The ATmega324 Microcontroller

Chapter 6
IO Interface

Nguyen Trung Hieu

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
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 Outline
• I/O-Ports
• Push Buttons
• LED
• Seven-segment LED
• LED matrix
• LCD
• ADC
• Motor Control

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I/O Pin Equipvalent Schematic

Input Output

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I/O Pin Structure

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I/O Pin – Write 1,0

1, 0

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I/O Pin – Read 1,0

Schmitt Trigger

1, 0

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I/O Pin – Read 1,0 with Pull Up
1

Schmitt Trigger

1, 0

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 I/O Pin – Parameters
Input:
• VILmax (Max Voltage Input Low - 0): 0.1VCC
• VIHmin (Min Voltage Input High - 1): 0.7VCC
• IIL (Current Input Low - 0): - 1 µA (leakage)
• IIH (Current Input High - 1): + 1 µA (leakage)

Output
• VOLmax (Max Voltage Output Low - 0): 0.9 V
• VOHmin (Min Voltage Output High - 1): 4.2 V
• IOL (Current Output Low - 0): + 20 mA
• IOH (Current Output High - 1): -20 mA

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I/O Pin – Fanout

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 Outline
• I/O-Ports
• Push Buttons
• LED
• Seven-segment LED
• LED matrix
• LCD
• ADC
• Motor Control

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Push Button Interface

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 Push Button Interface

SW1 is Push Button

- SW1 is pushed => PB0 = 0
- SW1 is unpushed => PB0 = 1
=> Active LOW

No pull up resistor

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 Push Button Interface

SW1 is Push Button

- SW1 is pushed => PB0 = 0
- SW1 is unpushed => PB0 = 1
=> Active LOW

With pull up resistor

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Interface Algorithm
Check if SW is pushed:

LOOP: SBIC PINB, 0

RJMP LOOP
(Statement)
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 Interface Algorithm
If include configure PIN:

CBI DDRB,0
SBI PORTB,0
LOOP: SBIC PINB, 0
RJMP LOOP
(Statement)

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 Realistic Push Button
• Due to mechanical structure of the button => Bouncing
• Time for bouncing depends on each button: from 50ms to 300ms

PUSHED UNPUSHED
Lê Chí Thông 16
 Debouncing Algorithm
Check if SW is pushed:
Method:
Delay through bouncing time

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 Debouncing Algorithm
Check if SW is pushed:
Method:
Delay through bouncing time
CBI DDRB,0
SBI PORTB,0
LOOP: SBIC PINB, 0
RJMP LOOP
CALL DELAY100MS
SBIC PINB,0
RJMP LOOP
(Statement)
DELAY100MS:
….
RET Nguyễn Trung Hiếu 18
 EXAMPLE
A push button is connected to pin PB0 of MCU ATmega324. Two
LEDs are connected to pin PC0 (LED D0) and PC7 (LED D1). Write a
program that continually reads the state of the push button.
- If the button is pushed odd times, turn LED D0 on.
- If the button is pushed even times, turn LED D1 off.
Debouncing the button. Assume that FOSC = 8 MHz

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EXAMPLE

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 EXAMPLE
.ORG 0 LOOP: SBIC PINB, 0
CBI DDRB,0 RJMP LOOP
SBI PORTB,0 CALL DELAY100MS
LDI R16,$81 SBIC PINB,0
OUT DDRC,R16 RJMP LOOP
LDI R16,$80 COM R16
OUT PORTC,R16 OUT PORTC,R16
;(NO PUSH, TURN LED0 ON RJMP LOOP
TURN LED1 OFF)

CHANGE
STATE
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 EXAMPLE
DELAY100MS:
LDI R22,4 FOSC = 8MHz  1MC = 0.125 µs
L1: LDI R21,200 T = 100 000 µs = 800 000 MCs
L2: LDI R20,250 = 4.250.200.4
L3: NOP
DEC R20
BRNE L3
DEC R21
BRNE L2
DEC R22
BRNE L1
RET
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DEBOUNCE IN HARDWARE

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 DEBOUNCE IN HARDWARE

PUSHED UNPUSHED

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 Multiple Buttons Interface Algorithm
Type 1: Assume that all SW is active low
- SW0 is connected to P1.0
- SW1 is connected to P1.1
… (Buttons can connect at
different PORT)
Note: buttons are not
pushed at the same time

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Multiple Buttons Interface Algorithm
CBI DDRB,0
SBI PORTB,0
…
Check0: SBIC PINB, 0
RJMP Check1
(Statement0)
RJMP Check0

Check1: SBIC PINB, 0

RJMP Check2
(Statement1)
RJMP Check0
….
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 Multiple Buttons Interface Algorithm
Type 2: If all buttons are connected to one port
Example: PortB
SW0 push: PB = 1111 1110B = FEH
SW1 push: PB = 1111 1101B = FDH …

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Multiple Buttons Interface Algorithm
LDI R17,$FF
OUT DDRB,R17
LOOP: IN R16,PINB
Check0: CPI R16,$FE
BRNE Check1
(Statement0)
RJMP LOOP

Check1: CPI R16,$FE

BRNE Check2
(Statement0)
RJMP LOOP
…
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 EXAMPLE
Write a program that follows these conditions:
- SW0 is pushed, SW1 is not: LED D0 turns on, LED D1 turns off
- SW1 is pushed, SW0 is not: LED D1 turns on, LED D0 turns off
Debouncing the buttons. Program runs continually. Given FOSC = 8MHz

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 Using Type 1 – No Debouncing
.ORG 0 Check0: SBIC PINB, 0
LDI R17,$00 RJMP Check1
OUT DDRB,R17 SBI PORTC,0
LDI R17,$41 CBI PORTC,7
OUT PORTB,R17 RJMP Check0
; PB0,PB7: input, pull up
Check1: SBIC PINB, 6
LDI R17,$81 RJMP Check0
OUT DDRC,R17 CBI PORTC,0
LDI R17,$00 SBI PORTC,7
OUT PORTC,R17 RJMP Check0
; PC0,PC7: output 0 at reset
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 Using Type 1 – Debouncing
.ORG 0 Check0: SBIC PINB, 0
LDI R17,$00 RJMP Check1
OUT DDRB,R17 CALL DELAY100MS
LDI R17,$41 Debouncing SBIC PINB,0
OUT PORTB,R17 RJMP Check0
; PB0,PB7: input, pull up SBI PORTC,0
CBI PORTC,7
LDI R17,$81 RJMP Check0
OUT DDRC,R17
LDI R17,$00 …
OUT PORTC,R17 DELAY100MS:
; PC0,PC7: output 0 at reset …
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RET 31
 Using Type 2 – No Debouncing
.ORG 0 LOOP: IN R16,PINB
LDI R17,$00 ANDI R16,$41
OUT DDRB,R17 Check0: CPI R16,$40
LDI R17,$41 Isolate bit 0 BRNE Check1
OUT PORTB,R17 and 6 SBI PORTC,0
; PB0,PB7: input, pull up CBI PORTC,7
RJMP LOOP
LDI R17,$81
OUT DDRC,R17 Check1: CPI R16,$01
LDI R17,$00 BRNE LOOP
OUT PORTC,R17 CBI PORTC,0
; PC0,PC7: output 0 at reset SBI PORTC,7
RJMP LOOP
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 Using Type 2 – Debouncing
.ORG 0 LOOP:IN R16,PINB
LDI R17,$00 ANDI R16,$41
OUT DDRB,R17 Check0: CPI R16,$40
LDI R17,$41 BRNE Check1
OUT PORTB,R17 CALL DELAY100MS
; PB0,PB7: input, pull up IN R16,PINB
ANDI R16,$41
LDI R17,$81 Debouncing CPI R16,$40
OUT DDRC,R17 BRNE Check0
LDI R17,$00 SBI PORTC,0
OUT PORTC,R17 CBI PORTC,7
; PC0,PC7: output 0 at reset RJMP LOOP
….
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 Your Turn !!!
Draw the diagram of the algorithm and write the program using
debouncing buttons.

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 Outline
• I/O-Ports
• Push Buttons
• LED
• Seven-segment LED
• LED matrix
• LCD
• ADC
• Motor Control

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LED Interface

PORT IN

Current flows
when ON

PORT OUT

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 Example
A LED is connected to pin PC0 of ATmega324P. Assume that the LED
has VAK=1.2V and ILED =15mA. A pin of ATmega324P has maximum
current of 20mA, VIL = 0.6V, VOL = 0.3V, VIH = 5V, VOH = 4.3V, VCC = 5V.

VCC  VAK  VOL 5  1.2  0.3

R   230
I LED 15mA

 R  330

LED on when PC0 = 0

=> VOL = 0.3V
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 Example
A LED is connected to pin PC7 of ATmega324P. Assume that the LED
has VAK=1.2V and ILED =15mA. A pin of ATmega324P has maximum
current of 20mA, VIL = 0.6V, VOL = 0.3V, VIH = 5V, VOH = 4.3V, VCC = 5V.

VOH  VAK  0 4.3  1.2  0

R   206
I LED 15mA

 R  220

LED on when PC7 = 1

=> VOH = 4.3V
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 BAR LED
A bar led is connected to PC of ATmega324P. Write a program to
blink each led sequentially after 1 second.

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BAR LED

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 BAR LED

.ORG 0 DELAY1S:
LDI R16,$FF …
OUT DDRC,R16 RET
LDI R16,$00
OUT PORTC,R16

LDI R16,$01
LOOP: OUT PORTC,R16
All LEDs turn off one
CALL DELAY1S
time in a period
ROL R16
RJMP LOOP Can you do better?

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 Outline
• I/O-Ports
• Push Buttons
• LED
• Seven-segment LED
• LED matrix
• LCD
• ADC
• Motor Control

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Common Cathode and Common Anode

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 Table for common anode
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
g f e d c b a
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40H
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 79H
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 24H
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 30H
4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 19H
5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 12H
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02H
7 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 78H
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00H
9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10H

TABLE: DB 40h,79h,24h,30h,19h, 12h,02h,78h,00h,10h

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 Table for common cathode
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
g f e d c b a
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3FH
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 06H
2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 5BH
3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 4FH
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 66H
5 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 6DH
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 7DH
7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 07H
8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7FH
9 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6FH

TABLE: DB 3Fh,06h,5Bh,4Fh,66h, 6Dh,7Dh,07h,7Fh,6Fh

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EXAMPLE FOR 7-SEGMENT LED INTERFACING
Give a common-anode 7-seg LED connected to PortC. Write a
program that increases the display of the 7-seg LED after each 1
second.

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EXAMPLE FOR 7-SEGMENT LED INTERFACING

Only display from 0 to 9

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EXAMPLE FOR 7-SEGMENT LED INTERFACING

Only 1 LED

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EXAMPLE FOR 7-SEGMENT LED INTERFACING

LOOK UP

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 (Remember) Look-up Table DATA: 8 bits (byte)
LDI R16,ENTRY_NUMBER
(LDI R17,$0)
LDI ZH,HIGH(TABLE<<1)
LDI ZL,LOW(TABLE<<1)
ADD ZL,R16
(ADC ZH,R17)
LPM R17,Z
TABLE: .DB data1, data2, data3, …
If ENTRY_NUMBER = 0,
Address High Byte Low Byte Z POINT TO
TABLE’S ADDRESS data2 data1
data4 data3
… …
Program Memory …
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EXAMPLE FOR 7-SEGMENT LED INTERFACING
.ORG 0
LOOKUP:
LDI R16,$FF ...
OUT DDRC,R16 RET
LDI R16,$00
OUT PORTC,R16
START: LDI R16,$01 TABLE: .DB 40h,79h,24h,30h,19h,...
LOOP: CALL LOOKUP
OUT PORTC,R17 DELAY1S:
CALL DELAY1S …
INC R16 RET
CPI R16,$10
BRNE LOOP
RJMP START Nguyễn Trung Hiếu 51
 INTERFACE USING IC 7447
IC 7447 CONVERTS BCD CODE
TO 7-SEGMENT LED COMMON ANNODE CODE
=> DON’T NEED TO USE LOOK UP TABLE

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 RETURN TO THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
Give a common-anode 7-seg LED connected to PortC. Write a
program that increases the display of the 7-seg LED after each 1
second.

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EXAMPLE
.ORG 0
LDI R16,$0F
OUT DDRC,R16
LDI R16,$00
OUT PORTC,R16
START: LDI R16,$01
LOOP: OUT PORTC,R16
CALL DELAY1S
INC R16
CPI R16,$10
BRNE LOOP
RJMP START
DELAY1s: …
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RET 54
 References

• Giáo trình vi xử lý, BMĐT

• LCD datasheet: HD44780U datasheet
• Internet

Lê Chí Thông 55