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Network Theory
Network Theory
Network Theory
• Basic Laws
• Circuit Theorems
• Methods of Network Analysis
• Non-Linear Devices and Simulation Models
Electric Charges
Electric Voltage
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move
a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
• Mathematically, (volt)
i i
+ +
v v
– –
Passive sign convention
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
p 0
• Mathematical expression t t
w pdt vidt
t0 t0
Therefore,
v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
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v2
p v i i2 R
R
b l n 1
Example 1
N
Mathematically, in 0
n 1
I + 4 - (-3) -2 = 0
I = -5A
M
Mathematically, vn 0
m 1
V1 = I ∙R1 ; v2 = I ∙ R2 ; v3 = I ∙ R3
va vb
I
R1 R2 R3
Example
Example
, 3 and 2A
are in parallel
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
v=iR kv=kiR
Additive property
v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R
v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2
Answer: Io = 3A
28
Michael E.Auer 24.10.2012 EE01
Electrical Engineering – Electric Circuits Theory
6V is discarded
by short-circuit
Answer: v = 10V
-
(a) Independent source transform
-
Remarks:
Example
where
• VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals.
+
2A 6 4 VT
2A
h
(b)
Where
Example 2vx
i
+
Find the Norton equivalent circuit + +
vx vx +
of the circuit shown below. 6
ix
2 1V
(a)
2vx
+
+
vx Isc
6 10 A 2
Answer: RN = 1 , IN = 10A
(b)
Introduction
Things we need to know in solving any resistive circuit
with current and voltage sources only:
Number of equations
• Ohm’s Law b
• Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL) n-1
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL) b – (n-1)
mesh = independend loop
Number of branch currents and
branch voltages = 2b (variables)
Problem: Number of equations!
Equations:
R1 i1 + (i1 – i2 R3 = V1
R2 i2 + R3 i2 – i1) = -V2
reordered:
(R1+ R3 i1 - i2 R3 = V1
- R3 i1 + (R2 + R3 i2 = -V2
Note:
i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginative, not measurable directly)
I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
I1 = i1; I2 = i2; I3 = i1 - i2
( R1 R3 ) R3 i1 V1
R3 ( R2 R3 ) i2 V2
Impedance matrix Excitation
Mesh currents
General rules:
1. Main diagonal: ring resistance of mesh n
2. Other elements: connection resistance between meshes n and m
• Sign depends on direction of mesh currents!
Example
reordered:
v1 G3 v2
(G1+ G3 v1 - v2 G3 = 1A
- G3 v1 + (G2 + G3 v2 = - 4A
G1 G2
(G1 G3 ) G3 v1 1A
G3 (G2 G3 ) v2 2A
Admittance matrix Excitation
Node voltages
General rules:
Summary