MANAGING THE WIND

Emil Praslick
 INCREASE YOUR HIT PERCENTAGE
 Rifle/Ammunition Precision

 Stability of Platform

 Zero accuracy

 Data Accuracy

 MARKSMANSHIP!

Emil Praslick 2
 WHAT IS A “MIL”?
• Artillery, Naval Gunfire, and shooters have used Mils, or Milliradians to
measure the angles needed to place fire on, and to determine the ranges
to targets. But what is a “Mil”?

• A Radian is approximately 1/6th the circumference of a circle, and a

Milliradian is 1/1000th of that length.

• This results in a small angular measurement we can use to adjust rifle

sights and to measure target size.

• Mils are units of angles, like degrees of a circle.

Emil Praslick 3
 MILLIRADIANS
• One-radian is based on the arc length
being exactly the same length as the
radius.

• Recalling our high school trigonometry

the formula for the circumference of a
circle is:
𝐂𝐂 = 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝝅𝝅𝒓𝒓
𝑪𝑪 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

• This tells us that there are 6.283
Radians in a circle and each one
of those Radians contains 1,000
Miliradians (mils). This means there are
approximately 6,283 mils in a circle.
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝟔𝟔, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 (𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴)

• One Milliradian is therefore 1/1000th of

whatever unit of measurement the
radius is (Meters, Yards, Centimeters, or
inches).

Emil Praslick 4
 MILS & METERS
When using Meters, one Mil equals
one Meter at 1000 Meters.

𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴

1/10th Mil, or one “Click” on a Mil

scope= 𝟏𝟏 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴.

Emil Praslick 5
 MILS & YARDS
When using Yards, with a radius of
100 Yards (or 3600 inches), one Mil
equals .1 Yard or 3.6”.

𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 =. 𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀

1/10th Mil, or 1 “Click” on a Mil

Scope=. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒀𝒀

Emil Praslick 6
 RANGE/WIND ANALYSIS FACTORS
 Speed of wind.

 Direction of wind (Value).

 Size of Target.

 Wind’s effect at target.

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 WIND SPEED– PHYSICAL EFFECTS
 0-3 MPH Smoke hardly drifts.

 4-7 MPH Wind felt lightly on face/exposed skin.

 8-12 MPH Keeps leaves in constant motion, tall grass swaying.

 13-18 MPH Sand and loose paper, small trees/thin branches move.

 19-24 MPH Small trees begin to sway, medium branches move.

 25-31 MPH Large branches moving. Buffeting at position.

PHYSICAL EFFECTS WILL VARY BASED ON LOCAL VEGETATION!!!

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WIND GRADIENT EFFECTS
• As shooters we know that when you
go from laying down to standing up
you can sense more wind on your
head/face. You hold the Kestrel up
high because the wind speed is higher
and more representative of what the
bullet will see
• Friction from surface condition will
slow down wind closer to ground.
• Wind will increase with altitude in
relation to wind measured at the
ground.
• The effective increase is dependent on
the nature of the terrain.

Emil Praslick 9
 WIND GRADIENT EFFECTS
Wind Gradient is determined by the “Roughness” or the amount of surface friction
the terrain and surface provides. The rougher the ground, the more friction to the
wind.

Power Law Formula

•V1 = Velocity at height Z1
•V2 = Velocity at height Z2
•Z1 = Height 1 (lower height)
•Z2 = Height 2 (upper height)
•α = wind shear exponent

Class Roughness Land cover types

0 0.0002 m Water surfaces: seas and Lakes
0.5 0.0024 m Open terrain with smooth surface, e.g. concrete, airport runways, mown grass etc.
1 0.03 m Open agricultural land without fences and hedges; maybe some far apart buildings and very gentle hills
1.5 0.055 m Agricultural land with a few buildings and 8 m high hedges seperated by more than 1 km
2 0.1 m Agricultural land with a few buildings and 8 m high hedges seperated by approx. 500 m
2.5 0.2 m Agricultural land with many trees, bushes and plants, or 8 m high hedges seperated by approx. 250 m
3 0.4 m Towns, villages, agricultural land with many or high hedges, forests and very rough and uneven terrain
3.5 0.6 m Large towns with high buildings Emil Praslick 10
4 1.6 m Large cities with high buildings and skyscrapers
 WIND GRADIENT EFFECTS
• Caveats (Warnings) to using Wind Gradient data.

• The following examples of Wind Gradient at different heights and surface

conditions are for demonstration use only

• Wind Gradient, like all things wind related, is not deterministic (assumed to
occur with certitude)

• How Wind Gradient increases the velocity of wind with height is generally
associated with the roughness, or condition of the ground (as the following
examples will show).

Emil Praslick 11
 Wind Gradient Effects at Max Ord
6 Meter Height (.308 at 1000 M)
Open Terrain, Rolling Hills – Roughness .003 Rough Terrain/Forests – Roughness .4

Wind Speed increase 4% Wind Speed increase 100%

25.0 25.0

20.0 20.0

F 15.0
F 15.0

E E
E 10.0 E 10.0
T T
5.0 5.0

0.0 0.0
5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
SPEED MPH SPEED MPH
Emil Praslick 12
 Wind Gradient Effects at Max Ord
8 Meter Height (.300 NM at 1500 M)
Open Terrain, Rolling Hills – Roughness .003 Rough Terrain/Forests – Roughness .4

Wind Speed increase 8% Wind Speed increase 132%

30.0 30.0

25.0 25.0

20.0 20.0
F F
E 15.0 E 15.0

E E
T 10.0 T 10.0

5.0 5.0

0.0 0.0
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
SPEED MPH SPEED MPH
Emil Praslick 13
 Wind Gradient Effects at Max Ord
30 Meter Height (.375 EnABLER at 2500 M)
Open Terrain, Rolling Hills – Roughness .003 Rough Terrain/Forests – Roughness .4

120.0
Wind Speed increase 12% 120.0
Wind Speed increase 290%

100.0 100.0

80.0 80.0
F F
E 60.0 E 60.0

E E
40.0 40.0
T T

20.0 20.0

0.0 0.0
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
SPEED MPH SPEED MPH
Emil Praslick 14
 WIND DIRECTION – VALUE
Wind “Value” is the direction of
the wind relative to the bullet’s
trajectory to the target.

The effect of the wind’s value is

calculated by determining the
angle of the wind to your line of
sight to the target.

The common characterization of

wind by Value classification (Full,
Half, No Value) is of limited
effectiveness.
 DETERMINING DIRECTION - VALUE
 GRASS BLOWING– Observe long grass blowing/bouncing and
how it ”snaps back.”

 DUST/SMOKE – Like mirage, you will see the wind’s value in

dust and smoke direction. Apply ”WALKING/RUNNING MAN”
speed to smoke and dust movement.

 THE ‘OL WET FINGER METHOD – Wet your finger, the side that
gets cool is direction of wind (evaporation).

Emil Praslick 16
 DETERMINING DIRECTION – VALUE

 MIRAGE is best seen in reference to a horizontal reference, or the horizon

and across flat ground. Examples are bottom/top of targets, rooftops,
power lines, and ridgelines.
 If you are shooting from a hilltop, or across dead-space, you can often see mirage
behind you.
 Mirage angle can help determine full value wind effect.
 Rising straight up, or Boil, no wind effect.
 45° angle of mirage, approximately 1-3 MPH.
 30° angle of mirage, approximately 4-7 MPH.
 90° angle of mirage, approximately 8-12 MPH.
 Traverse rifle scope, binoculars, or spotting scope into wind until mirage
boils to determine wind direction.

Emil Praslick 17
 DETERMINING DIRECTION – VALUE

 Use wrist watch.

 Orient 12 o’clock to the target (or 180˚ away from target in case of tailwind).
Throw grass, dirt, or wet finger to determine the wind’s direction relative to
the watch.

 With a rotating bezel watch, turn the bezel to the wind direction, while
orienting 12 o’clock to target.

Emil Praslick 18
 DETERMINING DIRECTION – VALUE
 Using a compass to determine
Value.

 Determine azimuth to target.

 Determine azimuth to wind

direction.
120-60=60° Wind Angle

 Difference of two angles is wind

angle.

 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 %

 WIND DIRECTION – ANGULAR VALUE
:30 12 :30 .25 0 .25
11 1 .5 .5
:30 :30 .71 .71

10 2 .87 .87

:30 :30 .96 .96

9 3 1 1

:30 :30 .96 .96

8 4 .87 .87

:30 :30 .71 .71

7 5 .5
:30 6 :30 .25 0 .25
• Every ½ hour on a 12-hour clock is 15 degrees.
• 12:30=15°, 1:00=30°, 1:30=45°, 2:00=60°, 2:30=75°, 3:00=90°, etc.
• Percentages of wind are derived from the Sine of the wind angle.
Emil Praslick 20
DETERMINE CROSSWIND VALUE
D
I
R
E
C
T
I 10 MPH @ 90˚
O
N 1*10 = 10 MPH
F
I
R
E

Emil Praslick 21
DETERMINE CROSSWIND VALUE

D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N

F
I
R
E

10 MPH @ 90˚
1*10 = 10 MPH
SIMPLIFIED VERSIONS OF THE ANGULAR CHART.
Use for short range (<500 Meters) or Simplified value chart for field math.
low winds (<3 MPH).
12:00
1:00
N
O

V 2:00
A
L
U
E

FULL VALUE FULL VALUE 3:00

N
O

V
A
L
U
E

Emil Praslick 23
 DETERMINE CROSSWIND VALUE
 (Wind speed) x (Wind Cosine) = Effective Crosswind Value.
SIMPLIFIED VALUES
 Example: 10 MPH wind from 1:00/30˚. Degrees Wind %
 10 x .5 = 5 MPH Effective Crosswind. 15 25
30 50
45 75
 Example: 10 MPH wind from 1:30/45˚.
60 90
 10 x .75 = 7.5 MPH Effective Crosswind.
75 100
90 100

 Most wind drift data, unless inputs are changed, is given for Full
Value wind!
Emil Praslick 24
 USING THE 5700 TO DETERMINE FULL VALUE EFFECT
• Move the cursor to TGT in the menu.
• While holding the Kestrel vertical, point the back of the unit
directly towards the target and press the Capture (red) button,
• Press the Capture button again, the Kestrel has now set your
Direction of Fire (DOF).
• All Wind calculations can now be made using the correct
azimuth to the target.

Emil Praslick 25
 USING THE 5700 TO DETERMINE FULL VALUE EFFECT
• Move the cursor to Wind in the menu.
• While holding the Kestrel vertical, point the back of the unit
directly into the WIND and press the Capture (red) button,
• Wait 5 seconds, and press the Capture button again, the Kestrel
has now determined the average (WS1) and peak (WS2) wind.
• The Firing solution is now populated with wind data based on
the sample.

Emil Praslick 26
WIND VALUE– UPWIND VS. DOWNWIND

 You must determine which way the wind is blowing (general

direction), and determine the UPWIND relative to your direction of
fire.
 UPWIND IS FUTURE INFORMATION! Downwind is the past.
 Identify indicators on the UPWIND side.
 Note changes to those indicators and your distance from them (use a
walking/running man speed model). A change UPWIND may not
impact you for some time, depending on it’s distance from you.
 If the wind changes direction, DOWNWIND becomes UPWIND!

Emil Praslick 27
 WIND CORRECTION & TARGET SIZE
Formulas for target size in Mils/Meters, Mils/Yards
1. Size of target (inches)*25.4/Range (M)
A. Ex: 18” * 25.4/500 = .91 Mils

2. Size of target in Meters/(Range in M/1000)

A. Size of target in Yards/(Range in M/1000)
B. 1 Meter= 39.4” Ex: 18”/39.4”= .46 Meters .46/.5= .91 Mils

3. Formula for target size in Mils/Yards

A. Target (inches)*27.8/Range (Y) Ex: 18” * 27.8/500 = 1 Mil

4. Formula for target size in Mils/Yards

A. Size of target in Yards/(Range in Y/1000)
B. 1 Yard= 36” Ex: 18”/36= .5 Yards .5/.5= 1 Mil

Emil Praslick 28
 WIND CORRECTION & TARGET SIZE-MILS

Know your target size at distance Example: IPSC full size target
WIDTH (MIL) METERS
1.5 300
1.15 400
.9 500
.75 600 18” 30”
.65 700
.55 800
.5 900
.45 1000

Emil Praslick 29
 TACTICAL DECISIONS
Caliber vs. Range & Time Available
Range to Target .308 Winchester/175 Sierra Matchking Optimized Engagement Tactics
0-500 Meters High % using direction & upwind edge hold in AVG conditions (7 MPH and less)
500-1000 Meters High % using dir. & holding to within ½ dot and upwind/downwind edge (Wind Bracketing)
1000 Meters + Must resolve wind to <2 MPH and direction within 15 degrees to hit
Range to Target 6.5 Creedmoor/Berger 140 Hybrid OTM Optimized Engagement Tactics
0-600 Meters High % using direction & upwind edge hold in AVG conditions (7 MPH and less)
600-1100 Meters High % using dir. & holding to within ½ dot and upwind/downwind edge (Wind Bracketing)
1100 Meters + Must resolve wind to <2 MPH and direction within 15 degrees to hit
Range to Target .300 Norma Magnum/215 Berger OTM Optimized Engagement Tactics
0-800 Meters High % using direction & upwind edge hold in AVG conditions (7 MPH and less)
800-1200 Meters High % using dir. & holding to within ½ dot and upwind/downwind edge (Wind Bracketing)
1200 Meters + Must resolve wind to <2 MPH and direction within 15 degrees to hit
Emil Praslick 30
 HOW MANY MPH IS THE EDGE? M118LR@2550 FPS

•300 M: 20 MPH = 1.5 Mils/18”

7 MPH
20
4
11 MPH 3.5
10
5.5 MPH
2 MPH
MPH 0 MPH
•400 M: 11 MPH = 1.1 Mils/18” WIND

•500 M: 7 MPH = .9 Mils/18”

18”
•600 M: 4 MPH = .8 Mils/18”

Emil Praslick 31
 HOW MANY MPH IS THE EDGE? 140 BERGER@2750 FPS

•300 M: 30 MPH = 1.5 Mils/18”

107 MPH
30
15 7.5
15
3.5 MPH
MPH
5 MPH 0 MPH
•400 M: 15 MPH = 1.1 Mils/18” WIND

•500 M: 10 MPH = .9 Mils/18”

18”
•600 M: 7 MPH = .8 Mils/18”

Emil Praslick 32
 HOW MANY MPH IS THE EDGE? 215 Berger@ 2950 FPS

•600 M: 9 MPH = .75 Mils/18”

6
95 MPH
7 3 MPH
4.5
2.5
3.5 0 MPH
•700 M: 7 MPH = .65 Mils/18” WIND

•800 M: 6 MPH = .55 Mils/18”

18”
•900 M: 5 MPH = .5 Mils/18”

Emil Praslick 33
 HOW MANY MPH IS HOLDING ON THE UPWIND EDGE?

WIND
 EX #1: Target width is 18”@ 700 M

 18” = .65 MIL @ 700 M (18 * 25.4/700)

2.5 MPH
 1 MPH Wind Drift = .13 MIL @ 700M

 Target Size (.65 )/1 MPH Wind (.13) = 5 MPH

 Target is 5 MPH Wide

18”
 Upwind Edge = MPH Width/2

 Upwind Edge = 2.5 MPH

Emil Praslick 34
 WHAT IS YOUR DATA?
Legacy Formula for MOA
 Quick formulas/Rules of Thumb good out to approximately 800 meters.
 Old School MOA formula: Range Meters/100 x Wind Speed = Full Value Wind(MOA)
10 (Constant for .308)
 To convert to Mils, divide MOA/3.438 (3.5).
 Example: 500 Meters (5)00 x 10 MPH = 5 MOA 5/3.5 = 1.4 Mils
10
 You can change your constant for different calibers/conditions. Use your own data to develop a
constant if desired.
 To develop a constant, MPH x Range Meters = Constant
• MOA Correction
 Example: 10 MPH x 5(00) = Constant of 10
5 MOA
 As Caliber and bullet performance increases, the “Constant” will increase.

Emil Praslick 35
 WHAT IS YOUR DATA?
Garmin/Kestrel
• For extended range shots, you
may need to know the 1 MPH drift
data for your rifle
• Set the Wind Field for 1 or 10 MPH
for your distance. If using 10 MPH,
move the decimal one place to the
left to get your 1 MPH wind. Be
aware that the Kestrel will round
to the nearest decimal place for a
1 MPH setting.
• Set DOF, Latitude to 0, Spin Drift
off.
• Use 9:00 or 3:00 direction to
obtain full value data

Emil Praslick 36
 WHAT IS YOUR DATA?
Garmin/Kestrel
• You can also use the “Quick Wind”
feature found in the Accuracy 1st section
of the menu.
• This will generate a “wind speed
constant” that represents the hold in Mils
required for that wind speed that follows
a linear relationship to range.
• You must use Mils/Meters for the Quick
Wind to function properly. Additionally,
adjustments need to be made to the
formula past 800 meters to maintain
accuracy.
• Additional information can be found at
https://kestrelinstruments.com/mwdown
loads/download/link/id/391/
• Remember, the “Quick Wind” constant
still represents a Full Value (100%) wind
hold. You must determine direction and
percentage of the wind.
Emil Praslick 37
A HIT (OR OBSERVED MISS) AT ANY RANGE GIVES YOU THE WIND AT ALL
RANGES.
(Correct data)/1 MPH data= MPH
Ex. Shooter hits with 3 mils wind @900 m Shooter engages next target at 1300 meters

 Wind value: 1 MPH @900=.3 Mils  Wind value for 1 MPH@1300 =.45 Mils
 3 Mils (wind)/.3 Mils (1 MPH value)=10  10 MPH x .45 Mils
 3 Mils @900 M= 10 MPH
 Wind Hold: 4.5 Mils
900 M 1300 M

3 Mils
• 4.5 Mils @1000 M= 10 MPH 4.5 Mils
 Wind Speed = 10 MPH

Emil Praslick 38
WIND VARIATION ON TARGET – +/- 2 MPH

175 SMK@2550 FPS 140 Berger Hybrid@2750 FPS

1000 METERS – 46” 1000 METERS – 34”

800 METERS – 33” 800 METERS – 20”
600 METERS – 17” 600 METERS – 10”
300 METERS – 4” 300 METERS – 2”

Emil Praslick 39
WIND VARIATION ON TARGET – +/- 2 MPH

190 SMK@2950 FPS 215 Berger Hybrid@2950 FPS

1000 METERS – 36” 1000 METERS – 25”

800 METERS – 22” 800 METERS – 15”
600 METERS – 11” 600 METERS – 8”

Emil Praslick 40
 Where Does the Wind Matter?
Where Should You Look? 1/3 , 2/3 , 3/3 ?
rd rd rd

• Wind deflection is determined by time of flight, muzzle velocity, and

distance to the target.
• Early deflection in the 1st third has the greatest effect of the bullets
path.
• Influence of middle third and final third increases with range to
target.
• Wind effects are rarely constant along all parts of the bullet’s
trajectory.

Emil Praslick 41
 Where Does the Wind Matter?
Where Should You Look? 1/3 , 2/3 , 3/3 ?
rd rd rd

Wind Effect with Range

• As range to target increases, the
wind’s effect of the middle and last
third increases.
• Data from “Where Does Wind
Matter”, by Dan Periard.
• http://www.nvisti.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/11/NVDOC140
3-Wind.pdf

Emil Praslick 42
 INITIAL WIND CALL AND CORRECTIONS

 Assess maximum and minimum observed true value wind.

 The change may not be velocity, but value. It could be both!
 Be aware that if shooting in a tailwind, direction/speed changes will be visible in the scope will be
before the wind is affected downrange. Mirage can be AHEAD of the wind change.
 If shooting in a headwind, direction/speed changes will be visible in the scope will be before the
wind is affected up range. Mirage can be BEHIND of the wind change.
 Any noticeable wind or mirage movement:
 Minimum adjustment should be ½ target width.
 “It Ain’t Never Not Worth Nuthin!”
 Observed windage miss:
 Minimum correction should be ½ to ¾ target width.

Emil Praslick 43
 •WEIBEL DISTRIBUTION
WHEN DO YOU
SHOOT?
 Observe wind to see if a cycle is
present.
 What is the max wind?
 What is the min wind?
 Where is it stable?

 Weibel Distribution states that the

wind will have the highest frequency in
the low velocity range of a given
condition.
SHOOT? SHOOT?
 THE BEST TIME TO SHOOT MAY NOT BE SHOOT?
THE AVERAGE OF THE HIGH AND LOW
VALUES!

Emil Praslick 44
PROS VS. AMATEURS
• Because it is difficult to determine
downrange value, the natural
tendency is to under dope the wind.

• Push yourself to account for the

PROFESSIONAL

AMATUER
worst case scenario. WIND

• Miss on the ”Pro” side, not the

“Amateur.”

Emil Praslick 45
QUESTIONS?

Emil Praslick 46