Q1.

How many nitrogenous

base does DNA have?
Answer: (4 nitrogenous base) Adenine always pair with
Thymine and Cytosine always pair with Guanine and vice
versa.
In RNA adenine will pair with uracil and cytosine will bond
with guanine.
 Q2. How and where does
DNA replication occur?

Answer: DNA replication is the process of creating two

identical daughter strands of DNA. DNA replication
occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and in the
nucleoid in prokaryotic cells.
 Q3. What are the two process
of protein synthesis?

Answer: Transcription and Translation.

Transcription is the process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
Translation is the process of converting information in mRNA
into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
 Q4. How would you differentiate
the three types of RNA?
Answer: messenger RNA - brings information from the DNA in
the nucleus to cytoplasm.
ribosomal RNA - hold tightly to the mRNA and use it's
information to assemble amino acids..
transfer RNA - a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid
to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosome.
When the code in a gene is changed, a
different message may result. Any
change in the sequence of nitrogenous
bases in the DNA, any mistake in the
transcription of genetic information
from DNA to RNA or pairing of the
codon and anticodon, may cause
changes in the kind, sequence and
number of amino acids of proteins
synthesized by cells. Changes in
protein structure or level of expression
may lead to changes in cellular
properties and behavior, as a result,
the organism is affected.
Read the two sentences below.
What happens when a single letter in the first sentence is changed?

THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

Did you see that changing a single letter also

changes the meaning of the sentence?
Read the two sentences below.
What happens when a single letter in the first sentence is changed?

THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

A change in nitrogenous base in a protein may yield a different amino

acid and a corresponding change in the protein structure and function.
What will happen if a single base is deleted from a DNA strand?

THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

THE DOB ITT HEC AT.
What was deleted? Would the result be the same if
there would be an addition of single base?
If the sequence with a deleted base was transcribed, then every
codon after the deleted base would be different. Deletion or
insertion of a base may change the reading frame of the codon
leading to frameshift mutation.

THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

THE DOB ITT HEC AT.
Mutations in chromosomes may occur in a variety of
ways. Sometimes parts of chromosomes are broken off
and lost during mitosis or meiosis.
https://youtu.be/fmapS58JkUg
A mutation is a change in
the base sequence of DNA. Mutations in eggs or sperm
Mutations may affect only effect future generations
one gene, or they may by producing offspring
affect whole chromosomes.
with new characteristics.

When DNA from two different species

Mutations in body cells
affect only the individual
and are not passed to he
offspring.
are joined together, it is called
recombinant DNA. This process uses
restriction enzymes to cleave one
organism's DNA into fragments and
other enzymes to splice the DNA
fragment into a plasmid or viral DNA.
WH E
ALE D O N