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Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11

Quarter 3 – Module 11: Defining forms of Fallacies
First Edition, 2020

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 11
Introduction of Philosophy of the
Human Person

Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 11
DEFINING FORMS OF FALLACIES
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person

Grade 11 Self-Learning Module on Defining Forms of Fallacies!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Self-

Learning Module on Defining Forms of Fallacies!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 At the end of this lesson, students are expected to categorize different
forms of fallacies.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. (5 questions)

1. This fallacy uses the same term multiple times but imbuing with a different
meaning each time.
a. Equivocation c. Appeal to Pity
b. Composition d. Appeal to Ignorance

2. This fallacy assumes that just because part of the whole is true, the whole is
also true.
a. Equivocation c. Appeal to Pity
b. Composition d. Appeal to Ignorance

3. The argumentator appeals to and exploits the emotion of the other. What
fallacy is committed here?
a. Equivocation c. Appeal to Pity
b. Composition d. Appeal to Ignorance

4. The argumentator claims that just because something is not proven false, it
must be true. What logical error is this called?
a. Division c. Appeal to Pity
b. Composition d. Appeal to Ignorance

5. This is the opposite of composition. What is it called?

a. Division c. Appeal to Pity
b. Composition d. Appeal to Ignorance

Direction: To recall the previous lesson, cite one instance of reason and
reasoning.

A. Reason:
_____________________________________________________________________
 B. Reasoning:
_____________________________________________________________________

FORMS OF FALLACIES

An argument is evaluated on the basis of validity and soundness. The

argument is valid if it is impossible for all the premises to be true yet the
conclusion false. However, a valid argument does not necessarily mean that
it is true. Validity comes from a logical conclusion based on logically
constructed premises. On the other hand, the soundness of an argument is
determined by its strength. A sound argument succeeds in providing
probable support to the conclusion.

Consequently, fallacy is an error in an argument. A rational individual

may detect fallacies by carefully analyzing the argument’s content. Let us
enumerate some common forms of fallacies.

a. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam)

This is an appeal to emotion whereby the person attempts to win

support for a claim by appealing to the opponent’s pity or guilt.

b. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)

This fallacy informs the person that whatever is not proven false must
be true.

c. Equivocation

This type of fallacy makes use of a word or term repeatedly in an

argument but imbuing the word with different meaning each time.

d. Composition

This error implies that something is true of the whole from the fact
that it is true for some part of the whole. Its reverse form is division.

e. Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem)

The person engaging in this fallacy attacks not the validity or

soundness of the argument or idea but the characteristics of the
opponent.

f. Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)

 This is an argument where force, coercion, or threat of force is
provided as a justification for the claim.

g. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum)

This is an argument where the person attempts to win support by

appealing to people’s desire for esteem and gaining on popularity.

h. False cause (Post hoc)

This error in reasoning informs that since event B followed event A,

the latter must have caused the former. It is also referred to as
coincidental correlation, or simply correlation and not causation.

i. Hasty generalization

A person commits this error by reaching a generalization based on

vague or insufficient evidence.

j. Begging the question (Petitio principii)

It is a type of fallacy wherein the proposition to be proven is already

presumed in the premise.

Direction: Identify the fallacies being committed in the following arguments.

1. You should not report your friend who cheated during the exam. If he
gets punished it will be your fault.
2. David speaks Ilocano and he’s from Zambales. Everyone from
Zambales must be speaking Ilocano.
3. No one has yet proven that aliens do not exist, therefore they must
exist.
4. She will not be a competent leader because she’s a woman.
5. Copying answers from Google and using it in class as though it’s your
own is wrong because it’s immoral.
To wrap up the lesson, list three instances of how fallacies are used in daily
life.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Avoiding fallacies not only clarifies our arguments but also leads us
closer to truth which each human strives to know. Cite at least three
situations in which being aware of forms of fallacies actually helps.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A person commits this fallacy by making general conclusion based on

an insufficient account. What is it?
a. Appeal to the People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to the Person d. Hasty Generalization

2. A person commits this fallacy by resorting to threats when in

argument. What is it called?
a. Appeal to the People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to the Person d. Hasty Generalization
3. This fallacy attributes the validity or invalidity of an argument to the
personal characteristics of the person rather than to its logical merits.
What is it called?
a. Appeal to the People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to the Person d. Hasty Generalization

4. This fallacy exploits people’s vanities and desire for esteem. What is
this error called?
a. Appeal to the People c. Appeal to Force
b. Appeal to the Person d. Hasty Generalization

5. This logical error presumes in the premises what must be first proven.
a. Appeal to the People c. Appeal to Force
b. Begging the Question d. Hasty Generalization
Store Inc.
C. Ramos. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Manila. Rex Book
References
ACTIVITY PRE TEST
POST TEST
1. APPEAL TO PITY 1. A
1. D 2. COMPOSITION 2. B
2. C 3. APPEAL TO 3. C
3. B IGNORANCE 4. D
4. A 4. APPEAL TO THE 5. A
5. B PERSON
5. BEGGING THE
QUESTION