HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BMGMTAPP2
Activity 6: Research Work

Submitted by:
KARISSA LIMOS

Submitted to:
AR. DANIELLE FRANCO
 I. Plumbing System (Water Supply and Drainage System)
Pipes
PVC is an abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride. PVC pipe, one of the various forms of plastic
pipe used for water delivery, has a wide variety of plumbing functions but is usually used for
drainage. PVC is rarely used in potable water applications and is not deemed safe for drinking
in many countries. PVC is also widely used in pool and spa systems. PVC pipe is commonly
white, however, it can also be other colors. The colors and symbols on the pipe frequently
indicate what it is used for. For recycled water, for example, a purple pipe with black lettering
is occasionally utilized. PVC is also available in a variety of thicknesses known as schedules.
Schedule 40 is a typical pipe size. PVC connections are made by first softening the PVC with
a primer and then gluing the joints and pipe together with PVC glue. If used for potable
(drinkable) water, CPVC pipe should always be prominently labeled. All piping systems in
commercial applications are labeled.

Concrete Pipe
Concrete pipes, like clay tiles, were employed as field drains in numerous countries until the
arrival of plastic rendered them essentially obsolete. Concrete pipes with higher diameters are
still regularly utilized as collectors. Concrete pipes can be fabricated in relatively basic
(mobile) production machines that can be simply constructed on-site. Pipe ends are either
straight, have a collar, or have a spigot-and-groove configuration. Water enters almost
entirely through the connections between pipe sections. Openings at the joints can become
very big for larger diameters, which is why some manufacturers include rubber sealing rings.
Concrete pipes may be susceptible to acidity and sulphate, both of which may be present in
the soil. Its sensitivity can be mitigated to some extent by using sulphate-resistant cement and
manufacturing to a high standard, resulting in high-density concrete that seals off the concrete
from attack by soil chemicals.

Fittings
Types of Fittings
a. Bend: Bend is a fitting used to change the direction of a pipeline.
b. Tee: Tee is a fitting with one inlet and two outlets. It is used to f connecting
pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipelines.
c. Cross: Cross is a fitting to connect four pipe sections. It has one outlet and three
inlets or vice versa.
d. Wye: Wye is a fitting with two inlets or one outlet or vice versa. It is used to
create a branch.
e. Reducer: Reducer is a fitting that joins two pipes of different diameters.
f. Plug: A plug is a fitting that closes off the end of the pipe.
g. Socket: Socket is a fitting that fits over the pipe. It is classified as the plain and
reducing socket.
h. Plain socket connects two pipes of same diameters. Reducing sockets is used to
connect two pipes of different diameters.
 i. Nipple: Nipple is a fitting (short stub of pipe) which is used for connecting two
other fittings.Union: Union is a fitting to connect two pipes of the same diameter
for quick and convenient disconnection.
j. Stopcock: Stopcocks are fittings which are cut off valves of small size.Water
tap: Water taps are fittings which are used to obtain water from the consumers.

II. Electrical System (conventional and alternative energy)

a. Conduit wiring system: In this system of wiring steel tubes or PVC pipes
known as conduits are installed on the surface of the wall by means of saddles
or buried under plaster and VIR or PVC cables are drawn afterward by means
of GI wire.
Conductor materials used in cables: The function of the conductor usually
known as the core in the cable is to carry electrical current. Copper and
aluminum are the materials used as conductors in power and lighting cables.
Though silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity due to its high cost
it is rarely used. The next best conductor is copper. It is cheaper as compared
to silver. The electrical conductivity of copper is comparatively high.
 Aluminum is frequently used in place of copper for electric cables used for
long-distance power distribution.
Wiring Accessories
• Switch- a switch is used to make or break an electrical circuit. It is used to switch ‘on’
or ‘off’ the supply of electricity to an appliance.
• Holders
• Ceiling rose - It is used to provide a tapping to the pendant lamp–holder through the
flexible wire or a connection to a fluorescent tube.
• Socket outlet/plug - The socket outlet has an insulated base with the mounded or
socket base having three terminal sleeves.
• PVC casing-capping wiring - PVC capping is done in order to cover the wires. It
includes casing also. This casing-capping wiring is also known as open wiring, as it is
done outside the wall.
o Materials required for PVC casing-capping wiring :
▪ wire
▪ casing enclosures made up of plastic
▪ capping made up of plastic
▪ T. Joints VIR (Vulcanised Indian Rubber) or
▪ PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) insulated wire
▪ junction box
▪ elbow
▪ casing and capping joints
Commercial Solar Panels
Commercial solar panels are an array of multiple photovoltaic (PV) solar panels that convert
sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels comprise of solar cells made from
silicon that is constructed with a positive layer and a negative layer, which together create an
electric field. Multiple cells make up a solar panel, and multiple panels or modules can be
wired together to form a solar array. Commercial solar panels employ a large number of solar
arrays to generate more electricity.
Features of Commercial Solar Panels
• Commercial solar panels can be installed on the rooftop or open spaces
available in commercial buildings as they have enough area for a large number
of solar panels to be installed and produce enough solar electricity to meet all
of their power needs.
• Commercial solar panels generate enough power during the day that it can be
stored and harnessed to be used at night as well.
• Commercial solar panels are very sturdy and require very little maintenance.
• They have a lifespan of over 15-20 years and post-installation the electricity
generated on the system is absolutely free.
Applications of Solar Panels
• Commercial solar panels can be used to power industrial buildings in off-grid
remote locations.
 • Commercial solar panels installed on the rooftop of buildings can be used to
light up signs or message boards. Solar energy charges the battery so that the
signs can remain illuminated even during the night.
• Commercial solar panels can be used for preheating ventilation air as well as
water heating in offices and businesses. ..

III. Mechanical System (HVAC and Fire Protection)

Multi-Split System
Multiple indoor units connect to a single, larger outdoor unit. Larger office spaces,
diners, doctors’ offices and retail shops often use multi-split systems. Interior spaces that
have many walls or multiple floors are often best served by multi-split AC.

Automatic sprinklers
are the most reliable and effective fire protection devices available today — provided
they operate effectively. To determine if a sprinkler system can adequately protect a property,
underwriters should be familiar with the components, operation, and testing of the systems, as
well as potential causes for failure.
• A sprinkler system consists of the following components:
o Overhead piping specifically designed or hydraulically designed overhead
piping consisting of a riser, cross mains, and branch lines.
o A water supply and fire department connection
o Underground and aboveground pipes
o Valves and drains
 o Alarms and test connections
o Automatic sprinklers
Every sprinkler system requires at least one automatic water supply of adequate pressure,
capacity, and reliability. The water supply needs to be capable of supplying all designated
sprinklers that operate during a fire (sprinkler demand) for the required duration, as well as
accounting for the hose stream demand water used by the fire department operations during
the fire.
References

Commercial solar panels: Systems that have a lifespan of 15-20 years and require little

maintenance. (n.d.). The Economic Times.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/power-

generation/commercial-solar-panels-systems-that-have-a-lifespan-of-15-20-years-and-

require-little-maintenance/articleshow/69143350.cms?from=mdr

A Guide to the Types of HVAC Systems for Commercial Buildings. (n.d.).

Www.unitedmech.com. https://www.unitedmech.com/blog/types-of-hvac-systems-

for-commercial-buildings

Water Supplies for Sprinkler Systems | Sprinkler System Quick Course. (2020).

Verisk.https://www.verisk.com/insurance/capabilities/underwriting/commercial-

property/sprinkler-systems/water-supplies/

INTRODUCTION SESSION 1: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE WIRING

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Wiring materials. (n.d.).

https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/kvcj103.pdf

What Kind of Pipes Are Used for Drinking Water? (n.d.). The Spruce.

https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-pipe-used-for-water-2718736

Drainage Materials | Drains, Pipe, Fabrics, and Fittings. (n.d.). Athenia Mason Supply.
Retrieved March 22, 2023, from atheniamason.com.