DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Engr. Rendell Jason M. Lagman

1
 Differential equations is a powerful tool in solving many
real-world problems in engineering, physical sciences,
natural sciences, business and economics.

Electric Circuit Analysis

Control and Dynamical Systems

Mechanics (Rigid and Fluid)

Electromagnetism

Wave Theory

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 𝟐

dependent variable independent variable

derivative of wrt : Higher order derivatives:

𝟐
𝟐
𝟐

derivative of w.r.t. time: Partial derivatives:

𝟐

𝟐 𝒙𝒙

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• an equation containing derivatives or
differentials
• expresses a relation between an
unknown function and its derivatives.
• may contain one or more derivatives
• one or more independent variables

Ordinary differential equations Partial differential equations

𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟐

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• The order of a DE is the highest derivative in the equation.
• The degree of a DE is the power of the highest ordered derivative, after
the equation has been rationalized and cleared of fractional powers

𝟐 𝟑

𝟐
𝟑 2nd order, 1st degree

𝟐 𝟑⁄ 𝟐 2nd order, 2nd degree

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A differential equation is linear if
• The dependent variable and its derivatives are of first degree (linear)
• All coefficients are constants or functions of the independent variable

linear 𝟐
linear

𝟐 nonlinear 𝟐
nonlinear

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙

linear nonlinear
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• Most ODEs that arise in engineering are linear with constant
coefficients
• Sometimes, they are approximate versions of more complex nonlinear
models but they are sufficiently accurate for most purposes.

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 Logistic differential equation

𝟐
𝟐 Acceleration in simple harmonic motion
𝟐

𝟐 𝟑/𝟐 Radius of curvature

𝟐 𝟐
One dimensional wave equation
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

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Determine the order and the degree of the following equations
1. 5y’ = cos x

2. 3y” + 9y = e–2x

3. y’2 + 8x3y’ = 16x2y

4. 2xy”2 + y(y’)3 = 3e–x

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Determine whether the following equations are linear or nonlinear

1. y’ + 2y = x2 + 1
2. y” – 5eyy’ + 3t = 0
3. y” – 4y’ – 5t2 = 0
𝟒 𝟐
4. 𝟒 𝟐

5. uxx + uuyy = sin t

6. uxx + sin (u) uyy = cos t

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Engr. RENDELL JASON M. LAGMAN
 The solution of a differential equation is a function
or a relation that satisfies the equation.

General solution Particular solution

• set of all solutions of a DE • The solution which is free of

• complete solution
• contains one or more arbitrary
constants called parameters.
• nth order DE has n parameters
arbitrary constants
• satisfies a unique condition
The solution of an nth order DE must
have at least n derivatives.

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• Consider the equation

• This has a general solution in the

form

• This can be verified by substitution.

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 𝑦 = −2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1, 𝐶 = −10, 0, 10, 20, 30
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• Verify that y = xex is a solution of y’’ – 2y’ + y = 0.

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The general solution of the equation of
the form

can be found by repeated (n) integrations

• Example: Solve the equation

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 y = –cos 2x + c1x + c2
C1 = 1, C2 = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

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 An initial-value problem (IVP) is a differential
equation with a given set of initial condition(s)

𝟎 𝟎 I.C.

An nth order equation requires n conditions.

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Solve

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 THANK YOU!

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