MATHEMATICS 10

Quarter 2 – Week 2
Lesson 1: Terms related to Circle
After going through this topic, you are expected to:
• Illustrate a circle and its related concepts;
• Derive inductively the relations among chords, Arcs, Central and Inscribed Angles.

Activity 1: Before we discuss the mathematical definition of the chords, arcs, inscribed angles and central
angles, let us visualize it first. Give it a try and let us see how visual you are!

Imagine that you are sitting on a bench at the center of a perfectly round garden. There are three people
in your family standing at different places around the garden. One to your right, another to your left and the last
one is in front of you. When a line is drawn from you to the person in front of you and another line from you to
the person on your left, you formed a central angle. Amazing, isn’t it? Now, let us continue. When a line is drawn
from the person to your left to the person in front of you, that straight line is what we called a chord. Therefore,
a chord is a straight line from one point of the circle to the other. How about arc? Arc is a curve shape, which is
the distance around the surface of the circular garden. When the person on your left runs toward the person on
your right while following the garden’s wall, then that person has created an arc. If you draw two lines from the
person on your left going to the person on your right and to the person in front of you, it forms an inscribed
angle.
How did you find the activity?

What would our lives be like without shapes and circles? Will we have the same design of buses as our
mode of transport? How about other vehicles, such as bikes and personal cars? What if circles do not exist in
the world of sports? What will athletes use to compete in various sporting activities, such as basketball, tennis,
volleyball, and the like? How about the machines that run our production and exchange?
Circles, no doubt, play a huge part in our day-to-day lives. Circles are interesting. Unlike any other
shapes, these do not contain edges, but form arcs and angles. Circle is a set of all points equidistant from a
given point called center. It is named by its center and indicated by the symbol ⊙. Example ⊙P can be read as
circle with center P. The measure of the entire circle is 360°.
Below are some of the terms related to circle. Find out the definitions and examples that will help you
identify and describe chords, arcs, central angles, inscribed angle and intercepted arc.

Terms Related to Circle Figure Discussion/ Explanation

Chord A chord is a segment which endpoints are on
a given circle.
A
D
̅̅̅̅ is a chord of
Example: segment AC or 𝐴𝐶
B
⊙B.

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Arcs Arc is a part of a circumference of a circle. It
is named by their endpoints and can be read
clockwise or counter-clockwise. The symbol
for arc is .
A

D Example:
The curve from point D to point A is an arc.
B
Which can be read as “arc DA or ”.
C
Other example of arcs in the left figure are
.

TYPES OF ARC
Types of Arc Figure Explanation
Semicircle 1
An arc with a measure equal to one-half ( ) of
A 2
the circumference of a circle. Its measure is
D 180°. It is named using two or three endpoints
B
of the arc.
C Examples:

Minor arc A It is an arc of a circle that measures less than

a semicircle or 180°. It is named using two
endpoints of the arc or three endpoints as
D long as it measures less than 180°.
B Examples:
C
Example 2. What are the minor arcs of circle
B?
A
Solution:
B C
D
Major arc It is an arc of a circle that measures greater
A than the semicircle. It measures greater than
D 180° but less than 360°. To indicate the major
arc, we must include the point between the
B endpoints of the arc.
Examples:
C

D Example 2. What are the major arcs of circle

B?
Solution:
B

A C

Intercepted arc is the arc that lies in the

Intercepted Arc interior of an angle and has endpoints on the
angle.

Example: is the intercepted arc of

angle ∠𝐶𝐴𝐵.

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 A Example 2:
is the intercepted arc of angle ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

B
C

TYPES OF ANGLES
Central angle A central angle is an angle whose vertex is at
A the center of the circle. The sides of the angle
Central contain two radii of the circle.
D angle

Example: angle ABC or ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the central

B angle of ⊙B.
C

Inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on

the circle and whose sides contain chords of
Inscribed Angle
the circle.

Example:∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 is the inscribed angle of the

figure.

Points of the Inscribed Angle

P
G

A
E H
N S

P I

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

In Figure 1, the In Figure 2, the In Figure 3, the

center of the circle center of the circle center of the circle
is ON one side of is in the INTERIOR is in the EXTERIOR
the inscribed angle of the inscribed of the inscribed
or diameter of the angle. angle.
circle. ∠AGP is the ∠IHS is the
∠𝑷𝑬𝑵 is the inscribed angle and inscribed angle and
inscribed angle and
intercepts . intercepts .
intercepts .

ACTIVITY 2: Given the figure below, name the terms related to circle O. Choose the answer on the box provided
and then answer the questions that follow. Words can be used more than once. Numbers 1 and 2 are already
given. Continue numbers 3-10.
diameter semicircle inscribed angle
radius major arc central angle
chord minor arc Intercepted arc

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Questions:
1. How did you identify the parts of the circle?
2. How do you describe the radius, diameter, and a chord? How about the semicircle, major arc, minor arc?
Inscribed angle and central angle?

ACTIVITY 3: Given the circle O below, name the following: (Be sure to use proper notation)

_______1. 1 semicircle
_______2. 1 inscribed angle
_______3. 1 major arc
_______4. 1 central angle
_______5. 1 chord
_______6. 1 radius
_______7. 1 minor arc
_______8. 1 intercepted arc

Lesson 2: Theorems related to Central Angles, Arcs and Chords

After going through this topic, you are expected to:
• Learn theorems related to chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed angles

Recall:
CENTRAL ANGLE

A central angle is an angle whose vertex is on the center of a circle and its sides are the radii of the
same circle. The figure below illustrates a central angle.

The illustration presented shows ⨀𝐶. The central angle is ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵, point C is the vertex
of the angle which is at the center of the circle. The central angle intercept arc AB of
A B
the circle that connects point-A to point-B. The two segments 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ in the
diagram are the two radii
C
.

TYPES OF ARCS

The figures below illustrate the three different types of arcs and the central angles that intercept those arcs.

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 Type of Description Type of
Arc Central
Angle

Minor Arc The degree measure of the arc is less than 180° Acute Angle

Semi-Circle The degree measure of the arc is equal to 180° Semi-Circle

Major Arc The degree measure of the arc is greater than 180° but less than 360° Reflex Angle

POSTULATE 1
A Diameter divides a circle into two semicircles.
POSTULATE 2
The Central Angle- Intercepted Arc Postulate
(CA-IA Postulate)
The measure of a central angle of a circle is
equal to the measure of its intercepted arc.

Example 1. Using the circle on the left,find:

a.) 𝑚𝐴𝐶̂ b.) 𝑚𝐴𝐶𝐷
̂
Solution:
a.) The degree measure of minor arc AC is equal to degree measure of
the central angle. Hence,

Measure of m∠ABC = 90°

Therefore, = 90°

b.) The degree measure of major arc ACD is equal to 360° minus the
degree of the central angle. Hence,

POSTULATE 3
Arc Addition Postulate (AAP)
Arc addition postulate states that the measure of the arc formed by two adjacent, non-
overlapping arcs is the sum of the measures of the arcs.

Example 2:

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 ̂
Example 3: If 𝑚∠𝑀𝑂𝑁 = 85° and 𝑚∠𝑁𝑂𝑃 = 60° , find 𝑚𝑀𝑁𝑃

M Solution:
̂ = 𝑚𝑀𝑁
𝑚𝑀𝑁𝑃 ̂ + 𝑚𝑁𝑃
̂
̂ = 𝑚∠𝑀𝑂𝑁
𝑚𝑀𝑁
O
= 85°
N ̂
𝑚𝑁𝑃 = 𝑚∠𝑁𝑂𝑃
= 60°
̂ = 𝑚𝑀𝑁
Therefore, 𝑚𝑀𝑁𝑃 ̂ + 𝑚𝑁𝑃̂
P
=85° + 60°
= 145°
Definition of Congruent Circles and Congruent Arcs

Congruent circles are circles with congruent radii.

Example:

B 𝐴𝐵 is the radius of ⊙ 𝐴.

A C 𝐶𝐷 is the radius of ⊙ 𝐶.

D If 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷, then ⊙ 𝐴 ≅⊙ 𝐶.

Arcs in the same circle or in congruent circles which have the same measures are called congruent arcs.

Example:
W S
̂ ≅ 𝑌𝑍
In ⊙ 𝑄, 𝑊𝑋 ̂
50°
Q T 50° ̂ ≅ 𝑆𝑅
If ⊙ 𝑄 ≅⊙ 𝑇, then 𝑊𝑋 ̂ and
50° R
̂ ≅ 𝑆𝑅
𝑌𝑍 ̂
Y Z

Theorem on Central Angle, Arcs and Chords

THEOREM 1
In a circle, if two central angles have equal measures, then their corresponding minor arcs have equal
measures.

Example 4: B C

In ⨀𝑋 on the right, ∠𝐴𝑋𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶𝑋𝐷. The minor arcs they intercept are
60° 60°
̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐷.
also congruent since the two central angles are congruent. Hence, 𝐴𝐵 ̂ A D
𝑋
Example 5:
̂ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
If ⨀𝑋 ≅ ⨀𝑍 and ∠𝐴𝑋𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶𝑋𝐷 ≅ ∠𝑊𝑍𝑌, then 𝐴𝐵 ̂ ≅ 𝑊𝑌.
̂

B C W Y
60°
60° 60°
A D 𝑍
𝑋

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 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐵𝐹
ACTIVITY 4: 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ are diameters of ⨀𝐸. Find the measure of the following.

1. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐸𝐵 ________ 6. 𝑚∠𝐹𝐸𝐷 ________

A B
̂ __________
2. 𝑚𝐴𝐶 ̂ __________
7. 𝑚𝐴𝐵

3. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐹 ________ 8. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 ________ 60° 75°

C D
E
̂ ___________
4. 𝑚𝐹𝐷 ̂ ___________
9. 𝑚𝐶𝐹
̂ _________
5. 𝑚𝐴𝐵𝐷 ̂ _________
10. 𝑚𝐴𝐶𝐹 F

THEOREM 2
In a circle, if two minor arcs have equal measures, then their corresponding chords have equal
measures.

In ⨀𝑋 above, ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑃 . Since the chords are congruent, it
M X P Y ̂ ≅ 𝑂𝑃.
̂
follows that 𝑀𝑁
Z
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
If ⨀𝑋 ≅ ⨀𝑌 and 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ then 𝑀𝑁
𝑂𝑃 ≅ 𝑊𝑍, ̂ ≅ 𝑂𝑃
̂ ≅ 𝑊𝑍
̂.
W
O

THEOREM 3
In a circle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc with the same endpoints if and only if it is
perpendicular to the chord.

RECALL: Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs

An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose sides contain chords
of the circle. The arc that lies in the interior of an inscribed angle and has endpoints on the angle is
called the intercepted arc of the angle.

Examples:

B D

E
A F
G H
C
I

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

̂ is the intercepted arc. The center of the circle lies in the

In Figure 1, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 is an inscribed angle and 𝐵𝐶
interior of the inscribed angle.
̂ is the intercepted arc. The center of the circle lies on one
In Figure 2, ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 is an inscribed angle and 𝐷𝐹
side of the inscribed angle.

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 ̂ is the intercepted arc. The center of the circle lies in the
In Figure 3, ∠𝐻𝐺𝐼 is an inscribed angle and 𝐻𝐼
exterior of the inscribed angle.

Theorems on Inscribed Angles

THEOREM 1
The Inscribed Angle Theorem
The measure of an inscribe angle is one-half of the measure of its intercepted arc. (or the measure of
the intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle)

THEOREM 2
The Inscribed Angles in The Same Arc Theorem
Angles inscribed in the same or congruent arcs are equal.

Example 7:
̂ . Since the two inscribed angles intercept the same arc
In figure 1 below, ∠𝑃𝑇𝐸 and∠𝑃𝐿𝐸 intercept 𝑃𝐸
then, ∠𝑃𝑇𝐸 ≅ ∠𝑃𝐿𝐸.
S M
P E
A G R

T L O P
Figure 1 Figure 2

Example 8:
̂ and 𝑅𝑃
In figure 2 above, ∠𝐺𝑆𝑂 and ∠𝑅𝑀𝑃 intercept 𝐺𝑂 ̂ , respectively. If 𝐺𝑂
̂ ≅ 𝑅𝑃
̂ , then ∠𝐺𝑆𝑂 ≅ ∠𝑅𝑀𝑃.

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 THEOREM 3
The Semicircle Theorem
• If an inscribed angle of a circle intercepts a semicircle, then the angle is right angle.
• An inscribed angle intercepting a semicircle is 90 degrees.

Example 9: B
In the figure on the right,∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 intercept ̂ ̂ is a semicircle,
𝐴𝑆𝐶 . If 𝐴𝑆𝐶
then,∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angle or ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶=90 degree. A C
O

S
THEOREM 4
The Inscribed Quadrilateral Theorem
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary.

V
Example 10:
Quadrilateral OVAL is inscribed in ⨀𝑌.
O
Y
𝑚∠𝑉𝑂𝐿 + 𝑚∠𝑉𝐴𝐿 = 180°.
A
𝑚∠𝑂𝐿𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝑂𝑉𝐴 = 180°. L

ACTIVITY 6: Apply the theorems you have learned and use the figures to answer the following.

ASSESSMENT
MATH 10, QUARTER 2, WEEK 3
Instruction: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer by writing it on the space provided
before each number.

______1. The measure of the intercepted arc is ____ the measure of the inscribed angle.
A. one-half B. thrice
C. one-fourth D. twice
______2. An angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides contain chords of
the circle.
A. arc B. inscribed angle
C. central angle D. semicircle
______3. An arc that lies inside the inscribed angle with endpoints on the angle is called ______.
A. intercepted arc B. minor arc C. major arc D. semicircle

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 ̂ is a _______ of circle B.
______5. 𝐴𝐶
A. central angle B. minor arc C. major arc D. semicircle

______6. Which of the following is an example of a semicircle?

A. B. C. D. All of the above

_____7. Circle is a set of all points that are equidistant from a specific point, called ______.
A. angle B. radius C. center D. point
_____8. What do you call this symbol ?
A. arc B. line C. curve D. segment
_____9. It is named in a single letter and sometimes indicated by the symbol ⊙.
A. angle B. curve C. circle D. point
_____10. It is an arc that measures less than 180 degrees.
A. central angle B. minor arc C. major arc D. semicircle
_____11. The degree measure of a semicircle is _______ .
A. 180° B. 200° C. 260° D. 360°
_____12. The sum of the opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral is ____?
A. 90° B. 120° C. 150° D.180°
_____13. In the figure, which of the following is a major arc?
A
̂ B
A. 𝐹𝐴𝐶
̂
B.𝐷𝐴𝐶
̂ C D
C.𝐴𝐶𝐺 E
̂
D. 𝐵𝐴𝐺 F
G

______14. The measure of 2 central angles is equal to the measure of a semicircle. TRUE or FALSE.
̂ in the figure on the right?
_____15. What is the measure of 𝐽𝐶𝐸 J C

A. 20°
B. 60° Z 80° 80° E
C. 80° O
D. 100°

_____16. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are ________ ?
A. complementary B. congruent C. equal D. supplementary
_____17. If an inscribed angle of a circle intercepts a semicircle, then the measure of the angle is_____?
A. exactly 90° B. exactly 180° C. greater than 90° D. less than 90°
____18. Circles with congruent radii are _________ circles?
A. circumference B. congruent C. unit D. point
____19. The degree measure of the intercepted arc is equal to the degree measure of its ________ angle.
U V
A. acute B. inscribed C. central D. obtuse
____20. In the figure on the right, which of the following angles is an inscribed angle?
W
A. ∠𝑈𝑋𝑉 B. ∠𝑈𝑋𝑊 C. ∠𝑋𝑊𝑌 D. ∠𝑉𝑊𝑌

X Y
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