services use microwaves

 Service provider installs dish antenna, used as communications
satellite
 Speeds up to 45 Mbps
 GPS free satellite service
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Fixed Wireless

 Fixed wireless: point-to-point transmission between two

stationary devices
 Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
 Provides fixed wireless service
 Highly modular and scalable
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Converging Technologies

 Convergence occurs in networking technology

 Cell phones can act as Web phones
 Television sets connect to Internet
 Wireless technologies combined in same device enhance
functionality
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Network Topologies

 There are several basic types of network topologies , or structures, in

telecommunications networks. Three basic topologies used in wide area
and local area telecommunications networks are:

 Star topology

 Ring topology

 Bus topology.
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Star topology

 A star network ties end-user computers to a central computer.

 A star takes more cable, but the benefit is that if a cable fails,
only one node will be brought down.

 The star network is one of the most common

 computer network topologies
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Ring topology

 A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other
nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring

 In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they reach their
destination

 Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in

one direction, called a unidirectional ring network.
Others permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
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Bus topology

 A tree topology is a special type of structure in which many connected elements are
arranged like the branches of a tree.

 In computer networks, a tree topology is also known as a star bus topology. It incorporates
elements of both a bus topology and a star topology. Below is an example network
diagram of a tree topology, in which the central nodes of two star networks are
connected to one another.
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ROLE OF DBMS IN
ORGANIZATIONS
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Database Management System
(DBMS)

 A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that

manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored
in the database".
 The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the database.
 The database structure itself is stored as a collection of files, So, we can
access the data in those files through the DBMS.
 The DBMS receives all application requests and translates them into the
complex operations required to fulfill those requests.
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 Databases are probably the most commonly used tool in every

application that you've used in your life.
 Examples of DBMS at work:
 When you log into Facebook, it queries the database and collects all
information about you, your profile set up, your friends, family.
 When you go on amazon, it queries a database and retrieves a collection of all
addresses associated with various debit/cards.
 The DBMS hides much of the database’s internal complexity from the
application programs and users.
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Role of DBMS in organizations

 Improved data sharing

 Improved data security

 Better data integration

 Minimized data inconsistency

 Improved data access

 Improved decision making

 Increased end-user productivity

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Improved data sharing

 An advantage of the database management approach is, the DBMS

helps to create an environment in which end users have better access to
more and better-managed data.

 Such access makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes
in their environment.
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Improved data security

 The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security
breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of time, effort, and
money to ensure that corporate data are used properly. A DBMS provides
a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and security policies.
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Better data integration

 Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the

organization’s operations and a clearer view of the big picture. It
becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the
company affect other segments.
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Minimized data inconsistency

 Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in
different places.

 For example, data inconsistency exists when a company’s sales department

stores a sales representative’s name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s
personnel department stores that same person’s name as “William G. Brown,”
or when the company’s regional sales office shows the price of a product as
$45.95 and its national sales office shows the same product’s price as $43.95.

 The probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly designed

database.
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Improved data access

 The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to queries.

 From a database perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data
manipulation.

 for example, to read or update the data. Simply put, a query is a question,

 The DBMS sends back an answer (called the query result set) to the application.
 For example, end users, when dealing with large amounts of sales data, might want quick answers to
questions such as:
- What was the dollar volume of sales by product during the past six months?
- What is the sales bonus figure for each of our salespeople during the past three months?
- How many of our customers have credit balances of 3,000 or more?
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Improved decision making

 Better-managed data and improved data access make it possible to

generate better-quality information, on which better decisions are based.

 The quality of the information generated depends on the quality of the

underlying data.

 Data quality is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy,

validity, and timeliness of the data.

 While the DBMS does not guarantee data quality, it provides a framework to
facilitate data quality initiatives.
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Increased end-user productivity

 The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into
usable information, empowers end users to make quick, informed
decisions that can make the difference between success and failure in
the global economy.

 Till now we have seen different benefits of database management

systems. But it has certain limitations or disadvantages.