SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OF AIME PAPER SP.

b
6200 North· Central Expressway NUMBER 3733
Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A PREPRINT - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

The theory and practice of monitoring and # .·

controlling dumpfloods
3733

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by
C. A. Davies, Oasis Oil Company of Lybia, Inc.,
Tripoli, Libya

© Copyright 1972
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for the SPE-European Spring Meeting 1972 of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, held in Amsterdam; The Netherlands, May 1~18, 1972. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations :inay not be copied; The abstract
should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication ·
elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF
PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate
journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
· Society of Petroleum Engineers, P. 0. Box 228, The Hague, The Netherlands. Such discussion may be
presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the
two-SPE magazines. · ·

Abstract permits the determination of well bore proper-

The term dump flooding usually refers to the.
technique of maintaining the pressure of an oil
reservoir by allowing a high pressure potential
water source zone to flow naturally into the
oil zone. The reason for using this technique
is primarily !;"elated to its cheapness both in
initial capital expenditure and. in _the routine
operating-expenses. This technique becom~s
particularly .importantin·isolated areas where·
there is insufficient ground water.
ties of bDth the source zone B~d the injected
zone from simple fluid levels and periodic
fluid t~avel logs.
Introduction
The' technique ·of injecting water into an oil
producing reservoir for either pressure main-
tenance or secondary recovery is a well-estab-
lished process in the worldwide. oil producing
·. industry.

There. has been a problem in monitoring the rate
at which. the wells transfer water from a high
pressure potential zon~·to a low pressure
potenti~"'.. -::.-u-;;:. .'!:'~,:...~ is due to the fact that
there are two zones open ·to the well bore which
cannot be readily monitored independently;
The theory of dumpflooding has been developed
and due. to the complexity of solving the resul-
tant second order differential equations, a
computel;' program has been written and presented
to assist analysts in monitoring the dumping
rates.
A technique has also been developed which per-
·mits monitoring of the actual fluid injection
rate, within an acceptable accuracy~ and also
The methods available for obtaining water for
injection purposes are numerous and the .econo-
mics associated with the injection project
usually dictate which source should be used.
The source. of water used is dependent usually
on the quality and quantity of water available.
For instance, the sea or rivers may be used,·
when availa~le, but treatment costs are often
very high. Subterranean water is. often of
better quality but quantity ~nd/or accessi-
bility usually involve large capital expen-
ditures for wells and pumps.
This paper deals with probably the cheapest and
most effective method of injecting water into
an oil reservoir, that is, dumpflooding.

..:rm dumpflooding refers to the process of
. ~.Lowing a water-bearing reservoir of high
pressure potential to feed into ari oil reservoir
of lower pressure potential by placing the two
zones in communication through a casing string
(Figure 1). The water source zone can be above
or below the oil reservoir, as long as there is
sufficient pressure potential to effect the
water transfer. (The equations associated with
dumpflooding apply equal~y well to. both cases.
Appendix I) .
This paper, however, is primarily concerned with
the monitoring of the dumpflood rates, a problem
which has existed in the oil producing industry
due to the fact that the rate may not stay con-
stant 'over the life. of the dumpflood projec"t.
This paper, which presents a derivation of the
equations describing the fluid transfer rate,
a~d a computer program to solve the equations of
flow, has been designed to alleviate the problem
of monitoring the dumpflooding rates.· · d4.79
.The Theory of Dumpflooding
It can be readily demonstrated that the rate at
which fluid transfers from one zone to another
is a constant value if the reservoir static
pressure in both zones is maintained. (See
Appendix I, Case I). The equation* for fluid
:transfer is :-
.Pew - p eo = constant
- .. •. . .··
Sq .the rate of trans:t;er is dependent on the
p.roductive an(l injective capacity of the source
.arid iri}ected zones respectively, the friction
los~·inthe casing and the difference between
the reservoirs.' s.tatic pressures.· The fluid
transfer rate is not time dependent.
It 'is this constant rate pQ.enomenon that is the
key to the successful monitori~g of dumpflood
wells. The above example holds true as long as
the static pressures of the two zone.s remain un-
changed~·. In·-the case where .the two zones are of
finite size., then the static pressure in the
source zorie wilt decre~se in accordance with its
water production and the pressure iii the injec-
ted zone will change in accordance·with its riet
withdrawals (L e. production minus injection}.
The d·evelop~ent of the· dumpfiood rate equations
for this system is "included in ·Appendix I,. Case
II'. The equation is :;.. ' .
From this equation the dumpflood rate may. be
calculated at any point in time. .A summati9n
*. See nomenclature - page 5
SPE 3733
of rate per unit time would give the cumulative
injection to that point in time.
In the case where one zone is infinite and the
other is finite a: (ji:Herent set of equations
will apply which would be a simplific;ation of
the above equation. (See Appendix I, Cases
III and IV).
The Signifi'cance of Pipe Friction
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If the water is dumped· at a rate such that the
friction in the pipe is a signific.ant part of
the total•resistance, term R1 in the dumpflood
formul~, then it must be taRen into conside-·.
ration. One formula used to determine the pipe
friction for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow
is :-
518 0.79 0.79 '0.207h
FL . •f • qw • f • ' psi/BWPD
Since the pipe friction is rate dependent it
complicates the solution of the dumpflood
formul~. From this equation and the approp-
riate dumpflood equation a further non-linear
equation can be developed and solved for dumping
rate. The equations governing each situation
are shown in Appendix II. Since these equations
require an iteration technique to be solved, and
many cases will have to be run, the author has
written a computer program (Appendix III) to
facilitate the generation of the necessary data.
The program is written in FORTRAN for the IBM
360 model computer. The use of the computer
program is discussed in Appendix III.
Due to the fact that pipe friction is a function
of rate and therefore controls, to a degree, the
dumpfiood rate it may be used in two ways.
Firstly, the size of casing could be sufficien-
tly large to reduce the friction to a negligible'
amount, in which.case the dumpflood rate would
conform to one of the equations in Appendix I,
Cases I to IV. Secondly, the friction in the
pipe could be used to control the dumpflood
rate. The water rate could be minimized by
allowing· it to dump down a small diameter tubing
or in the tubing/casing annulus. . (A better"
method, however, to mininrl.ze the transfer·· rate · .
would be to limit the.. :m.~:mbt:l.' of pc=;:=~:::..;tiorts ill-.
the injected_ ~":~T2e). . r-
·Advantages of Dumpflooding ·~.
The· advantages of dumpflooding will be discussed
in order of priority·: ·
1. The capital costs of installing a conven-
tional waterflooding system exceed the
capital cos'ts of dumpflooding by all those
costs upstream of the injection wellhead.
These capital costs include such items as··
flow lines, transfer pumps, water gathering
SPE 3733 3

systems and water treating facilities.
2. 'The operating costs of maintaining a con-
ventional waterflood exceed the dumpflood
oper~ting costs by all those costs assoc-
iated with equipment maintenance. The only
operating costs associated with dumpflooding 4. If sand or other particles were to be
which would not be necessary with a conven-
tional system would be the periodic down-
hole rate monitoring and fluid level
measurements.
3. With two zones open within one well, the
servicing of either zone becomes more com-
plicated, hence more expensive. Certainly
the equipment to handle any conceivable
workover is available.
deposited from the upper zone to a lower
zone then circulating the hole clean would
be a problem.
·. .

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___

5. If the fluid from the Source zone were

3. In remote areas where there is inadequate corrosive, then a ttt~ingstring would have
ground water, dumpflooding would provide to be introduced j~st below the source zone
the necessary injection and avoid the perforations (since :th,e fluid above the
extremely expensive water supply system. perforations would be.essentially static)
(A water supply system would involve the for the introduction of corrosion-inhibiting
drilling of water supply wells and the chemicals.
installation of the necessary pumping
equipment to provide the desired injection The Application of the Dumpflood Theory
rate);
The dumpflood theory and resultant equations are
4. In an area where dumpflooding was being sufficiently complex to make their use on a
practiced, the injection rate could readily routine basis virtually impracticable. For this
be increased by converting a watered-out reason the author has developed a technique
producing well to dumpflooding. There which will enable the field engineer to utilize
would be no reason to lay additional supply the theory, in a readily usable form, to monitor
lines, expand the pump capacity, etc .. the dumpflood rates. This is accomplished by
regularly measuring fluid levels (2-4 times
5. Dumpflooding is a self-regulating process; monthly depending on fluid level stability) and
as the oil reservoir pressure rises the casing fluid travel logs about twice a year.
rate declines and vice versa. Hence there The data can be plotted on a "dumpflood chart"
should be no tendency to over-pressure one from which the dumping rates and well bore
area or to lower the pressure in another. properties can be read directly. The "dumpflood
chart" (Figure 2) can be obtained by plotting
6. The casing corrosion problems are reduced the output data from the dumpflooding computer
since the fluid transfer occurs in a closed program. (The use of the computer program is
system preventing oxygen from accelerating described in Appendix IL0. The chart is pre-
any corrosion tendency. pared by plotting the dumpflood rate versus the
tubing fluid level for various values of the
Disadvantages of Dumpflooding source zone's productivity and the injected
zone's injectivity. Line of constant source
The disadvantages of dumpflooding will be zone's productivity and l~nes of constant in-
discussed in order of priority : jected zone's injectivity make up the dumpflood
chart:
1. The main disadvantage of dumpflooding lies
in the difficulty of measuring the quantity Before the two zones are placed in communication
of water transferring from one zone of high their individual static bottom hole pressures
pressure to a second zone of lower pressure. should be measured. The well should then be
One method would be to use a downhole meter allowed to dump water until sufficient time has
but these meters would require servicing lapsed to ensure that a stabilized injection
and calibration which would be expensive in rate has been established. Once this has been
remote areas. It is anticipated that this accomplished the rate should be measured using
measuring problem will be resolved, within a production logging technique, together with
acceptable oil field limits, by application the dumping fluid leveL This establishes the
of the techniques offered in this paper. starting point on the dumpflood graph, point A
(Figure 2). Theoretically, the rate and dumping
2. The rate of fluid transfer cannot readily fluid level should remain constant depending
be controlled below the natural transfer solely on the relative sizes of.the two connec-
rate without the introduction of do·•.•1hole ted reservoirs. In practice the productivity
chokes. If·a choke were used, and operated of the source zone and the injectivity of t~e
below its critical velocity, then the moni- injected· zone. can change due to well bore damage
toring technique suggested in this paper If either zone were to change in capacity then
would not work. the rate of fluid transfer would change corres-
. ·.
4 SPE 3733

pondingly; a fact which..must be ·recorded. The for oil field practical purpos.es. The technique,
suggested method of control would be· as follows: however, does require wee.kly to bi-weekly fluid·
level measurements .and. periodic rate deter-
·The starting point, A, on the dumpflood chart has minations using production.logging techniques.
been established in ·the. above discussion
(Figure 2). It is now necessary. to measure the · Acknowledgments
fluid level at one- to two ..week intervals and·
note any change. If the fluid levels are rising. The author.wishes to express hts appreciation to
then it would appear, from the graph, tl).at the the Oasis Oil Company of Libya, Inc., for the
injected zone is becoming damaged: Follow a line opportunity to write this paper for the First
Annual ·Meeting .of the European S.P.E. to be held

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of constant source zone productivity until a
point B is reached. If the ·fluid levels are in Amsterdam, The Netherlands,.during May. 1972.
droppi~g follow a line of constant injec'ted zone
injectivity to a poi·nt C. ·Points B or C .will be
at the. same instant in, t_ime, say, six months·. to
one year after the point A .was established.:.
Again, run a rate determination and fluid level
and estab!fsh .a new point on the dumpflood graph.
If the new point lies at B or C, then the assum-
ptions over. that period of time were corre.ct, and
the dumpflood rate records will also be correct.
Let us now assume that the new rate was at point·
D instead of B or C. In other words, the sys-tem
suffered deterioration of both zones. In this·
case the dunipflood r'ecords would h~ve to be
changed to reflect the actual dumpflooding rate
as determined from the line l?etween poi11ts :.f!., and
D.

It can be readily demonstrated that regardless of'

where the points A, B, C and D lie, the rate of
dumpflooding can be. estimate.d closely, after a
point.A has been established, and accurately ·once
points .A and D are availabl~L ·

If at point D the dumpflood rate·. is considered·

too low then either or both' zones may be_worked
over. In this instance the greatest inc.rease in·
injection rate would be achieved by working over
the injected zone, moving ftom point D to C on
the graph. ·obviously after a workover·9f either
zone, a·new po.int.A on the graph must be estab-
lished with a rate determination and static fluid
level and the. whole procedure repeated.

The Elaboration of·tlie.Du~pfiood Techniques

The equations used in this paper ~ould·be elabor-

ated rea·dily to allow for a· variable net with.:..
drawal from the oil producing zo.ne. Th.e. p~oce­
dure could also be deve1oped to match the-
pressure/production performance of both the
source and the injected zones. From a history
match it would then·be possible to predict future
dumping rates which would be.most important if.
the .source z·one were of finite. size. These
developments, however, have not yet been under-·
taken.

Conclusions
•
The· author concluded from his investigat,ion of
dumpflooding that the actual fluid transfer rate
can be. monitored, within an acceptable accuracy
SPE- 3733
5

Nomenclature Appendix I

API symbol~ are used whenever possible. CASE I - Both Source and Injected Zones of
Infinite Size
Symbol Description Units
The simplest case of dumpflooding is where an
I Injectivity Index BWPD/psi infinite source of water is dumping into an oil
J Productivity Index BWPD/psi zone also of infinite capacity. If the produc-
tivity of the water souce zone is J, BWPD/psi
N Original Oil in Place MMSTB and the injectivity of oil zone is I~ BWPD/psi,

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N Original Water in Place MMBW then
w
qo Oil producing rate BOPD From Figure 1, we can show that for any source
qw Water producing rate BWPD zone of stat~c pressure, pew' and any injected
zone of stat~c pressure, peo' that the following
Pe External boundary pressure psig equations* apply :
pi p at initial conditions psig
e Example I*
t Time days
_':..1 Upward Flow
Total compressibility ps~

(oil zone) q /J (1)

.-1 w
c Total compressibility ps~
tw (water zone)
qw/I = Pwf D (2)
pw - Peo
N Oil production, cumulative MMSTB
p
adding:-
wp Water injected, cumulative MMBW
1 1 (3)
D
pw
Water pressure gradient psi qw (-
I
+ -)
J Pew - Dpw - peci
between zones
FL Friction loss psi/BWPD Exam:ele II*
pew Boundary pressure in water psig Downward Flow
zone
q /J pew+ Dpw - pwf (la)
Peo Boundary pressure in oil zone psig w
p at initial conditions psig q /I (2a)
piw ew . · w pwf - peo
pio peo at initial conditions psig
adding:-
pwf Flowing bottom hole pressure psig
1 1 (3a)
p Density of dumping fluid gms/cc qw (I+ J) = pew - peo + Dpw 1

Viscosity of dumping fluid cp

? If we now convert all pressures to a common
d Diameter or equivalent*
diameter of pipe, internal
Internal diameter of casing
Outside diameter of tubing
Distance between mid-point of
source zone producing inter-
val to mid-point of injected
zone producing interval
* The equivalent diameter of the annular space
between casing and tubing is calculated auto-
matically in the computer program using the
formula :
d4.79 = (d
c
inches level, say, the oil reservoir datum then both
equations simplify to
inches (4)
inches '
So, for an infinite reservoir dumping to
feet another infinite reservoir we would have a
constant dumping rate, qw' where
1 1) = ~p (5)
qw (I + J = Piw - pio
Pressures should be converted to the oil. reser-
voir's datum level. In the subsequent analysis
it wili be assumed that pressures used are at a
common datum level.
* See nomenclature on this page.
6 SPE 3733
CASE II - Both Source and Injected Zones of Let A - qo B Nwc tw (16)
0
Finite Size

The most complex dumpflooding case would be a B Net + Nwctw . (17)

finite source zone of initial static pressure
p. dumping into a finite reservoir of initial
l.W •
stat1.c pressure pio wh"1.c h was pro d uc1.ng
• at a 1/C = R Nc N c
1 t w tw
constant rate of q .
0

The general equation can be developed as follows or c l/R1Nct Nwctw (18)

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At any point in time, t, the static pressure of
the source zone and injected zone would be p Substituting A, B and C in equation (15) above
and p · respectively. ew would give :
eo
Hence (6) dqw Cdt (19)
A-Bq
where (7) w

Integrate equation (19) w.r.t., t

and FL is the friction loss in the
casing; psi/BWPD. 1
B log (A-Bqw) Ct + K (20)

Material balance calculation over the oil zone when t 0 q = q

at time,. t, would be ' w iw
1 (21)
so K --B log (A-Bq. )
Wp - Np B0 Net (p eo - p io ) (8) l.W

Rearranging equation (21) gives

Likewise, material balance over the source zone
would give Bq - A -BCt
w e (22)
Wp = Nwc tw (p - p ) (9) Bq. - A
iw ew l.W

Differentiating equations (6), (8), (9) with -BCt A (l _ e-BCt)

respect to time would give the following or qw = qiw e +B (23)
equations:
1
btl t q iw (24)
R1dq = dp - dpeo R1 ( Piw - pio ) '
=
.......:!!.. ~
(10)
dt dt dt initial conditions

and dW B dN Nctdp eo (11) so q =-1 (p. - p. )e

-BCt
_P 0____E. w Rl l.W 1.0
dt dt ~
+ ~ (l _ e-BCt) (25)
dW -N c dp (12)
_____£ w tw ew
dt ~ CASE III - Infinite Injected Zone, Finite
Source Zone ·
but dN
____E.
qo and ____E.
dW qw (13)

dt dt Taking equation (25) Appendix I and making the

injected zone infinite, that is, N = m the
Eliminate p , pew' dN /dt and dW /dt we get: equation reduces to
eo p p
q =! (p. _ p. )e-Dt (26)
w Rl l.W 1.0
Rldqw = -qw qw + qoBo (14)
dt N-z-
w tw Net Nc
t

or Rldqw CASE IV - Infinite Source Zone, Finite

dt Injected Zone

q B N c - q (Nc + Nwctw) (15) Again taking equation (25) Appendix I and

0 0 w tw w t making the source zon~ infinite, that is
Net Nw c tw Nw = m the equation reduces to :
SPE 3733 7

q = -R1 (p. - p~ 0 e
) -Et
+ q o Bo (1 - . e -Et ) (27) f 1 (q w(')) is
. the derivative of. the function.
~
w 1 ~w ...
The convergence to the r~ot is quadratic or
linear if the multiplicity of the root to be
where
determined is equal to one or greater than one
Again .taking equation (25), Appendix I and respectively and if f(q ) can be differentiated
continuously at least t~ice in the range in
putting both zones of infinite capacity, that
which the iteration moves. T_olerance limits
is : N = N = ro the equation reduces to basic
equation (~) Appendix I. must be set to minimize the number of iteration
steps required.

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Appendix I I
Using the Newton iteration technique the .
equation (29) can be developed for any time, t
The equations used in Appendix I assume that
the friction loss in a pipe is directly propor- f(q ) = R + Tq0.79
Let (31)
tional to throughput. In actual fact the w w
friction loss in a pipe is a function of the
Reynold's number and the roughness of the pipe differentiate f~(q)
w
0.79.T.q- 0 · 21
w
(32)
which, strictly speaking, should be taken into
consideration. One formula used to determine (33)
the pipe friction for Newtonian fluids in tur- let
bulent flow in oilfield pipes is :
, + tBf"(q )
518 0.79 0.79 0.207h psi/BWPD differentiate f ' 1 (~) = _ _ _ _w....,... (34)
FL = f qw f ' (28)
G.(f(q )) 2
d4.79 w

let (p. - P. ) = Ap (35)

~w 10
So equation (23) Appendix I, Case II, the most
complicated case, becomes Equation (29) expressed as
-Bt/G(R + Tq 0 · 79 ) A fl (qw)
qw = qiw e w f
2
(q )
w
= qw - - -(1 - e
B
) (36)

A e-Bt/G (R + Tqw0 · 79 )) differentiating

+B (1 - (29)
(
where : fl (q )
1- f 1 (q ).f 1 1 (q ).e w e(q. -A/B) (37)
. W W 1W
T = 518 •P
0.79
•}.1
0.207 h
• • So equation (30) becomes :

which can readily be solved, preferably with a

computer. The value·of q. must be solved from
q.
~w
= the rate at initial conditions
the equation
~w

R=.!.+l
I J
q.
~w
= (p. -p. )/(R+Tq?·79)
1w ~o ~w

This is a non-linear equation in q which can which governs the initial conditions. Since
be solved readily using Newton's i~erat~on this equation is non-linear it must be solved
technique. The technique is to refine an using the same techniques as above. (For
initial guess q {'- ) of a root of the general details see Case· I, Appendix II).
non-linear equa~~5~ 0 f(q ) = 0. This takes the
form of : w CASE III - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction

(30) The equations to find the actual flow rate,

q ('+l) at time, t, for a system with a finite
s~tlfce zone and im infinite injected zone
where i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ............ . (constant static pressure) are as follows :
-Dt (39)
and qw(i+l) is the root of the equation qw = qiwe
qw(i) is the guessed root where qiw = (piw-pio)/(R+Tq~~ 79 ) (40)

f(qw(i)) is the function

8 SPE 3733

and D 1/(R+T O. 79 ) N c (41) differentiate f' (q ) =

·qw wtw
2 wf ( )
1 - f 1 (q ) f/1 (q ) e 1 qw (q. - q ) (57)
0.79
So let f(~) = R + Tq (42) W . W 1W 0
w

differ~ntiate f-'(qw) 0.79Tq- 0 · 21 (43) Again in the last two equations the rate can be
w
calculated by iterating the expression
let f 1 (Q ) = -t/(N c f(q )) (44)
.-w. wtw w
(58)
differentiate f 1'1 (qw) =

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' 2
.t f'(q )/N ct· (f(q )) (45) CASE I - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction
.w w w w
· fl (qw) This case is the simplest case where both zones
let f (q )
q W
=. qW - q.1Wee (46) are .infinite. The equation to. be solved is non-
linear.

differentiate f 12 (qw) =
1.79
R q + Tqw = (p.1W - p.10 )· = Ap (59)
w ·
(47) •
Using the last two equations the rate can be Let f (q ) Rq + Tqw1. 79 -~p '(60)
w w
calculated.by iterating the expression :

(48) differentiate f/(q ) = R + 1. 79Tqo. 79 (61)

w w

This can be solved to give the actual flow rate. The rate may be obtained by iterating the
expression :
CASE IV - Elaborated to Include Pipe Friction
(62)
The equations to find the actual flow rate,
q ("+l) at any time, t, for a system which has
a~ Inf1nite·source zone and a finite injected Thi's equation must be used in Cases II, III and
zone are as follows : IV to solve for q. which is the rate at initial
1W
. -'Et -Et conditions .
q
W
= q.·.1w·e + q .(1- e
· ·o
) (49)
Appendix II I

q = (p· _ p. )/(R + Tq0.79) (50) CARD 1 - Pipe Friction Data

iw iw ,10 w
Read into the computer program up to 40 values
and (51) of casing and casing/tubing combinations. If
the tubing is set anywhere between the source ·
and the injected zones then the equivalent dia-
Let.· (52) meter for any annular flow is automatically
calculated in the computer program for friction
loss purposes.
different.i11.te 0.79Tq- 0 "21 (53)
w
Card Description Format
Column
let f 1 (qw) = -t/Nc.. t f(q w ) (54)
1- 5 Casing Size, i.e. 7 1/2 A4, Al
6-10 Tubing Size, i.e. 2 7/8 A4, Al
11-17 Casing Size, i.d. F7.5
differentiate Tubing Size, o.d.
18-24 F7.5
25-29 Fluid Viscosity, cp F5.3
(55)
30-34 Density of Fluid, grms/cc F5.4
35-38 Temperature of Fluid, OF F4.1
39-42 No. of these cards (first I4
let card only)
43-46 Card sequence 14
(56)

., . I '
SPE 3733 9

CARD 2 - Name Card (one :eer job) CARD 6 - Zone Basic Data
(Do not use if both zones are infinite)
Card Description Format
Column Card Description Format
Column
1- 2 Any number between 1-99 I2
3-14 Name of Field 3A4 1- 8 Aquifer size, MMRB F8.2
15-18 Concession Number A4 9-16 Reservoir size, MMSTB F8.2
19-30 Date 3A4 17-24 Total effective compressibility F8.2
31-38 User's Name 2A4 aquifer, psi-1 10-6
25-32 Total effective_~ompressibility F8.2

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CARD 3 - Basic Data oil zone psi lo-6
33-40 Duration of dumpflood, days F8.2.
Card Description Format 41-48 Reservoir production rate, RBPD F8.2
Column 49-56 Number of time steps required IS
with finite injected zone,
1- 8 Name of Source Zone 2A4 . i.e. enter 50 and with
9-16 Name of Injected Zone 2A4 duration of 1500 days the
17-21 Mid point of producing inter- F5.0 time step will be 1500/50
val source Zone, subsea = 30 days
22-26 Mid point of injected Zone, F5.0
subsea You may introduce as many card type 6's as
27-31 Static Pressure of Source Zone F5.0 required; just include the number in card type
at the mid point of the 3 columns 62-65.
producing interval, psig
(not needed if static fluid Examples of the output may be seen in the paper
level included cc 77-80) after the program listing.
32-36 Static Pressure of injected F5.0
zone at mid point of the
injected interval.
37-41 KB Elevation, ft F5.0
42-44 KB to Master Gate Valve, ft F3.1
45-49 Fluid gradient, psi/ft F5.3
50-52 Casing/Tubing Combination I3
(see card type 1)
53-57 Tubing Depth KB, feet F5.0
58-61 Type of System I4
1 - Both Zones Infinite
2 - Finite Source Zone,
Infinite Injected Zone
3 - Finite Injected Zone,
Infinite Source Zone
4 - Both Zones Finite
62-65 Number of Card Type 6's to be I4
Analyzed
66-68 Number of Productivity Values I4
to be Analyzed
69-71 Number of Injectivity Values I4
to be Analyzed
72-76 Blank
77-80 Static Fluid Level of Source F4.0
Zone

CARD 4 - Injectivity Data

Introduce 10 values of the injected zone's

injectivity in BWPD/psi to cover the anticipated
range Format 10F8.2

CARD 5 - Productivity Data

Introduce 10 values of the source zone's

productivity in BWPD/psi to cover the
anticipated range. Forma~ 10F8.2
 0

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11 10 OU~•FLrnn ANALYSIS pqQ~RAM AY CAOAVIFS
136 FOPMAT!~X,'AT A POINT IN THE ITERATION THE DERIVATIVE BFCA~F ZERO'
l/' 1. )
r. THIS PRI'Gi<A'I CA'J HANDLE DOWNWARD FLOl' n~LY, THF EQIJAT!!HS 'lESCRIBE
(: THF Fl_nw !'J 9[lTH )JRECT!JNS. ~!NOR ~'lOIFCAr!ONS W<1'JLD P•R~!T FL)"
131 FDR·~AT!~X, 'TU81~G DFDT1,FT,K9' ,36X,F7,0)
13B FQR~ATI6X,'I~!T!AL STATIC FLU!O LFVEL,FT M~•,zzX,F7,1) c R()TH WAYS,
l3q FnRMAT!AX,•EQUIVALFNT DIA~FTER OF ANNULUS,INCHES•,15X,F~.3l
c
D I ~ENS If' \1 A ( 1 0 , 1 0 l , 9 l 1 0 l , S ( + '1 , 1 J l , N A'-' E! l:l l , R ATf' ( 3 0 n 0 }
14Q FOR~ATI6X, '!NFI~!TE•,4X,FB.0,7X,F8,5,8X,2F7.0,F!O,O,F7,),F~.O,FA.2
!,7X 0 F6,!,1X,F8,J)
c
CO~MQN X,TJL,O~RF,nx~~4,SV,EV,FV,ICO~,PFRTC,P3,TFR,F5,F~,F7,F8,T,
141 F!JRMAT!6X, 'INJECTED FLUID VISCOSITY, CPS• ,2H,F5,3)
lhN,C1,AN1,C2,Sl,P
14' FnRMAT!6X,'!NJE:TED FLUID DENSJTY,GRMS/CC•,26X,F5,3l
143 f'JRMAT!6X, 'INJF:TED FLUID JF.~PERATURE,F•,nX,F5,Ql
c
1 F~P~AT!3RX,'~U~P-FL08D ANALYSIS CHART'//)
c 2 FOR~AT(6X, FlEl J 1 ,4X,3A4,4X, •COAJCFSSJON• 1 4(, A4,!tX,
1 1 DATE' 1 4X,3A4,
CALL DPSYS !'LDAO•,•OPBD0020'l
14X,' USER' ,4Xo2A4/Il
E=EXP!l.Ol "J FCJP~AT(!/l
IC<11=0 4 FOR~AT!AX,'SCJUR:E ZDNE•,+ZX,?A4l
MSTFPS=l '5 FOR'IAT(AX,•TNJECTFD ZONE',4')X,2A4l
KK?=l 6 FOP'1ATIAX,•MT1 PERFORATinN ~f'PTY OF SOURCE ZnNE,FT 5S',12X,F7,l)
FV=l, 79 7 "'JPMAT!AX,'MTD PE<F'JRATJQN DEPT4 OF !NJECTFD ZONE,FT SS•,tOX,F7,11
F4=0, 8 FOP~AT(AX,•STATIC PRESSU<F OF S•lURCF ZONE,'STS',!qX,F7,l)
F5=0, q FlR"AT!AX, 'STATIC PPFSSURE nF I'IJFCTFfl WNF;,PSIG',17X,F7,Jl
F6=0, ll FQPMAT!A!(, 'K~ FLEVt.TJO"J' ,42X,F7,1)
F7=0,
J1 l=ll<MAT(AX, 'FLIJID GR~OJE~JT, PS!/FT' ,VX,F7,5 l
FR=O,
12 FOR"'1r'.T(6X, 'K~-~·H;V,FT' ,tt5X,F7.1)
G3=0. 13 FOR'IAT(AX, 'CASING SIZE •,A4,Al,ZX,'!n,IN:~<:S' ,27X,F5,3l
R FA 0 ( 1 , 1 5 l ( S! l , ! l ,I= 1 , 9 l , NC D
14 FJRMAT(AX, 'TIJRI~G SIZF ',A4,Al,ZX,•nn,JNC~FS' o27X,F5.3l
ncno 1 =2, NCD 1 '5 Fr1R'1AT(?(A4,.\1} ,2F7,5,F5, ,,F5,4,F4.], 14)
10 RFAD(J,15) (S(J,Kl,K=l,9l 16 FnR~AT!T2,gA4)
4? RFAf1(1,!6liCO?,(NAMF(I2l,IZ=l,g)
17 F'lP~AT(4!1.4,5F5.0,F3.l ,1=5, '3 1 !1,F5.0,2I4,?.I"3, 1=5,1, F4,0)
IF! IC12l 39,39,40
1R F!lRMAT(lOFB,21
4n RoAD! 1,17) ("lA~f.( !2) ,12=13 ,131 1 Dl ,DZ,P1,P2,~KB,Rl!Sf,FG,NCTS,r:JBO,
l q F0 Qiv1/\T{7X,2t,"ff:<.X ,?A4, t 1 1 FRICTION OUMP ncLTA FL<Jo
11C14,1C~3,TC~7,1C1A,TI~ST,S~L
ll~'r, Filii') LFVFLS F'l ICT!O'I WFLL HE Af) R.~ TF LOSS' l
RE Afl ( l , 1 81 ( ~! I , 1 l , 1 = 1 , 13 ) 2') l=nR"1.o\T(l2X, 1 PI 1 ,9X, 1 IT 1 ,2X:, 1 - - - - + ---- + ------ RATf RHP
RFAfl(l ,1 AI (9{ II ,J:J ,101 l RHP TlJ~JN:; CASING t1SS•,6x,•PP.FSSU'F',2X,•n,H"JG T~'l
JF(SFLI72,72,P 21 FIJR·~AT(?gX,'ll PI PST/~P1 B'4Pr"\ '51 PSIG Mr;~,F
7? SFL='ll +WK~-9!J5J-Pl/FG lFET PSI' ,qx, 'PSIG' ,~X, •FRICTIO'I'/11
GO T l 74 22 F0P~AT(AX,FQ.n,~x,FP.0,7X,F~.~,3X,F7.0,F7.1,FlO.Q,F7.0,~~.0,FB.2,
71 Pl=F~*!Dl+WK3-BUST-SFL) l7X,U-,1,1X,F'l.l)
74 P3=P1+(r1,'?-1ll*FG-P2
~3 >rJR>~ATl'l')
IF!TU~D-Dl-WKB)34,34,35
24 FnPMAT(6F~.Z,I8l
14 TUR=Dl 25 FORMAT!I)X, •A!)I)JFF< VCJLIJMc,MM~,,, ,32X,:=JO,Ol
j()O:]
?A FQDMAT!AX, '~FSERVQJR VOLU'1E,M'~STB',29XFlO.J).
GV=cJA,O~(S("lCTS,Bl**Oo79l*!S!NCTS,7l**0,2J7)*!D2-D1)/( fS!NCTS,5l*
?1 eOAMAT(AX,•8QUIFER TOTAL :o~P~FSSIB!LITY,PSI-l',l~X,Fl0,2)
l*4,79l*1000.0*l44J.0**1·79) ?9 Fno~H!AX, 'P"SFRVliR T•lTAL C1MP 0 ESSI'lTL!TY, PS 1-1 • ,14X,F!J.~l
GO T'l 16 21 FnR'HT!AX,'11)oAfl1'' lF DU~PFL')rJn,'lAYS•,?'JX,F1Q,Ol
35 1F(02-T\J~')+WK3)37,37 1 38 l)r) FT<~~l'IT(AX, •RcSf-RV~IP D~OlUCTTr~ RATE,PRD1 1 ,?1X,F10.0)
"l7 TUB='1? 131 FflPMAT(fX,'l'jFJ\IJT[ S'JURCc lr"'F,!~F!N!To I~JFCTFO 7;JNF'/I
IC.09=? 1~2 1=[1RMtiT(AX, 1 FT~liTF. SnURCF l.O~~~.I\JfTNITJ: TNJ::r.TF:f) zor.r~=tt,
GfJ Fl ]Of> 133 Fopuar!6X,'I'IFINITE snuRcE Z1'1E,FJN!TE I~JErTEr, rn'IF'/1
19 TlJR= T'J 90-WKR 1'34 F0PMAT(AX, 1 r:Tf\JTTF. SOURCE lO\JF.,FINTT~ INJECft:f) ~fJNf'/)
IC119=l ]1<; F'lR~hT(~X,"il CONVFPG•"1CC AFTFP 10 !TFRATIJ~S ' f ' l ' l
!Of> 04=!!S!~CTS,~l-S!~CTS,6ll**Z,79l*f!S!NCTS,5l+S(~CTS,6ll**2•3l

(J)
""0
rn
w
-.J
w
w
 (f)

Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/SPEEURO/proceedings-pdf/72EUR/All-72EUR/SPE-3733-MS/2674696/spe-3733-ms.pdf/1 by Chevron Corporation user on 16 March 2023

"'0
rn
(..0
-....1
(..0
(..0

!="P::-1=?·'<!= 1-.f!=C, 13 12 ~5~sr~r.TS,5l**4.79

F4=X-i;- 1-*!=~,~:r?-P>:-c-{ 1.-1=**~='7\ '11-=04**1 1. 14. 79)
J F-e> r -= l •- <:::: 7 F "1 * * f~: o:' F 7* I ] l- D } GX~" 1 q • 0 *I S ( ~I C T S , R l **O• 7 q l *I S ( ~C T S , 7 I **0. 2) 7 I* ( I T J R-r)l) I D4 l/ ( lJ ~ 0.
r.n r--J c:2 10*1440.11**[,79!
l'1 ~=t=~1:(--T7:( ~'1-'.!~~+4~J1 ~·C? l /( PF-r~IC*Il\l·f(l *MJl:l<:C2)) GZ~5JR.O*(S!NCT~,AI**0.79I*!S(~CTS,71**0•2J71*!!02-TUBIID5ll(1300.
x~n~':c.-:,;nF~ Ift-P*r"l.'l*C, *I l. -])I 11\fl!*(l *·~r...J~_t:r:?l tn•144o.n••t.791
FC)::::DI=Q !r+r;V*'<*~'f t=V-l.) GV:Gz+r,x

·~
F6=(cV~l.l*~V*X**{FV-2.l TF! IC~3l51, 'il, 50
C?~- T * ( I '!*C 1> AN 1 *c 2 I I I ~N* c l *~ ~ l *C 2 *F <; I "l IC J>~ 1
r:g=-1=7*CI')ICS 50 nn31 J'~l, ICD3
r: 4= X-~ ~ c **I=- 7- * P~' A'-1 *C J. -~q l •- F );:::<1= 7) I ( .!\ \i*C 1 o>c AI'H
C?) * IF ( I CD 4- l I 6? , 6? , 6 "l
"lr•--=·F=l.-F7*F~*r*t.'F'*( ~1-P*A~l*::ll I (.'\\J*Cl *ANl·:C(?) A> OE'il(l,?41 A~,A~l,C1 ,C2,T[,P,'1STEPS
r;r· T,.l '1? -r;r1 Tn 65
·') 1 T:ll =X. ~~ !(14~1

!(.1 "'-== l 6C) '1f1'1T~t, !Cfl7

rrr. =0 K~ l • 1C f) R
[1(1" ;>
~ \~0. IF! !C'14-2122t,2?1,220
rAIL [TF" ?2() T2=T1 /~STEPS
GT= X. rvnL =O.
';.1 T" (?t~r,'i'-1,t•o,nnl,ICJ+ '<K?='~STFPS+l
'l'J Tr 1<:; =I f:IJ '+ Gn FJ ~r:>
T !=O =(\ 2? 1 T~Tl

nx-=o. ~K2=1
(fii_L TTCP 61)~ nn240K K1 =l, KK2
I~( rrq l"r~ ,t...•/6,-::)s IF I I Cn 4- 21 2 0 2 , ? 0 2 , h 0 4
l') r,n T1 {ql-,,·17) ,IFP 6•)4 IF( KKI -1 I ?On, ?00,201
01-, l,-.iOJTr(3,1,5J ~0\1 T~ \
(~("\ fl ~q Gn rn ?02
1' ··J>:· r r r. 1 ,_, 1~6 1 201 T~T?*lKKl-11
r l T ) l c- ~1? !FIR! ll-9999. 1100,101,100
-. ! (1 .~ r.: f 1<. ,!{ 1 ) =X
!J. T c Fn> THF FJ~ST GJESS US~ THF ~'1 FR!CTir~ CA5F
'1f-t~ ('l\JT J'·II!F 1~ 1 •FPir~l.t~rK.l 1
T [' I I ( ') ,, - ~ l q .__. ' (; {, 1 '~ r,(l T'1 102
'· I 1 T VC"'·I --='). , r 1 o FP I c~ 1 • I~ I I I+ 1. I A I K, 1 I
(-<; -.-:: \~ S T '- :) ) 102 x~P>/PFP rc
1'),() Wl<l=l,!-'1-Cl J::l.:-PI=P JC*X+-';V*X**J:V-P3
TV" I .,. . T vr: I + ( L> ~ Tr-1 Kr< 1 ) + k· '\, f c ( K'<. l + l ) ) *T / ·}:;,l. r; ~EOF=DFPJC+FV*~V*X**(FV-1. I
TV·-1[ I_=T\/'11../ 1 ·ll:l. Gfl T'1 01
' ) .I rr I, T j '!I Jl f 'l x~"'*'"'*f-Tf(•r• rc•A~*Cl 11 /PF~Jc
'l. I •< • ·;- l :: ·-:, '-'·!< \ "·: ( " 'l- 1 • l .- 'c._, I r. I=~=C'I ~o Tr +GV>:•X1:*( FV-1. I
" r "', ~ 1 ::- x F~~rFV--l.I*SV*X"*IFV-2.1
'1 ( K , 1t) :::- Y. /f'l ( '( , J) F7=-T I ( A'J*C l *F5 I
--; ' T ,. ' { '"'-: 1 , --. ) ~ , 7' n~ 1 ... ( .-,) , T ·':I '• FO:-F7«F61F~

' ( :,; ' 1• ) -= '\ f < ' 4 ) .. ( "· ~l1 ,~: :' -'c p ) + Tv ll - D ~- r 1_ l I ( .-\ "· 1 ::r r ) l F4=X-G -:~*E**F 7
T ', I n~RF=1.-~~*F7*FP*E~*F7
'\ ( "' ' ::.. ) :::: ·'l. I --: . I_ ) t ~-- :> r;n T!l G?
· 1 •· • w ) :-or; \f-'o y ~' "r: V gq x~P~*c**I-TI(PFRIC*ANl*CZI I IPFRJC•P*(1.-E*O{-TI(PFPIC*A~10C21 II
'- I ·< , 1 r~ l :: I l ~ - :J::. F I \ It f k' , ~ l ) :'~X r~:Pl=R rr+~V*X.::!·*( FV~l. I
L '~'. ! ·; 1.': '\n.,~-r-·xl'1:\Tff"l H·~f FV-1. I*GV*X**l FV-2. I
r ·1 r i '~ l 1 1 :-; 1 • 1 s I J , r r: ')'; F7~-Tif~~1*C~*F~I
12 SPE 3733

14 1 !j , h(K,");"?.+ioi<R-?llST-Id!K,'>I+A!K,~I lt~r:
~(K 0 7);~(K,,,)
G~.,T'l 1 S 3
1 51 AI~ , ~ l ='ll +WI(R- P<JS T- hI K , 5 I I FG
A(K,7J;"~tWKi-HUST-IAIK,'il+.IK,q))/FG
r,r r1 1" ~
1 C)~ AI~.~~-~2+WK~-~UST-IIIK,5l+Gl~X**FVl/FG
-~I K, 71~n ?+WO-P!JST-1 AI K,Sl+~l K,R I l/FG
151 IFI A!K,Al I 70, 70,71
7~ A(K,9l~hiK,~l*FG

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r.n FJ J5A
71 A!K,c)=f',
15~ IF( A(K,-,1 1154.154 1 3?
1 c; '• A( K 1 71 ;f',
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wR!TF!3,llq) SFL
IIFITI;'('I,\01 '<'<B
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I'J~ \·IRIT!'I 3.1'191 D6
1•)7 WPITr!'.l171 TU~'J
WR!TF(3,14ll SI~CTS 1 71
'~P!TF[ '1,14.~1 SI'JCTS,RI
lo/PIT!:( 1, ~4,) S(NCTS,OI
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5" '4P!T[I ',?51 ~'I
I-4FfTr::( 'l.,?t..) A~·J1
WPIT'"=( ~, ?7} (l
Wf.' T p: f "~,?~I f".?

·'1/~TTI=f~,.:>q} T 15
•4Q JT<( '3,1101 P
!:i ~ W~TT'( "'\, '1}
·.>Jf<!Tr:"(',lQt (~ll\~~(12),{2-=10,131
'-IPtp:( ~. 20)
•.JC ITr:( ~. 71 t
1'·1 '1f'''1J;l, Jf;~1
TF( ~{ T }- c.·~gr:;. t lC'"-'+,1 f"'l:J ,104
1"·:; ··J~tTF{",~t~n1 (A.(J,l?),T?=1,1n}
(;~~ F"l ? ~
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l~ ~ ff11l=:'l
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SPE 3733 13

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1\IITIAL STATIC fLIJIIJ LEV'"L 1 FT '"'G 12). f)
I(B ELEVAT!r"J 55]. 11
FLUin GCIA1~E"'T, PSIIq 0.433:)0
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ll PtY ~ '-l"llU'IJO F:<. I C T! (1"1 1U"'P DELTA FLO II I"JG FLJ 10 LEVELS FQ. ICT!0-4 ~fll HEAJ HTE LOSS
PI II "tb..TE BHP 8HP T J8 f~G CAS I~G L JSS PREssw~:: )!.II'-.!:; TO
II o I PSI /8PI""J ~\ojPQ PSI PS IG "~GV,FEET PSI PS IG F'l I CTIO"'

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17
14 SPE 3733

J SER JASISJIL
F 1 "'l f) SPf DATE
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STATIC PRESSUH ilF SDU~CE Zl'llF.,PSIG 213!t. 3
STATIC PRESSURE OF INJECTED ZONE',PSIG l 70). 0
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o<B FLFV.\TIO~ 55). 0
FLUID GQA11E"'T, PSI/FT 0.43~00
<B-"'GV, FT 1.0
CASING SIZE 7 0/0 IO,INCHFS 6. 366
TUBI"'G SIZE 3 1/2 OD,INCHES 3.500

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EQUIVALENT DI~"'ETER IJF AN~ULUS.INCHES 4.3J2
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18

F I !"l n :lN:::SSil~l SPE J S!:i'R :JAS ISJ IL

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I'J>f~liTE S'1UR.C~ zrNF,FI'HTE I'UFCTEIJ l1~JF

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SPE 3733
15

0U'lP- 10 LJJ) A"lALVS IS CHA.~H

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STATIC PQ.FSSURC:: IJF SIXJ!:l:CE UJ'lE,PSIG ll3L 3
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6 .l66
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DUMPFLOOD ANALYSIS CHART

FIGURE .2.

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