STRUCTURAL STEEL

MODULE 2
UNIT 4
  Extremely versatile construction material
 Function – support loads, resist forces
STRUCTURAL acting on a structure
STEEL  Manufactured according to standard
specs which prescribe limits on
mechanical properties and chemical
composition
Introduction
  Man-made metal consisting of
Structural 95% iron.
Steel
Structural Steel

Composition
Iron carbide
Matrix iron
particles
Soft Hard
Ductile Strong
 Two Main Classes

Structural Steel
Sections

Cold-formed Hot-rolled

Made by passing thin Produced by passing a

steel strip through sets heated billet between
of rolls that form the successive pairs of
strip into desired rolls that squeeze the
section by bending steel into the final
process shape
 Properties
 Enables structures of light weight or long span to be
built
Strength

Main
Characteristics

Ability of a material to
undergo large Ductility
extensions without
fracture
 Properties

 Structural steel has the

highest strength, both
in tension and in
compression, of
commonly used
construction materials.
 Steel Quality

 Should be in acceptable limits to meet the requirements of a load bearing

material.
 Guaranteed minimum yield stress is provided by the steel producer
according tot he SABS 1431 specifications.
 The grade designation number of structural steel gives a direct indication of
the yield stress in megapascals (MPa).
Steel Grade Yield Stress fy Tensile strength fu
(MPa) (Mpa)
240W 240 380
300W 300 450
350W 350 480
450W 450 550
 Most commonly used structural steel in SA is Grade 300W (weldable)
 Stress-strain Curve

 Stress – intensity of stress in the specimen

 Strain – extension or stretching of the specimen divided by its original
length
 Four distinct zones:
1. Specimen extends in elastic phase (if load removed – original length)
2. Upon further loading the specimen will reach the yield stress where
the specimen will extend without increase in load (plastic range i.e.
permanent extension). Steel structures are designed to always be
below yield stress so that no permanent deflection or deformation is
experienced.
3. Specimen gains strength and requires increase in load to cause
further extension.
4. When ultimate strength is reached, necking occurs and the force to
cause further extension reduces because of the reduction in cross-
sectional area of the specimen.
 Tolerances

 The rolling process does not always produce sections

to the exact dimensions and sections may be slightly
thicker, etc. These deviations must be within limits
known as ‘rolling tolerances’.
 Welding distortion also cause a degree of deviation
due to shrinkage of the molten weld metal during
cooling.
 Steel Section and Plate

Forms of steel (described according to cross-sectional shape)

 I-sections
 H-sections
 Channels
 Angles
 Flats
 Bars
 Plates
 Sheets
 Cold-formed sections
 Hollow sections
 Standard Steel Tables

 Structural steel is produced in a number of different

strength grades.
 The grade designation number gives a direct
indication of the yield stress of steel in Mpa.

 Table 4.1
 Bolted connections

 Bolts are used to join steel components to one

another and also transmit forces from the one
member to the other.
Types of bolts:
 Black bolts – grade 4.6
 Black bolts – grade 8.8
 High strength friction bolts
 Rules regarding the use of bolts

 Minimum pitch (s) – the distance between the

centres of bolts shall not be less than 2.7 times the
nominal diameter of the bolt
 Edge or end distance (a) – from centre of bolt to
edge of plate must not be less than 1,4 times the
nominal diameter of the bolt.
 Lay-out

 Rectangular
 Staggered
 Backmark

 Holes in flanges of channels or legs of angles are

placed at a set distance from the heel of the channel
or angle. This distance is the backmark.
 Table 4.4
 Dimensioning

 Dimensions indicate the size of each component to be made to specification.

 Longest/overall dimension should be most remote from the object.
 Given in mm & positioned immediately above dimension line (centre).
Parallel to line
 Read from bottom or right
 Given from centre lines of
I- and H-sections
 Spacing of bolts indicated
c/c
 Bolts arranged in circle is
called a ‘pitch circle’ and the
diameter of this circle is
indicated.
Symbols
 Indication of Bolts and Bolt Holes

 Diameters shown to scale

 HSFG (high strength friction grip bolts)
 Distinction made between shop bolts and site bolts
 Only holes indicated, not bolts itself
 Holding Down Bolts

 Between 2 & 8 HD bolts used to position the column base accurately

 Transfers axial uplifting forces and moment from the base of the
column into the foundation
 HD bolt lay-out

 Duty of engineer
 Shows positions of all the column bases with cross-centres
of the HD bolts for each base.
 Plan also indicates top-of-foundation levels, overall sizes
and thicknesses of the base plates, HD projections and
grout thicknesses.
 Welded connections

 Welding ensures the joining of two pieces of steel by heating

their edges to a molten state so that they fuse together.
 Alternative to shop bolting
 Indicated on drawing by either thick line or by short 45
degree hatching.
 Welding symbols –
Table 4.7
Indication of Welding
 Sizes of welds

 Indicated in mm to the left of

the weld symbol
  Activity 4.1
HOMEWORK  Activity 4.2
 Self-Evaluation Pg 133
 UNIT 5

STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

BASE-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
 Base-to-column connections

 A base transmits the vertical loads and bending moments

into the foundation of the column.
 The column is fixed to the foundation by means of a base
plate (bolted to concrete foundation)
 Homework

 Activity 5.1
 Self
Evaluation
 UNIT 6

STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
 Beam-to-column connections

 I-section most efficient shape to resist bending

moment and shear force.
 Fig 6.1
 Fig 6.2
 Activities
 UNIT 7

STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

BEAM-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS
Beam-to-beam connections
  Trusses are used in the roof
construction of medium to large
UNIT 8 span buildings.
 Able to support heavy loading
 May be bolted/welded together.
Roof Structures
Types of
trusses
and
lattice
girders
 Roof Trusses
 Long members –tension (ties)
 Short members – compression
(struts)
 Purlin span 0.9-3.5 m
Roof Structures

 Fig 8.3
 Type 1

Typical Roof Trusses

 Joining roof truss members

 These members are joined using bolts or welding

 Method will depend on production method:
 Transported to site in 1 or 2 sections or dispatched piece for
on-site assembly
 Engineer will make this decision

 Welding advantage – no gusset plate, less

complicated, neat
 Bolting advantage – more economical
 Welded truss detailing - Fig 8.6
 Bolted truss detailing - Fig 8.7
 When welded, heel of internal bracing is at top
 When bolted, heel of internal bracing is at bottom
 See fig 8.8-9
  For long span construction
(where depth to span ratio is
Type 2 small)
Lattice Girders  Frames of open web construction
 Parallel chords and booms
 Fig 8.10
Lay-out

Bolted construction

• The centres of gravity of each member meet at the

node point (SOP)
• Also see fig 8.12b, 8.13a, 8.13b
Gussets
 Calculate number of bolts in each member

 Bolts – M20 Grade 4.8 bearing bolts

 Factored sheared resistance per bolt:
 37.9 kN in single shear

 75.7 kN in double shear

Example
Bracing A Bracing B Bracing C
Force = 105 kN Force = 165 kN Force = 39 kN
No of bolts = No of bolts = __ No of bolts = __
105/37.9 = 2.9 bolts required bolts required
therefore 3 bolts
required

4.4=5
1=2
  Solid/web arch construction

Type 3

Portal Frames
Typical truss &
purlin system Roof Systems
Lattice Girders Roof Systems
Gusset
Shapes
 STEPS TO DESIGN GUSSET PLATE

 Draw a line diagram of

truss at 1:50 scale.

 Draw the centrelines of the

members at point A.

 Draw the members

 Position bolts

 Draw in the gusset plate

 When drawing the gusset plate........

 Allow minimum distance e from the hole to edge of the plate

 No plate corners should extend outside the members

 Design shape of plate for a minimum cut

 Try to get the sides of the plate parallel

 HOMEWORK

ALL ACTIVITIES!!!
PG 184 -189