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    Anant Kumar Mathur

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    Lasers and Hologray INTRODUCTION i ous chapters, interesting phenomena of int ‘fraction of light including ital Sa cal eee oceanic g applications. The concept of interference is applied to testing the aetico Sand this led to the development of flatness interferometers: An exciting use of the ae in the preparation of nionreflecting or antieflecting coatings that fs (for example, eye glass le y snses) and other optical devices for reducing the srrons and hence in improving ihe efficeney of the system like tele: Wd jai f scope. However, you W have leamt that in order to realise the above mentioned phenomena in an efficient waytthere is a need. fusing the coherent and monochromatic sources as the phase of incoherent source (light) v aries: ott oe domly with time and position. This need of monochromatic and coherent sources contributed to the birth of.a special type of device that amplifies light and produces ahigh intense and highly directional beam which mostly has a very pure wavelength. This device is called LASER. Lasers are available with power ranging roughly from 1 nW (= 10° W) to 10° PW (1 PW = 10!) W) and with frequency ranging from 100 GHz (1 GHz = 10° Hz) t@ 100 PHz. Now a days the lasers with pulse duration as short as ~ 1 fs (= 10s) are availabl with their pulse energies as high as 10KI- The name LASER is an acronym of Light Amphificalct by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, The immediate originator to the LASER is the MASER, formerly acronym of Microwave ‘Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Since the techniques hi ave been extended to the infrared and optical regions, it has now come to stand for Molecular rather than Microwave amplification. A laser ght signals, These process ys nthe previ yolarisation ‘fell as engineerin pptical component concept of interference 18 ™ sppled to surfaces of lenses s mainly include stimulated emission son takes place in amplifying meg, uses some processes that amplify | and optical feedback provided by mirrors. ‘The stimulated em! edi contained by the laser. The application of set ‘of mirrors is to feed the light back to the amplifying medium so that the developed beam is grown continuously. The key concept for realisation ofthe laser Operation is the principle of coherence accompanying stimulated emission. a Scanned with CamScanner us emission transition from sate 2 to stat \ " ' coefficient of spontaneous emission of radiation. Bo Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner | i — ol so umouy ose sla pes pur snoauesvods jo a sow (9x) uonenba © gags sows PENS suods 0 iF ( w os) Fut (yn ‘uu eo 24x) ba wo aL sumsuoo uueuzyog 2 8 2941 im) oda ye wm bs 3 pe 9 sus Blu BoD Swe Jo HOUMA amu © SUB © Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner v Rf MAIN COMPONENTS OF LASER Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 4s Engineering Physics, 2 Az laser, chromium ions are active Centres Which ae 1e of Ruby Laser inthis for the laser transition, A simplified energy level aie of chromium ions in ruby crystal is shoy 4.10. In the normal state, most of the chron the ground state E,. When light from the.) |! of wavelength, $3004 is made to fall upon the ruby rod, THesencidzn0 photons are absorbed by the yt ions that rise to the excited state E,. Then they give a part of their energy to the crystal structure O%y the metastable state, ie. the , These fons in metastable state can remain for a longer duratigg re “| Therefore the number of isin this state goes on increasing while atthe same time numberof ions in | State goes on decreasing due to the optical pumping. Thus, the population inversion is establisheg ein vf the metastable state and the ground state. Weal Working Prin rt-live stat Short.iive state |, & jation-less Transition Cotes Radiation-less Tra Pumping ees Metastable state, we Spontaneous Bree Emission este my | oi E ~ Ground'state Fig. 4.10 When an excited ion passes spontaneously from the metastable state to the ground state, it emits a photong wavelength 6943A. This photon travels parallel to the axis of ruby rod and stimulates the surroundi present in the metastable state. Then by stimulated emission other photons are emitted, which are in the phae with the stimulating photons. By successive reflections of these photons at the ends of the rod, every time th stimulated emission is achieved and we obtain an intense, coherent and unidirectional laser beam from te | partially silvered face B. The muby laser operates at about 1% efficiency. It may produce alaser beam of 1 mm to 25 mm in diamee| The beam obtained is in the form of pulses, However, on the advantage side, very strong beam as stron 10,000 W in power is produced. Furthermore, the construction of this laser is simple and the operation i very easy. For this reason, this Jaser is also known as practical laser. Other examples of solid state lasers at | Neodynium-YAG (Nd-YAG), Neodynium-Glass (Nd-Glass) and'semiconductor lasers. As we know that the output beam of the ruby laser is not continuous. To overcome this drawback, the filled laser was made by A. Javan, W. Bennett and D. Herriott in 1961. It consists of a quartz tube having bh size about 1.5 cm in diameter and about J meter in length. The both ends of the tube are sealed by optically plane and parallel mirrors, one of them'being partially silvered (90% reflective) and the other one is ful silvered (100% reflective) .2 Nd-YAG Laser: Solid State Laser This laser is capable of producing very high power emissions, as a result of its lasing medium that operates four level systems. The schematic of Nd-YAG laser is shown in Fig. 4.11. The lasing medium in the Nd-YAG laser is colourless, isotropic crystal called Yttrium aluminaum garnet (YAG-Y,AI,O,). The main dopat Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 410 Engineering Physics ‘optimised to buildup the maxi beam pulse with high enersy Pumped upto the excited is shown in Fig. 4.14, THe—— Ground state ee Scanned with CamScanner Pr 10 28 > Abou am owe aN v pu 9H © 50 HOH ea eas SL a ‘yon eH Moat Scanned with CamScanner Engineering Physics helps producing a large populations in upper | level and helium helps removing population from ecules are shown in Fig. 4.16. The radiated photon, “Sy evel. Related energy levels of N, and CO, mol i ee (] See CO,(001) sof CO,(100) oe ——co,(020) F 0,010) Ground State by: .Co,(000) Fig. 4.16 back and forth between the end mirrors and get further amplified. It exhibits laser action at several infared frequencies but none in the visible. For example, it radiates light at 10.6 hm in far infrared. It is one of tie most efficient lasers, capable of operating at more than 30% efficiency. Hence, this laser is suitable fa industrial applications both in terms of energy efficiency and high out put beam; particularly it is used fr welding and cutting. (paseo Wetctor Laser ‘Semiconductor laser differs from the solid state and gas lasers in many aspects. It has remarkably small size, exhibits high efficiency and can be operated at low temperature. When the current is passed through «/ junction diode in forward bias, holes move from p-region to n-region and the electrons move from n-reBi® to p-region. These electrons and holes are recombined in the junction region and emit photons due 0 Feansition of clectrons Hom the conduction band to te ind. This results in stimulated radiate ‘coming fom a very narrow region near the junction. The action is inlensified by increasing tne curren! decreasing the junction thickness. Te Semiconductor laser is made up of an active layer of gallium arsenide (GaAs) of thickness 0.2 microns. ‘This sandwiched in between a n-.ype GaAsAl and p-type GaAsAl layer as shown in Fig. 4.17. The resonant cai is provided by polishing opposite faces of the GaAs crystal and the pumping occurs by passing electri source (Power Supply). From this system GaAs semiconductor, laser beat" can be produced. current from an ordina wavelength ranging from 7000 A to 30,000 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner AHAVUDOLOHA ya AHAVUDOIOH 6 4 Scanned with CamScanner ——x——— 4.16 Engineering Physics 2 8 E contains depth and parallax, w hich provides the to see around the object to objects placed by 8 It gives information about amplitude as well as the phas n object. So hologram preserves ome | < about the object for latter observation ‘ation = , x re is one to one relationship between object and image point as the; | ee focused on that particular point. 1h) ag S Weg | ¥ B In conventional photography, the! originating from a particular point of scene 1s collected by a le! in holography lens is not used and this is a complex i Hologram receives light from eve y point of a scene and hence there 1s record of entire signal wave. In conventional photography. different distances and directions technique of interference of light waves. ttern of microscop) of wave arriving fro, p is recorded by u: cad e rded and phase relations! hy phase relation: radiated energy 1s reco! lost. However, in holograp aA RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF IMAGE "|, ON HOLOGRAPH = Ihe object wave and the reference wave, which is Aswé gram is a result of superpositions of tl interference pattern is recorded by a photographic plate that contains information s phase of the object wave. In order to see the image, hologram is illuminated with on wave which is identical to the reference wave in most of the cases ge on the hologram. Recording of a holo, usually a plane wave. Thi about amplitude as we! another wave called the reconstruc This is called reconstruction of ima (Usin ferTojoy 241 j0 fodrao> i uso 30 werSoj0}1 uoyssyuusuery ST Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner lographic i ng the hologram and then placing rer weer mi Set te: ot ace mrane mergers eerste | Tepe en ‘blurry rainbow image laser light through thf the seene is possible in transmission holograms. we image thus formed of reflection holograms, 4112.1 One Step Hologram Scanned with CamScanner Ee) SNOLLVOI1ddV Je FaatrA 0 Sa I 44 dp oy, i sn Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner “The energy of the stimulated emission photons piven by a hy = Bo AN 10™eV. sec *3 * 10" m/sec rea 6944 «10m = 18ev. ‘And hence the total energy due to al he pulses is given by Eye NE 6010 18eV «1.6 10" Je =17 Joules [Béaple 4, Cacule the power per unit tea delivered by a laser pulse of energy $0 * 10" Joule and i pulse length in time as 10° sec, When the pulse is focused on target to a very smal pt radius 1.5 «10° m, | Séhiti6R Gnen P80 107J.r= 18% 10m ‘Formula used for power delivered per unit area is given by a = 40%10"° t= E where p = 407,104 10" see 10>. The laser beam is sent 10 0% angular spread and (b) real spread W™ is F | Scanned with CamScanner = 087% = 088772 107 25x 107 ‘ = 183410" ain oor 24x 10° 183451057 ) 253.85 «10m yarn pee ecm with an aperture of $0, the areal spread and intensity ofthe Jength 100 mm. ‘ston Given aS radius of aperture = nid diameter 2 er-25x 10m, = 6943» 107m, f= 0.1 =D DAME fre is 3 06st L Angular spread (0)= "=r o a 9: ae = 3.196» 108 Win Scanned with CamScanner 4.28 Engineering Physics cree time x, = 10M" see, Oblait he Siem Example ce, the coh For an ordinary source, the © ee city for A, = 5400 A non-monochromati Solution Given r,= 10" see veel, = 10"He 2 t~ 10" 30x10" = 1 y 49) Fora,= 5400 A, ¥,= <= S49 x10" — 18 degree of non-monochromaticity av_ 18*10" _ 19x 49"* = 0.000018. : 10 IF OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Q.1 LASER isa short form of (a) Light Amplification Stimulated Emission Radiation (g/Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation {c) Light Absorption by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (a) Light Absorption by Spontaneous Emission of Radiation. Q.2 What is the life-time of electron in metastable state? ot sec (b) 10° sec . (a) 10” sec Q.3__In the population inversion the number of electrons in higher energy state is more than the ground state (b) the number of electrons in lower energy state is more than higher energy state (©) the aumber of electrons in higher and lower energy state are same. (4) none of them Qa The relations between Einstein's coefficient A and B i ws (b) ©(——} (@) QS Laser beam is made of (@) electrons wy highly coherent photons (©) very light and elastic particles (4) none of them Scanned with CamScanner pera eoie Ea yy yuods st se sn000 POUR a vot wae ps rood 0 vrs 0 gasp 04 2. ououtt PUP eee 3 ue 0 \ jeuonsautp

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