Basic Kinematic Concepts

Contd.
 Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
• Differentiate between arthrokinematics and osteokinematics
• Name and describe the cardinal planes of the body and their
corresponding axes.
• Identify the motions that take place in the different planes
• Name and differentiate among the different types of motion in
humans
• Explain the term projectile and what affects it.
• Discuss internal and external factors that modify motion in humans.
 Arthrokinematics and
Osteokinematics
• Motion at a joint results from movement of one joint surface
relative to the other.
• Arthrokinematics refers to the movement of joint surfaces e.g.
slides, spins and rolls.
• Osteokinematics = movement of the shafts of the bones. Usually
described in terms of the rotatory motion produced as if the
movement occurs around a fixed axis of motion.
• Osteokinematic motions are classically described as taking place in
one of the 3 cardinal planes of the body and around 3 corresponding
axes.
 Anatomical Planes and Axes
• Plane of Motion
– 2 dimensional flat surface (imaginary surface
in which movement is taking place)
• Axis
– point about which movement occurs
– perpendicular to the plane of movement
 Relationship of the Planes and
Axes
• The 3 planes lie at right angles to one
another.
• The 3 planes lie at right angles to each
other and their corresponding planes.
Anatomical Planes
Anatomic Planes
 Anatomic planes
• Sagittal plane: splits body vertically into left and
right sections (anteroposterior plane)
• Frontal plane: splits body vertically into front &
back sections (coronal plane)
• Transverse plane: splits body into top and
bottom sections
 Anatomic Axes
• Frontal axis: imaginary line around which
sagittal plane rotations occur
• Sagittal axis: imaginary line around which
frontal plane rotations occur
• Longitudinal axis: imaginary line around
which transverse plane rotations occur
 Sagittal Plane Motions
• Flexion/extension
• Hyperextension
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion
 Frontal Plane Motions
• Abduction/Adduction
• Lateral flexion
• Elevation/depression
• Radial/ulnar deviation
• Inversion/eversion
 Transverse Plane Motion
• Medial/lateral rotation
• Left/right rotation
• Pronation / supination
• Horizontal adduction/abduction
• Protraction / retraction
 Summary of Planes and Axes
Plane Description Axis of rotation Description of Movement
axis
Sagittal / Divides body Frontal Runs medial/ Flexion, extension,
anteroposterial into right & left lateral hyperflexion,
halves hyperextension

Frontal Divides the Sagittal Runs anterior/ Abduction,

body into posterior adduction, lateral
anterior & flexion
posterior
halves
Transverse / Divides the Vertical or Runs superior/ Internal & external
horizontal body into longitudinal inferior rotation; horizontal
superior and abduction &
inferior halves adduction
Movements
 Types of Motion
• What is motion?
• Cause of Motion
– force
– magnitude of force and magnitude of
resistance
• Types of Motion
– Translatory
– Rotary
 Types of Motion
• Most human movement is general motion.
• It is a complex combination of linear and
angular motion components
 Translatory (Linear) Motion
• Pure linear motion involves uniform motion of
the system of interest with all system parts
moving in
• Same direction @ same speed
• Can be viewed as motion along a line.
• Rectilinear when line is straight
• Curvilinear when the line is curved
 Rotary (Angular) Motion
• Implies rotation around a central imaginary line
called axis of rotation.
• Axis is perpendicular to the plane in which
rotation is occurring
• Rotation about a fixed point
• Almost all volitional human movements involves
rotation of a body segment around an imaginary
axis passing through the centre of the joint to
which the segment attaches.
 General Motion
• Occurs when there is a combination of
rotation and translation
 Other Motion Patterns
• Reciprocating
• Oscillation
 Projectile
• Refers to a body projected into the air.
• It is a body in a free fall that is subject to the
forces of gravity and air resistance
• Not all objects flying through the air are
projectiles.
• Objects are projectiles if moving through the air
unassisted
 Factors that affect motion of
projectiles
• Gravity- Acts downward hence it’s a
negative force. It affects the vertical
component of a projectile’ s velocity.
• Air resistance- Affects the horizontal
component of the projectile’s velocity.
 Factors Affecting a Projectile’s
Trajectory
• Trajectory = flight path of a projectile.
• The factors are:
Angle of projection
Projection speed
Relative height of projection
 Factors that Modify Human
Motion
• External
– friction
– air resistance
– water resistance
• Internal
– friction within joints
– tension in antagonist muscles, ligaments and fascia
– anomalies of bone and joint structure
– fat and muscle