COMPREHENSION 1 MARK EACH

1 Read the passage given below and answer the questions from (i) to ( .
A substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction without itselr
undergoing any change in mass and chemical composition at the end of reaction
is called catalyst. It may be noted that a
catalyst which increases the speed of a
reaction is called positive
catalyst and a catalyst which decreases the speed of
reaction is called negative
catalyst.
The are substances that
promoters enhance
the activity of catalyst and poisons which decrease the activity of catalyst.
(i) How many types of catalysts are there ?
(ii) What are positive catalystss?
(iii) What is catalyst ?
(iv) What are promoters ?
(u) What are poisons ?
(P.S.E.B. 2020)
Ans. () Two types 1 . positive catalyst, 2.
negative catalyst.
(i) The catalysts which increase the speed of reactions are called positive catalysts.
(ii1) A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any change in mass and chemical composition at the end of reaction.
(iv) Promoters are the substances which enhance the activity of the catalyst.
(v) Poisons are the substances which decrease the activity of the catalyst.
Q. 2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from () to (v):
Colloidal solutions are heterogeneous solutions which contain particles of
intermediate size between those of true solutions and suspensions. These
particles do not settle under gravity but settle on, centrifugation. Based on the
nature of interactions between dispersion medium and dispersed phase, these
are classified as lyophilic (particles of dispersed phase have great
affinity for
dispersion medium) and lyophobic (no affinity of particles of dispersed phase
and dispersion medium). These are also classified as multimolecular (sols of
gold), macromolecular (starch, cellulose) and associated colloids (soap solution).
We notice many applications of these in our day to day life.
() Give one example each of a lyophilic sol and lyophobic sol.
(ii) What are associated colloids ? Give one example.
(iii) Which out of lyophilic or lyophobie colloids can be easily coagulated by
the addition of small amount of electrolytes ?
(iv) Compare the stability and reversible nature of lyophilic and lyophobic
colloids.
(o) Why are colloidal medicines used for intramuscular injections ?
Ans. () Lyophobic: Gelatine; Lyophilic AsS, sol
() Associated colloids are substances which behave as normal electrolytes at low
concentrations but behave as a colloid at higher concentration. For example, soap
solution.
(ii) Lyophobic sols.
 U) Lyophilic colloid is
stable whue colloid 1s
irreversible while lyophobic iyopnoDic colloid is unstable. Lyophilic
) Colloidal medicines colloid is reversible.
are more etfective
nore effective because
because these have large surface area and
therefore,
therefore, are
are coe
easily have 1arge
.3. Kead the assimilated with blood, which is colloida from () to
passage given below and answer the questions fom (i) to (v):
(o):
a particles always carry an electric charge which
POSv Or negative. For examole. when AuNo. solution is addedmay to KI
negavely charged colloidal sol is obtained, The presence of equal andsolution,
simiia
charges on colloidal if,
particles provide stability to the colloidal s
somenow, charge is
removed, coagulation of sol occurs. Lyophobic sO1s a
readily coagulated as
compared to lyophilic sols.
What is the reason
) whydo
for the charge on sol particies
the presence of equal and similar charges on colloidal particles
providestability ?
(1) Why is a negatively charged sol obtained on adding AgNOg solution to
KI solution ?
(U) Name one method by which coagulation of lyophobic sol can be carried
out.
(u) Out of KI or K,SO, which electrolyte is better in the coagulation of
positive sol ?
Ans. (i) The charge on the sol particles is due to the preferentially adsorbed positive or
negative ions from the electrolyte.
) The charged colloidal particles repel one another and are prevented from coming
close together to unite into bigger particles.
i ) When a dilute solution of silver nitrate is added to an aqueous KI solution, the
precipitated AgI will adsorb I ions (common ions) from the dispersion medium
forming negatively charged sol.
AgNO, + KI Agl+ KNO
Ppt
Agl+I Ag
Negatively
charged sol
(w) By mutual precipitation.
(v) KSO4
Q.4. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from () to (v)
The phenomenon of retaining the molecules of a substance on the surface of
a solid or a liquid resulting into higher concentration of the molecules on the
surface is called adsorption. The reverse process of removing adsorbed substance
from the surface is called desorption. The adsorption is called physical
adsorption or chemical adsorption depending upon the nature of forces which
hold the molecules of adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. In physical
adsorption the forces may be van der waals forces while in chemical adsorption
the forces are chemical forces or chemical bonds. The amount of heat evolved
ne mole of an adsorbate is adsorbed on the surface of an adsorbent is
called enthalpy ofadsorption. Physical adsorption is not specific while chemical
adsorption is highly specific.
 exothe
(i) Why is adsorption always
(ii) What is desorption ? which has higher enthalpy of
(iii) Out of physisorption o r chemisorption
adsorption ?
Does the adsorption of a gas on the surface of a solid increase or decreao
ase
(iv)
with rise in temperature ?
and absorption.
(v) Distinguish between the terms adsorption between adsorbate and
Ans. () Adsorption occurs because of attraction adsorben
molecules and therefore, energy is always released during adsorption. Hence, adsorptionn
is an exothermic process.
from surface of the adsorbent i
(i) The process of removing an adsorbed substance
a

called desorption. It is reverse of adsorption.

(iii) Chemisorption.
(iv) Adsorption decreases with rise in temperature.
() Adsorption is a phenomenon in which there is higher concentration of another
substance on the surface than in the bulk. Absorption is a phenomenon in which
the molecules of a substance are uniformly distributed throughout the body of the
other substance.
For example, silica gel adsorbs water vapour while anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs
water.
Q. 5. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from (i) to (u)
Thomas Graham in 1861, during his work on diffusion found that certain
substances such as gelatin, albumin, glue, etc. diffused at very slow rate and
were called colloids. The colloid paticles have the size in the range of 1 to 100
nm consisting of dispersed phase and dispersion medium. The dispersed phase
or dispersion medium may be solid, liquid or even a gas. Depending upon the
nature of dispersion medium or dispersed phase, 8 types of systems are possible
except for a gas dispersed in another gas because the gases are completely
miscible with each other. The substances which have strong interaction with
the dispersion medium are called lyophilic colloids while those which donot
pass into colloidal state readily are called lyophobie colloids. Lyophobic sols
are much less stable and are irreversible.
() What are the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in milk ?
(i) Which of the two: lyophobic or lyophilic colloids is reversible in nature?
(iii) Arrange colloid, true solution, suspension in increasing size of particles.
(iv) Give one example of lyophilic colloids.
() Write the main reason for the stability of colloidal sols.
Ans. (i) Dispersed phase:
Liquid
Dispersion medium : Liquid (liquid phase dispersed in water).
(ii) Lyophilic colloids.
(ii) True solution < colloid < suspension.
(iv) Gelatin.
(v) The stability of colloidal sols is because of the presence of electrical charge on
t
particles
which prevents the particles to come close
together.
Q. 6. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from () to
The particles of colloidal solution
(
possess electrical charge which
responsible for the stability of these solutions. The charge on colloidal particie
arises because of selective
adsorption eir
own lattice. The asorption of ions
ions wniun
wnicn a r e common with the
presence of charge are canhe
with the help
with help of
of aa phenoo
phenonmenon
charge on colloidal
on colloidal particles
particle5 determine
be determint

electrolyte is added. known However, when some

electrolyte added, n o
the n as
as
electrophoresls
electrophoresis.
charge on the particles or
neutralised and
precipitation takes place. This proc is also callea
coagulation. The
coagulation is given by Hardy Schulze AcCordingg toto
these rules the ions rue ticles are
carrying the charge opposite to
effective and coagulating power of an irectly proportio to
the fourth power of electrolyte is directly prop
thevalency of the ion. Coagulation can by mutual
precipikalOn, electrophoresis, by persistent
by also o
dialvsis or by heating or coOllE
() Define peptization.
( ) Name a
phenomenon which can be used to know the presence or c n a s
on the sol
particles.
(iii) Which of the following is most effective electrolyte in the coagulation or
Feg0g.H,0/Fe3* sol?
KC1, AICl, MgCl,
K[Fe(CN)g]
(0) Which of the two: Al(NO) or Mgs0, has higher flocculation value for
AsgSg sol ?
() What happens when colloidal sol of Fe(OH), and As,Og
a are mixed ?
Ans. (1) Peptization is a process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal
orm by the addition of a suitable electrolyte.
(i) Electrophoresis.
(ii) Since Fe(OH)g sol is positively charged, the anion having highest charge will be
most effective i.e. [Fe(CN)or
K,[Fe(CNNd
(iu) MgSO, will have higher flocculation value because Al3+ will coagulate negatively
charged sol readily and its value will be less.
()Their mutual precipitation takes place.
Q. 7. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from (i) to (v):
Almost all solids adsorb gases to some extent. The extent of adsorption of a
gas on a solid depends upon nature of gas, nature of adsorbent, surface area of
adsorbent, temperature, pressure and activation of adsorbent. The critical
temperature of a gas decides its ease of liquefaction because it is the minimum
temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied. Therefore, the higher the
critical temperature, the more easily a gas is liquefied and hence more readily
it will be adsorbed. In general, the adsorption of a gas on a given surface

increases with increase of pressure. The variation of extent of adsorption

with pressure p at a particular temperature was given by Freundlich in 1909 in

as:
the form of an equation
X= kpl/n (n = whole number).
m
( ) Why are powdered substances more effective adsorbent than their

crystalline forms?
(4h Which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and whv

(#i) NHg
Does or
NH3 theoCO,
Or ?
adsórption of a gas on the surface of a solid increase or decrease
?
with rise in tëmperature
 (iv) What form Freundlich adsorption isotherm take at high pressure ?
( ) What form Freundlich adsorption isotherm take at low pressure ?
Ans. (i) This is because powdered substances have more surface area as compared to
their crystalline forms. Greater the surface area, greater is the adsorption.
(i) NH, has higher critical temperature than CO, and therefore, it 1s more easily
liquefiable. Hence, NH, has greater intermolecular forces of attraction and will be
adsorbed more readily.
(iii) Adsorption decreases with rise in temperature.

(iv) =k i.e., adsorption becomes independent of pressure at constant temperature

(u) m
=kp
Q.8. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from (i) to (o):
Colloids are prepared by disintegration and aggregation methods. The
disintegration methods involve the breaking of bigger particles to colloidal size
particles. These methods include mechanical disintegration, electrodisintegration
or peptization. The aggregation methods involve the joining together of a large
number of smaller particles to form particles of colloidal size. These methods
include chemical reactions such as double decomposition, reduction, oxidation
or hydrolysis, etc. or exchange of solvent or excessive cooling or condensing
vapours of a substance into the solvent. The colloidal solutions prepared by
these methods generally contain excessive amounts of electrolytes which are
crystalloidal in natue and other impurities. These impurities are generally
removed by dialysis, electrodialysis or ultrafiltration, etc.
(i) Why can colloidal solution of starch be prepared very easily while that of
gold cannot be ?
(ii) Name a method for the preparation of sol of platinum in water.
(iii) Give a chemical method for preparing colloidal sol of S.
(iv) How is AsSg sol is prepared by double decomposition method ?
(v) What is the principle of dialysis ?
Ans. (i) Starch is a lyophilic sol and has an attraction for the dispersion medium i.e.
water. Gold being lyophobic sol hates or repels the dispersion medium. Thus, the latter
does not form a colloidal solution easily.
(ii) Bredig's arc method.
(ii) A colloidal sol of S is obtained by bubbling H2S gas through the solution of sulphur
dioxide.

2HS+S0 2H,0+ +3S

sol

(iv) As,Sg sol is prepared by passing HS gas through dilute solution of arsenious
oxide in water.

AsgOg +3H,S AsSg + 3H,0

(u) The principle of dialysis is that colloidal particles cannot pass through a parchment
or cellophane membrane while the ions of electrolytes can pass through it.
 Q.9. Read the passage given below and answer uthe questions
lids. Iffrom
accumulao
(7) tO (D)
There are
mainly two types of adsorption of gases solids. If accumulation
on

the
are adsorption
held to solid
is termed as physical adsorption. When gas molecules or atoms
yander
h e surface of solid occurs on account of weak vander Waal 1orcess force
are held to solid
surface by chemical bonds, adsorption is termed as
adsorption. The chemical bonds may be covalent or ionic. Chemical
A adsorption
invoves a high energy of activation, therefore it is referred as Activate
aasorptlOn. A physical adsorption at low temperature may pass into chemieca
adsorption when temperature is increased.
() What is adsorption ?
(17) Which adsorption is known as activated adsorptiO
(u) Give conditions of temperature which favour physical adsorption.
iv) What types of adsorption ?
are

0) What type of force exist in physical adsorption ? ofa

4 Adsorption is the phenomenon of attracting and retaining the molecules
substance at the surface of a solid or a iquid resulting higher concentration of the molecules
on the surface than in the bulk.
) Chemical adsorption in which gas molecules or atoms are held to the surface of a

solid by chemical bonds.

11) Low temperature favours physical adsorption.
iv) Adsorptions are of two types : physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
() Weak vander Waals forces.
Q. 10. Read the passage given below and answer the questions from () to (v):
The particles of colloidal solutions possess electrical charge which is due to
selective adsorption of ions. The ion which is common with their own lattice
ions is preferentially adsorbed. The adsorbed phase controls the stability of
the sol and its behaviour in electric field. The electrical properties of colloidal
solutions are related to electrophoresis and electro-osmosis phenomena. When
an electrolyte is added to the sol, the particles take up ions carrying opposite
charge from the electrolyte and result in coagulation. The coagulating tendency
depends upon the valency of the coagulating ion. The minimum concentration
of an electrolyte in millimoles which is required to cause coagulation of 1 L of
a sol is called its coagulation value.
() Which of the following is most effective electrolyte in the coagulation of
AsgSg sol ?
KNO, AIClg, MgClg, K,[Fe(CN)6
What type of sol is formed when AgNO, is added to KI solution?
(iii) Define electrophoresis.
(iv) For the coagulation of 100 mL of ferric hydroxide sol, 10.2 mL of 1M KCI
is required. What is the coagulation value of KCI ?
(w) Differentiate between coagulation and peptization.
Ans. () AICla
(ii) Agl: F (negative sol)
(ii) On passing electric current through colloidal solution, the colloidal particles move
towards the oppositely charged electrodes, where they lose their charge and get
coagulated. This is electrophoresis process.

(iv) 10.2 mL of 1M KCI = x10.2 = 10.2 millimoles

1000
100 mL of Fe(OH) sol require KCi for complete coagulation = 10.2 millimoles
1000 mL of
Fe(OH)g require KCl for complete coagulation

L0.2x1000
100
102 millimoles
Coagulation value of KCl = 102
(u) Coagulation is the phenomenon of precipitation of a colloidal solution by the
addition of excess of
electrolyte. Peptization is the process of converting a
an

freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal form by the addition of a suitable

electrolyte.
 COMPREHENSION PASSAGES
1. Read the given passage and answer the following questions
The phenomenon of attracting and
retaining the molecules of gas/substance on the
surface of a solid is called
adsorption. For example water molecules get adsorbed on the
surface of Silica gel. If the molecules of
out the
gas/substance are uniformly distributed through
body of other substance, it is called absorption. For example water molecules
are absorbed by anhydrous
CaCl2. Depending
lassified into two types. When the
on the nature of forces
the
of solid by weak Vander Waals particles of the
gas/substance adsorption is
are held to the
forces, it is called surface
molecules
m are held
at the surtace of solid by the physical adsorption. When the gas
adsorption. chemical bonds it is called
(i) What is adsorption ? chemical
(5)
ii) What is absorption ?
(iii) Give an example of
What is physical
(iv)
adsorption.
adsorption ?
(v) Give an example of
Answers:
absorption.
i) The
phenomenon of
the surface of a solid attracting
and
is called retaining the molecules of
gas/substance
i) If the molecules of adsorption. on

of other substance,gas/substance uniformly distributed

are
it is called through out
the
(iii) Water molecules are absorption. body

adsorbed the surface of Silica

on
iv) When the particles of the gel.
gas/substance
Vander Waals forces, it is called are held to the
surface of solid by weak
(v) Anhydrous
physical adsorption.
CaCl, absorbs the water molecules.
2. Read the
given passage and answer the following questions
Physical adsorption is reversible in nature and forms multimolecular
adsorption, While chemical adsorption is irreversible and forms
layers of
adsorption. As per Le Chatelier principle, with the increase in monomolecular layer of
of adsorption decrease in
physical adsorption but in chemisorptiontemperature the extent
then decreases it first increases and
gradually. The amount of heat evolved when one mole of
adsorbed on the surface of solid is called gas/liquid is
an exothermic reaction
and enthalpy of
enthalpy of adsorption. Overall
adsorption is
adsorption for chemiscription is larger than physical
adsorption.
(i) Which adsorption is irreversible and
monomolecular?
(ii) Which law monitors the
change
in extent of
adsorption with change in
temperature?
(ii) What is Enthalpy of adsorption?
(iv) Which type of adsorption releases more heat ?
(v) Which adsorption is reversible in nature?
Answers:
(i) Chemical adsorption/chemisorption.
(ii) Le Chatelier principle.
11) The amount of heat evolved when one mole of gas/liquid is adsorbed on the surface
of solid is called enthalpy of adsorption.
(iv) Chemisorption/chemical adsorption.
(V) Physical adsorption/physisorption.
 3. Read the given passage and answer the following questions
A substance which alters the rate of chemical reaction without itself undergoing anu
change in mass and chemical composition at the end of reaction is called catalyst.A catalyst
which increase the speed of a reaction is called positive catalyst whereas catalyst which
decrease the speed of reaction is called negative catalyst. The promoters are substances
that enhance activity of catalyst and poisons are substances which decrease the activity
of catalyst. (P.S.E.B. 2020)
G) What is catalyst ?
(ii) What are positive catalyst?
(iii) What are promoters?
(iv) How many types of catalyst are there ?
(v) What are poisons?
Answers :
i) A substance which alters the rate of chemical reaction without itself undergoing
any change in mass and chemical composition at the end of reaction is called
catalyst.
(ii) A catalyst which increase the speed of a reaction are called positive catalyst.
(ii) The promoters are substances that enhance activity of catalyst.
(iv) Two types (a) Positive catalyst (6) Negative catalyst.
(v) Poisons are substances which decrease the activity of catalyst.
4. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
A substance which alter the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing
any change in mass and chemical composition at the end of a reaction is called catalyst.
Catalyst always forms a new activated complex of lower potential energy and converts
reactants into products. Catalyst are highly specific in nature, speeds up the reaction
but does not shift the position of equilibrium. Catalyst is of two types (i) Homogenous
(i) Heterogenous catalyst. When reactants and catalyst are in same phase the process
is homogeneous catalysis. When reactants and Catalyst are in different phase it is
heterogenous catalysis. Hydrolysis of an ester in presence of acid is an example of
iomogenous catalysis and manufacture of ammonia gas with Nitrogen and Hydrogen
gas in presence of Iron as catalyst is an example of Heterogeneous catalysis. (5)
(i) What is catalyst?
ii) Catalyst does not shift. of a reaction.
....

(iii) Give an example of Homogeneous catalysis.

(iv) Give an example of
Heterogeneous catalysis.
(v) Give two properties of the catalyst.
Answers:
1) A substance which alter the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergo1ng
any change in mass and chemical composition at the end of a reaction is ealled
catalyst.
ii) The position of equilibrium.
 ii) Hydrolysis of an ester in presence of acid is an example of Homogenous catalysis.
iv)Manufacture of ammonia gas with Nitrogen and Hydrogen gas in presence ot
Iron as catalyst is an example of Heterogeneous catalysis.
in
(v) (a) It is highly specific
nature.

(h) It speeds up the reaction by forming activated complex of lower potential energy.
5. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
cells and catalyze the biochemical
Enzymes are biological catalyst produced by living
roactions in living organisms. Example
Hydrolysis of sugar to glucose and fructose occurs
of invertase enzyme. Enzymes a r e needed in very small quantity and
in the presence
Activators (Or) Coenzymes increases the activity of enzymes,
urork at body temperature.
reduced in the presence of enzyme inhibitors (Or) Poisons. Enzyme
hut this activity is
where the subtrate fits into the Enzyme
catalysed reactions follow "Lock and Key" model, fit Model". (5)
as fits into the lock. This model is also called as "Induced
key
(i) What are Enzymes ?
?
(ii) Give the function of Invertase Enzyme
ii) Write the function of co-enzymes.
Model?
(iv) What is the other name for "Lock and Key"
(v) .... work at body temperature.
Answers:
(i) Enzymes a r e biological catalyst produced by living cells and catalyze the
biochemical reactions in living organisms.
(ii) It hydrolyse sugar to glucose and fructose.
ii) To increase the activity of enzyme.
(iv) Induced fit model.
(v) Enzymes.
6. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
Emulsions are the colloidal solutions in which both the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium are liquids. Eg. milk is an emulsion in which fat particles are dispersed
in water. Substances like gelatin, albumin, gum is added to stabilize the emulsion and
are called emulsifying agent. Emulsions are of two types : (a) Oil in water (b) Water in
oil Milk. Vanishing Cream are examples of Oil in water emulsion while butter, cold cream
are examples of water in oil. The process of decomposing an emulsion back into its
constituent liquids is called demulsification. It can be done by boiling, freezing and
centrifugation. Example cream from milk is separated by centrifugation. (1x5)
i) What are Emulsions ?
1) What is demulsification ?
(1i) Give a n example of oil in water and water in oil emulsion.
(iv) Name two emulsifying agents.
(v) What is the function of emulsifying agent?
Answers:
i) Emulsions are the colloidal solutions in which both the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium are liquids.
 (11) The process of decomposing an emulsion back into its constituent liquids is called
demulsification.
(ii) Oil in Water - Milk
Water in Oil - Butter

(iv) Gelatin, Albumin.

(v) To stabilize the emulsion.
7. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
Colloidal solution is a heterogeneous solution in which particle size is in between 1
to 1000 nm. Colloids have two phases, component present in small proportion is called
dispersed phase and component present in excess is dispersion medium. Colloidal systems
are of eight types depending on solid, liquid and gases states. It can also be classified as
sol, gel, emulsion and Aerosol. In smoke, the dispersed phase is solid and the dispersion
medium is gas so it is Aerosol. In butter and cheese the dispersed phase is liquid and
dispersion medium is solid so it is Gel. In hair cream and milk both dispersed phase and
medium are liquid so it is Emulsion. (1x5)
i) Define Colloidal Solution.
(ii) Name the two phases of colloidal solution.
(iii) Give an example of Aerosol and Gel.
(iv) What are emulsion?
(v) Give two examples of Emulsion.
Answers:
i) Colloidal solution is a . . . . 1000 nm.
(ii) Dispersed phase and Dispersion medium.
(ii) Aerosol-Smoke, Gel-Butter.
(iv) Colloidal solution in which both the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are
liquids is called Emulsion.
(v) Hair cream and milk.
8. Read the given passage and answer the
following questions :
Depending on the nature of interactions between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium, the colloidal solutions are of two types. The colloidal solution in which
particles
of dispersed phase have attraction for the
particles of dispersion medium are called lyophilic
colloids. The colloidal solutions in which particles of
dispersed phase have no affinity
for the particles of dispersion medium are called
lyophobic colloids. Lyophilic colloids can
be formed by direct mixing and do not show
Tyndall Effect. e.g. gum, starch solution.
Lyophobic colloids can be formed by special methods and show Tyndall Effect e.g. Solution
Fe(OH), Al(OH)a. The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles (in
all directions) is called Tyndal effect. Due to Tyndall effect the colour of solution
depends
on the wavelength of light scattered by dispersion medium. Example Gold sol is red in
colour, but as the size of particles increases. Its colour changes to purple, blue and then
finally golden.
i) What are lyophilic colloids?
(ii) What are lyophobic colloids?
 iii) Give one example of each lyophilic and lyophobie colloid.

(iv) Explain Tyndall effect.

() Which sol changes its colour from red to golden due to change in particle size?
(1x5)
Answers:

G) The colloidal solution in which

particles of dispersed phase have attraction for
the particles of dispersion medium are called
lyophilic colloids.
ii) The colloidal solution in which particles of
the particles of dispersion medium are called
dispersed phase have no affinity for
lyophobic colloids.
(ii) Lyophilic colloid : Starch solution, Lyophbic colloid :
(iv) The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal
FelOH)
is called Tyndall effect. particles (in all directions)
(v) Gold sol.
Q.9. Read the given passage and answer the following
The particles of the colloidal solution possess electrical
questions:
charge, either positive (or)
negative and is responsible for the stability of colloidal solutions
Al(OH), Fe(OH) sol is
positive charge and Arsenic sulphide
sol (As,S) and starch is
negative charge. These
charged colloidal particles move under the influence of Electric field towards
electrode and gets accumulated and this is called opposite
Electrophoresis.
towards positive electrode and FelOH) will move towards
As,Sa, starch will move
negative electrode under the
influence of electric field and hence electrophoresis is electrical
property of colloidal solution.
Electrophoresis thus help to detect the charge on the sol particles.
(i) Define Electrophoresis.
(ii) Name two positive charge sols.
(iii) Name two negative charge sols.
(iv) Which electrical property help to detect the charge on sol
particles ?
(v) Name one sol which will move towards
positive electrode. (1x5)
Answers:
i) The movement of charged colloidal particles under the influence of
electric field
towards opposite electrode is called Electrophosesis.
(ii) AlOH)g, Fe(OH)3
ii) AsgS3, starch sol.
(iv) Electrophoresis.
(v) Arsenic sulphide sol.
10. Read the given passage and answer the following
questions:
The charge on the colloidal particles is due to selective
adsorption of ions from the
aispersion medium. The ion which is conmmon with their own lattice ion is
selectively
adsorbed. This is also electrical property of colloidal particles. When silver nitrate is added
O potassium Iodide (kI) solution, the precipitate of silver iodide will adsorb negative I
1 s from
the dispersion medium to form negative charged sol.
Agl +I Agl :I
 But if kI is added to silver nitrate solution, the precipitate of silver 1odide will
adsorl
sorb
Ag ions from the medium to form positive charged sol.
Agl +Ag* Agl: Ag*
The charge colloidal particles repel one another and are prevented from coming clos
se,
thus giving stability to sol. The solution can be precipitated by adding suitable electrolyte
The phenomenon of precipitation of colloidal solution by the addition of excess of
a
electrolyte is called coagulation.
Example: To coagulate As,Sg (negative Sol) salts of cations like Al5, Mg*2 are adder
To coagulate positive sol
(Fe(OH)), Salts having anions like PO, SO are adde
The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles which are required to
caus
the coagulation of one litre of a sol is called its coagulation value.
i) The charge on colloidal particles is due to . . . . . .

() (a) Which ions are adsorbed on AgI when silver nitrate is added to KI solution
(6) Which ions are adsorbed on Agl when KI is added to silver nitrate solution
(ii) What is coagulation?
(iv) Define coagulation value ?
(v) (a) What is added to negative sol. AsS to coagulate it ?
(6) What is added to positive sol. [Fe(OH)g] to coagulate it ? (1x6
Answers:
(i) Selective adsorption of ions from the dispersion medium.
ii) (a) I ions are adsorbed on AgI.
(b) Agt ions are adsorbed on Agl.
(iii) The phenomenon of precipitation of colloidal solution by the addition of excess
of an electrolyte is called cougulation.
(iv) The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles which are required
to cause the coagulation of one litre of a sol is called its coagulation value.
(v) (a) Salts of Al+3,Mgt*2
(b) Salts of PO3, SO2
11. Read the given passage and the
answer following questions :
All solids adsorb gases to some extent. The extent of
adsorption of a gas on solid
surface is governed by various factors like nature of
gas and adsorbent, effect of
temperature and pressure, specific area and activation of adsorbent. Higher the critical
temperature of a gas more easily it is liquified, greater is the amount of that gas adsorbed.
Activated charcoal can adsorb gases which are easily liquified.
of the solid, greater it is adsorbing capacity. As
Larger the surface area
adsorption process is exothermic, adsorption
will be favoured by decrease in temperature. At constant
a gas increases with increase in
temperature the adsorption ot
pressure. Decrease in temperature and increase in
pressure both increase the extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid. The
relation between
the amount of substance adsorbed by the adsorbent and the
at constant temperature is called
equilibrium gas pressure
adsorption Isotherm (or) Freundlich Isothermn
Adsorption
k.pn [n is whole number)
 At low pressure
=
kp
m

=
k
Athigh pressure
m

)Write the factors which govern the extent of adsorption of a gas on solid surface?
i ) Name one substance which easily adsorbs liquified gases.
(ii) Which two factors while decide the extent of adsorption ofa gas on a solid?

(iv) Define adsorption Isotherm.

(v) (a) What is the value of AH for Adsorption.
(b) What form Freundlich adsorption isotherm take at low press (1x5)
nswerS
(i) Nature of gas and adsorbent, effect of temperature and pressure, specific area
and activation of adsorbent.
ii) Activated charcoal.
(ii) Decrease in temperature and increase in pressure decide the extent of adsorption
of a gas on solid.
(iv) The relation between the amount of substance adsorbed by the adsorbent and
the equilibrium gas pressure at constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm.
(v) (a) AH = negative (Exothermic reaction).

(b) k.p
m

12. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
The catalytic reaction which depends upon the pore structure of the catalyst and
the size of the reactant and product molecule is called shape selective catalysis. Zeolites
are good shape-selective catalysts with honey comb like structure. Zeolites are microporous
aluminosilicates with a network of tunnels and cavities. This increases the surface area
inside the Zeolite. Zeolites ZSM-5 is used as catalyst in petroleum industry. It converts
alcohols directly into gasoline (petrol). (1x5)
(i) What is shape selective catalysis?
(i) Give on example of shape selective catalyst.
?
(11) What is the function of network of tunnels inside a zeolite
?
(iv) Which catalyst is used to convert alcohol to gasoline
(V) What is the structure of zeolites?
Answers:
the pore structure of the catalyst and
(1) The catalytic reactiom which depends upon
molecule is called shape selective catalysis.
the size of the reactant and product
ii) Zeolites.
) To increase the surface area inside the Zeolite.
iv) ZSM-5.
comb structure and network
V)Zeolites are microporous alumino silicates, with honey
of tunnels and cavaties.
 13. Read thegiven passage and a n s w e r the following questions:
the dispersed phase, colloids are classifiod
Depending on the type of particles of
colloids. Large number of atoms (or) sma
multimolecular, macromolecular and associated
in colloidal range and a r e ool
molecules aggregate together to form particles called
Macromolecules are like starch, cellil
multimolecular colloids (Sulphur molecules Sg). 0se,
low concentration behave as normal strong electrolvto
proteins. Some substances which at es,
but at higher concentration exhibit colloidal behaviour due to aggregation of particlaes
formation of micelles takesplace abovae
are called associated colloids. e.g. Micelles. The
a particular temperature called
Kraft temperature and above a particular concentration
On dilution these colloids revert back to
to
called critical micelle concentration (CMC).
individual ions.
Particles of the dispersed phase?
(i) How are colloids classified on the basis of types of
(ii) Give an example of multimolecular colloid.
(ii) What are associated colloids ?
and critical micelle concentration?
(iv) What is the importance of Kraft temperature
colloids are diluted? (1x5)
(v) What happens when associated
Answers :
molecular and Associated colloids.
) Multimolecular, Macro
(ii) Sol of sulphur molecules (Sg).
low concentration behave normal strong electrolytes,
as
(iii) Some substances which at
behaviour due to aggregation of
but at higher concentration exhibit colloidal
particles a r e called associated colloids.
above Kraft temperature and critical
(iv) The formation of micelles take place only
micelle concentration (CMC).
(v) The associated colloids on dilution, revert back to individual ions.