DESIGN OF Inclined RETAINING WALL

1 Preliminary Data
i) Height of RW h 4.00 meters
ii) Soil Density γs 18 KN/cum
iii) SBC qo 450 KN/sqm
30 degrees
iv) Angle of repose Ø
0.524 radians
vi) Coefficient of friction µ 0.5
vii) Height of otherside backfill Ws 2.42 meters

2 Pressure Coefficients
Active Pressure Coefficients
i) Ca 0.333
1/cp
Passive Pressure Coefficients
ii) Cp 3.00
= (1+SinØ) / (1+SinØ)

3 Preliminary Dimensions
Proposed Adopted
i) Thickness of Stem(average) ts - 0.53 meters
ii) Thickness of footing base slab tb = 0.08 * (h + hs) 0.45 meters
iii) Length of base slab 2.30 meters
Toe Length Lt 0.30 meters
Heel length 1.48 meters
4 Stability against Overturning
ii) Active pressure due Backfill Load Pa = Ca*γs*h2 / 2 48 KN
iv) Passive force Pp = Cp*γs*h'2 / 2 157 KN
iv) Overturning Moment Mo= Pa*h/3-Pp*h'/3 -63 KNm

v) Load Lever Arm from Heel Moment

W1 Backfill Load = (L-ts-Lt)*(h-tb)*γs 94 KN 0.74 meters 70 KNm

W4 Stem self weight = ts*(h-tb)*γconc 47 KN 1.74 meters 81 KNm
W5 Base self weight = L*tb*γconc 26 KN 1.15 meters 30 KNm
W6 Backfill Load other side Lt*(h'-ts)*ys 11 KN 2.15 23 KNm
∑W 177 KN Mw 203 KNm

The moment and Pressure is against Active Pressure. Hence safe in overturning and Sliding
Distance of resultant vertical force from Heel(lr) (Mw+Mo)/W 0.79 meters
eccentricity(e) lr-L/2 -0.36 meters
qmax 4.89938449905474 at toe
qmin 149.302572022684 at heel

6 Soil Pressures at footing base

i) pressure at heel 85 KN/sqm
ii) pressure at joint with retaining wall 19 KN/sqm
iii) Pressure at toe -30 KN/sqm
ii) pressure at joint with retaining wall -12 KN/sqm
 DESIGN OF L Shaped Cantilever RETAINING WALL

1 Preliminary Data
i) Height of Retaining Wall h 3.60 meters
ii) Soil Density γs 18 KN/cum
iii) SBC qo 150 KN/sqm
iv) Angle of repose Ø 30 degrees
0.524 radians
v) Surcharge Angle Ө 0 degrees
0.000 radians
vi) Coefficient of friction µ 0.5
vii) Surcharge Load Ws 2 KN/sqm

2 Pressure Coefficients
i) Active Pressure Coefficients Ca 0.333
=(cosӨ-√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø)*cosӨ) /
(cosӨ+√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø))
ii) Passive Pressure Coefficients Cp 3.00
= (1+SinØ) / (1+SinØ)

3 Preliminary Dimensions
Proposed Adopted
i) Thickness of Stem ts min 200mm 0.20 meters
ii) Thickness of footing base slab tb = 0.08 * (h + hs) 0.29 meters 0.25 meters
iii) Length of base slab L = 1.5 * √(Ca/3) * (h + hs) 1.86 meters
2.50 meters
L = 0.6h to 0.65h 2.41 meters

iv) Extra Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge hs = Ws/γs 0.11 meters
v) Total Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge Hs = h+hs 3.71 meters

vi) Extra Height of RW due to inclined back fill hi = (L-ts)* tanӨ 0.00 meters
vii) Total Height of RW due to inclined back fill Hi = h+hi 3.60 meters

viii) Design Height of RW considered H = Max of H1 & H2 3.71 meters

4 Stability against Overturning

i) Active pressure due Surcharge Load PHS = Ca*Ws*h 2 KN
ii) Active pressure due Backfill Load PH = Ca*γs*h2 / 2 41 KN
iii) Total Load on stem (Force) Pa = PHS + PH 44 KN
iv) Overturning Moment due to Imposed load MOIL = PHS*h/2 5 KN
v) Overturning Moment due to Backfill load MODL = PH*h/3 51 KN
vi) Overturning Moment Mo = (1.2*MDIL) + (1.4*MOIL) 68 KN

v) Load Lever arm at end of stem Moment

W1 Backfill Load = (L-ts)*(h-tb)*γs 143 KN ((L-ts) / 2) + ts 1.35 meters 193 KNm
W2 Inclined Backfill Load = ((L-ts)*hi)/2*γs 0 KN ((L-ts) / 3) + ts 0.97 meters 0 KNm
W3 Stem self weight = ts*(h-tb)*γconc 17 KN ts / 2 0.10 meters 2 KNm
W4 Base self weight = L*tb*γconc 16 KN L/2 1.25 meters 20 KNm
∑W 176 KN ∑Mw 215 KNm

viii) Mw not less than (1.2*MODL) +(1.4*MOIL) Safe against Overturning

-clause 20.1 page 33 of IS 456 2000

5 Stability against Sliding

i) Sliding Force Pa = PHS + PH 44 KN
ii) Resisting Force F = µ*∑W 88 KN

iii) (FS)SL= (0.9*F)/(Pa) 1.81 > 1.4 Safe against Sliding

-clause 20.2 page 33 of IS 456 2000

6 Soil Pressures at footing base

i) Net Moment at toe Mn = Mw - Mo 159 KN
ii) Point of application of Resultant R x = Mn/W 0.90 meters
iii) Eccentricity e = (L/2) - x 0.35 meters L/6= 0.42
e<L6 Eccentricity lies within middle third of the base hence OK

iv) Pressure Distridution on soil qmax = W/L * (1+(6*e/L)) 129 KN/sqm

qmin = W/L * (1-(6*e/L)) 12 KN/sqm
Max Pressure qmax<SBC hence pressure on base is OK

Pressure at junction of stem and

v) qsh=qmax-((qmax-qmin)/L)*ts) 120 KN/sqm
heel
7 Constants for Working Stress Method

Design Constants
i) Grade of concrete 20 MPa
ii) Grade of steel 415 MPa

iii) Compr stress in concrete c 7.0 table 21 page 81 IS 456

iv) Tensile stress in steel t 230
v) Modular ratio m = 280/3c 13.33
vi) Neutral axis depth factor k=mc/(mc+t) 0.289
vii) Lever arm j = 1 - k/3 0.904
viii) Factor R= cjk / 2 0.913

8 Design

A) Stem
i) Beanding Moment at base of stem M = MODL + MOIL 56 KN/m

ii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.01 meters

iii) Thickness provided ts 0.20 meters
Thickness of Stem is OK

iv) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 1914 sqmm

v) Ast provided 16 mm dia @ 105 mm c/c 1915 sqmm
vi) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 1.37 %
Steel OK

B) Base Slab
Force Lever arm from end of stem Moment
i) Force due to backfill+surcharge = (H2-tb)*(L-ts)*γs 143 (L-ts) / 2 1.15 meters 165 KNm
ii) Force due to inclined backfill = hi/2*(L-ts)*γs 0 (L-ts) / 3 0.77 meters 0 KNm
iii) Self Weight of base slab =L *tb*γconc 16 L/2 1.25 meters 20 KNm
∑Ws 159 Md 184 KNm
vi) Upward soil pressure Nup = ((qsh+qmin)/2)*(L-ts) 151 ((qsh+(2*qmin))/(qsh+qmin)) * 0.83 meters 126 KNm
Downward Pressure is greater ((L-ts)/3) Mu 126 KNm

v) Bending Moment Msh = Mu-Md 58

vi) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.25 meters

Thickness of Stem is OK
vii) Thickness provided ts 0.25 meters

viii) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 1440 sqmm

ix) Ast provided 16 mm dia @ 125 mm c/c 1608 sqmm
x) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 0.74 %
Steel OK

C) Reinforcement Details

FILL
 DESIGN OF Reverse L Shaped Cantilever RETAINING WALL

1 Preliminary Data
i) Height of Retaining Wall h 3.00 meters
ii) Height of Plinth Fill hp 0.50 meters
iii) Soil Density γs 18 KN/cum
iv) SBC qo 250 KN/sqm
Angle of repose Ø 30 degrees
v)
0.524 radians
Surcharge Angle Ө 0 degrees
vi)
0.000 radians
vii) Coefficient of friction µ 0.5
vii) Surcharge Load Ws 4 KN/sqm

2 Pressure Coefficients
i) Active Pressure Coefficients Ca 0.333
=(cosӨ-√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø)*cosӨ) /
(cosӨ+√(cos2Ө-cos2Ø))
ii) Passive Pressure Coefficients Cp 3.000
= (1+SinØ) / (1+SinØ)

3 Preliminary Dimensions
Proposed Adopted
i) Thickness of Stem ts min 200mm 0.20 meters
ii) Thickness of footing base slab tb = 0.08 * (h + hs) 0.24 meters 0.45 meters
iii) Length of base slab α = 1 - (q0/2.7*γs*H) -0.60 meters
if sloped backfill
L = H*sqrt((Ca*cosβ)/((1-α)*(1+3α)) 0.00 meters
α = 1 - (q0/2.2*γs*H) -0.96 meters 2.45 meters
if horizontal backfill
L = 0.95*H*sqrt((Ca)/((1-α)*(1+3α)) 0.00 meters
L = 0.6h to 0.65h 2.09 meters

iv) Extra Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge hs = Ws/γs 0.22 meters
v) Total Height of Retaining Wall due to Surcharge Hs = h+hs 3.22 meters

vi) Extra Height of RW due to inclined back fill hi = (L-ts)* tanӨ 0.00 meters
vii) Total Height of RW due to inclined back fill Hi = h+hi 3.00 meters

viii) Design Height of RW considered H = Max of H1 & H2 3.22 meters

4 Stability against Overturning

i) Active pressure due Surcharge Load PHS = Ca*Ws*h 4 KN
ii) Active pressure due Backfill Load PH = Ca*γs*h2 / 2 31 KN
iii) Total Load on stem (Force) Pa = PHS + PH 35 KN
iv) Overturning Moment due to Imposed load MOIL = PHS*h/2 7 KN
v) Overturning Moment due to Backfill load MODL = PH*h/3 33 KN
vi) Overturning Moment Mo = (1.2*MDIL) + (1.4*MOIL) 50 KN

v) Load Lever arm at start of heel Moment

W1 Front fill Load = (L-ts)*(hp-tb)*γs 2 KN ((L-ts) / 2) 1.13 meters 2 KNm
W3 Stem self weight = ts*(h-tb)*γconc 14 KN (ts/2) + (L-ts) 2.35 meters 33 KNm
W4 Base self weight = L*tb*γconc 28 KN L/2 1.23 meters 34 KNm
W5 Other Load PT Beam Load 0 KN
∑W 43 KN ∑Mw 69 KNm

viii) Mw not less than (1.2*MODL) +(1.4*MOIL) Safe against Overturning

-clause 20.1 page 33 of IS 456 2000

5 Stability against Sliding

i) Sliding Force Pa = PHS + PH 35 KN
ii) Resisting Force F = µ*∑W 22 KN

iii) (FS)SL= (0.9*F)/(Pa) 0.55 < 1.4 Unsafe against Sliding

-clause 20.2 page 33 of IS 456 2000

5a Shear key Design

x 0.30 meters
a) Shear Key Size
y 0.30 meters
b) Distance from stem z 0.30 meters
c) Heigth of exacavation h1 0.60 meters
d) Heigth of earth mobilization h2 = h1 + y + (z * tanØ) 1.07 meters
e) Passive Pressure Pp = Cp*γs*(h12-h22) / 2 21 KN
 v) Revised Factor of Safety against SLIDING
(FS)sliding = 0.9 * ((F+Pp)/(Pa*CosӨ)) 1.09 > 1.4
Unsafe against Sliding. Shear Key Required

6 Soil Pressures at footing base

i) Net Moment at toe Mn = Mw - (MOIL+MODL) 28 KN
ii) Point of application of Resultant R x = Mn/W 0.65 meters
iii) Eccentricity e = (L/2) - x 0.58 meters L/6= 0.41
e>L6 Eccentricity lies outside the middle third of the base. Revise the base dimensions

iv) Pressure Distridution on soil qmax = W/L * (1+(6*e/L)) 43 KN/sqm

qmin = W/L * (1-(6*e/L)) -7 KN/sqm
Max Pressure qmax<SBC hence pressure on base is OK

Pressure at junction of stem and

v) qsh=qmax-((qmax-qmin)/L)*ts) 39 KN/sqm
heel
7 Constants for Working Stress Method

Design Constants
i) Grade of concrete 20 MPa
ii) Grade of steel 415 MPa

iii) Compr stress in concrete c 7.0 table 21 page 81 IS 456

iv) Tensile stress in steel t 230
v) Modular ratio m = 280/3c 13.33
vi) Neutral axis depth factor k=mc/(mc+t) 0.289
vii) Lever arm j = 1 - k/3 0.904
viii) Factor R= cjk / 2 0.913

8 Design

A) Stem
i) Beanding Moment at base of stem M = MODL + MOIL 40 KN/m

ii) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.01 meters

iii) Thickness provided ts 0.20 meters
Thickness of Stem is OK

iv) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 1387 sqmm

v) Ast provided 16 mm dia @ 120 mm c/c 1676 sqmm
vi) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 0.99 %
Steel OK

B) Base Slab
Force Lever arm from end of stem Moment
i) Force due to Frontfill = (L-ts)*(hp-tb)*γs 2 (L-ts) / 2 1.13 meters 2 KNm
iii) Self Weight of base slab = L* tb * γconc 28 L/2 1.23 meters 34 KNm
∑Ws 30 Md 36 KNm
vi) Upward soil pressure Nup = ((qsh+qmin)/2)*(L-ts) 35 ((qsh+(2*qmin))/(qsh+qmin)) * 0.58 meters 20 KNm
Upward Pressure is greater ((L-ts)/3) Mu 20 KNm

v) Bending Moment Msh = Mu-Md 16

vi) Thickness required dreq=√(Ms/(R*b) 0.13 meters Thickness of Stem is OK

vii) Thickness provided ts 0.45 meters

viii) Ast required Ast = M/(t*j*tse) 193 sqmm

ix) Ast provided 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 754 sqmm
x) Percentage of Steel pt = Ast/(b*d) 0.05 %
Steel OK

C) Reinforcement Details

FILL
Shaped Cantilever RETAINING WALL