What is PCB?

PCB is a copper laminated and non-conductive Printed Circuit Board, in which all electrical
and electronic components are connected in one common board with physical support for all
components with base of board.

Different Parts of PCB

➢ A pad is nothing but a piece of copper
on which lead of components are
mounted and on which soldering is done.
➢ Component are the actual devices used in the circuit.
➢ Trace: In PCB, components are not connected with the help of wires. All components relate to
a conducting material like copper.
➢ Layers: According to application, cost and available space of circuit, user can choose the layer
of PCB.
➢ Silk layer: Silk layer is used for printing line, text, or any art on the surface of PCB. Usually, for
screen printing epoxy ink is used.
➢ Top and bottom layer: In Top layer of PCB, all components are mounted in this layer of PCB.
➢ Solder Mask: There is one additional layer on the top of copper layer called Solder Mask. This
layer generally has a green color, but it can be of any color.

PCB Materials
The main element is dielectric substrate which is rigid or flexible.
1 FR4: FR stands for FIRE RETARDENT. For all types of PCB manufacturing, the most common
glass laminated material is FR4.
2 FR-1 and FR-2: This material is made from paper and phenol compounds and this material is
used for only a single layer PCB. Both FR1 and FR2 have similar characteristics, the only
difference is glass transition temperature.
3 CEM-1: This material is made from paper and two layers of woven glass epoxy and phenol
compounds, and this material is used for Single sided PCB only.
4 CEM-3: this material is white colored, glass epoxy compound which is mostly used in double
layer PCB.
5 Polyimide: This material is used in flexible PCB. This material is made from kepton, rogers,
dupont.
6 Prepreg: means pre-impregnated. It is a Fiberglass impregnated with resin.
PCB designing software:
1 EAGLE is the most popular and easiest way to design PCB. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable
Graphical Layout Editor which is previously developed by CadSoft Computer and currently
Autodesk is developer of this software.
2 Multisim is also a very powerful and easy to learn software. Which was originally developed by
Electronics Workbench and now it is a division of National Instruments (NI).
3 EasyEDA is software which is used to design and simulate circuits. This software is an integrated
tool for schematic capture, SPICE circuit simulation, based on Ngspice and PCB layout.
4 Altium Designer -This software is developed by Australian software company Altium Limited.
The main features of this software are schematic capture, 3D PCB design, FPGA development
and release/data management.
5 KiCad - This software is developed by jean-pierre charras. This software has tools which can
create BoM (Bill of Material), artwork and 3D view of PCB as well as all components used in
circuit.
6 CircuitMaker -This software is also developed by Altium. Schematic editor of this software
includes basic component placement, and this software is used to design advanced multichannel
and hierarchical schematics.
 ALL ABOUT MICROSOFT EXCEL

Software- refers to the programs and data associated with them that enable your computer to work.

Active Cell - Cells are currently displayed with a dark border or selected.

Microsoft Excel - Enables you to use formulas to perform many calculations on data stored. in cells

arranged in rows and columns.

Text Alignment - select the control that contains the text you want to align. · Click the Align Text Left, Center,
or Right buttons.

Formulas - refers to mathematical equations used in Excel to perform calculations and all formulas must begin
with equal (=) symbol. Also composed of values, cell references, arithmetic operators, and special functions.

Column - In a worksheet, the vertical spaces with the headings A, B, C and so on.

Row - In a worksheet, the horizontal spaces with the headings 1, 2, 3 and so on.

Workbook - Single Excel file containing one or more worksheets.

Worksheets - Single report or tab in workbook.

Cell - Intersection of row and column.

Chart - A pictorial representation of data you enter in worksheet shows more descriptive data.

Template - A special type of document that contains preset information and formatting.

In Excel, an absolute cell reference is a cell reference in which the column and row coordinates stay constant.,

while copying a formula from one cell to the other. A dollar symbol ($) is used before the coordinates to,

correct them.

A group of cells is called a cell range.

Conditional formatting makes it easy to highlight certain values or makes cells easy to identify.

MICROSOFT EXCEL - FUNCTIONS

IF - allows you to make logical comparisons between a value and what you expect

SUM - The function that lets you add up a range of cells or values.

MAX - Function was used to find the highest data in a cell range.

MIN - Function was used to find the lowest data in a cell range.

VLOOKUP - find things in a table or a range by row.

 ALL ABOUT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT)

Microsoft Publisher - A kind of software that allows you to manipulate text and graphics in frames on a page
to create magazines, brochures, and other complex documents.

Graphics program - Can be used to create posters, perform image processing to improve or alter
photographs. Or create original artwork.

Network - Refers to a group of two or more computer systems linked together.

Bookmark - refers to links to websites that make it easy to get back to your favorite sites.

Hyperlink - refers to a connection between one page of a hypertext document to another, they appear blue on
the page and are sometimes underlined.

Search Engine - is a software system designed to carry out web searches. They search the World Wide Web in
a systematic way for information specified in a textual web search query. Popular examples of search engines are
Google, Yahoo!, Bing, and MSN Search

GUI (Graphical User Interface) - is an interface through which a user interacts with electronic devices such as
computers and smartphones using icons, menus and other visual indicators or representations (graphics).

The smallest unit of measurement in computing is a BIT. And 8 BITS make up a Byte.

Document Files - are files you create and edit.

Word-processing software, graphics programs and accounts packages would be examples of Applications
software.

Operating System - The following software’s refers to look after the way the hardware of the computer,
communicates with the user. It controls input, output, and storage devices, manages files, and security.