A Systematic Review on Synthesis and Application of Iron

Oxide Nanoparticles
Tabbu1,a), Kamalesu2,b)
1,2
Department Of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences,

Chandigarh University, Gharuan-140413, Mohali, Punjab, India

a)
Corresponding Author: tabbubhatt894@gmail.com

Abstract. Magnetic nanoparticles are of many types. One of them is Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) which can be
moulded via magnetic field and it have unique properties like high sensitivity, high adsorption and size efficiency. Due to
their wide spread attention IONPs acclimate number of biomedical applications. Basically, IONPs size ranges from 1-100nm
and average size of these nanoparticles is 3-11nm. These nanoparticles are easily resorbable, cost effective and required in
small amount. In this review paper we have discussed about some of important and common method by which iron oxide
nanoparticles can synthesized. Then we have briefly discussed the potential applications of magnetic nanoparticles such as
their widespread application in biomedicine which include drug delivery, MRI and hyperthermia. Along with these
applications we have summarized magnetic nanoparticles application in agriculture and environment treatment also.

Keywords: Iron oxide nanoparticle, MNPs, biomedicine, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, agriculture,
environment.

INTRODUCTION
Nanoparticles are of many types and one of them is magnetic nanoparticles which can be obtained by using
magnetic field. MNPs are made up of two portions one of them is magnetic material such as iron, cobalt, nickel
other is chemical component which have some functionality.

Easily
Recoverab
le Required in
Cost
Effective
small
amount
IRON OXIDE
NANOPARTICAL
S Simple
Efficient
preparation

High High
Adsorption sensitivity
FIG
URE 1. General properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

In the last few years many efforts have been made to prepare and synthesize IONPs with unique properties such
as high surface area and paramagnetic properties which help in facilitating their separation from reaction media
by applying extra magnetic field [1]. Magnetic nanoparticles are nano-sized particles which are processed by
applying external magnetic field and it shows superparamagnetic ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic properties.
Average size of MNPs is 1-100nm and IONPs exhibit average size of 3-11nm. Those MNPs which exhibit
superparamagnetic properties they show very special and keen interest due to strong magnetic interaction under
the external magnetic field. These properties gets disappear once magnetic field get removed[2]. In the last few
years more research has been done on various type of iron oxides in the area of magnetic nanoparticles
involving the Fe3O4 magnetite, Fe2O3 hematite, weakly ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic along with FeO.
Among these oxides magnetite and maghemite are one of the most promising and well-liked iron oxide because
their compatibility has already been established. Superparamagnetic IONPs are considered to be modern
platform in various applications such as drug delivery, contrast agent in the image diagnostic and hyperthermia
treatment for the cancer[3]. Because of great compatibility of iron oxide magnetic nano sized particles these
particles are used in biomedical applications. Much study has been done in recent years on the synthesis of
IONPs for obtaining particles shape and size and composition of particles[4]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles have ability to bind with haemoglobin in human body through normal physiological mechanism to
avoid accumulatio in the human body. It is applicable for the people with poor kidney and liver function [5].
The dielectric as well magnetic properties of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles which are functionalized with
organic polymer (a core shell structure) were designed and the theoretical parameters were matched with
experimental data resulting good predictability of the nano sized particles properties[6]. Magnetic nanoparticles
are advantageous in the development of sustainable, specific size, particular shape and clean support. MNPs
exhibit large surface area and are known to be non-toxic, readily accessible and retriable[7].

Shape and Size of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Researchers have observed that shape and size of IONPs plays significant role for the implementation in
different fields. IONPs occurs in different forms like maghemite, magnetite, hematite and wustite. Fe3O4,
@Fe2O3 and gFe2O3 are the main forms of IONPs which are used for the various applications. As the size of
iron oxide nanoparticals decreases the superparamagnetic behaviour increases. The size of size of Fe3O4
commonly lies between 10-12nm, due to very small size Fe3O4 implies so many application due to
biocompatibility, less size, surface to volume ratio, high stability and low cost to prepare them[8].
TABLE 1. Commanly used type of IONPs and their properties

TYPE OF IONPs SYNTHESIS METHOD SIZE ANALYSIS METHOD

Fe3O4 (Magnetite) Thermal decomposition 10-12nm TEM, TGA, XRD

Co-precipitation method
Fe2O4 (Hamatite) Hydrothermal method 50-140nm XRD, SEM, TEM
Microemulsion
Fe2O4 (Meghemite) Hydrothermal method 7-20nm TEM, XRD
Co-precipitation method

FIGURE 2. Different shape and size of iron oxide nanoparticles

Synthesis Method of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

In last decade it has been found that there are so many approaches for synthesizing MNPs like bottom up and
top-down approach. In this review paper only promising and efficient methods has been discussed by which
specific shape and size of particles can be obtained easily. These methods are Co-precipitation which is very
common method other methods are hydrothermal method, thermolysis method, microemulsion method and
sonochemical method. Sonochemical synthesis method is usually used to produce high quantity iron oxide
nanoparticles. In this review paper all these methods are approved for IONPs synthesis and yield obtained is
also very good rather than other synthesis method.[9].
 SYNTHESISM ETHOD
CO-PRECIPITATION MICROEMULSION
METHOD METHOD

THERMAL SONOCHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION METHOD

HYDROTHERMAL
SYNTHESIS

FIGURE 3. Synthesis method of iron oxide nanopaticles

Coprecipitation Method
Coprecipitation method is most frequently used method for synthesis of Fe 3O4 or Fe2O3. In this method the salt
of Fe in aqueous solution reacted with base in the presence of mild oxidant to synthesize spherical nanoparticles
having size ranges from 30-100nm[9][10]. IONPs shape and size depend upon many conditions like type of salt
such as chloride, sulphate, nitrate and perchlorate also the ferric, ferrous ion ratio, the reaction temperature, the
PPH value ionic strength of the media and the other reaction parameters also. Coprecipitation synthesis of Fe 3O4
nanoparticles and the morphology, structure and magnetic properties depend upon different reaction temperature
for accurate synthesis [11]. Iron oxide nanoparticles detected through spectroscopic techniques including X-ray
diffraction, electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy [12]. In recent years it has been observed that the
controlled shape and producing cubic Fe 3O4 NPs as well as the properties of Fe 3O4 can be obtained by using
additive ammonia (NH3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in coprecipitation method. The PH of sodium(Na) and
the ratio between Fe+2/ Fe+3 and the temperature of reaction kept controlled and maintained throughout the
reaction procedure to produce cubic Fe3O4 NPs with enhances properties as compare to spherical Fe 3O4 NPs
[13]. SPIONs can be achieved by titrating base solution into Fe 3+/Fe2+ salt solutions and the process is known as
aqueous synthesis. During coprecipitation synthesis, it is not possible to separate nucleation stage and growth
stage and it results in polydisperse ratio. The poor crystallinity of products can be seen due to low reaction
temperature[14].
Thermal Decomposition

Thermolysis or thermal decomposition as name implies, is a method in which chemical substance is treated with
heat. The temperature at which the chemical substance get decomposed to nano sized particles is known as
thermal decomposition temperature. Thermolysis is the only method for producing high quality of crystal
growth IONPs. It is the most developed method among all the synthesizing method of IONPs[15]. Iron oxide
nanoparticles can be obtained by heating precursors till they decompose to molecules iron oxide. The
decomposition of IONPs requires high temperature, pressure, time and other parameters[16]. The size of
nanoparticles can be achieved only with the help of rise in temperature. In this synthesis method size obtain is
100-320nm and yield is very high as it is most commonly used method after coprecipitation [17]. Thermolysis
of organometallic precursors take proceeds under high temperature in the presence of sodium oleate [18].

Hydrothermal Method
In hydrothermal method of synthesis as name indicating water is used as a solvent. This reaction proceeds under
high temperature and pressure for crystal growth of IONPs. As this synthesis method requires high temperature
and pressure reactors the reaction rate get enhanced automatically for high crystallinity. This is also a
disadvantage because reactors used for this synthesis method are very expensive [18]. In recent years researcher
have found that specific size of IONPs can obtain only by adjusting suitable parameters, the average reaction
temperature for hydrothermal synthesis is 180- 220. In hydrothermal synthesis shape and size of particles also
depend upon precursor used. The uniform size of IONPs lead to high crystallinity, compatibility, super-para
magnetism which make it possible to show biomedical application like MRI, drug delivery, and to diagnose and
cure cancer [19].

Microemulsion Method
Microemulsion synthesis as name indicating it consist of two isotropic immiscible liquids one of them consist of
polar phase (water/aqueous) and other consist of non-polar phase (oil) and surfactant or co-surfactant.
Microemulsions also named as small-scale version of emulsion. Direct (dispersion of oil in water O/W) and
indirect (dispersion of water in oil W/O) microemulsion have been utilized for synthesis of IONPs. The
synthesis by O/W consist of non- ionic surfactant and W/O consist of cationic surfactant. By mixing these three
component of emulsion an isotropic homogenous mixture obtained [20]. The size, diffraction pattern and
morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles analysed by HRTEM and SAED techniques. The magnetization value
of W/O microemulsion is higher than that of O/W microemulsion due to the difference in former and latter
particle size of nanostructures. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of O/W ME-IONP display the wide peak
characteristics which indicates that the actual and real size of nanoparticles is very small. Iron oxide
nanoparticles prepared by microemulsion is used for the purification of proteins, and protein bound
nanoparticles can also be prepared by the microemulsion method [21]. Size of nanoparticles can be controlled
giving certain parameters like fixing drop size, concentration of reagent and type of surfactant. By applying
these parameters size and shape can be controlled. On the other hand yield obtained from microemulsion is less
whole comparing with co-precipitation method. [22].

Sonochemical Method
Sonochemical method is a standard and efficient method for synthesizing nanomaterials by the application of
powerful ultrasound radiation for fabricating, functionalizing the iron oxide nanoparticles. This synthesis
method is also used to synthesize other class of nanoparticles like Gold nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles and
Platinum nanoparticles. This method proceed under several conditions like temperature, pressure and cooling
rates [23]. In recent research it has been proved that by removal heavy metals like Lead(Pb) and Chromium(Cr)
from flue dust of aqueous solution can lead to synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by the sonochemical
method[24]. Sonochemical method is also used for developing Fe 3O4@Au NPs and implemented by
synthesizing Au layers on the Fe3O4 surface, with sodium citrate being used as a reductant and the TEM images
of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@Au NPs are highly uniformly spherical with specific size[25].
TABLE 2.

The synthesis method Reaction condition Reaction temperature Yield Ref.

Co-precipitation Simple, easy, ambient 20-90 High and [11]

measurable

Thermal decomposition High temperature, 100-320 Very high, [15]

pressure, very frequent measurable

Simple, high pressure, 180-220 Very high [18]

Hydrothermal method easy

Complicated, ambient 20-50 Low [20][21]

Microemulsion

Very simple, ambient, 20-50 Medium [24]

Sonochemical easy

Applications
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been used most due to their specific and unique properties and specific size of
these nanomaterials make them unique among all the class of magnetic nanoparticles. In iron oxide
nanomaterials as size decreases IONPs start behaving or showing superparamagnetic character. These
nanomaterials used in many applications which are given below[26].

Contrast
agent in
MRI

In Environment Biosepration

APPLICATIONS
OF IONPs
Hyperthermia
and
In Agriculture
Photothermal
therapy

Drug delivery
agent

FIGURE 4. Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles

Biomedical Applications
IONPs have several applications in biomedicine; the well- known application include contrast substance in
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cell labelling, hyperthermia and death of tumour tissue. Magnetite and
maghemite are most common due to their specific size and shape. When subjected to magnetic field under
suitable parameters, drug administrations and many other[27].
MRI: Iron oxide nanoparticles act as contrast agent in MRI owing to superparamagnetic activity, unique shape
and specific size, biocompativility, and their extremely low cost leads to cause super interest in them. IONs used
as T2 contrast probes. MRI has several innovative uses for magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis, heoatic
diseases, cancer metastasis to lymph nodes (metastasize), and in vivo tracking of implanted cell[28]. The
relaxibity of IONPs have been improved through the engineering of crystal and surface structure. IONPs with
high T2 relaxibity exhibit a number of important traits such as high saturated magnetization and appropriate
modifications[29]. Surface modified nanoparticles binds specific molecule when used as contrast agent and it
cause local inhomogeneities in the tissue which contain molecular target. As a result these inhomogeneities, the
T2 relaxation times decreases which lead to the contrast of MR image[30].
Drug delivery: The iron oxide nanoparticles have magnetic property which allow their remote control using a
magnetic field. By giving external magnetic field to that target region inside the body, IONPs navigate to that
particular target region. This method is very efficient and beneficial for implimentation of magnetic nanoparticle
in tissue or target organs[31]. It has been observed that development of drug delivery vehicles can provide the
ability to track the visualization of drugs[32]. IONPs are gaining attention as a vast component in medical
industry, biomedicine and biotechnology[33].
Hyperthermia: Hyperthermia is also named as overheating and heat illness. It is caused due to the body’s
inability to regulate its temperature from the high environmental heat. Hyperthermia mainly occurs in living
tissues when temperature rises above normal physiological temperature. In cancer therapy, hyperthermia is used
to kill cancer cells[34]. It involves raising the target cell temperature up to 42 0C, which make it easy to kill
target cell without harming healthy cells of surroundings. Under an alternative magnetic field ( AMF), magnetic
hyperthermia can be produced by eddy current heating of macroscopic magnetic material.[35]. The solgel
technique produce single phasic FeC nanoparticles with a size range of 19 to 34nm. XRD and TEM
spectroscopy is used to get these nanoparticles[36].
Bioseparation: It is the other type of biomedical application in which the separation of proteins take place.
Magnetic nanoparticle coated with charge bipyridinium carboxylic acid and biotin have been developed by
scientists. The fluorescein labelled protein avidin has been affinity isolated using these functionalized
particles[37].
 Agricultural Application

Iron oxide nanoparticles are produced via two approaches one is physical synthesis and other is chemical
synthesis but it has been found that most favourable approach is chemical synthesis. Some of chemical
approaches are very expensive and yield obtained from them is also very less along with this it causes harm and
not safe for some of the biomedical applications[38]. In order to find a suitable, cost friendly and eco-friendly
approach scientist have discovered new approach named as Green-synthesis. In this technique biological sources
such as algae, fungi etc. utilizes for the green synthesis and produce iron oxide nanoparticles[39]. IONPs have
size ranges from 1-50nm. Due to their tuneable size and morphology, iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit adsorbent
qualities for the removal of toxic metals such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Co(II), Pb(II), As(V),
Cr(III), and Cr(VI) present in water-waste and agricultural waste. The excessive use of organic compounds,
pesticides and antibiotics caused toxicity in environment and in agriculture field. It can be cure with non-
covalent interaction of iron oxide nanoparticle. Most toxic metallic element such as Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic
(As) occurs in rice through paddy soil which is removed with zerovalent iron oxide nanoparticles by applying
external magnetic field. Iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit unique property of specific size which help in water
remediation, seed priming, pollution monitoring and plant nutrition[40].

Environmental Applications
IONPs synthesized by biological method are best and eco-friendly for environmental applications. Fe2O3
biosynthesized nano particles determined with the help of DLS, TEM and XRD. Among all the type of IONPs
biosynthesized Fe2O3-NP exhibit environmental applications like decolourization of dye and reduction of
safranin contaminants in environment[41]. In recent research, researchers have synthesized (TiO2) nanoparticles
with the help of leaf extract via solvothermal method which can be analysed with XRD, FTIR, SEM. These
nanomaterial have antimicrobial properties again micro-organism so it is very beneficial to remove disease
causing pathogens from environment[42]. The green synthesis of IONPs have reduce the use of hazard
compounds from the environment and frequent use of naturally obtained biomolecules has been increased. The
nanomaterials produced by the plants are eco friendly and can be synthesized via low cost. These biosynthesized
nanomaterials used for many applications like medicine, therapeutics etc. The main advantage of this synthesis
is it do not cause any harm in environment[43].

CONCLUSION
Iron oxide nanoparticles are known for their unique properties like magnetic property, low cost and good
biocompatibility which makes them unique among other class of nanoparticles. Mainly IONPs shows various
applications but most of their applications are lies in the biomedical field from diagnosis to therapy. In this
review paper important efficient synthesis method have been discussed by which we can synthesize iron oxide
nanoparticles. Along with synthesis method green synthesis of IONPs also discussed in detail via which eco-
friendly and low cost sustainable IONPs can synthesized with the utilization of plants like algae, fungi etc.
Green synthesis is gaining so much attention because of easy synthesis and yield obtained by green synthesis is
also good. Therefore it shows great interest in biomedical applications includes drug delivery, hyperthermia,
MRI, bioseparation and agricultural applications have been discussed in detail.

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