2XPERIMENT 2 mplte w

Aim: To prepare
anagyam
a
temporary slide of T.S. of any locally available flower to show marginal placentation.
Procedure
1. Take any flower of the
sub-family Leguminosae (pea). Dorsal suture
2. With the help of
forceps, remove the whorls one by one, till you -Ventral suture
reach the gynoecium. Placenta-
3. With the help of a
sharp razor blade, cut several sections of the -Ovule-
Ovary in a series.
Locule
4. Float them in water in a
petri-dish. Select the thinnest and the best Wall of ovary-
section.
5. Mount it in glycerine, place the cover-slip taking care that no air Figure Marginal placentation
bubbles are trapped.
Observation and Comments:
1. This is a
temporary slide showing marginal placentation.
2. It is characteristically found in sub-family Leguminosae.
3. The ovary is unilocular.
4. The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the
ovary.
 d l y.

XPERIMENT 3
Aim : Td prepare a temporary slide of T.S. of any locally available flower to show axile placentation.
Procedure
1. Take any flower of the Malvaceae
Solanaceae families
or
2 With thehelp of forceps, remove the whorls one by one, till you reach the gynoecium.
3. With the help of a sharp razor blade, cut several sections of the
ovary in a series.
Float them in water in a petri-dish. Select the thinnest and the best section.
5.
5 Mount it in glycerine, place the
cover-slip taking care that no air bubbles are trapped.
Wall of ovary Septum
Locule
-Ovule
Central axis-

Placenta
Figure: axile placentation

Observation and Comments:

1. This is a temporary slide showing axile placentation.
2. It is characteristically found in Malvaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceaefamilies.
The ovary is pentalocular (in Malvaceae) / bilocular (in Solanaceae)/ trilocular (in
Liliaceae).
3.
4. The placentae are borne alongthe septa of the ovary.
5. Each locule contains 2 or more ovules.
 EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: To prepare a
temporary slide of T.S. of the stem of a
hydrophyte. Epidermis
Hypodermis
Procedure :

1. Take the stem of an

aquatic plant (for example,
Hydrilla) and cut several transverse sections in a
Air chamber
series.
2. Float the sections in water in watch
a
glass.
3. Select the thinnest section with uniform thickness.
4. Mount it in glycerine avoiding air bubbles.
5. Observe it under low power of Endodermis
a
compound Pericycle
microscope.
Xylem cavity
Observation and Comments: Phloem
1. This is a
temporary slide of T.S. of stem ofa
hydrophyte. Figure: T.S. of the stem
2. The epidermis is made up of single layer of of Hydrilla
parenchymatous cells.
3The cotex is aerenchymatous with large air cavities. It provides buoyancy
4The innermost layer of the cortex is endodermis. It is weakly developed.
. The endodermis encloses vascular bundles which are concentric and amphieribal.
6.
Xylem is poorly developed.
 EKPERIMENT 5
Aim: To prepare a temporary slide of T.S. of a xerophytic leaf
Procedure:

1. Take the leaf of a xerophytic plant (for example sugar cane, Nerium or Calotropis) and cut several
transverse sections in a series.
2. Float the sections in water in a watch glass.
3. Select the thinnest section with uniform thickness.
4. Mount it in glycerine avoiding air bubbles.
5. Observe it under low power of a compound microscope.
Observation and Comments:
1. This is a temporary slide of T.S. of a xerophytic leaf.
2. The cuticle layer is very thick to prevent loss of water.
 IMManUal (Ca55-1

Palisade
Cuticle Vein Upper Bundle sheath parenchyma
epidermis

Lower
Spongy Guard Bundle
parenchyma epidermiS Trichome cell sheath

Figure: T.S. of a xerophytic leaf

3. Very few stomata are found on the lower surface.

4. The stomata are sunken.
5. The epidermis is multi-layered.
6. Epidermis is covered with hair (in Calotropis).
7. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous and several layered (in Pinus).
8. Bulliform cells are present in the epidermis (in sugar cane).
Aim: To prepare a temporary slide of L.S. of a dicot seed.
Procedure:

1. Soak some seed of pea or gram overnight to make them soft.

2 With the help of a razor blade cut several longitudinal sections in a series.
3. Float the sections in water in a watch glass.
4. Select the thinnest section with uniform thickness.
5. Mount it in glycerine avoiding air bubbles.
6. Observe it under low power of a compound microscope.
Testa Testa Cotyledens
Raphe Tegmen

OCPOD
Chalaza
Hilum

Micropyle
Position of radicle
Plumule
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl

Figure: LS. of a dicot (gram) seed

Radicle
Seat of
embryo

Observation and Comments:

1. The seed is covered by seed coat. The outer layer of seed coat is tough, it is called testa and the inner
layer is thin. It is called tegmen.
2. The part enclosed by the seed coat is called kernel. It provides attachment to the embryonic axis or
tigellum.
3. The narrow and pointed end of tigellum is called radicle. The other end is
feathery, it is called plumule.
4. The region of tigellum between radicle and the
junction cotyledon is called hypocotyle and the region
of
between plumule and the junction of cotyledon is called epicotyle.
. The cotyledons store the food.
 EXPERIMENT 6 Au
Aim
: To prepare a temporary slide of L.S. of a monocot seed.
Procedure:
1. Soak some seed of maize or wheat overnight to make them soft.
ILILIILI Seed coat &
fruit-wall
2. With the help of a razor blade cut several longitudinal sections in Endosperm

3.
a series.

Float the sections in water in a watch glass.

Select the thinnest section with uniform thickness.
IL LIL ITIUILAL L, Aleurone layer

Scutellum
5. Mount it in glycerine avoiding air bubbles.
6.
6. Observe it under low power of Coleoptile
a compound microscope.
Observation and Comments Plumule
1. Pericarp and fused
testa are together.
2. The and upper lateral part represents
narrow
embryo. Radicle
The lower part is endosperm, which is filled with starch
grains. Coleorhiza
4. Scutellum and endosperm are separated from each other
bya
thin epithelium. Figure: L.S. of monocot seed
5. On the lateral side of the scutellum, the
embryonic axis is present.
6. The lower end of embryonic axis is called radicle. It is covered with a protective sheath called
coleorhiza.
7 The upper end of the embryonic axis bears a number of minute leaves. This end is called
7. plumule and
the protective sheath around it is called coleoptile.
 Aim To observe germination of Pollen grains
in a nutrient medium.
Materiaequired :Slide, mature anther of a plant (e. g., Tradescantia, Rhoeo, common grass, China rose
D/
etc.), suerose solution, 41 gm of sucrose in distilled water to make 100 mL, salt solution, 0.417 gm calcium
nitrate, 0.200 gm boric acid, 0.101 gm potassium nitrate, 0.217 gm magnesium sulphate dissolved in distilled
water to make 1 litre. X
Generative cell

-Exine
Intine - Generative cell
Germ Pore
1st mitosis Development
Nucleus
Tube nucleus

Tube cell
Pollen tube

Male
gametes
Tube nucleus
2nd mitosis in generative cell
and further development

Figure Pollen grains in different stages of germination

Procedure:
1. Take 2 drops of sucrose solution on the slide.
Add 6 drops of salt solution.
3. Dust pollen grains on this solution and leave for 30 minutes.
Observation : Pollen tubes can be seen emerging from the pollen grains when viewed at 40X
magnification.
Comments:
1. Exine is the outer layer, it is rough and spiny.
2 Intine is thin and has emerged out through the germ-pore in the form of a long pollen tube.
3. At the tip of the pollen tube a large tube nucleus is present. It is followed by a small generativenucleus.