Bgivb m¨vi n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb

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 Bgivb m¨vi n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb
K-wefvM
 1. Ôdvjvwmdv× k‡ãi A_© wK- `vk©wbK|
 2. ÖZvnvdvZzj dvjvwmdvÓ MÕš’wUi iPwqZv †K- Bgvg Avj-Mv¾vwj|
 3. Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb- wZwb GKRb mgvRweÁvbx I `vk©wbK|
 4. cÕ_g Aviexq gymwjg `vk©wbK †K- Avj wK›`|
 5. Avj-Mv¾vwji g‡Z Áv‡bi Drm wK- mÁv ev cÕZ¨v‡`k|
 6. ÒAvj-‡gvKvwÏgv MÕ‡š’i †jLK †K- Be‡b Lvj`yb|
 7. †Kvb `vk©wbK‡K ÔwØZxq Gwi÷Uj× ejv nq- Avj dvivwe †K|
 8. Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji weL¨vZ `vk©wbK Dcb¨vm †KvbwU- nvB Be‡b BqvKhvb|
 9. cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi mgš^q mvab K‡ib †K- Be‡b iæk`|
 10. Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z Ávb KZ cÕKvi- wZb cÖKvi|
 11. Be‡b wmbvi `ywU MÕ‡š’i bvg wjL- 1.Kvbyb wdZ wZeŸ 2. wKZveyj wkdv|
 12. Avj gyqvwjøgyb mvwb Gi A_© wK- wØZxq wkÿK|
 13. ÔThe Reconstruction of Religious Thought in IslamÕ MÕš’wUi †jLK
†K- Avjøvgv BKevj|
 14. †gvjøv mvi`v‡ii c~Y© bvg wK- mv`iæwÏb wmivRx|
 15. dvjvwmdv m¤úª`v‡qi wZbRb `vk©wb‡Ki bvg wjL- 1.Be‡b wmbv 2.Avj wKw›`
3.Be‡b iæk`|
 16. Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z Ávb KZ cÖKvi- wZb cÖKvi| h_v- 1. AvjsKvwiK Ávb 2.
Øvw›ØKg~jK Ávb 3. cÖwZcv`K Ávb|
 17. Avj wKw›`i g‡Z RM‡Zi †gØwjK Dcv`vb wK wK- Dcv`vb, AvKvi, †`k, Kvj I
MwZ|
 18. Avj dvivwei g‡Z mËv KZ cÕKvi I wK wK- `yB cÖKvi| h_v- m¤¢ve¨ mËv I
Awbevh© mËv|
 19. Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi ¯Íi ¸‡jv wK wK- 1. Dw™¢` AvZ¥v 2.RxevZ¥v 3.gvbevZ¥v|
 20. Ôû¾vZzj Bmjvg× k‡ãi A_© wK- Bmjv‡gi iÿK|
 21. Ôû¾vZzj Bmjvg× Kv‡K ejv nq- Bgvg Avj-Mv¾vwj|
 22. Bgvg Avj-Mv¾vwji weL¨vZ `ywU MÕ‡š’i bvg wjL- 1. BnBqvD DjywgwÏb 2.
wKwghv‡q mv`vZ|
 23. Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj †Kvb ai‡Yi `vk©wbK- gigx `vk©wbK|
 24. iv‡óªi DrcwË I weKvk msµvšÍ Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi gZev‡`i bvg wK- Avmvweqv|
 25. ÔAvj †gvKvwÏgv× MÕ‡š’i †jLK †K- Be‡b Lvj`yb|
 26. kvn IqvwjDjøvni g‡Z `k©‡bi wfwË wK- ag©|
 27. Avj-wKw›`, Avj-dvivwe, Avj-Mv¾vwj †Kvb m¤úª`v‡qi `vk©wbK- dvjvwmdv
m¤úª`v‡qi `vk©wbK|
 28. Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z eyw×e„wËi ¯Íi KqwU- PviwU|
 29. Avj-dvivwe wK Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb- wØZxq wkÿK|
 30. BwZnvm `k©‡bi RbK †K- Be‡b Lvj`yb|
 31. Av-wKw›`i `ywU eB‡hi bvg wjL- 1. First Philosophy 2.
 32. Av-dvivwei g‡Z ivóª KZ cÖKvi- Pvi cÖKvi| h_v- Kj¨vYKi ivóª 2.AKj¨vYKi
ivóª 3. A‰bwZK ivóª 4. åvšÍ ivóª|
 33. kvn IqvwjIjøvni g‡Z B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv wK-
 34. Avj-gyKvwÏgv k‡ãi A_© wK- f~wgKv|
 35. gymwjg `k©‡bi Drm¸‡jv wK wK- gymwjg `k©‡bi Drm `yB cÕKvi| h_v- Af¨šÍixY
Drm Ges ewnt¯’ Drm| Af¨šÍixY Drm nj KziAvb I nv`xm| Avi ewnt¯’ Drm nj
1.MÖxK `k©b 2. cÖvK Bmjvwg Aviexq aviYv 3.wLª÷xq `k©b 4.cviwmK `k©b 5.fviZxq
`k©b|
 36. ÔZvnvdzZ-Avj-ZvnvdzZ× MÕš’wUi iPwqZv †K- Be‡b iæk`|
 37. BKev‡ji g‡Z AvZ¥v ev Lyw`i ¯^iæc wKfv‡e Rvbv hvq- ¯^Ávi gva¨‡g|
 38. Be‡b wgmKvIqvn Gi g‡Z AvZ¥vi Ask KqwU-
 39. Lyw` A_© wK- AvZ¥v|
 40. KziAv‡bi cÕ_g dviwm Abyev` K‡ib †K- kvn IqvwjIjøvn|
 41. BKev‡ji g‡Z Áv‡bi Awbevh© Drm wK- mËv|
 42. Kv‡K beRvMi‡bi `vk©wbK ejv nq- Avjøvngv BKevj‡K|
 43. gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK wK- Avj-wKw›`|
 44. Avj-Mv¾vwji `vk©wbK cÏwZi bvg wK- mskq c×wZ|
 45. gymwjg RvwZi †kÕô †gØwjK wPšÍvwe` †K- Bgvg Avj-Mv¾vwj|
 46. Be‡b iæk` †Kvb fvlvq cvi`k©x wQ‡jb- Aviwe, wMÖK fvlvq|
 47. †gvjøv mi`v‡ii g‡Z AvZ¥vi e„wË KZ cÕKvi I wK wK- `yB cÖKvi| h_v- e¨envwiK
e„wË I ZË¡xq e„wË|
 48. Be‡b wgmKvIqvni c~Y© bvg wK- Avey Avjx gynv¤§` Be‡b BqvKze|
 49. Be‡b mxbvi `vk©wbK wek^‡Kv‡li bvg wK-Avj gRmyqv|
 Bgivb n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb
L-wefvM
 1. cÕkœ t Avj-wKw›`‡K gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv nq †Kb ? 100%
 2. cÕkœ t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z dvBf B‡mÝ (Five Essence) wK ? 100%
 3. cÕkœ t Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq wkÿK ejv nh †Kb ?
 3. cÕkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq Gwi÷j ejv nq †Kb ? 100%
 4. cÕkœ t eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨vm m¤ú©‡K Avj-dvivwei gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 4. cÕkœ t Avj dvivwei `kg eyw×e„wË m¤ú©wKZ gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki| 60%
 5. cÕkœ t ms‡ÿ‡c Be‡b wmbvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 6. cÕkœ t Be‡b wmbv Abymi‡Y AvZ¥vi ¯Íimg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 7. cÕkœ t hyw³we`¨vq Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 8. cÕkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 9. cÕkœ t AvZ¥v m¤ú©‡K Avj-Mv¾vwji gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 10. cÕkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwj †Kb mÁv‡K Áv‡bi Drm e‡j MÕnY K‡ib ? 90%
 11. cÕkœ t PvjK eyw× wK ? 80%
 12. cÕkœ t Be‡b iæk` wKfv‡e ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib ? 100%
 13. cÕkœ t Avjøvi ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K Be‡b iæk`-G AwfgZ †K ? 100%
 14. cÕkœ t Be‡b iæk` Gi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 15. cÕkœ t B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú©‡K kvn IqvwjIjøvni aviYv D‡jøL Ki| 100%
 16. cÕkœ t BKev‡ji AvZ¥vZË¡ ev Lyw`ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 Bgivb n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb
L-wefvM
 1. cÖkœ t Avj-wKw›`‡K gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv nq †Kb ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj wKw›` nj cÕ_g gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zv‡K ÔAvie‡`i `vk©wbK× ejv nq|
wZwbB me© cÕ_g e¨w³ hvi nvZ a‡i gymwjg RvwZ `k©b PP©v ïiæ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K
gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv nq| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj-wKw›`‡K gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv nq †Kb t mvaviYZ KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wel‡qi
RbK n‡Z n‡j Kgc‡ÿ 3 wU kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v-
 1. H wel‡qi cÕv_wgK D‡`¨³v n‡Z n‡e|
 2. H welq‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ welq wnmv‡e `vo Kiv‡Z n‡e|
 3. GKwU c×wZ cÕeZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Avj wKw›` gymwjg `k©‡bi cÕv_wgK D‡`¨³v|
 wZwb gymwjg `k©b‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ welq wnmv‡e `vo Kivb|
 wZwb GKwU we‡kl cÏwZ (eyw×ev`x) Gi mvnv‡h¨ `k©b PP©v K‡ib| Kv‡RB Avj wKw›`i
g‡a¨ RbK nevi 3 wU kZ©B we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv
nq|

 G QvovI Zv‡K RbK ejvi Av‡iv wKQz KviY i‡q‡Q| †hgb-

 gymwjg `k©‡b wZwb dvjvwmqv †Mvôxi cÕeZ©K|
 wZwb me©cÕ_g `vk©wbK Áv‡bi Rb¨ MvwYwZK Áv‡bi Acwinv‡h©i K_v e‡jb|
 wZwbB me©cÕ_g Gwi÷Uj‡K gymwjg we‡k^ RbwcÕq K‡i †Zv‡jb|
 wZwb Awawe`¨vi mv‡_ Aviexq a¨vYaviYvi mvgÃm¨ weavb K‡ib|
 wZwb me©cÖ_g wek^‡Kv‡li msKjK wQ‡jb|
 Av‡jvK weÁvb (Optics Science) m¤ú©wKZ Zuvi iwPZ MÕš’mg~n e¨vcK mgv`„Z nq|
 MwYZ, wPwKrmvweÁvb, †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ Ges msMx‡Zi Dci wZwb we‡kl cÕvavb¨ we¯Ívi
K‡ib|
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h gymwjg `k©‡b Avj
wKw›`i Ae`vb Abe`¨| Zuvi `k©bUv wQj GK ai‡Yi mgš^qg~jK `k©b| Kv‡RB Avj
wKw›` h_v_© gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK|
 2. cÖkœ t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z dvBf B‡mÝ (Five Essence) wK ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj wKw›` nj cÕ_g gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zv‡K ÔAvie‡`i `vk©wbK× ejv nq|
wZwbB me© cÕ_g e¨w³ hvi nvZ a‡i gymwjg RvwZ `k©b PP©v ïiæ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K
gymwjg `k©‡bi RbK ejv nq| gymwjg `k©‡b Zuvi Ab¨Zg GKwU Ae`vb nj dvBf
B‡m‡Ýi aviYv cÕeZ©b| wb‡¤œ Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z dvBf B‡mÝ (Five Essence) wK Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z dvBf B‡mÝ (Five Essence) wK t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i
Ab¨Zg GKwU Ae`vb nj cuvP mvimËvi aviYv| Zuvi g‡Z †h †gØj bxwZmg~n cÕvK…wZK
RMZ‡K wbqš¿b K‡i Zv‡K mvimËv e‡j| G‡`i‡K wZwb dvBf B‡mÝ ÔFive
Essence× e‡j‡Qb| GB cuvPwU mvimËv nj-
 1. Ro
 2. AvKvi
 3. MwZ
 4. †`k
 5. Kvj|
 1. Ro t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z Ro nj ¸‡bi Avavi| Z‡e ¸‡bi g‡a¨ Ro _v‡K bv| hZ
w`b Ro _vK‡e ZZ w`b ¸bI we`¨gvb _vK‡e|

 2. AvKvi t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z AvKvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v-

 K. AvKvi nj Ro `ª‡e¨i ¸b hv R‡oi mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 L. AvKvi nj R‡oi Ggb GKUv ¸b hvi Øviv Ro‡K eY©bv Kiv hvq|

 3. MwZ t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z MwZ 6 cÖKvi| h_v-

 K. `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ `yB cÕKvi MwZ we`¨gvb-m„wó I aŸsm|
 L. cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ `yB cÕKvi MwZ we`¨gvb-e„w× I üvm|
 M. ¸‡bi g‡a¨ `yB cÕKvi MwZ we`¨gvb-cwieZ©b I Ae¯’vb|
 4. Kvj t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z Kvj nj NUbvi AMÕMvwgZv| Zuvi g‡Z MwZi mv‡_ Kv‡ji
cv_©K¨ nj Kvj ïay fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K avweZ nq| Avi MwZ †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K avweZ n‡Z
cv‡i|

 5. †`k t Avj-wKw›`i g‡Z †hLv‡b e¯`mg~n Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K †`k e‡j| GB `„wó‡Kvb
†_‡K wZwb †`‡ni evwn‡ii Ask‡K †`k e‡j‡Qb| †`‡ni wejyß n‡jI †`‡ki †Kv‡bv
wejyß nq bv|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avj wKw›`i `k©‡bi
mvivsk ev wbh©vm nj Zvui GB dvBf B‡mÝ (Five Essence) Gi aviYv| Gi Øviv
wZwb cÕvK…wZK RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
  3. cÖkœ t Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq wkÿK ejv nh †Kb ? 100%
 3. cÖkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq Gwi÷j ejv nq †Kb ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj dvivwe (870-950 wLª) gymwjg Rvnv‡bi GKRb †kÕô †gØwjK wPšÍvwe`|
wZwb wMÕK `k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kivi †Póv K‡ib| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨
wZwb Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b Ggb fv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib †h Zuvi c‡i Avi †KD Gwi÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi Dci Ggb cvwÛZ¨ †`Lv‡Z cv‡i wb| G Kvi‡Y Avj dvivwe‡K ÔwØZxq wkÿK× ev
ÔwØZxq Gwi÷Uj× ejv nq| wb‡¤œ Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq wkÿK ejv nh †Kb t

 mvaviY Gwi÷Uj‡K ÔcÕ_g wkÿK× ejv nq| Gwi÷U‡ji c~‡e© m‡µwUm, †cø‡Uv eû
mbvgab¨ `vk©wbK G‡mwQj hv‡`K‡K cÕ_g wkÿK ejv nq bv| †Kbbv GKRb †ckv`vi
wkÿK †hfv‡e covïbv Kivb m‡µwUm, †cø‡Uv †ZgbUv wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K Gwi÷Uj
GKRb †ckv`vi wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|

 Avevi GKRb †ckv`vi wkÿ‡Ki cov‡kvbvi GKwU wbR¯^ c×wZ ev ÷vBj _v‡K hv
Gwi÷U‡ji g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wQj| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K ÔcÕ_g wkÿK× ejv nq|

 Ab¨w`‡K Avj dvivwe‡K ÔwØZxq wkÿK× ev ÔwØZxq Gwi÷Uj× ejv nq| †Kbbv Avj
dvivwei c‡i Avi †Kv‡bv `vk©wbK Av‡m wb †h Avj dvivwei gZ Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi
Dci Ggb cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡i‡Qb|

 Gwi÷U‡ji `y‡Uv wel‡qi Dci Avj dvivwei cvwÛZ¨ AR©b t Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji
`y‡Uv wel‡qi Dci AMv` cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| h_v-
 K. Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b
 L. Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v

 K. Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi Dci Avj dvivwei cvwÛZ¨ t Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi
Dci cÖf~Z Ávb AR©b K‡ib| Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi Dci wZwb cÕvq 50 Lvbv MÕš’ iPbv
 K‡ib| wZwb Gwi÷U‡ji Ôw` Gwbgv× MÕš’wU 200 evi Ges c`v_©we`¨v MÕš’wU 40 evi
Aa¨qb K‡ib|

 Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kivi ci Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi

mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi Dci wUKv iPbv K‡ib| Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi
Dcifvl¨ iPbv K‡ib|

 Avj dvivwei g‡Z `k©b n‡”Q mKj weÁv‡bi Avw` weÁvb ev †miv weÁvb| cÕ‡Z¨K
gvby‡li DwPZ `vk©wbK Ávb A‡š^lY Kiv|

 Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kivi †Póv K‡ib|
Avj dvivwei ci Avi †Kv‡bv `vk©wbK Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b‡K G‡ZvUv AMÕvwaKvi cÕ`vb
K‡i wb| Avi G Kvi‡YB Avj-dvivwe‡K wØZxq Gwi÷j ejv nq|

 L. Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨vi Dci Avj dvivwei cvwÛZ¨ t Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji

hyw³we`¨vi Dci AMv` cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| mvaviY Gwi÷Uj‡K hyw³we`¨v RbK ejv
n‡q _v‡K| Gwi÷Uj Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔOrganonÕ bvgK MÕ‡š’ hyw³we`¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z mKj we`¨vi †miv we`¨v nj hyw³we`¨v| wZwb hyw³we`¨v‡K Kjvwe`¨v
e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

 Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v Aa¨qb †k‡l e‡jb hyw³we`¨vi gva¨‡g †MvUv gvbe
RvwZi wPšÍv cÕbvjx fvlvi gva¨‡g cÕKvwkZ nq| hyw³we`¨v Ggb GKwU we`¨v hv Rvbv
†_‡K ARvbvi Áv‡b avweZ nq| GUv wg_¨v †_‡K m‡Z¨q, bKj †_‡K Avm‡j, g›`
†_‡K DËg‡K c„_K K‡i| hyw³we`¨vi Ávb fzj I m‡›`n‡K `~i K‡i| hyw³we`¨v gvbe
AvZ¥v‡e weï× K‡i| G Rb¨ Avj dvivwe‡K Ôhyw³we`¨vi cÕK…Z cÕwZwôZvÕ ejv nq|
 Avj dvivwe Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v Dci 9 wU fvl¨ iPbv K‡ib| h_v-
 1. The Isagoge of Porphyry
 2. The Categories
 3. The Hermeneutica
 4. The Analytica Priora
 5. The Analytical Posteriora
 6. The Topica
 7. The Sophistical Elenchi
 8. The Rhetoric
 9. The Poetics

 Kv‡RB hyw³we`¨vi mKj †ÿ‡Î Avj dvivwei AMv` Áv‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K ÔwØZxq wkÿK× ev
ÔwØZxq Gwi÷UjÕ ejv nq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h `k©b I hyw³we`¨vi

‡ÿ‡Î Avj dvivwei Ávb Zvi wkÿ‡Ki †P‡q †ewk _vKvq Zv‡K ÔwØZxq wkÿK× ev
ÔwØZxq Gwi÷UjÕ ejv nq|
  4. cÖkœ t eyw×e„wËi †kÖYxweb¨vm m¤ú©‡K Avj-dvivwei gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 4. cÖkœ t Avj dvivwei `kg eyw×e„wË m¤ú©wKZ gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t Avj dvivwe (870-950 wLª.) gymwjg Rvnv‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb †kÕó †gØwjK
wPšÍvwe`| wZwb eyw×e„wËi ‡kÕYxweb¨vm m¤ú©‡K GKwU bZzb gZev` cÕ`vb K‡ib hv Ô`kg
eyw× m¤ú©wKZ gZev`× bv‡g cwiwPZ| wb‡¤œ eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨vm m¤ú©‡K Avj-dvivwei
gZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 eyw×e„wËi †kÖYxweb¨vm m¤ú©‡K Avj-dvivwei gZ t gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Avj dvivwei

eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨vm m¤ú©wKZ gZev`wU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Avj
dvivwe eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨-
 Avmgvb I hgx‡bi e¨vL¨v
 ¯^M© I g‡Z©i e¨vL¨v
 MwZ I cwieZ©‡bi e¨vL¨v
 GK I eûi e¨vL¨v
 MwZ I cwieZ©‡bi e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb K‡ib|

 Avjøvn GKgvÎ Awbevh©mËv t Avj dvivwei g‡Z Avjøvn GKgvÎ Awbevh© mËv| Avi
ev`evwK hv Av‡Q meB m¤¢ve¨ mËv| Avjøvn Awbevh© mËv †Kbbv Avjøvn Zuvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
Rb¨ Aci Kv‡iv Ici wbf©i K‡i bv| Avjøvn wb‡R‡K Rvbvi GK weï× eyw×| wZwb
GKvav‡i welq Ges welqx| wZwb GKK| Zuvi †Kv‡bv m`„k¨ bvB|

 wewKiY ev D‡b¥lZË¡ t GLb cÕkœ nj Avjøvn hw` GK I AwØZxq nq Z‡e RM‡Zi mv‡_
Zuvi m¤ú©K wK ? RM‡Z Avgiv †h G‡Zv ˆewPΨ †`L‡Z cvB Gi mgš^q †Kv_vq ?
 RM‡Zi mv‡_ Avjøvni m¤ú©K wK ?
 ‰ewP‡Î¨i mv‡_ H‡K¨i m¤ú©K wK ?
 G cÕ‡kœi DËi Avj dvivwe GKwU gvÎ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g cÕ`vb K‡ib| Avi Zv nj wewKiY
ev D‡b¥qZË¡| Avi GLv‡bB wZwb eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨vm K‡ib|
 `kg eyw×e„wË t Avj dvivwei g‡Z GK I Awbevh© mËv Avjøvn †_‡K wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
Avw` eyw× (First Intelligence) Gi D‡b¥q nq| Gevi
 Avw` eyw× †_‡K wØZxq eyw×
 wØZxq eyw× †_‡K Z…Zxq eyw×
 Z…Zxq eyw× †_‡K PZz_© eyw×
 PZz_© eyw× †_‡K cÂg eyw×
 cÂg eyw× †_‡K lô eywÏ
 lô eyw× †_‡K mßg eyw×
 mßg eyw× †_‡K Aóg eyw×
 Aóg eyw× †_‡K beg eyw×
 beg eyw× †_‡K `kg eyw×i D‡b¥q N‡U|

 Avj dvivwe `kg eywׇK Ô†kl ev PvjK eyw×× e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z GB
`kg eyw×wU b‡fvgÛj I f~gÛj‡K wbqš¿b K‡i|

 eyw×e„wËi †kÕYxweb¨vm wb‡gv³ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÕ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Awbevh© mËv (Avjøvn)

Avw` eyw×
wØZxq eyw×
Z…Zxq eyw×
PZz_© eyw×
cÂg eyw×
lô eyw×
mßg eyw×
Aóg eyw×
beg eyw×

b‡fvgÛj I f~gÛj
 wek^RMZ bqwU †Mvj‡K Ave× t Avj dvivwei g‡Z Avgv‡`i GB gnvwek^ 9 wU †Mvj‡Ki
Øviv MwVZ| Avi cÕwZwU †MvjKB c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ †Nv‡i| cÕwZwU
†Mvj‡KiB wbR¯^ eyw× I AvZ¥v i‡q‡Q| AvZ¥v nj †Mvj‡Ki PvwjKv kw³ hv Zvi kw³
†c‡q _v‡K Avw` eyw×i KvQ †_‡K | wb¤œZi †MvjK D”PZi †Mvj‡Ki AvKl©Y Øviv
PµKv‡i AveZ©b K‡i|

 `kg eyw× †_‡K †gŠj R‡oi m„wó t Avj dvivwei g‡Z `kg eyw× †_‡K †gØj R‡oi m„wó
nq| GB `kg eyw×B 4 wU Dcv`v‡bi g~j Ges GB `kg eyw× †_‡K wewfbœ AvKvi
cÕfvwnZ nq| Avj dvivwei g‡Z Ro I AvKv‡ii mswgkÕ‡Yi d‡j m„wó ; Avi Ro I
AvKv‡ii c„_KxKi‡Yi d‡j aŸsm nq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avj dvivwe eyw×e„wËi
†kÕYxweb¨vm m¤ú©wKZ gZev‡`i Av‡jv‡K g~jZ m„wó m¤ú©wKZ Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi mv‡_
Bmjvgx `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Gi Øviv wZwb Avjøvni GKZ¡ my`„p
K‡i‡Qb| d‡j `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Zvui GB `kg eyw× m¤ú©wKZ gZev‡`i ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg|
  5. cÖkœ t ms‡ÿ‡c Be‡b wmbvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wmbv gymwjg we‡k^i Ab¨Zg GKRb cÕwZfvm¤úbœ `vk©wbK| wZwb wewfbœ
welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU welq nj Awawe`¨v| wb‡¤œ Be‡b
wmbvi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b wmbvi Awawe`¨v t

 1. Avjøvn GKgvÎ cigmËv t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z Avjøvn GKgvÎ cigmËv| wZwb 3 wU
mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| h_v-
 K. Ava¨vwZ¥K mËv
 L. RvMwZK mËv
 M. AvwZ¥K mËv|
 Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z Ava¨vwZ¥K mËv Ges RvMwZK mËvi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wnmv‡e KvR K‡i
AvwZ¥K mËv| GB wnmv‡e Be‡b wmbv e‡jb Avjøvn Ro RMZ m„wó K‡ib wb| †Kbbv
wZwb mKj ªKvi Ro RM‡Zi D‡aŸ©|

 2. mËvi cÖKvi‡f` t Gici Be‡b wmbv mËvi cÕKvi‡f` K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z mËv 2
cÖKvi| h_v-
 K. m¤¢ve¨ mËv
 L. Avewk¨K mËv
 K. m¤¢ve¨ mËv t †h mËv Zvi wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Aci mËvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K
m¤¢ve¨ mËv e‡j| Avmgvb I hgx‡bi hv wKQz Av‡Q Zvi meB m¤¢ve¨ mËv|

 L. Avewk¨K mËv t ‡h mËv Zvi wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Aci mËvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv
Zv‡K Avewk¨K mËv e‡j| Avewk¨K mËv wnmv‡e Be‡b wmbv †KejgvÎ Avjøvn‡KB
eywS‡q‡Qb|
 Avewk¨K mËvi ˆewkó¨ t
 K. Avewk¨K mËv cig GKZ¡ t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z Avewk¨K mËvi cÕavb Ges PzovšÍ
‰ewkó¨ nj cig GKZ¡| GB cig GK‡Z¡ †Kv‡bv cÕKvi ˆØZZv Ges eû‡Z¡i †Qvqv †bB|
GB cig Avewk¨K mËv GK I AwØZxq|
 L. Avewk¨K mËvi mvimËv Ges Aw¯ÍZ¡ GK I Awfbœ t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z A‡b‡K
Avewk¨K mËvi mvimËv Ges Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K †`‡L ˆØZev‡`i m„wó K‡i hv †Kv‡bv fv‡eB mwVK
bq| †Kbbv Avewk¨K mËvi mvimËv I Aw¯ÍZ¡ GK I Awfbœ|

 3. Avjøvni mvimËv I Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v t Be‡b wmbv Avjøvni mvimËv Ges Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wKQz
¯^iæcMZ ˆewk‡ó¨ K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v-
 Avjøvni mvimËv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mij|
 Avjøvni mvimËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avewk¨K|
 GB cigmËv weï× eyw×|
 cigmËv GKvav‡i ÁvZv I †Áqe¯`|

 4. RMZ I Avjøvni m¤ú©K welqK wewKiY ZË¡ t Be‡b wmbv RMZ I Avjøvni m¤ú©K
welqK e¨vL¨v Avj dvivwei gZ wewKiYZ‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z
cigmËv Avjøvn †_‡K wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Avw` eyw×i m„wó nq| GB Avw` eyw×i g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv ˆØZZvi †Qvqv †bB| †Kbbv GUv Avjøvn KZ…©K m„ó| ZvB GUv GK mv‡_ mgxg I
kZ©vaxb|

 GB Avw` eyw× †_‡K 2 wU mËvi D™¢e N‡U| h_v-

 K. Avw` eyw× ev¯Íe nevi Kvi‡Y GUv †_‡K wØZxq eyw×i D™¢e N‡U|
 L. GwU m¤¢ve¨ mËv nevi Kvi‡Y cÕ_g I D”P b‡fvgÛ‡ji D™¢e NUvq|

 GB ˆØZ wewKiY cÕwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ `kg eywׇZ bv †cØQvq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b wmbv g~jZ be¨
†cø‡Uvev`x wewKiY gZev‡`i Øviv AbycÕvwYZ n‡q Zvi GB gZev` cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
  6. cÖkœ t Be‡b wmbv Abymi‡Y AvZ¥vi ¯Íimg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wmbv (980-1037 wLª) gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ AmvaviY cÕwZfvi
AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb GKvav‡i GKRb `vk©wbK, wPwKrmK Ges g‡bvweÁvbx| wZwb
Zuvi weL¨vZ `ywU MÕš’ h_v ÔAvj-BkviZ IqvZ ZvbwenvZÕ Ges ÔwKZveyj bvdmÕ G
AvZ¥vZË¡ wb‡q mywe¯Ívi Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
 Be‡b wmbv Abymi‡Y AvZ¥vi ¯Íimg~n t
 1. AvZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv AvZ¥v‡K 3 fv‡M wef³ K‡ib| h_v-
 K. Dw™¢` AvZ¥v
 L. RxevZ¥v
 M. gvbevZ¥v

 K. Dw™¢` AvZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi me© wb¤œ¯Íi nj Dw™¢` AvZ¥v| Dw™¢` AvZ¥vi
3 wU e„wË ev kw³ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 1. ea©b kw³
 2. cywómvaK kw³
 3. cÖRbb kw³|

 L. RxevZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi wØZxq ¯Íi nj RxevZ¥v| RxevZ¥vi `ywU kw³ ev
e„wË i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 1. mÂvjK kw³
 2. cÖZ¨ÿYg~jK kw³|
 mÂvjK kw³ Avevi ÿzave„wËi kw³ I wµqvkw³ GB `yB kw³iæ‡c wef³|
 cÕZ¨ÿYg~jK kw³ Avevi evn¨ I AvšÍi GB `yB kw³iæ‡c wef³|

 M. gvbevZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi nj gvbevËv| gvbevZ¥vi we‡kl
ˆewkó¨ nj G‡Z wePvi, we‡kølY Ges cÕÁv i‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU‡K cÕvwÁK AvZ¥v e‡j|
 AvZ¥vi cÖvwÁK Ask Agi t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi cÕvwÁK Ask Agi, Awebk^i|
wek^ AvZ¥v †_‡K AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK Ask gvbevZ¥vq cÕ‡ek K‡i| †`n m„wói Av‡MB
AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK Ask we`¨gvb wQj| g„Zz¨‡Z †`n webó nq wKš` AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK
Ask webó nq bv eis wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|

 gvbevZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv gvbevZ¥vi kw³¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-
 1. Kg©kw³
 2. wPšÍvkw³|
 wPšÍvkw³ Avevi 2 cÕKvi| h_v-
 K. evn¨ wPšÍvkw³
 L. Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³|
 evn¨ wPšÍvkw³ Bw›`ª‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó| G ¸‡jv 8 cÕKvi| h_v-
 1. `„wókw³
 2. kÖeYkw³
 3. Av¯^vab kw³
 4. NvªY kw³
 5. ‡evSvi kw³
 6. b¤ªZv I KwVbZv †evSvi kw³
 7. ﮋZv I wm³Zv †evSvi kw³
 8. gm„YZv I Agm„YZv †evSvi kw³|
 Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³ 5 wU| h_v-
 1. Kíbv e„wË
 2. Ag~Z©KiY e„wË
 3. hyw³web¨vm e„wË
 4. ¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi e„wË
 5. mscÕZ¨ÿ‡Yi e„wË|
 gvbevZ¥v

1.Kg©kw³ 2.wPšÍvkw³

1.evn¨ wPšÍvkw³ 2.Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³

1. `„wókw³ 1.Kíbv e„wË

2. kÖeYkw³ 2.Ag~Z©KiY e„wË
3. Av¯^vab kw³ 3.hyw³web¨vm e„wË
4. NvªY kw³ 4.¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi e„wË
5. ‡evSvi kw³ 5.mscÕZ¨ÿ‡Yi e„wË|
6. b¤ªZv I KwVbZv †evSvi kw³
7. ﮋZv I wm³Zv †evSvi kw³
8. gm„YZv I Agm„YZv †evSvi kw³|
wPÎ t gvbevZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f`

 AvZ¥vi eyw×e„wËi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv AvZ¥vi eyw×e„wˇK 5 fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-
 1. e¯`MZ eyw×
 2. m¤¢ve¨ eyw×
 3. mwµq eyw×
 4. AwR©Z eyw×
 5. cweÎ AvwZ¥K eyw×
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z
AvZ¥vi weKv‡ki m‡ev©”P ¯Íi nj gvbevZ¥v| gvbevZ¥v Zvi cÕÁvs‡ki Kvi‡Y Agi I
Awebk^i| Avi GB gvbevZ¥vi AvMgb N‡U wek^ AvZ¥v †_‡K| †`n aŸs‡mi ci gvbevZ¥v
Zvi Avw` wbevm wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡e|
  7. cÖkœ t hyw³we`¨vq Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wmbv gymwjg we‡k^i Ab¨Zg GKRb cÕwZfvm¤úbœ `vk©wbK| wZwb
hyw³we`¨v‡K GKwU gvbwmK cÕwµqvmg~‡ni weÁvb e‡j AwfnZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ
cÕkœvbymv‡i Be‡b wmbvi hyw³we`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 hyw³we`¨vq Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb t

 1. hyw³we`¨v wPšÍvi bxwZmg~‡ni weÁvb t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z hyw³we`¨v wPšÍvi bxwZmg~‡ni
weÁvb| GUv Ggb me wPšÍvi welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i hv‡`i ev¯Íe †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
A_v©r hyw³we`¨v weg~Z© wPšÍv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GLv‡b Be‡b wmbv MvwYwZK aviYvi
mv‡_ hyw³we`¨vi aviYvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z MvwYwZK aviYvmg~n‡K AwfÁZv
I Bw›`ªq ms‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g †evSv hvq| wKšÍy hyw³we`¨vi aviYvmg~n‡K AwfÁZv I Bw›`ªq
ms‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g †evSv hvq bv|

 2. Ae‡ivn I Av‡ivn c×wZi g‡a¨ mgš^q t Be‡b wmbv hyw³we`¨vi `ywU c×wZ Ave‡ivn
Ges Av‡ivn c×wZi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z mvwe©K aviYvmg~n wb‡q
Ae‡ivn c×wZ ; Avi we‡kl we‡kl aviYvmg~n wb‡q Av‡ivn c×wZ KvR K‡i|

 3. msÁvi aviYv t mvaviYZ msÁv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv c‡`i ÁvZv‡_©i cwic~Y© wee„wZ‡K
†evSvq| Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z msÁvi gva¨‡g Avgiv †Kv‡bv c‡`i A_©‡K my¯úó fv‡e
eyS‡Z cvwi| msÁvi gva¨‡g Avgiv †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi Avewk¨K w`K eyS‡Z cvwi|

 4. mvwe©K I we‡kl aviYv t Be‡b wmbv mvwe©K I we‡k‡li mgm¨v `~i K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z
AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g Avgiv we‡kl aviYv ; Avi eyw×i gva¨‡g Avgiv mvwe©K aviYv MVb
Kwi| mvwe©K aviYvmg~‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Kej Avgv‡`i g‡bi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K| ZvB
mvwe©K aviYv nj AvZ¥MZ| Ab¨w`‡K we‡kl e¯Íyi aviYv ev¯Íe| GUv Avgv‡`i e¯` RM‡Z
we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 Z‡e Be‡b wmbv g‡b Ki‡Zb we‡k‡li c~‡e©B mvwe©K aviYvmg~‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| Avi
hyw³we`¨vi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj GB mvwe©K aviYvmg~n| Zuvi g‡Z mvwe©K aviYv †_‡K
 e¯`i aviYv m„wó nq ; e¯`i aviYv †_‡K gvbwmK aviYv ; gvbwmK aviYv we‡kl e¯`i mv‡_
wg‡k we‡kl aviYv ˆZwi K‡i|
mvwe©K aviYv

e¯`i aviYv

gvbwmK aviYv

we‡kl aviYv|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b wmbv‡K Avgiv
GKRb cÕZ¨qev`x ev aviYvev`x `vk©wbK ej‡Z cvwi| †Kbbv Zuvi g‡Z mvwe©K
aviYvmg~n †KejgvÎ wPšÍvi RM‡Z we`¨gvb _v‡K|
  8. cÖkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj (1058-1111wLª) GKRb GKwbó gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zuvi
`k©‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wQj g~jZ Zuvi c~e©eZ©x `vk©wbK gZev` LÛb Kiv Ges KziAvb I
nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K `vk©wbK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv| G iKg GKUv mgm¨v nj
Kvh©KviYZË¡| wZwb KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K Gi e¨vLv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔZvnvdzZzj
dvjvwmqvÕ bvgK MÕ‡š’ Kvh©KviYZË¡ wb‡q AA‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

 কাম যকাযণ ঳ম্পকয t ঳াধাযণত দুটি ঘটনায ভধ্যে যমটি আধ্যগ ঘধ্যট তাধ্যক কাযণ এফং মা ঩ধ্যয
ঘধ্যট তাধ্যক Kvh© ফধ্যর। যমভন ÔকÕ ও ÔখÕ দুটি ঘটনা। ÔকÕ ঘটনা ঘটায ঩য মদদ ÔখÕ ঘটনা
য
঳ফ঳ভয় ঘধ্যট তধ্যফ ÔকÕ এফং ÔখÕ কামকাযণ ঳ম্পধ্যকয আফদ্ধ ফধ্যর ভধ্যন কযা ঴য়।

ক খ
কাযY Kvh©

য
দিত্র t কামকাযণ ঳ম্পকয

 কাম যকাযণ ঳ম্পধ্যকয গতানুগদতক ভত t গতানুগদতক ভত অনু঳াধ্যয Kvh© এফং কাযধ্যণয ভধ্যে
অদনফাম য ঳ম্পকয যধ্যয়ধ্যে। কাযণধ্যক দফধ্যেলণ কযধ্যরই কামধ্যক
য ঩াওয়া মায়। যমভন- যতধ্যরয
কাযণ দতর। দতরধ্যক দফধ্যেলণ কযধ্যরই যতর ঩াওয়া মায়।

 Kvh©KviY m¤ú©‡K Avj Mv¾vwji gZev` t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Kvh© I KviY m¤ú©wKZ
MZvbyMwZK gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Kvh© I Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÕKvi
Awbevh© m¤ú©K †bB| Kvh© I KviY nj NUbvi c~e©ci m¤ú©K Qvov Avi wKQzB bq|
 mKj Kv‡h©i KviY GK Avjøvn t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ g‡b K‡i
_vwK-
 ÿzav wbe„wËi KviY Lv`¨ MÕnY
 e¨v_¨vi KviY AvNvZ
 wccvmv wbe„wËi KviY cvwb cvb
 Av¸‡bi Zv‡ci KviY `vwnKv kw³
 e„wói KviY †gN
 m~‡h©i Zv‡ci KviY m~‡h©i `vwnKv kw³
 g„Zz¨i KviY AmyL|
 wKš` Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb Avgiv hw` wbiæ‡cÿfv‡e wePvi we‡kølY Kwi Z‡e †`L‡ev
†h mKj Kv‡h©i KviY GK Avw` KviY| Avi GB Avw` KviY nj GK Avjøvn| Avjøvni
B”Qvkw³ Qvov †Kv‡bv KviYB †Kv‡bv Kvh© Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avjøvn me©gq ÿgZvi
AwaKvix| wZwb hv Lywk ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb †Kv‡bv Kvh©KviY m¤ú©K Øviv wbqwš¿Z
bq|

 cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv AvšÍi m¤ú©K †bB t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z cÕK…wZi g‡a¨ Avgiv
cÕwZwbqZ Kvh©KviY m¤ú©K †`L‡Z cvB| Avgiv Av‡iv †`L‡Z cvB Avgv‡`i GB gnvwek^
KZ myk„½jfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wKš` Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
cÕKvi AvšÍi m¤ú©K †bB| mKj KviY Kvh© NUvq GK Avjøvni B”Qvkw³‡Z| Avjøvni
B”Qvkw³ Qvov †Kv‡bv KviYB †Kv‡bv Kvh© ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

 Kvh©KviY Avgv‡`i AwfÁZvi dj t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z কামকাযণ য ঳ম্পকযটা ঴র

আভাধ্যদয অবযা঳গত পর| অদবজ্ঞতায় আভযা যদখধ্যত ঩াই যম আগুধ্যন ঴াত দদধ্যর ঴াত
পুধ্য়ে| আগুধ্যন ঴াত যদওয়া এফং ঴াত পুড়া- এই দুটি ঘটনা আভাধ্যদয ভধ্যন এভন বাধ্যফ
঳ংযুক্ত যম প্রথভটিধ্যক যদখধ্যরই আভযা দিতীয়টিধ্যক স্মযণ কদয|

 কাধ্যেই কামকাযণ
য ঳ম্পকয ঘটনায পূফ যা঩য ঳ম্পধ্যকযয একরু঩তা ো়ো আয দকছুই নয়| কাযণ
঴র দনয়ত অ঩দযফদতযত পূফ যফতী ঘটনা এফং Kvh© ঴র দনয়ত অ঩দযফদতযত ঩যফতী ঘটনা|
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h GLv‡b Bgvg Avj
Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviY Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ weªwUk AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wbK †WwfW wnD‡gi
Kvh©KviYZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q|
  9. cÖkœ t AvZ¥v m¤ú©‡K Avj-Mv¾vwji gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj Mv¾vwj gymwjg we‡k^i AnsKvi| Zuvi `k©wbK gZev`¸‡jv KziAvb I
nv`x‡mi mv‡_ mvgÃm¨c~b©| G Kvi‡Y wZwb gymwjg we‡k^i Kv‡Q GZvUv RbwcÕq| wb‡¤œ
Avj Mv¾vwji AvZ¥vZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 1. AvZ¥v m¤ú©‡K Avj-Mv¾vwji gZev` t Bgvb Avj Mv¾vwj cÕ_‡g AvZ¥vi wKQz
¯^iæcMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v e‡jb| h_v-
 1. gvbevZ¥v Avjøvn KZ…©K m„ó| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ m„ó RvMwZK e¯` †_‡K c„_K|
 2. gvbevZ¥v Ava¨vwZ¥K `ªe¨ (hInvi iænvbx)|
 3. AvZ¥vi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÕKvi RoZ¡ ev kixiZ¡ †bB|
 4. AvZ¥v A`„wóMvn¨, AwefvR¨, †`k I Kv‡ji D‡aŸ©|
 5. AvZ¥vi Dc‡i †Kv‡bv K¨v‡U‡Mvwi Av‡ivc Kiv hvq bv| A_v©r AvKvi, AvK…wZ, eY©,
Ges AvqZb BZ¨vw`i aviYv AvZ¥vi Dc‡i cÕ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|
 6. AvZ¥v nj †`‡ni PvjK, †`‡ni evnb|

 2. gvbevZ¥v ¯^M©xq AvZ¥v †_‡K m„ó t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z gvbevZ¥v ¯^M©xq AvZ¥v †_‡K
m„ó| †Kbbv KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q-
 ÖAvjøvn gvby‡li g‡a¨ Zuvi Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³ cÕweó Kwi‡q‡Qb|Ó
 Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z AvZ¥v †Kej ¯^M©xq AvZ¥v †_‡K c„_K bq eis gvbevZ¥v nj Avjøvni
¸‡b cÕwZdwjZ ¯^M©xq ýzwj‡½i Øviv Av‡jvwKZ GKUv `c©Y| G Kvi‡Y Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb-
 ÖAvwg wbR myiæ‡Z Av`g‡K m„wó K‡iwQ|Ó
 G Kvi‡Y Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb †h e¨w³ wb‡Ri AvZ¥v‡K wPb‡Z †c‡i‡Q †m e¨w³
Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z †c‡i‡Q (gvb Avivdv bvdbvû dvKv` Avivdv ieŸvû)|

 3. gvbevZ¥v Avjøvni Av‡`k¯^iæc t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z AvZ¥v nj Avjøvni Av‡`k

¯^iæc| G Avjøvni Av‡`‡k †`‡ni wfZ‡i cÕ‡ek K‡i| Avevi Avjøvni Av‡`‡k †`‡ni
evwn‡i P‡j hvq| †Kbbv KziAv‡b ej n‡q‡Q-
 ÖAvi Zviv Avcbv‡K AvZ¥v (iæn) m¤ú©‡K wRÁvmv K‡i-ejyb-AvZ¥v Avgvi cvjbKZ©vi
Av‡`k-NwUZ| G wel‡q †Zvgv‡`i‡K mvgvb¨ ÁvbB `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó (17:85)
 Kv‡RB Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z AvZ¥v gvbe †`‡ni wfZ‡i Av‡Q ev evwn‡i Av‡Q GgbUv ejv
hvq bv| AvZ¥v GKB mv‡_ †`‡ni AwZeZ©x I AšÍ©eZ©x| A_v©r AvZ¥v I †`‡ni m¤ú©KUv
nj GKB mv‡_ AwZeZ©x I AšÍ©eZx©| †Kbbv GKRb e¨w³ hLb RxweZ _v‡K ZLb Zvi
wfZ‡i AvZ¥v _v‡K ; Avevi GKRb e¨w³ Nygv‡j AvZ¥v ‡`‡ni evwn‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
Avevi Avgiv hLb nUvr K‡i Nyg †_‡K †PZb cvB ZLb AvZ¥v Avgv‡`i †`‡ni wfZ‡i
cÕ‡ek K‡i|

 4. AvZ¥vi µwgK ¯Íiweb¨vm t Avj Mv¾vwji gvbevZ¥vi wZbwU ¯Í‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb|
h_v-
 1. cÖ_g ¯Íi
 2. wØZxq ¯Íi
 3. Z…Zxq ¯Íi

 1. cÖ_g ¯Íi t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z hv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥vi cÕ_g ¯Íi we`¨gvb _v‡K Zviv
†KejgvÎ Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿYjä Ávb jvf K‡i| Giv †KejgvÎ KziAv‡bi AvÿwiK A_© ev
ewn¨K A_© ey‡S| Giv nj mvaviY gvbyl|

 2. wØZxq ¯Íi t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z hv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥vi wØZxq ¯Íi we`¨gvb _v‡K Zviv
LyeB AbymwÜm~ Ges ZË¡wccvmy| GB ¯Í‡ii gvbyl nj `vk©wbK I hyw³ev`x|

 3. Z…Zxq ¯Íi t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z hv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥vi Z…Zxq ¯Íi we`¨gvb _v‡K Zviv
Áv‡bi D”PZg ¯Í‡i emevm K‡i| Áv‡bi GB ¯Í‡i †Kv‡bv AÁZv _v‡K bv| GLv‡b
AvZ¥vi Dci †_‡K mKj cÕKvi c`©v m‡i hvq| GB ¯Í‡iigvbyl nj bex, ivm~j, cxi,
`i‡ek, Ijx Ges AvIwjqv|

 5. RM‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` t Avj Mv¾vwj RMZ‡K 3 fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v-

 K. Avjvgyj gyjK
 L. Avjvgyj gvjvKzZ
 M. Avjvgyj hveviæZ|
 K. Avjvgyj gyjK t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z cÕ_g RM‡Zi bvg Avjvgyj gyjK| GwU nj
Bw›`ªqMvvn¨ RMZ| A_v©r Avgiv †h RM‡Z emevm Kwi| GwU cwieZ©bkxj Ges Avjøvni
ûKz‡g Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj|

 L. Avjvgyj gvjvKzZ t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z wØZxq RM‡Zi bvg nj Avjvgyj gvjvKzZ|
GwU Bw›`ªqMvn¨ RM‡Zi gZ cwieZ©bkxj bq| GwU kvk^Z I AcwieZ©bxq| msiwÿZ
wjwc djK (jvI‡n gvndzR), Kjg GB RM‡Zi AšÍf©y³| GwU kixix wRwbm bq Avevi
iæci wRwbmI bq| GwU ¯^M©xq RMZ| GwUB cÕK…Z RMZ|

 M. Avjvgyj hveviæZ t Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Avjvgyj gyjK Ges Avjvgyj gvjvKz‡Zi
ga¨eZ©x RMZ nj Avjvgyj hveviæZ| GwU Avjvgyj gyjK Ges Avjvgyj gvjvKz‡Zi
RM‡Zi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| `„k¨Z GwU Avjvgyj gyj‡Ki AšÍf©y³ g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j
GwU Avjvgyj gvjvKz‡Zi AšÍf©y³|
 AvZ¥v GB Avjvgyj hveviæ‡Z we`¨gvb _v‡K|
 Zb¥q I ¯^‡cœ AvZ¥v Avjvgyj hveviæZ †_‡K Avjvgyj gvjvKz‡Zi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m|
 Avevi Avgiv hLb RxweZ _vwK ZLb AvZ¥v Avjvgyj hveviæZ †_‡K Avjvgyj gyj‡Ki
RM‡Z P‡j Av‡m|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji
AvZ¥v m¤ú©wKZ gZev` gyjZ KziAvb I nv`x‡mi †gØwjK wkÿvi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o
D‡V‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Zuvi GB gZev` AwaK hyw³ msMZ|
  10. cÖkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwj †Kb mÁv‡K Áv‡bi Drm e‡j MÖnY K‡ib ? 90%
 f~wgKv t mvaviYZ `vk©wbKiv Áv‡bi wZbwU Dr‡mi K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v- eyw×, AwfÁZv
Ges mÁv| Ab¨w`‡K Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Áv‡bi h_v_© Drm wnmv‡e †Kej mÁv‡KB
¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj †Kb mÁv‡K Áv‡bi Drm e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb
Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj-Mv¾vwj †Kb mÁv‡K Áv‡bi Drm e‡j g‡b K‡ib t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Zuvi
weL¨vZ ÔAvj gybwKhy wgbv``vjvj× MÕ‡š’ ÁvbZË¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

 1. Bw›`ªq cªZ¨ÿY h_v_© Áv‡bi Drm bq t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿY
Avgv‡`i h_v_© Ávb w`‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿYjä Áv‡bi Dci Avgiv mskh
cÕKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb-
 Pÿz Qvqvi MwZ cÕZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 GKwU †QvU gy`ªv GKwU e„n`vqZKvi ZviKv‡K †X‡K w`‡Z cv‡i|
 `~i †_‡K P›`ª, m~h©, MÕn, bÿ·K †QvU g‡b n‡jI Zv c„w_exi †P‡q jÿ jÿ ¸b eo|
 Avevi A‡bK mgq Avgv‡`i Aa¨vm ev nvjywm‡bkb nq| Kv‡RB Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿYjä
Áv‡bi Dci mskq †_‡K hvq| Gevi Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj eyw×cÕm~Z Áv‡bi Dci mskq
cÕKvk K‡ib|

 2. eyw×I h_v_© Áv‡bi Drm bq t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿYjä Ávb‡K
Avgiv eyw×i gva¨‡g hvPvB Ki‡Z cvwi| eyw× Áv‡bi GKwU Drm| †hgb- wek wK `‡ki
†P‡q †Qv‡Uv ; †Kv‡bv wRwbm wK GKB mv‡_ _vK‡Z cv‡i I bv _vK‡Z cv‡i ? G mg¯Í
welq Avgiv eyw×i Øviv hvPvB Ki‡Z cvwi|

 Z‡e eyw×iI GKUv mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| †Kbbv Ggb A‡bK welq i‡q‡Q †h ¸‡jvi Ávb
Avgiv eyw×e„wË Øviv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi bv| †hgb-AvZ¥v, gb, cigvZ¥v, Inxi cÕK…Z ZË¡
wK BZ¨vw`|
 3. mÁvB Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm t Bw›`ªq cÕZ¨ÿY Ges eyw×i Dci wbf©ikxjZv nviv‡bvi
ci Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb gvby‡li ü`‡q Ggb GK kw³ Av‡Q hvi gva¨‡g †m cÕK…Z
mZ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB kw³i bvg Mv¾vwj w`‡jb mÁv| Zuvi g‡Z mÁvi
gva¨‡g cÕvß Áv‡bi †Kv‡bv fzj _v‡K bv| mÁv nj mvÿvr cÕwZwZ ev cÕZ¨ÿ Ávb|
KejgvÎ mÁvi Øviv e¯`i cÕK…Z ¯^iæc Rvbv hvq| G Kvi‡Y Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj mÁv‡KB
h_v_© Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z bex, ivm~j‡`i cÕZ¨v‡`k ev Inx

 cxi, `i‡ek, Ijx, AvIwjqv‡`i ÔBjnvg× GB Áv‡bi AšÍf©³|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji
eyw× Ges AwfÁZv †Kv‡bvUvB Avgv‡`i cÕK…Z Ávb cÕ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GKgvÎ
mÁvB Avgv‡`i cÕK…Z, h_v_© I kvk^Z Ávb cÕ`vb K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Mv¾vwj mÁv‡KB
Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
  11. cÖkœ t PvjK eyw× wK ? 80%
 f~wgKv t Avj wKw›` Zuvi weL¨vZ Ô× MÕ‡š’ gvbevZ¥vi PviwU eyw×e„wËK ¯Í‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb|
h_v- myß eyw×, mwµq eyw×, AwR©Z eyw× Ges PvjK eyw×| Avi cÕkœvbymv‡i Avgv‡`i
Av‡jvP¨ welq nj PvjK eyw×|

 PvjK eyw× t Avj wKw›` me© cÕ_g PvjK eyw×i K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z PvjK eyw× evwK
wZbwU eyw×e„wËi †P‡q Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwU n‡”Q we‡k^i AwZgvbm|
 GwU cøvwUbv‡mi bvDm
 wd‡jvi †jv‡Mvm
 Ges †cøv‡Uvi mvwe©K RM‡Zi Abyiæc|
 GB PvjK eyw×B wPšÍvi †gØwjK Drm, MvwYwZK ¯^Z:wm× Ges wPišÍb mZ¨|
 Avj wKw›`i g‡Z PvjK eyw×e„wË nj Hkx eyw×e„wËi ¯Íi| GUv ¯^qs Avjøvni Zid †_‡K
gvby‡li g‡a¨ cª‡ek K‡i| bex-ivm~j‡`i Inx, mvaK‡`i ‡R¨vwZ GB PvjK eyw×e„wËi
¯Í‡i c‡i|

 PvjK eyw×i ˆewkó¨ t

 Avj wKw›` PvjK eyw×e„wËi wKQz ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v-
 1. PvjK eyw×e„wË †`n wbiæ‡cÿ|
 2. GUv Agi, Awebk^i|
 3. PvjK e„w×e„wË †_‡K AvZ¥v gvbe †`‡n cÕ‡ek K‡i|
 4. †`n webv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ ˆRweK AvZ¥vi aŸsm nq wKš` PvjK eyw×e„wËi ¯Íi aŸsm nq
bv|
 5. GB PvjK eyw×e„wËK AvZ¥v †`n aŸs‡mi ci wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|
 6. GB PvjK eyw×e„wˇK Aviex fvlvq ÔA°j dvj× ejv nq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avj wKw›` †KejgvÎ
wek^vm wbf©i ag© cvjb K‡ib wb| wZwb ag©xq welqvewj‡K hyw³i Øviv hvPvB K‡i‡Qb|
  12. cÖkœ t Be‡b iæk` wKfv‡e ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b iæk` (1126-1198 wLª.) gymwjg `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb †kÕô `vk©wbK|
j¨vwUb fvlvq wZwb ÔA¨vwf‡ivm×(Averroes) bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb wQ‡jb Gwi÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb fvl¨Kvi| `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zvi g~j Ae`vb nj wZwb ag© I
`k©‡bi mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Avi cÕkœvbymv‡i wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b iæk` wKfv‡e ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib t

 1. ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t Be‡b iæk` Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔZvnvdzZzZ
ZvnvdzZyZ× G ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB| ag©I mZ¨ ; Avevi `k©bI mZ¨| ag© mZ¨ †Kbbv ag© Avjøvni wbKU
†_‡K cÕvß cÕZ¨v‡`k| Ab¨w`‡K `k©bI mZ¨ †Kbbv Zv gvby‡li eyw× ev cÕÁvjä dmj|

 2. ag© `k©b PP©v mg_©b K‡i t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z ag© `k©b PP©v mg_©b K‡i| †Kbbv
KziAv‡bi eû AvqvZ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b gy³ eyw× I wPšÍv Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| KziAvb
evievi ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q gvbyl‡K cÕK…wZ m¤ú©‡K Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨| Avevi ivm~j (mt) I
gvbyl‡K Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ evievi ZvwM` cÕ`vb K‡i e‡j‡Q, cÕ‡Z¨K gymwjg bi I
bvixi Ici Ávb AR©b Kiv diR|

 `k©b wkÿvi gva¨‡g gvbyl cÕÁvi Øviv Rvbv mZ¨ †_‡K ARvbv m‡Z¨q Mgb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Kv‡RB KziAvb cÕÁvi h_vh_ e¨env‡ii cÿcvZ K‡i|

 3. ag© I `k©b Df‡qiB Av‡jvP¨ welq Avw`KviY t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z ag© I `k©b
DfqB GK Avw` KviY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| `k©b eyw×i Øvi Avw`KviY (Avjøvn‡K)
Rvbvi †Póv K‡i ; Avi ag© wek^vm Øviv Avw`KviY (Avjøvn‡K) Rvbvi †Póv K‡i| Kv‡RB
ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z
`k©b Ges ag© Df‡qi jÿ¨ GK| Avi Zv nj cigmZ¨ Avwe®‹vi Kiv| Kv‡RB ag© I
`k©‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB|
  13. cÖkœ t Avjøvi ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K Be‡b iæk`-Gi AwfgZ †K ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b iæk` gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKRb †kÕô `vk©wbK| wZwb
Avjøvni ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K gyZvwhjv Ges Avk×Avwiqv gZev‡`i ga¨gcš’x gZev` cÕ`vb
K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Avjøvni ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K Be‡b iæk‡`i gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avjøvni ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K Be‡b iæk‡`i AwfgZ t Be‡b iæk` Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔAvj
Kvkd Avj gvbvwnRyj Avw`jøvn× G Avjøvni ¸bvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Be‡b
iæk` Avjøvni ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K gyZvwhjv I Avk×Avwiqv GB Dfq cÕKvi gZev‡`i
mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|

 gyZvwhjv gZ Abymv‡i Avjøvni mvimËvi evwn‡i c„_K †Kv‡bv ¸‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Avjøvn
me©kw³gvb, me©kw³kvjx, wPiÃxe GB ¸b¸‡jv Avjøvni mvimËv †_‡K c„_K bq|

 Ab¨w`‡K Avk×Avwiqv gZ Abymv‡i Avjøvni mvimËvi evwn‡i c„_K ¸‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
Zviv Avjøvni 7 wU ¸‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v- Ávb, Rxeb, me©kw³gËv, B”Qv, kÕeY,
`k©b Ges K_b|

 Be‡b iæk‡`i gZ t Gevi Be‡b iæk` e‡jb gyZvwhjviv †hfv‡e Avjøvni ¸b‡K A¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb Zv wVK bq| †Kbbv Avjøvni AmsL¨ ¸b i‡q‡Q| Avevi Avk×Avwiqviv †hfv‡e
¸b‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb ZvI wVK bq|

 mvaviY gvbyl KziAv‡bi AvÿwiK ev evwn¨K A_© †ev‡S †`‡L Zv‡`i‡K GB mKj
¸bvewj Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

 Ab¨w`‡K `vk©wbKiv GB mKj ¸‡bi AvÿwiK ev evwn¨K A‡_© MÕnY bv K‡i †m¸‡jvi
wbM~pZË¡ MÕnY K‡i| GLv‡bB mvaviY gvby‡li mv‡_ `vk©wbK‡`i cv_©K¨| wZwb mZ©K
K‡i e‡jb `vk©wbK‡`i GB wbM~pZË¡ mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q ejv wVK bq| G‡Z K‡i
Zviv weåvwšÍi g‡a¨ co‡Z cv‡i|
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b iæk` KziAvb,
nv`x‡mi mv‡_ wMÕK `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi A‡bK gZev`
KziAvb I nv`x‡mi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K nIqvq mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡K mgv‡jvPbvi †Pv‡L †`‡L
_v‡Kb|
  14. cÖkœ t Be‡b iæk` Gi Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b iæk` gymwjg `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb †kÕô `vk©wbK| Avevi wZwb
Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb mdj fvl¨Kvi| G Kvi‡Y Be‡b iæk‡`i
Awawe`¨vq gymwjg `k©b Ges Gwi÷U‡ji `k©‡bi msw¤ªkY cvIqv hvq| wb‡¤œ Be‡b
iæk‡`i Awawe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b iæk‡`i Awawe`¨v t

 Be‡b iæk` Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔAvj Kvkd Avj gvbvwnRyj Avw`jøvn× bvgK MÕ‡š’ Awawe`¨v
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

 1. Avjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z Avjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| Avjøvni Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wcQ‡b
wZwb 2 ai‡Yi hyw³ cÕ`vb K‡ib| h_v-
 K. e`vb¨Zv welqK hyw³
 L. m„wó welqK hyw³
 e`vb¨Zv welqK hyw³‡K wZwb D‡Ïk¨g~jK hyw³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avi m„wó
welqK hyw³‡K wZwb wek^ZvwË¡K hyw³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
 D‡Ïk¨g~jK hyw³ Abymv‡i Avgv‡`i GB wek^RM‡Z G‡Zv AwaK cwigvY wbqg k„½jv
†`‡L g‡b nq Gi wcQ‡b Aek¨B GKRb KZ©v A‡Q| Avi GB KZ©v nj Avjøvn|
 Ab¨w`‡K wek^ZvwË¡K hyw³ Abymv‡i Avgv‡`i GB gnvwek^ m„wói wcQ‡b GKwU Avw`KviY
i‡q‡Q| Avi GB Avw`KviY nj Avjøvn|

 2. Avjøvni ¸bvewj m¤ú©‡K Be‡b iæk‡`i AwfgZ t Be‡b iæk` Avjøvni ¸bvewj
m¤ú©‡K gyZvwhjv I Avk×Avwiqv GB Dfq cÕKvi gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|

 gyZvwhjv gZ Abymv‡i Avjøvni mvimËvi evwn‡i c„_K †Kv‡bv ¸‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
Ab¨w`‡K Avk×Avwiqv gZ Abymv‡i Avjøvni mvimËvi evwn‡i c„_K ¸‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
Gevi Be‡b iæk` e‡jb gyZvwhjviv †hfv‡e Avjøvni ¸b‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Zv wVK
bq| †Kbbv Avjøvni AmsL¨ ¸b i‡q‡Q| Avevi Avk×Avwiqviv †hfv‡e ¸b‡K ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb ZvI wVK bq|
 mvaviY gvbyl KziAv‡bi AvÿwiK ev evwn¨K A_© †ev‡S †`‡L Zv‡`i‡K GB mKj
¸bvewj Aek¨B ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

 Ab¨w`‡K `vk©wbKiv GB mKj ¸‡bi AvÿwiK ev evwn¨K A‡_© MÕnY bv K‡i †m¸‡jvi
wbM~pZË¡ MÖnY K‡i| GLv‡bB mvaviY gvby‡li mv‡_ `vk©wbK‡`i cv_©K¨| wZwb mZ©K
K‡i e‡jb `vk©wbK‡`i GB wbM~pZË¡ mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q ejv wVK bq| G‡Z K‡i
Zviv weåvwšÍi g‡a¨ co‡Z cv‡i|

 3. RM‡Zi Abvw`ZË¡ t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z RMZ Avjøvn KZ…©K m„ó| Z‡e Avjøvn k~b¨
†_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz m„wó K‡ib wb| eis e¯`mg~n c~e© †_‡KB myß Ae¯’vq we`¨gvb wQj
Avjøvn ïay G‡K ev¯Íeiæc cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
 Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z RMr Abvw`| GB Abvw` `yB cÕKvi| h_v-
 K. mKviY Abvw`
 L. KviYwewnb Abvw`
 Avjøvn n‡jb KviYwewnb Abvw` ; Avi RMZ nj mKviY Abvw`|

 4. ˆ`wnK cybiæÐv‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv t Be‡b iæk` ˆ`wnK cybiæÐv‡b wek^vmx wQ‡jb| Z‡e
wZwb mvaviY gvby‡li †P‡q GKUz wfbœfv‡e Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z g„Zz¨i ci gvbyl
†h †`n aviY Ki‡e Zv AweKj cvw_©e Rxe‡bi gZ bv eis Zvi m`„k GKwU †`n cv‡e|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b iæk‡`i

Awawe`¨vq cÕPwjZ ag© Ges mvaviY gvby‡li wPšÍv‡PZbv we‡ivax gZev` cwijwÿZ nq|
G Kvi‡Y A‡bK ag©ZË¡we` Ges iÿYkxj mvaviY gvbyl Zvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|
  15. cÖkœ t B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú©‡K kvn IqvwjIjøvni aviYv D‡jøL Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t kvn IqvwjDjøvn cvK fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg GKRb gymwjg `vk©wbK|
B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú©‡K Zuvi gZev` mgš^qag©x| Zuvi g‡Z gvby‡li GK A‡_© †hgb B”Qvi
¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q ; Ab¨ A‡_© RM‡Zi me wKQzB Avjøvn wbqš¿b K‡i| wb‡¤œ B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv
m¤ú©‡K kvn IqvwjDjøvni gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 1. B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv wK t ঳াধাযণত দফদবন্ন দফকল্প কাধ্যেয ভে যথধ্যক যম যকান একটি কাে
঩েন্দ কধ্যয তা ঳ম্পাদন কযায ঳াভর্থ্যধ্যক ইচ্ছায স্বাধীনতা ফধ্যর। যমভন- A, B এফং C
দফদবন্ন দফকল্প কাে। এখন যকান ব্যদক্ত মদদ এই দতনটি কাধ্যেয ভে যথধ্যক যমধ্যকান একটি
কাে ঳ম্পাদন কযধ্যত ঩াধ্যয তধ্যফ তায ইচ্ছায স্বাধীনতা যধ্যয়ধ্যে।

 B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú©‡K kvn IqvwjDjøvni gZev` t

 kvn IqvjxDjøvn B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv I A`„óev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z
gvby‡li GKw`‡K †hgb B”Qvi m¦vaxbZv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb Av‡iKw`K †_‡K Avjøvn me wKQz
wbqš¿b K‡ib| †Kbbv KziAv‡b gvby‡li B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
 ÔÔ Avi †h cvc Kij, †m Zvi wb‡Ri DciB Kij|×× (4:111)
 ÔÔ †Zvgv‡`i †h gywmeZ N‡U, Zv †Zvgv‡`i K…ZK‡gi© dj|×× (42:30)
 ÔÔ Aby cwigvY mr KvR Ki‡j †m Zv †`L‡e, Aby cwigvY Amr KvR Ki‡jI †m
†`L‡e|×× (99:7)

 Avevi KziAv‡b mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK Avjøvn Zvi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
 ÔÔ Avjøvn hv‡K B”Qv ÿgv K‡ib Ges hv‡K B”Qv kvw¯Í cÕ`vb K‡ib, ‡Kbbv Avjøvn me©gq
ÿgZvi AwaKvwi|ÕÕ (2t284)
 ÔÔej Avjøvn mvgv‡R¨i AwaKvix, hv‡K B”Qv wZwb ivR¨ `vb K‡ib, hv‡K B”Qv wZwb
ivR¨PzZ K‡ib, Zvi nv‡ZB i‡q‡Q g½jfvÛvi|×× (3t26)
 Ö wZwb cÕ‡Z¨K wRwbm m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges fvM¨ wb‡`k© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|×× ( 2t2)

 Gevi kvn IqvjxDjøvn e‡jbgvby‡li g‡a¨ fv‡jv-g›` MÕn‡Yi `ywU cÕeYZv i‡q‡Q| †m
B”Qv Ki‡j fv‡jv wRwbm MÕnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi B”Qv Ki‡j g›` wRwbmI MÕnY
 Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB gvby‡li c~Y© B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvbyl‡K Zuvi Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú©‡K
kvn IqvjxDjøvni gZ GKev‡i hyw³ msMZ| wZwb GKw`K †_‡K gvbyl‡K Zvi Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ `vqx K‡i gvbyl‡K Zvi `vwqZ¡, KZ©‡e¨i K_v ¯§iY K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Avevi Ab¨w`K
†_‡K mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK †h Avjøvn †m K_vI e‡j‡Qb|
  16. cÖkœ t BKev‡ji AvZ¥vZË¡ ev Lyw`ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avjøvgv BKevj wesk kZvãxi cvK fviZxq gnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg GKRb gymwjg
`vk©wbK| Zuvi `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU Av‡jvP¨ welq nj Lyw` ev AvZ¥v| wb‡¤œ Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 BKev‡ji Lyw`ZË¡ t Avjøvgv BKevj Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔAvmivi-B-Lyw`× †Z AvZ¥v wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Zuvi Av‡iK weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔReconstraction of
Religious Thought in IslamÕ G Lyw` m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
 Avjøvgv BKevj Lyw` ej‡Z gvbevZ¥v‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z GKRb gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
†K›`ªwe›`y nj Lyw`| GB Lyw`‡K wN‡iB GKRb gvby‡li wPšÍv‡PZbvi mvgwMÕK wfwË M‡o
I‡V| Avjøvgv BKevj Lyw`i †ek wKQz ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v-

 1. BKev‡ji g‡Z Lyw` ev¯Íe| m‡e©k^iev` Ges Ab‡cÿ fveev`xiv Lyw`‡K †hfv‡e
A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Pb Zv wVK bq|

 2. BKev‡ji g‡Z Lyw` mwµq| GKRb gvbyl Zvi msMÕvg, mwµqZv Ges Kg©cÕ‡Póvi ga¨
w`‡q Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i myß ¸bvewj cÕKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e †m mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q AMÕMY¨
e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|

 3. BKev‡ji g‡Z A‡bK `vk©wbKiv g‡b K‡ib wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ gvbevZ¥vi wgjbB
Rxe‡bi g~j jÿ¨| wKš` BKevj e‡jb wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ GKvKvi n‡q hvIqv Lyw`i g~j
jÿ¨ bq eis wb‡Ri ¯^vZš¿¨ eRvq †i‡L wbijm msMÕvg, cwikÕg Ges Kg©cÕ‡Póv KivB
Lyw`i g~j jÿ¨|

 4. BKev‡ji g‡Z Lyw` ¯^vaxb| †Kbbv Lyw` hw` ¯^vaxb bv nq Zvn‡j †m A‡PZb Ro
c`v‡_©i gZ n‡q ci‡e| G‡Z K‡i †m Zvi Kg©PvÂjZv I mwµqZv nvwi‡q †dj‡e|
 5. BKev‡ji g‡Z Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb KivB Lyw`i g~j jÿ¨| †Kbbv MwZB Rxeb Avi
w¯’wZB giY| Kg©B Rxeb, Kg©B ag©| Kg©nxb gvbyl g„Z gvby‡li gZ| mgv‡R Zvi
†Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB| Kv‡RB cwikÕ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Lyw`‡K Kg©gq K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|

 6. BKev‡ji g‡Z Lyw` Agi| Avi GB Agi‡Z¡i AwaKvi Lyw` ZLbB cv‡e hLb †m Zvi
Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb Øviv wek^ msmv‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz K‡i hv‡e| G Kvi‡YB BKevj
e‡jb, AgiZ¡ AwaKvi bq eis e¨w³MZ Kg©cÕ‡Póv mv‡cÿ|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avjøvgv BKevj Lyw`
ej‡Z †KejgvÎ e¨w³i myß cÕwZfvi cwic~Y© weKvk mvab‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| GLv‡bB
MZvbyMwZK Ab‡cÿ fveev`x `vk©wbK‡`i mv‡_ Zvi gZev‡`i cv_©K¨|
 Bgivb n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb
M-wefvM
 1. cÕkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj-wKw›`i Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 2. cÕkœ t Avj-wKw›`i ÁvbZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 3. cÕkœ t Avj-dvivwei hyw³we`¨v m¤ú©wKZ gZev` Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 4. cÕkœ t Avj dvivwei bxwZwe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 5. cÕkœ t wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 6. cÕkœ t Be‡b wmbvi AvZ¥vZË¡ e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Ki| 90%
 7. cÕkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| †Kb Zv‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejv
nq ? 100%
 8. cÕkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj-Mv¾vwji Ae`vb e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 9. cÕkœ t Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb ? Zuvi Avmvweqv ZË¡ e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Ki| 100%
 10. cÕkœ t Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb ? Zuvi `k©b Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 11. cÕkœ t Be‡b iæk‡`i ÁvbZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 12. cÕkœ t `vk©wbK mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e kvn IqvjxDjøvni Ae`vb e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb
Ki| 100%
 13. cÕkœ t kvn IqvjxDjøvni `k©b m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 14. cÕkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b BKev‡ji `vk©wbK gZev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
 14. cÕkœ t mgmvgwqK gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡jii Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 15. cÕkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b †gvjøv mv`ivi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 16. cÕkœ t Avjøvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú©‡K Be‡b wgmKvIqvn Gi gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 17. cÕkœ t Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji `k©b m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 Bgivb m¨vi n¨vÛ‡bvU GÛ mv‡Rkb
 M-wefvM
 1. cÖkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj-wKw›`i Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj wKw›` (813-873 wLª) nj cÕ_g gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zv‡K ÔAvie‡`i
`vk©wbK× ejv nq| wZwb Zuvi hy‡Mi me©‡kÕô wPšÍvwe`| wZwb GKvav‡i GKRb `vk©wbK,
weÁvbx, msMxZwe` Ges wPwKrmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi `k©‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wQj wKfv‡e wMÕK
`k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i
Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i Ae`vb t

 1. wMÖK `k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i cÕ_g
Ae`vb nj wZwb wMÕK `k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab K‡ib| wZwb gymwjg
`k©‡bi g~j Drm KziAvb I nv`xm Ges wMÕK `k©‡bi g~j Drm Gwi÷Uj, †cø‡Uv Ges
wc_v‡Mviv‡mi MÕš’vewj fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib| Aa¨qb †k‡l wZwb KziAvb I nv`x‡mi
mv‡_ Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b, wbD‡cø‡UvwbRg Ges wbDwc_v‡MvwiR‡gi mgš^q mvab K‡ib|
 wZwbB cÕ_g Gwi÷Uj‡K gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i mv‡_ cwiPq K‡i †`b|

 2. MÖš’vewj iPbvi †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb t Avj wKw›` †Qv‡Uv e‡ov 261 Lvbv MÕš’ iPbv K‡ib|
Zuvi †gØwjK MÕš’vewj nj ÔOn The Five EssenceÕ, ÔOn The IntellectÕ BZ¨vw`|
 Zuvi iwPZ Ab¨Zg MÕš’vewj nj-
 ÔApology of AristotleÕ
 ÔAnalyticaÕ
 ÔCategoriesÕ
 ÔAlmagistia of TolemyÕ
 Zuvi iwPZ Abyw`Z MÕš’vewj nj-
 Gwi÷U‡ji Ô‡gUvwdwRKm×
 U‡jwgi ÔwRIMÕvdx×
 cøwUbv‡mi ÔZvwbœqvWm× BZ¨vw`|
 3. `k©b I weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t Avj wKw›`i Z…Zxq Ae`vb nj wZwb `k©b I
weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z `k©b I weÁv‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva
†bB| Zuvi g‡ZÖ`k©b nj weÁvbmg~‡ni weÁvb, cÕÁv mg~‡ni cÕÁv|Ó

 wZwb `k©b I c`v_©we`¨vq MwY‡Zi Ávb cÕ‡qvM K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z MwY‡Zi Ávb Qvov
`k©‡bi Ávb m¤¢e bq| G Rb¨ wZwb MwYZ‡K `k©‡bi f~wgKv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

 wZwb MwY‡Zi Ávb‡K c`v_©we`¨vq cÕ‡qvM K‡i wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi wgkÕRwbZ Jl‡`i dj
†iv‡Mi Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZi R¨vwgwZK Abycv‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj Zv cÕgvY K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z
Zuvi GB gZev` g‡bvweÁv‡b ÔWebes-Fechner’s Law× bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|

 4. `k©b I a‡g©i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i PZz_© Ae`vb nj wZwb
ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z ag© I `k©b GKB mËvi ¯^iæc wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| `k©b hyw³ wb‡q Avi ag© wek^vm wb‡q KvR K‡i| `k©‡bi hyw³ a‡g©i
wek^m‡K Av‡iv †ewk kw³kvjx K‡i|

 5. Avjøvn m¤ú©‡K gZev` t Avj wKw›` Avjøvn m¤ú©wKZ wMÕK `k©‡bi aviYv I Bmjvg
`k©‡bi aviYvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Avjøvn GK| wZwb k~b¨ †_‡K RMZ
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| wZwb RM‡Zi AwZeZ©x| Zuvi †Kv‡bv
 Dcv`vb †bB
 AvKvi †bB
 cwigvY †bB
 m„wói mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Ávb †bB
 ‡Kv‡bv cÕKvi K¨v‡U‡Mvwi Øviv Avjøvni eY©bv †`Iqv hvq bv|

 6. Kvh©KviY m¤ú©wKZ gZev` t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i Aci Av‡iKwU Ae`vb nj
Kvh©KviY m¤ú©wKZ gZev`| Zuvi g‡Z RM‡Zi cÕ‡Z¨K NUbvi GKwU KviY Av‡Q|
myZivs GB RM‡ZiI GKwU KviY Av‡Q| Avi GB RM‡Zi KviY nj Avjøvn|
 7. cuvP mvimËv t gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i Aci Av‡iKwU Ae`vb nj cuvP mvimËvi
aviYv| Zuvi g‡Z †h †gØj bxwZmg~n cÕvK…wZK RMZ‡K wbqš¿b K‡i Zv‡K mvimËv e‡j|
G‡`i‡K w`wb ÔFive Essence× e‡j‡Qb| GB cuvPwU mvimËv nj-
 1. Ro
 2. AvKvi
 3. MwZ
 4. †`k
 5. Kvj|

 8. wbM©gb gZev` t Avj wKw›` RMZ I Avjøvni m¤ú©K‡K wbM©gb Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z RMZ Avjøvni mËv †_‡K av‡c av‡c wbM©g‡bi gva¨‡g
G‡m‡Q| GB wbM©g‡bi wewfbœ ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÕ‡Z¨KwU cieZ©x ¯Íi c~e©eZ©x ¯Íi Øviv
wbqwš¿Z nq|

 gymwjg `k©‡b Avj wKw›`i Ab¨vb¨ Ae`vb ¸‡jv nj-

 gymwjg `k©‡b wZwb dvjvwmqv †Mvôxi cÕeZ©K|
 wZwb me©cÖ_g `vk©wbK Áv‡bi Rb¨ MvwYwZK Áv‡bi Acwinv‡h©i K_v e‡jb|
 wZwbB me©cÕ_g Gwi÷Uj‡K gymwjg we‡k^ RbwcÕq K‡i †Zv‡jb|
 wZwb Awawe`¨vi mv‡_ Aviexq a¨vYaviYvi mvgÃm¨ weavb K‡ib|
 wZwb me©cÕ_g wek^‡Kv‡li msKjK wQ‡jb|
 Av‡jvK weÁvb (Optics Science) m¤ú©wKZ Zuvi iwPZ MÕš’mg~n e¨vcK mgv`„Z nq|
 MwYZ, wPwKrmvweÁvb, †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ Ges msMx‡Zi Dci wZwb we‡kl cÕvavb¨ we¯Ívi
K‡ib|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h gymwjg `k©‡b Avj
wKw›`i g~j jÿ¨ wQj GKwU mgš^qg~jK `k©b cÕwZôv Kiv| G w`K †_‡K Zv‡K GKRb
mdj gymwjg `vk©wbK ejv hvq|
  2. cÖkœ t Avj-wKw›`i ÁvbZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj wKw›` (813-873 wLª) nj cÕ_g gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zv‡K ÔAvie‡`i
`vk©wbK× ejv nq| wZwb Zuvi hy‡Mi me©‡kÕô wPšÍvwe`| wZwb GKvav‡i GKRb `vk©wbK,
weÁvbx, msMxZwe` Ges wPwKrmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi `k©‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wQj wKfv‡e wMÕK
`k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔOn the
IntellectÕ G ÁvbZË¡ m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj wKw›`i ÁvbZË¡ t

 1. AvZ¥vi ˆØZmËvq wek^vmx t Avj wKw›` Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvZ¥vi ˆØZev`x gZev` cÖ`vb
K‡ib| Zvui g‡Z gvbvevZ¥v eyw× I B›`ªq Df‡qi gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b K‡i _v‡K| eyw×i
gva¨‡g mvwe©i ev Ava¨vwZ¥K AvKvi‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i ; Avi Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl ev
Roxq AvKvi‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i| eyw×e„wË I Bw›`ªqe„wË GB `yB e„wËi gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb
K‡i Kíbv (Fancy or Imagination) hvi g~j KvR nj ga¨¯’Zv Kiv| A_v©r Kíbv
ga¨¯’ZvKvix wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

 2. cÖÁv nj me©‡kÖô gva¨g t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z Avjøvn cÕZ¨ÿfv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i bv|
wZwb gva¨g mg~‡ni mvnv‡h¨ KvR K‡i| Avi hZ cÕKvi gva¨g Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ me©‡kÕô
gva¨g nj cÖÁv ev wiRb| Avjøvn I c„w_exi gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i cÕÁv| cÕÁv †_‡K
AvZ¥vi D™¢e nq| cÕÁv †_‡K wbtm„Z AvZ¥v Bw›`ªq RM‡Z AeZiY K‡i|

 3. AvZ¥vi 4 wU ¯Íi t Avj wKw›`i AvZ¥vi 4 wU eyw×e„wËK ¯Í‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v-
 K. myß eyw×e„wË
 L. mwµq eyw×e„wË
 M. AwRZ eyw×e„wË
 N. PvjK eyw×e„wË|
 K. myß eyw×e„wË t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ Rxe GB myß eyw×e„wËi AwaKvix|
Gi ØvivB gvbyl cvw_©e RM‡Zi e¯`mg~‡ni ¯^iæc cÕK…wZ Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mK‡j GB
myß eyw×e„wËi weKvk mgvbfv‡e NUv‡Z cv‡i bv|
 L. mwµq eyw×e„wË t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z gvbyl I cïi g‡a¨ mwµq eyw×e„wË we`¨gvb|
mwµq eyw×e„wËi Kvi‡YB gvbyl †Kv‡bv K‡g© DØy× I mwµq nq| Aviex‡K G‡K ÔAvKj
wej wdjÕ ejv nq|

 M. AwR©Z eyw×e„wË t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z AwR©Z eyw×e„wË gvbyl Zvi Avcb †Póv I mvabv
Øviv AR©b K‡i| Avi GUv †Kej ZLbB m¤¢e n‡e hLb GKRb gvbyl Zvi myß eyw×
weKv‡ki Rb¨ †Póv K‡i| Aviex‡Z G‡K Ô Av°j gymZvdv`× ejv nq|

 N. PvjK eyw×e„wË t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z PvjK eyw×e„wËi ¯’vb mevi Dc‡i| †Kbbv GUv nj
Hkx eyw×e„wËi ¯Íi| GUv ¯^qs Avjøvni Zid †_‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ cª‡ek K‡i| bex-
ivm~j‡`i Inx, mvaK‡`i ‡R¨vwZ GB PvjK eyw×e„wËi ¯Í‡i c‡i| Avj wKw›` PvjK
eyw×e„wËi wKQz ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v-
 1. PvjK eyw×e„wË †`n wbiæ‡cÿ|
 2. GUv Agi, Awebk^i|
 3. PvjK e„w×e„wË †_‡K AvZ¥v gvbe †`‡n cÕ‡ek K‡i|
 4. †`n webv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ ˆRweK AvZ¥vi aŸsm nq wKš` PvjK eyw×e„wËi ¯Íi aŸsm nq
bv|
 5. GB PvjK eyw×e„wËK AvZ¥v †`n aŸs‡mi ci wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|
 6. GB PvjK eyw×e„wˇK Aviex fvlvq ÔA°j dvj× ejv nq|

 Avj wKw›`i ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i g~j¨vqb t Avj wKw›`i g‡Z Áv‡bi Drm wØwe`| h_v- eyw× I
Bw›`ªq| Ges G‡`i gv‡S Ae¯’vb K‡i Kíbv| G w`K †_‡K Avj wKw›`i ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_
Rvgv©b `vk©wbK Kv‡›Ui ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i wgj cvIqv hvq| †Kbbv Kv›UI g‡b Ki‡Zb Áv‡bi
Drm wØwe`| h_v- eyw× I AwfÁZv|
 Ab¨w`‡K Avj wKw›` †hLv‡b eyw× I Bw›`ª‡qi gvSLv‡b Kíbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb †mLv‡b
Kv›U †evakw³ (Understanding) K_v e‡j‡Qb|
 Kv‡RB Avj wKw›`i ÁvbZvwË¡K gZev` Kv‡›Ui ÁvbZvwË¡K gZev‡`i c~e©fvm wQj|
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avj wKw›`i bvg gymwjg
`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m GK we‡kl RvqMv Ry‡i i‡q‡Q| wZwb Zvui cieZ©x `vk©wbK‡`i wPšÍvi
RM‡Z bZzb c‡_i mÜvb RywM‡q‡Qb|
  3. cÖkœ t Avj-dvivwei hyw³we`¨v m¤ú©wKZ gZev` Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avj-dvivwe (870-950 wLª) gymwjg Rvnv‡bi GKRb me©‡kÕô †gØwjK
wPšÍvwe`| Zv‡K hyw³we`¨vi cÕK…Z cÕwZôvZv ejv nq| †Kbbv Zuvi g‡Z hyw³we`¨vi
Kjv‡KØkj gvbyl‡K åvwšÍi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i m‡Z¨i w`‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i| wb‡¤œ
Avj dvivwei hyw³we`¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avj dvivwei hyw³we`¨v t Avj dvivwe me© cÕ_g hyw³we`¨v I e¨vKi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z e¨vKiY cÕavbZ kã I fvlvi wbqgvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K hyw³we`¨v cy‡iv gvbe RvwZi wPšÍv cÕbvjx †h fvlvi gva¨‡g cÕKvwkZ nq †mB
wPšÍv cÕbvjx wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

 hyw³we`¨vi msÁv t Avj dvivwei g‡Z †h we`¨vi gva¨‡g Avgiv ÁvZ mZ¨ †_‡K AÁvZ
mZ¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi Zv‡K hyw³we`¨v e‡j|
 hyw³we`¨v Rvbv mZ¨ †_‡K ARvbv m‡Z¨i w`‡K avweZ nq|
 GUv wg_¨v n‡Z m‡Z¨q, bKj †_‡K Avmj, g›` †_‡K fv‡jv Ges fzj †_‡K mwVK
aviYvq †cØuQv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 hyw³we`¨v gvbe AvZ¥v‡K cwiï× K‡i kvwšÍ cÕ`vb K‡i|

 hyw³we`¨vi cÖKvi‡f` t Avj dvivwei hyw³we`¨v‡K 2 fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-

 K. aviYv m¤ú©wKZ gZev` hv msÁvi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ|
 L. AeaviY, Abygvb Ges cÖgvY m¤ú©wKZ gZev`|

 K. aviYv t Avj dvivwei g‡Z aviYvi mv‡_ ev¯Íe e¯`i †Kv‡bv Awbevh© m¤ú©K †bB|
aviYv¸‡jv Avgv‡`i g‡bvRM‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| GB aviYv¸‡jv‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| h_v-
 1. cÖv_wgK aviYv
 2. mnRvZ aviYv
 e¯`i mv‡_ Bw›`ª‡qi ms‡hvM NU‡j cÕv_wgK aviYvi D™¢e nq| Avi mnRvZ aviYv¸‡jv
Avjøvn KZ…©K gvbe g‡b gyw`ªZ _v‡K|
 L. AeaviY, Abygvb I cÖgvY t Avj dvivwei g‡Z aviYv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hv‡Mi
djkÕæwZ‡Z Aeavi‡Yi D™¢e N‡U|
 AeaviY¸‡jv mZ¨I n‡Z cv‡e ; Avevi wg_¨vI n‡Z cv‡i|
 AeaviY, Abygvb I cÕgv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i hyw³we`¨v we‡kl mZ¨ †_‡K mvwe©K m‡Z¨i
w`‡K Mgb K‡i| Gfv‡e hyw³we`¨v mwZ¨Kvi `k©‡b cwiYZ nq|
 hyw³we`¨v mij †_‡K RwUj, RwUj †_‡K AwaKZi RwUj aviYvq Mgb K‡i| GKvi‡Y
Avj dvivwe e‡jb,ÖcÕK…Zc‡ÿ D”PZi hyw³weÁvbB `k©b|Ó

 we‡kl I mvwe©‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t Avj dvivwei g‡Z we‡kl e¯`mg~n †Kej Bw›`ªq
cÕZ¨ÿ‡Y Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj bq eis Zviv wPšÍ‡bI Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| Ab¨w`‡K mvwe©K e¯`mg~n †Kej
we‡k‡li g‡a¨ bq eis `ªe¨ wnmv‡e Zviv g‡b Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| mvwe©K we‡k‡li c~‡e©
Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj wQj, eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q Ges fwel‡Z¨I _vK‡e| Aw¯ÍZ¡ gv‡bB e¯`i GKai‡Yi
mgÜ|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h cÕK…Z `k©b †KejgvÎ
hyw³we`¨vi Aa¨q‡bi ga¨ w`‡q M‡o D‡V| GKvi‡Y `k©bkv¯¿ Aa¨q‡b c~‡e© hyw³we`¨v
cov DwPZ|
  4. cÖkœ t Avj dvivwei bxwZwe`¨v Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t gymwjg Rvnv‡bi me©‡kÕô †gØwjK wPšÍvwe` Avj dvivwe (870-950 wLª)|
bxwZ`k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wZwb KL‡bv †cø‡Uv, KL‡bv Gwi÷Uj‡K mg_©b Ki‡jI Zuvi i‡q‡Q
bxwZ`k©b m¤ú©‡K GKwU †gØwjK wPšÍvaviv| wb‡¤œ Avj dvivwei bxwZ `k©b Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj t

 Avj dvivwei bxwZwe`¨v t

 1. bxw`we`¨vi msÁv t mvaviYZ †h we`¨v gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq,
DwPZ-AbywPZ BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K bxwZwe`¨v e‡j|
 Avj dvivwei g‡Z bxwZwe`¨v gvbe AvPi‡Yi †gØwjK wbqgvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

 2. eyw×ev`x `vk©wbK t Avj dvivwe GKRb eyw×ev`x gymwjg `vk©wbK| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb
eyw× ev cÕÁvB gvbe AvPi‡Yi fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ wbY©‡qi gvb`Û| wZwb eyw×`xß AvPiY
Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K †ewk cwigvY ZvwoZ K‡ib|

 3. cÖÁv ev wiRb ØvivB Kv‡Ri fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ wba©viY nq t Avj dvivwe †h‡nZz GKRb
eyw×ev`x gymwjg `vk©wbK wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y wZwb cÕÁv ev wiR‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z †Kvb KvRUv fv‡jv ; Avi †Kvb KvRUv g›` Zv Avgiv cÕÁv ev wiRb
Øviv wbav©iY Ki‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB Kv‡Ri fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ wbY©‡qi GKgvÎ gvb`Û nj
cÖÁv ev wiRb|

 4. Ávb AR©b gvby‡li †kÖô ag© t Avj dvivwei g‡Z Ávb AR©b KivB gvby‡li †kÕô ag©|
G Kvi‡Y Avj dvivwe e‡jb mr¸‡bi AwaKvix `vk©wbK‡`iB †Kej kvmK nIqv DwPZ|
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` †R‡b ˆbwZK wbqg cvjb K‡i Z‡e †mB e¨w³ DËg Zuvi †P‡q †h bv
†R‡b ˆbwZK wbqg cvjb K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Avj dvivwe Ávb AR©‡bi Dci AZ¨waK
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|

 5. gvby‡li B”Qvi c~Y© †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZv †bB t Avj dvivwei g‡Z gvby‡li B”Qvi c~Y©
†Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZv †bB| †Kbbv gvbyl A‡bK mgq we‡ivax kw³i Øviv evavcÕvß n‡q KvR
 K‡i| Avi GB we‡ivax kw³i Drm nj gvbe †`n| †`n †_‡K AvMZ GB we‡ivax kw³i
Kvi‡Y gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv mxwgZ n‡q c‡o| G w`K †_‡K Avj dvivwe‡K wbqš¿bev‡`i
GKRb mg_©K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

 6. AvZ¥v me mgq †`‡ni eÜb †_‡K gy³ n‡Z Pvq t Avj dvivwei g‡Z gvbevZ¥v me
mgq †`‡ni eÜb n‡Z gy³ n‡Z Pvq| †`‡ni eÜb n‡Z gy³ nIqvq AvZ¥vi Pig jÿ¨|
†`n †_‡K gy³ n‡q AvZ¥v wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡Z Pvq| G w`K †_‡K Avj
dvivwe‡K GKRb gigxev‡`i mg_©K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

 7. ‡h hZ Ávb AR©bKvix †m ZZ Rvbœv‡Z D”P¯Í‡i ¯’vb cv‡e t Avj dvivwei g‡Z

Áv‡bi ¯Íi‡f‡` gvby‡li Rvbœv‡Z ¯Íi‡f` n‡e| A_v©r †h hZ Ávbx e¨w³ g„Zz¨i ci
Rvbœv‡Z †m ZZ D”P ¯Í‡i ¯’vb cv‡e|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avj divwei bxwZ`k©‡b
GKw`‡K wbqš¿bev‡`i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Avevi Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb gigxev‡`iI ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
mKj kw³i Drm wnmv‡e wZwb GK cigmËv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Avevi cigmËvi mv‡_
gvbevZ¥vi wgj‡bi K_vI e‡j‡Qb|
  5. cÖkœ t wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wmbv (980-1037 wLª.) gymwjg we‡k^i me©‡kÕô wPwKrmv weÁvbx| Zv‡K
AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi †h Af~Zc~e© DbœwZ
K‡iwQ‡jb hvi mgKÿ AvR ch©šÍ we‡k^ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †`Lv hvq bv| wb‡¤œ wPwKrmv
weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b wmbvi cwiPq t

 cy‡iv bvg t Aveyj Avjx Be‡b wmbv
 Rb¥-g„Zy¨ t 980-1037 wLª
 Rb¥¯’vb t DR‡ewK¯Ív‡bi †evLiv kn‡i|
 RvZxqZv t cvim¨
 j¨vwUb fvlvq Zvi bvg t A¨vwfwmbv
 wneªæ fvlvq Zuvi bvg t A¨v‡fbwmbœv

 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi Ae`vb t Be‡b wmbv GKRb wPwKrmK I weÁvbx| gvÎ 17
eQi eq‡m wZwb GKRb wPwKrmK wnmv‡e Kg© Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| wZwb eyLvivi myjZvb
b~nweb gybmy‡ii (976-997) e¨w³MZ wPwKrmK wQ‡jb|

 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi MÖš’vw` t Be‡b wmbv me©‡gvU 450 wU MÕš’ iPbv K‡ib| Gi
g‡a¨ 40 wU wQj wPwKrmv weÁvb msµvšÍ| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Zuvi me©‡kÕô `ywU MÕš’ nj
ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× Ges wKZveyj wkdv×

 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸÕ MÖš’wU Ae`vb t Be‡b wmbvi ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× MÕš’wU
wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wek^‡Kvl ev evB‡ej bv‡g cwiwPZ| G cÕm‡½ W.Amjvi e‡jb, GUv
†h‡Kv‡bv MÕ‡š’i Zzjbvq `xN©Zi mgq Ô‡gwWK¨vj evB‡ej× wnmv‡e we`¨gvb wQj| Avj
Kvbyb wdZ wZeŸ‡K j¨vwUb fvlvq ÔK¨vbb †gwWwmbv‡q× (Canon Medicinae) ejv
nq|
 ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× MÕš’wU 5 wU L‡Û wef³| Gi c„ôv msL¨v 4 j‡ÿi Dc‡i|
 ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× MÕš’wUi
 cÖ_g L‡Ûi bvg- General Principles hv‡Z gvbe kix‡ii ewn©fvM I Af¨šÍixY
wewfbœ A½-cÕZ¨‡½i weeiY I KvR wb‡q eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 wØZxq L‡Ûi bvg- Materia Medica hv‡Z wewfbœ wPwKrmv miÃvg I Jl` m¤ú©‡K
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 Z…Zxq L‡Ûi bvg- Deases in the Individuals Organs hv‡Z cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ
wewfbœ A½ I †iv‡Mi bvg eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 PZz_© L‡Ûi bvg- General Diseases hv‡Z †h mg¯’ Kgb †iv‡M gvbyj AAµvšÍ nq
Zvi eY©bv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

 cÂg L‡Ûi bvg- Formula for Remidies hv‡Z cÕvq 650 wU Jl` wKfv‡e ˆZwi
Ki‡Z nq Zvi eY©bv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

 GKv`k kZvãx n‡Z 17×k kZvãx BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK wek^we`¨vj‡q Ges †gwWK¨vj
cÕwZôv‡b ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× MÕš’wU cvVcy¯ÍK wnmv‡e we`¨gvb wQj|

 Be‡b wmbvi ÔKvbyb wdZ wZeŸ× MÕš’wU m¤ú©‡K A.C Crombie e‡jb,Ö It says many
latin editions, fifteen during the last Thirty years of the fifteenth
century and farther twenty during the sixteenth century several
more were printed in seventeenth century. Cannon remained a
medican Bible for a longer period than any other works.Ó
 Be‡b wmbvi GB MÕš’wU‡Z wMÕK, †ivgvb, fviZ Ges wPbv wPwKrmv c×wZi wbh©vm i‡q‡Q|

 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b ÔwKZve Avj wkdvÕ MÖ‡š’i Ae`vb t wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b wmbvi Aci
A‡iKwU weL¨vZ MÕš’ nj ÔwKZve Avj wkdv×|
 1027 mv‡j eBwU cÕKvwkZ nq|
 eBwU 4 wU L‡Û wef³| h_v-
  1. hyw³
 2. cÕvK…wZK weÁvb
 3. MwYZ
 4. Awawe`¨v|

 Be‡b wmbvi mvgwMÖK Ae`vb t

 1. Be‡b wmbv nwjw÷K †gwWwm‡bi cÕ‡YZv|
 2. wZwb gvby‡li †Pv‡Li mwVK A¨vbv‡Uvwg eY©bv †`b|
 3. wZwb †gwbbRvBwUm †ivM cÕ_g mbv³ K‡ib|
 4. Zv‡K BDbvbx wPwKrmvi cÕwZôvZv ejv nq|
 5. Be‡b wmbvi KvjRqx Ae`vb nj Zuvi kj¨ wPwKrmvq| wZwb gvbe †`‡ni A½ ms¯’vb
I kixiZË¡ wb‡q †h ZË¡ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB AvaywbK wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v
M‡o D‡V‡Q|
 6. Zvi Av‡iKwU io Ae`vb nj Jl` wPwKrmvq| wZwb cÕvq 650 iK‡gi Jl` ˆZwii
digyjv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
 Gme Kvi‡Y Be‡b wmbv m¤ú©‡K ejv hvq- wn‡cvwµUvm wPwKrmv we`¨v m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb|
M¨v‡jb Zv‡K cybiæ¾xweZ K‡i‡Qb, Avj ivRx Zv‡K mymsä K‡i‡Qb, Avi Be‡b wmbv
Zv‡K c~Y©Zv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Be‡b
wmbvi Ae`vb Aciwimxg| gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Zvui mgKÿ Avi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv
weÁvbx GLb ch©šÍ Avwef©ve nq wb| AvieMY Zv‡K Avj †kL Avj ivBm e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡i _v‡Kb|
  6. cÖkœ t Be‡b wmbvi AvZ¥vZË¡ e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Ki| 90%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wmbv (980-1037 wLª) gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ AmvaviY cÕwZfvi
AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb GKvav‡i GKRb `vk©wbK, wPwKrmK Ges g‡bvweÁvbx| wZwb
Zuvi weL¨vZ `ywU MÕš’ h_v ÔAvj-BkviZ IqvZ ZvbwenvZÕ Ges ÔwKZveyj bvdmÕ G
AvZ¥vZË¡ wb‡q mywe¯Ívi Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b wmbvi AvZ¥vZË¡ t

 1. AvZ¥v Ava¨vwZ¥K `ªe¨ t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥v GKwU Ava¨vwZ¥K `ªe¨| Ava¨vwZ¥K
`ªe¨ nevi Kvi‡Y G †`n †_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K| GwU Agi, Awebk^i| Avjøvni Av‡`‡k
AvZ¥v ‡`‡ni wfZ‡i cÕ‡ek K‡i ; Avevi Avjøvni Av‡`‡k Zv †`n †_‡K †ei nq|

 2. †`n I AvZ¥v `ywU c„_K mËv t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z †`n I AvZ¥v `ywU ci¯úi c„_K
mËv| †`‡ni mv‡_ AvZ¥vi †Kv‡bv Awbevh© m¤ú©K †bB| AvZ¥v AvKw¯§Kfv‡e †`‡ni
mv‡_ hy³ nq| cÕ‡Z¨K AvZ¥vB wek^ AvZ¥v †_‡K Av‡m| †`‡ni wfZ‡iB AvZ¥vi weKvk
mvwaZ nq|

 3. AvZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv AvZ¥v‡K 3 fv‡M wef³ K‡ib| h_v-

 K. Dw™¢` AvZ¥v
 L. RxevZ¥v
 M. gvbevZ¥v

 K. Dw™¢` AvZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi me© wb¤œ¯Íi nj Dw™¢` AvZ¥v| Dw™¢` AvZ¥vi
3 wU e„wË ev kw³ i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 1. ea©b kw³
 2. cywómvaK kw³
 3. cÖRbb kw³|
 L. RxevZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi wØZxq ¯Íi nj RxevZ¥v| RxevZ¥vi `ywU kw³ ev
e„wË i‡q‡Q| h_v-
 1. mÂvjK kw³
 2. cÖZ¨ÿYg~jK kw³|
 mÂvjK kw³ Avevi ÿzave„wËi kw³ I wµqvkw³ GB `yB kw³iæ‡c wef³|
 cÕZ¨ÿYg~jK kw³ Avevi evn¨ I AvšÍi GB `yB kw³iæ‡c wef³|

 M. gvbevZ¥v t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi nj gvbevËv| gvbevZ¥vi we‡kl
ˆewkó¨ nj G‡Z wePvi, we‡kølY Ges cÕÁv i‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU‡K cÕvwÁK AvZ¥v e‡j|

 AvZ¥vi cÖvwÁK Ask Agi t Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z AvZ¥vi cÕvwÁK Ask Agi, Awebk^i|
wek^ AvZ¥v †_‡K AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK Ask gvbevZ¥vq cÕ‡ek K‡i| †`n m„wói Av‡MB
AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK Ask we`¨gvb wQj| g„Zz¨‡Z †`n webó nq wKš` AvZ¥vi GB cÕvwÁK
Ask webó nq bv eis wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|

 gvbevZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv gvbevZ¥vi kw³¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-
 1. Kg©kw³
 2. wPšÍvkw³|
 wPšÍvkw³ Avevi 2 cÕKvi| h_v-
 K. evn¨ wPšÍvkw³
 L. Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³|
 evn¨ wPšÍvkw³ Bw›`ª‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó| G ¸‡jv 8 cÕKvi| h_v-
 1. `„wókw³
 2. kÖeYkw³
 3. Av¯^vab kw³
 4. NvªY kw³
 5. ‡evSvi kw³
 6. b¤ªZv I KwVbZv †evSvi kw³
 7. ﮋZv I wm³Zv †evSvi kw³
  8. gm„YZv I Agm„YZv †evSvi kw³|
 Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³ 5 wU| h_v-
 1. Kíbv e„wË
 2. Ag~Z©KiY e„wË
 3. hyw³web¨vm e„wË
 4. ¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi e„wË
 5. mscÕZ¨ÿ‡Yi e„wË|

gvbevZ¥v

1.Kg©kw³ 2.wPšÍvkw³

1.evn¨ wPšÍvkw³ 2.Af¨šÍixY wPšÍvkw³

1. `„wókw³ 1.Kíbv e„wË

2. kÖeYkw³ 2.Ag~Z©KiY e„wË
3. Av¯^vab kw³ 3.hyw³web¨vm e„wË
4. NvªY kw³ 4.¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi e„wË
5. ‡evSvi kw³ 5.mscÕZ¨ÿ‡Yi e„wË|
6. b¤ªZv I KwVbZv †evSvi kw³
7. ﮋZv I wm³Zv †evSvi kw³
8. gm„YZv I Agm„YZv †evSvi kw³|
 wPÎ t gvbevZ¥vi cÖKvi‡f`

 AvZ¥vi eyw×e„wËi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b wmbv AvZ¥vi eyw×e„wˇK 5 fv‡M fvM K‡ib| h_v-
 1. e¯`MZ eyw×
 2. m¤¢ve¨ eyw×
 3. mwµq eyw×
 4. AwR©Z eyw×
 5. cweÎ AvwZ¥K eyw×

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z
AvZ¥vi weKv‡ki m‡ev©”P ¯Íi nj gvbevZ¥v| gvbevZ¥v Zvi cÕÁvs‡ki Kvi‡Y Agi I
Awebk^i| Avi GB gvbevZ¥vi AvMgb N‡U wek^ AvZ¥v †_‡K| †`n aŸs‡mi ci gvbevZ¥v
Zvi Avw` wbevm wek^ AvZ¥vi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡e|
  7. cÖkœ t Avj-Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| †Kb Zv‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejv
nq ? 100%
 f~wgKv t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj (1058-1111wLª) GKRb GKwbó gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zuvi
`k©‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wQj g~jZ Zuvi c~e©eZ©x `vk©wbK gZev` LÛb Kiv Ges KziAvb I
nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K `vk©wbK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv| G iKg GKUv mgm¨v nj
Kvh©KviYZË¡| wZwb KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K Gi e¨vLv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Kvh©KviYZË¡ t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔZvnvdzZzj
dvjvwmqv× bvgK MÕ‡š’ Kvh©KviYZË¡ wb‡q AA‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|

 1. কামকাযণয ঳ম্পকয t ঳াধাযণত দুটি ঘটনায ভধ্যে যমটি আধ্যগ ঘধ্যট তাধ্যক কাযণ এফং মা
঩ধ্যয ঘধ্যট তাধ্যক Kvh© ফধ্যর। যমভন ÔকÕ ও ÔখÕ দুটি ঘটনা। ÔকÕ ঘটনা ঘটায ঩য মদদ ÔখÕ ঘটনা
঳ফ঳ভয় ঘধ্যট তধ্যফ ÔকÕ এফং ÔখÕ কামকাযণয ঳ম্পধ্যকয আফদ্ধ ফধ্যর ভধ্যন কযা ঴য়।

ক খ
কাযY Kvh©

য
দিত্র t কামকাযণ ঳ম্পকয

 2. কামকাযণ
য ঳ম্পধ্যকয গতানুগদতক ভত t গতানুগদতক ভত অনু঳াধ্যয Kvh© এফং কাযধ্যণয
ভধ্যে অদনফাম য ঳ম্পকয যধ্যয়ধ্যে। কাযণধ্যক দফধ্যেলণ কযধ্যরই কামধ্যক
য ঩াওয়া মায়। যমভন-
যতধ্যরয কাযণ দতর। দতরধ্যক দফধ্যেলণ কযধ্যরই যতর ঩াওয়া মায়।

 3. Kvh©KviY m¤ú©‡K Avj Mv¾vwji gZev` t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Kvh© I KviY m¤ú©wKZ
MZvbyMwZK gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Kvh© I Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÕKvi
Awbevh© m¤ú©K †bB| Kvh© I KviY nj NUbvi c~e©ci m¤ú©K Qvov Avi wKQzB bq|
 4. mKj Kv‡h©i KviY GK Avjøvn t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ g‡b K‡i
_vwK-
 ÿzav wbe„wËi KviY Lv`¨ MÕnY
 e¨v_¨vi KviY AvNvZ
 wccvmv wbe„wËi KviY cvwb cvb
 Av¸‡bi Zv‡ci KviY `vwnKv kw³
 e„wói KviY †gN
 m~‡h©i Zv‡ci KviY m~‡h©i `vwnKv kw³
 g„Zz¨i KviY AmyL|
 wKš` Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb Avgiv hw` wbiæ‡cÿfv‡e wePvi we‡kølY Kwi Z‡e †`L‡ev
†h mKj Kv‡h©i KviY GK Avw` KviY| Avi GB Avw` KviY nj GK Avjøvn| Avjøvni
B”Qvkw³ Qvov †Kv‡bv KviYB †Kv‡bv Kvh© Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avjøvn me©gq ÿgZvi
AwaKvix| wZwb hv Lywk ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb †Kv‡bv Kvh©KviY m¤ú©K Øviv wbqwš¿Z
bq|

 5. wPšÍvkw³ †_‡K bq eis B”Qvkw³ †_‡K RMr m„wó t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z Avjøvn
wPšÍvkw³ †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz m„wó K‡ib bv eis B”Qvkw³ †_‡K m„wó K‡ib| †Kbbv wZwb
hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz m„wó Kivi B”Qv K‡ib ZLb e‡jb,ÖKzb dvBqvKzbÓ|

 GLv‡b Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji mv‡_ cvðvr `k©‡bi RbK †iu‡b †WKv‡U©i mv‡_ cv_©K¨|
†WKvU© †hLv‡b e‡jb wPšÍv kw³ †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nq †mLv‡b Bgvg Avj
Mv¾vwj e‡jb B”Qvkw³ †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj nq|

 6. cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv AvšÍi m¤ú©K †bB t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z cÕK…wZi g‡a¨
Avgiv cÕwZwbqZ Kvh©KviY m¤ú©K †`L‡Z cvB| Avgiv Av‡iv †`L‡Z cvB Avgv‡`i GB
gnvwek^ KZ myk„½jfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wKš` Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj e‡jb G‡`i g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv cÕKvi AvšÍi m¤ú©K †bB| mKj KviY Kvh© NUvq GK Avjøvni B”Qvkw³‡Z|
Avjøvni B”Qvkw³ Qvov †Kv‡bv KviYB †Kv‡bv Kvh© ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 7. Kvh©KviY Avgv‡`i AwfÁZvi dj t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji g‡Z কামকাযণ য ঳ম্পকযটা
঴র আভাধ্যদয অবযা঳গত পর। অদবজ্ঞতায় আভযা যদখধ্যত ঩াই যম আগুধ্যন ঴াত দদধ্যর ঴াত
পুধ্য়ে। আগুধ্যন ঴াত যদওয়া এফং ঴াত পুড়া- এই দুটি ঘটনা আভাধ্যদয ভধ্যন এভন বাধ্যফ
য
঳ংযুক্ত যম প্রথভটিধ্যক যদখধ্যরই আভযা দিতীয়টিধ্যক স্মযণ কদয। কাধ্যেই কামকাযণ ঳ম্পকয
ঘটনায পূফ যা঩য ঳ম্পধ্যকযয একরু঩তা ো়ো আয দকছুই নয়। কাযণ ঴র দনয়ত অ঩দযফদতযত
পূফ যফতী ঘটনা এফং Kvh© ঴র দনয়ত অ঩দযফদতযত ঩যফতী ঘটনা।

 GLv‡b Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji mv‡_ weªwUk AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wbK †WwfW wnD‡gi
Kvh©KviYZ‡Ë¡i mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q|

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejv nq †Kb t û¾vZzj Bmjvg k‡ãi A_©
Bmjv‡gi iÿK| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejvi †ek wKQz KviY i‡q‡Q|
‡hgb-
 1. gymwjg `k©‡bi A‡bK `vk©wbK hviv cÕvPxb wMÕK `k©b Z_v †cø‡Uv Ges Gwi÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bK A‰bmjvwgK wPšÍvaviv
gymwjg `k©‡b cÕ‡ek K‡iwQ‡jb| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj gymwjg `k©b †_‡K †mB me
A‰bmjvwgK wPšÍvaviv cwiZ¨vM K‡i KziAvb I nv`xm wfwËK `k©b M‡o †Zv‡jb|

 2. A‡bK gymwjg `vk©wbK ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z wM‡q `k©b‡K a‡g©i
Dci ¯’vb w`‡qwQ‡jb| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj †mB me gZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i ag©‡K `k©‡bi
Dci ¯’vb cÕ`vb K‡ib|

 3. Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Avk×Avwiqv mZev‡`i ÎæwUmg~n `~i K‡i Bmjvgx fveavivi mv‡_
Zv mgš^q mvab K‡ib|

 4. Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj m~wdev` †_‡K mKj cÕKvi A‰bmjvwgK PP©v `~i K‡i m~wdev`‡K
GKwU k³ wfwËi Dci `vo Kivb| ZvQvov wZwb wb‡RI wQ‡jb GKRb eo gv‡ci m~wd
mvaK|

 5. †gvUK_v wZwb mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q mwVK Bmjvg †c؇Q w`‡q wQ‡jb|
 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj
Bmjvg a‡g©i ga¨ †_‡K mKj cÕKvi fzjÎæwU `~i K‡i GKvU mwVK AvwK`vi Dci
Bmjvg ag©‡K cÕwZwôZ K‡ib| Avi G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejv nq|
  8. cÖkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b Bgvg Avj-Mv¾vwji Ae`vb e¨vL¨v Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj (1058-1111 wLª) GKRb wewkó BmjvwgK ¯‹jvi I gymwjg
`vk©wbK| wZwb Bmjvg ag© †_‡K mKj cÕKvi †e`AvZ, Kzms¯‹vi `~i K‡i Bmjvg ag©‡K
GKwU mwVK AvwK`vi Dci cÕwZwôZ K‡ib| G Rb¨ Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj‡K Ôû¾vZzj
BmjvgÕ ejv nq| Avi GUv wQj Zv7i gymwjg `k©‡b me©‡kÕô Ae`vb| wb‡¤œ gymwjg
`k©‡b Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 gymwjg `k©‡b Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Ae`vb t cÕ‡dmi g¨vK‡Wvbvì Zuvi weL¨vZ
ÔMuslim Theology× bvgK MÕ‡š’ Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Ae`vb‡K 4 wU `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|

 cÖ_gZ- Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj gymmjgvb‡`i‡K mKj A‰bmjvwgK PP©v †_‡K gy³ K‡i
KziAvb I nv`x‡mi w`‡K wd‡i wb‡h Av‡mb|

 wØZxqZ- Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj ag©xq I ˆbwZK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î fxwZ cÕ`k©b K‡i gvbyl‡K
ˆbwZK Rxeb hvc‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔAvj-gybwKhy wgbv``vjvjÕ G
G fxwZ cÕ`k©b K‡i‡Qb|

 তৃতীয়ত- Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj m~wdev`‡K GKwU my`„p I wbwðZ ¯’v‡b AwawôZ K‡ib|

 PZz_©Z- Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q `k©b‡K mnRfv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib|

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj cÖm‡½ wewfbœ cwÛZ‡`i gZ t

 1. wWeyIi (Deboer) e‡jb,Ö Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj wbtm‡›`‡n gymwjg Rvnv‡bi
mev©‡cÿv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wPšÍvwe`|Ó

 2. Avi.G wbKjmb (R.A.Nicholson) e‡jb,Ö Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj mgybœZ e¨w³‡Z¡i

AwaKvix|Ó
 3. g¨vK‡Wvbv‡ìi g‡Z,Ö Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj nj gymwjg Rvnv‡bi me‡P‡q ms‡e`bkxj
wPšÍvwe`|Ó

 4. WweøD.Gm.IqvU e‡jb,ÖnhiZ gynv¤§` (mt) Gi c‡i wbmt‡›`‡n Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj

gymwjg Rvnv‡bi GKRb †kÕô wPšÍvwe`|Ó

 5. m¨vi Avjøvgv BKevj e‡jb,Ö18×k kZ‡K Rvgv©bxi Kv›U †h cÕPv‡ii f~wgKv MÕnY
K‡iwQ‡jb Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji f~wgKvI wQj †Zgwb cÕPvigyLx|Ó

 MÕš’vw` cÕbq‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Ae`vb t Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj †Qv‡Uv i‡ov
†gvU 70 Lvbv MÕš’ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj-
 BnBqvD-Dj~wgÏxb
 wgmKvZzj Av‡bvqvi
 wKwgqv-G- mvÕAv`vZ
 ZvnvdzZzj dvjvwmqv
 Avj gybwKhy wgbv``vjvj BZ¨vw`|
 BnBqvD-Dj~wgÏxb MÕš’ m¤ú©‡K ejv nq-Bmjv‡gi mKj MÕš’ bó n‡q †M‡j hw` GK
BnBqvD-Dj~wgÏxb MÕš’wU bó bv nq Z‡e Bmjv‡gi mvgvb¨ ÿwZ n‡e|

 cwðg Avwd«Kv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i I‡kwbqv gnv‡`k ch©šÍ †h mKj gymwjg gbxlxi eB
hZœmnKv‡i cov nq Zvi g‡a¨ Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji eB Ab¨Zg|

 Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji mvaviY Ae`vb t

 1. Bmjv‡gi cwic~Y© iæc nj kixqZ I gvwid‡Zi g‡a¨ mgš^q| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji
gZev‡`i g‡a¨ GB mgwš^Z iæc cwijwÿZ nq| Zvi g‡Z cwic~Y© Bmjvg nj kixqZ I
gvwid‡Zi g‡a¨ mgš^q| G Kvi‡Y Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj‡K `vk©wbK‡`i `vk©wbK,
gyZvKvwjøgyb‡`i gyZvKvwjøg, m~wd‡`i m~wd ejv nq|
 2. Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejv nq| Zv‡K û¾vZzj Bmjvg ejvi †ek
wKQz KviY i‡q‡Q| ‡hgb-

 K. gymwjg `k©‡bi A‡bK `vk©wbK hviv cÕvPxb wMÕK `k©b Z_v †cø‡Uv Ges Gwi÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bK A‰bmjvwgK wPšÍvaviv
gymwjg `k©‡b cÕ‡ek K‡iwQ‡jb| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj gymwjg `k©b †_‡K †mB me
A‰bmjvwgK wPšÍvaviv cwiZ¨vM K‡i KziAvb I nv`xm wfwËK `k©b M‡o †Zv‡jb|

 L. A‡bK gymwjg `vk©wbK ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z wM‡q `k©b‡K a‡g©i
Dci ¯’vb w`‡qwQ‡jb| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj †mB me gZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i ag©‡K `k©‡bi
Dci ¯’vb cÕ`vb K‡ib|

 M. Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj Avk×Avwiqv mZev‡`i ÎæwUmg~n `~i K‡i Bmjvgx fveavivi mv‡_
Zv mgš^q mvab K‡ib|

 N. Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwj m~wdev` †_‡K mKj cÕKvi A‰bmjvwgK PP©v `~i K‡i m~wdev`‡K
GKwU k³ wfwËi Dci `vo Kivb| ZvQvov wZwb wb‡RI wQ‡jb GKRb eo gv‡ci m~wd
mvaK|

 5. †gvUK_v wZwb mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q mwVK Bmjvg †c؇Q w`‡q wQ‡jb|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji
gZev‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK cvðvr `vk©wbK‡`i gZev‡`i c~e©fvm cvIqv hvq| †hgb-Bgvg
Avj Mv¾vwj `k©‡bi ïiæ‡Z mskq c×wZ e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi GB mskq c×wZi
e¨envi Avgiv †iu‡b †WKv‡U©i g‡a¨ Ly‡R cvB| wnD‡gi g‡Z Kvh©Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
Awbevh© m¤ú©K †bB| Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwjI ‡ZgbUv g‡b Ki‡Zb| Kv‡RB gymwjg `k©‡b
Bgvg Avj Mv¾vwji Ae`vb Acwimxg|
  9. cÖkœ t Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb ? Zuvi Avmvweqv ZË¡ e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b Lvj`yb (1332-1406 wLª.) gymwjg `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb cÕwZfv
m¤úbœ `vk©wbK| †PØÏ k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS Be‡b iæk` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| d‡j `k©‡bi
RM‡Z GK ai‡Yi k~b¨Zv cwijwÿZ nq| †mB k~b¨Zv c~iY K‡ib Be‡b Lvj`yb Zuvi
`vk©wbK wPšÍvfvebv Øviv| wb‡¤œ Be‡b Lvj`yb ‡K Ges Zuvi `vk©wbKZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj t

 Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb t Be‡b Lvj`yb g~jZ GKRb mgvRweÁvbx I gymwjg `vk©wbK|
 Rb¥ t 27 †g 1332 wLª.
 Rb¥¯’vb t Avwd«Kvi wZDwbk kn‡i|
 ‡Mv‡Îi bvg t wK›`v †MÕvÎ
 hyM t ga¨hyM
 m¤úª`vq t mywbœ
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ÔwKZveyj BeviÕ ÔwmdvDm-mv‡qj× BZ¨vw`|
 g„Zz¨ t 19 gvP© 1406 wLª.
 Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g~j cwiPq wZwb GKwU weL¨vZ MÕš’ iPbv K‡i hvi bvg ÔwKZveyj Bevi×
ev Ôc„w_exi BwZnvm× MÕš’wU wZbwU cy¯Í‡K †gvU 7 wU L‡Û wef³|

 cÕ_g cy¯Í‡Ki bvg- ÔAvj gyKvwÏgv× hv‡K ÔBwZnv‡mi f~wgKvÕ ejv nq|
 wØZxq cy¯Í‡Ki bvg- ÔAvj-Dgivvm× †hLv‡b mvs¯‹…wZK weÁvb m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
 Z…Zxq cy¯`‡K Avie‡`i BwZnvm wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi AvmvweqvZË¡ t

 1. Avmvweqv wK t ÔAvmvweqvÕ GKwU Aviwe kã| hvi A_© nj mvgvwRK msnwZ ev GKZv|
kãMZ A‡_© Avmvweqv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv †Mv‡Îi mgvwš^Z gvbwmK †PZbv ev †MvôxMZ
msnwZ‡K †evSvq|
 Avmvweqv m¤ú©‡K Aa¨vcK †ev‡Rš’vj e‡jb,ÖB”Qv‡K ev¯Í‡e iæc w`‡Z n‡j Awfbœ e܇b
Ave× KZ¸‡jv mgfvevcbœ gvby‡li mwµq mg_©b cÕ‡qvRb| g~jZ cÕ_gZ i‡³i
m¤ú©‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i GB m¤ú©K M‡o I‡V|Ó

 2. AvmvweqvZ‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª`k©b cÖwZwôZ t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi AvmvweqvZ‡Ë¡i

Dci wfwË K‡i Zuvi ivóª`k©b M‡o I‡V‡Q| Zuvi g‡Z GKwU iv‡óªi DÐvb I cZ‡bi
g~‡j i‡q‡Q AvmvweqvZË¡| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔgyKvwÏgvq× ivóª‡K Ô`IjrÓ() e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib ivóªm„wói g~j wfwË nj GB mvgvwRK msnwZ ev
Avmvweqv|

 3. Avmvweqvi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª M‡o I‡V t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z Avmvweqv nj GKwU
†MvôxMZ Db¥v`bv I msnwZ| GB msnwZi Dci wfwË K‡i gvbyl cÕ_‡g cwievi ; cwievi
†_‡K †Mvôx ; †Mvôx †_‡K ivóª M‡o †Zv‡j| GB msnwZi Dci wfwË K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv
†Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i †Mvôx‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Mvôxi †jvK‡`i Dci Svwc‡q
c‡o|

 4. Avmvweqv m¤ú©K wKfv‡e ˆZwi nq t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z KZ¸‡jv mgfvevcbœ gvbyl
Gmv‡_ msMwVZ n‡q Avmvweqv Z_v mvgvwRK msnwZ M‡o †Zv‡j| GB mvgvwRK msnwZ
M‡o IVvi wcQ‡b †mKj Dcv`vb KvR K‡i Zv nj-
 i³ m¤ú©K
 ag©
 HwZn¨ Z_v ms¯‹„wZ
 ÁvwK m¤ú©K
 fvlv
 RvZxqZv
 kÖgwefvRb BZ¨vw`

 5. Avmvweqv cÖwZôvi g~j jÿ¨ wK t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z Avmvweqv ev mvgvwRK msnwZ
cÕwZôvi g~j jÿ¨ nj KZ…©Z¡ cÕwZôv Kiv| Zuvi g‡Z gvbyl cÕ_‡g hvhvci Rxeb hvcb
 KiZ †hLv‡b Rxeb I m¤úwËi †Kv‡bv wbivcËv wQj bv| me©`v msNvZ, Kjn †j‡MB
_vKZ| GB msNvZ, Kjn, Rxeb Im¤úwËi wbivcËvi Rb¨ gvbyl GK mve©‡fØgZ¡ kw³
m„wó K‡i Ges mKj ÿgZv Ac©Y K‡i GKRb ivRvi nv‡Z|

 6. Avw`g Kvj †_‡KB Avmvweqv m¤ú©K we`¨gvb wQj t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z †mB Avw`g
Kvj †_‡KB Avmvweqv ev mvgvwRK msnwZ we`¨gvb wQj| †hgb- wZwb KziAv‡bi GKwU
Avqv‡Zi widv‡iÝ cÕ`vb K‡ib-
 ÖZuviv Zv‡`i wcZv‡K e‡jwQj hw` Zv‡K ev‡N †L‡q †d‡j †mLv‡b Avgiv GwU †MvÎ,
Zvn‡j Aek¨B Avgiv ÿwZMÕ¯’ ne|Ó

 7. wZbwU wU aviYvi Ici AvmvweqvZË¡ MwVZ t W.‡gvnv¤§` byiæj Bmjvg e‡jb, 3wU
aviYvi Ici AvmvweqvZË¡wU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| h_v-
 1. †MvÎ I i³ m¤ú©K
 2. ag©
 3. cvi¯úvwiK Rvbv‡kvbv|

 8. Avmvweqvi D‡Ïk¨ t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z Avmvweqvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj ÔwiqvmvZÕ ev

†bZ…Z¡ cÕwZôv Kiv| †gvUK_v ivóª cÕwZôv KivB Avmvweqvi g~j D‡Ïk¨|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avmvweqv ej‡Z GKZv,
†MvÎcÕxwZ, ¯^RbcÕxwZ Ges cÿcvwZË¡ †evSvq| eZ©gvb mg‡q G‡K RvZxqZvev` ej‡jI
fzj n‡e bv|
  10. cÖkœ t Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb ? Zuvi `k©b ev BwZnv‡mi `k©b Av‡jvPbv Ki|
100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b Lvj`yb (1332-1406 wLª.) gymwjg `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb cÕwZfv
m¤úbœ `vk©wbK| †PØÏ k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS Be‡b iæk` g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| d‡j `k©‡bi
RM‡Z GK ai‡Yi k~b¨Zv cwijwÿZ nq| †mB k~b¨Zv c~iY K‡ib Be‡b Lvj`yb Zuvi
`vk©wbK wPšÍvfvebv Øviv| wb‡¤œ Be‡b Lvj`yb ‡K Ges Zuvi `vk©b ev BwZnv‡mi `k©b
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b Lvj`yb †K wQ‡jb t Be‡b Lvj`yb g~jZ GKRb mgvRweÁvbx I gymwjg `vk©wbK|
 Rb¥ t 27 †g 1332 wLª.
 Rb¥¯’vb t Avwd«Kvi wZDwbk kn‡i|
 ‡Mv‡Îi bvg t wK›`v †MÕvÎ
 hyM t ga¨hyM
 m¤úª`vq t mywbœ
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ÔwKZveyj Bevi× ÔwmdvDm-mv‡qj× BZ¨vw`|
 g„Zz¨ t 19 gvP© 1406 wLª.
 Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g~j cwiPq wZwb GKwU weL¨vZ MÕš’ iPbv K‡i hvi bvg ÔwKZveyj Bevi×
ev Ôc„w_exi BwZnvm× MÕš’wU wZbwU cy¯Í‡K †gvU 7 wU L‡Û wef³|

 cÕ_g cy¯Í‡Ki bvg- ÔAvj gyKvwÏgv× hv‡K ÔBwZnv‡mi f~wgKv× ejv nq|
 wØZxq cy¯Í‡Ki bvg- ÔAvj-Dgivvm× †hLv‡b mvs¯‹…wZK weÁvb m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
 Z…Zxq cy¯`‡K Avie‡`i BwZnvm wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi `k©b ev BwZnv‡mi `k©b t

 Be‡b Lvj`yb wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔwKZveyj Bevi× Gi ÔgyKvwÏgv× As‡k `k©b wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb cÕ_‡g `k©‡bi msÁv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb-
 1. `k©b wK t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z `k©b ej‡Z †Kv‡bv Ava¨vwZ¥K mËvi ¯^iæc A‡š^lY‡K
†evSvq bv| eis `k©b ej‡Z †evSvq Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj mËvi ¯^iæc A‡š^lv‡K| ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b
Avgiv wewfbœ NUbvewji m¤§yLxb nB †mB mKj NUivewji e¨vL¨v cÕ`vbB `k©b|
 ‡gvUK_v `k©b nj AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g cÕvß NUbvewji e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY|

 2. Awawe`¨v we‡ivax t Be‡b Lvj`yb Awawe`¨vi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| †Kbbv Zuvi g‡Z
Awawe`¨vi welqe¯` Avgiv AwfRÁZvi RM‡Z cvB bv| Awawe`¨vi Ávb nj AvbygvwbK
I m¤¢ve¨| Awawe`¨v Avgv‡`i wbwðZ †Kv‡bv Ávb cÕ`vb K‡i bv| Z‡e wZwb Awawe`¨v
we‡ivax n‡jI Kv‡ji (Time) Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z Kvj‡K vvgiv AZxZ,
eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨r GB wZbfv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Kvj nj ALÛ, weivgnxb,
Awew”Qbœ I Awe‡”Q`¨|

 3. AwfÁZvev‡`i mg_©K t Be‡b Lvj`yb GKRb LvwU AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wbK wQ‡jb|

Zuvi g‡Z R‡b¥i mgq gvbevZ¥v _v‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Ávbwee©wRZ| ax‡i ax‡i gvbyl evwn‡ii
RMZ †`‡L Ges Ávb AR©b K‡i| ZvB eyw×i gva¨‡g evwn‡ii RMZ‡K Rvbv m¤¢e bq|
eywÏ †KejgvÎ Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv‡K mgš^q K‡i| Avi AwfÁZv eywׇK kvwYZ K‡i
wPšÍvi ivR¨‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i|

 4. BwZnvm Áv‡bi Drm t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z BwZnvm Áv‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU Drm|
†Kbbv BwZnv‡mi gva¨‡g Avgiv gvby‡li mvgvwRK I mgwóMZ Rxeb, gvby‡li DÐvb
cZ‡bi KviY Rvb‡Z cvwi| A‡b‡K Áv‡bi Drm wnmv‡e eyw× I AwfÁZvi K_v
e‡j‡Qb| †mLv‡b Be‡b Lvj`yb Áv‡bi Z…Zxq Drm BwZnv‡mi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

 5. BwZnvm GKwU weÁvb Ges Zv `k©‡bi Ask t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z BwZnvm GKwU
weÁvb Ges Zv `k©‡bi Ask| BwZnv‡mi Aek¨B GKwU `vk©wbK wfwË _vK‡Z n‡e|
BwZnvm weÁvb e‡j BwZnv‡mi g~j KvR nj wewfbœ NUbvewji Kvh©KviY I HK¨m~Î †ei
Kiv| BwZnv‡mi KvR¸‡jv‡K wZwb wb‡gv³ fv‡e mbv³ K‡i‡Qb-
 gvbyl wKfv‡e KvR K‡i ?
 wKfv‡e gvbyl RxweKv wbev©n K‡i ?
  ‡Kb gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ msN‡l© wjß nq ?
 wKfv‡e gvbyl GKRb †bZvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq ?
 wKfv‡e Zviv DbœZ Kjv I weÁv‡bi e¨envi wk‡L ?
 wKfv‡e Avw`g hvhvci Ae¯’v †_‡K AvaywbK mf¨Zvq G‡m‡Q ?

 6. mgvR Rxeb ïiæ n‡q‡Q hvhvci Rxeb †_‡K t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z gvby‡li Rxeb
ïiæ n‡q‡Q hvhvci Rxeb †_‡K| ax‡i ax‡i gvbyl hvhvci Rxeb †_‡K cwievi ; cwievi
†_‡K †MvÎ ; †MvÎ †_‡K mgvR ; mgvR †_‡K iv‡óªi m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avi ivóª cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Q GKwU miKvi| Zuvi g‡Z gvbyl g~jZ 2 wU Kvi‡Y ivóª m„wó K‡i‡P|
h_v-
 1. Rxe‡bi wbivcËv|
 2. m¤úwËi wbivcËv|
 7. GKwU mf¨Zvq Pvi cÖKvi Rb‡Mvôx _v‡K t Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z GKwU mf¨Zvq 4
cÖKvi Rb‡Mvôx _v‡K| h_v-
 K. cÕ_g Rb‡Mvôx mf¨Zv M‡o †Zv‡j|
 L. wØZxq Rb‡Mvôx mf¨Zv iÿbv‡eÿY K‡i|
 M. Z…Zxq Rb‡Mvôx mf¨Zv Dc‡fvM K‡i|
 N. PZz_© Rb‡Mvôx mf¨Zv aŸsm K‡i|

 8. Avjøvn me wKQzi cwiYwZ KviY t Be‡b Lvj`yb mf¨Zvi KviY AbymÜvb Ki‡Z wM‡q
e‡jb GKwU Kv‡h©i GKvwaK KviY _vK‡jI cwi‡k‡l g~jZ GKwU KviY _v‡K| Avi Zv
nj Avjøvn| Zuvi g‡Z Avjøvn me wKQzi cwiYwZ KviY|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b Lvj`yb g~jZ
GKRb e¯`ev`x `vk©wbK| wZwb `k©‡bi welqe¯` †Kv‡bv KwíZ e¯`‡K K‡i wb eis ev¯Íe
I AwfÁZv m¤úbœ welq‡KB K‡i‡Qb|
  11. cÖkœ t Be‡b iæk‡`i ÁvbZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b iæk` (1126-1198 wLª.) gymwjg `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb †kÕô `vk©wbK|
j¨vwUb fvlvq wZwb ÔA¨vwf‡ivm× (Averroes) bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb wQ‡jb Gwi÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKRb fvl¨Kvi| `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zvi g~j Ae`vb nj wZwb Giw÷U‡ji
`k©‡bi mv‡_ gymwjg `k©‡bi mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Avi GB mgš^q mvab K‡ib wZwb Zuvi
ÁvbZË¡ Øviv| wb‡¤œ Be‡b iæk‡`i ÁvbZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b iæk‡`i cwiPq t

 Rb¥ t 14 GwcÖj 1126 wLª.
 g„Zz¨ t 10 wW‡m¤^i 1198 wLª.
 hyM t ga¨hyMxq `vk©wbK
 cy‡iv bvg t Aveyj Iqvwj` gynv¤§` Geb Avng` Beb iæk`
 Rb¥¯’vb t †¯ú‡bi K‡Wv©fv
 fve¸iæ t Gwi÷Uj
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ÔZvnvdzZzZ ZvnvdzZ× ÔKzwjøqvZ× Ôwe`vqvZzj gyRZvwn`×|

 Be‡b iæk‡`i ÁvbZË¡ t Be‡b iæk` Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ ÔZvnvdzZzZ ZvnvdzZyZ× G ÁvbZË¡
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Be‡b iæk` cÕ_‡g ag© I
`k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib|

 1. ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z ag© I`k©‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
we‡iva †bB| ag©I mZ¨ ; Avevi `k©bI mZ¨| ag© mZ¨ †Kbbv ag© Avjøvni wbKU †_‡K
cÖvß cÖZ¨v‡`k| Ab¨w`‡K `k©bI mZ¨ †Kbbv Zv gvby‡li eyw× ev cÕÁvjä dmj|

 2. ag© `k©b PP©v mg_©b K‡i t Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z ag© `k©b PP©v mg_©b K‡i| †Kbbv
KziAv‡bi eû AvqvZ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b gy³ eyw× I wPšÍv Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| KziAvb
evievi ZvwM` w`‡q‡Q gvbyl‡K cÕK…wZ m¤ú©‡K Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨| Avevi ivm~j (mt) I
gvbyl‡K Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ evievi ZvwM` cÕ`vb K‡i e‡j‡Q, cÕ‡Z¨K gymwjg bi I
bvixi Ici Ávb AR©b Kiv diR|
 3. Áv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b iæk` Ávb‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb|
 K. Avj¼vwiK Ávb (Rhetorical Knowledge)
 L. hyw³wm× ev Øvw›ØK Ávb (Dialectical Knowledge)
 M. cÖwZcv`K Ávb (Demonstrative Knowledge)
 K. Avj¼vwiK Ávb t Avj¼vwiK Ávb ej‡Z Be‡b iæk` `„óvšÍ, cÕZxK Ges iæc‡Ki
gva¨‡g jä Ávb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|

 L. hyw³wm× ev Øvw›ØK Ávb t hyw³wm× ev Øvw›ØK Ávb ej‡Z Be‡b iæk` cÕZ¨v‡`kjä
Ávb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|

 M. cÖwZcv`K Ávb t cÕwZcv`K Ávb ej‡Z Be‡b iæk` eyw×jä Ávb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
eyw×jä Ávb ÁvZ mZ¨ †_‡K AÁvZ m‡Z¨q Mgb K‡i| ZvB GUv Ae‡ivn c×wZi
mv‡Z mvgÃm¨c~Y©|

 4. Áv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Abymv‡i gvby‡li cÖKvi t Be‡b iæk` Áv‡bi cÕKvi Abymv‡i
gvbyl‡KI 3 wU fv‡M fvM K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z gvbyl 3 cÕKvi| h_v-
 K. mvaviY gvbyl
 L. ag©ZË¡we`
 M. `vk©wbK
 mvaviY gvbyl KziAv‡bi Avj¼vwiK A_© †ev‡S|
 ag©ZË¡we` KziAv‡bi Øvw›ØK ev hyw³wm× A_© †ev‡S|
 `vk©wbKiv KziAv‡bi cÕwZcv`K A_© †ev‡S|

 `vk©wbKiv GB cÕwZcv`K Áv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Avjøvni Ávb jvf K‡i| Avi GB cÖwZcv`K
Ávb‡KB Be‡b iæk` m‡evËg Ávb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z Áv‡bi
Mfx‡i †KejgvÎ `vk©wbKivB †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
 ÖAvjøvn Zuvi Kziwm‡Z Av‡ivnY K‡i Av‡Qb|Ó
 mvaviY gvbyl mwZ¨ mwZ¨B eyS‡e Avjøvn Zvi Kziwm‡Z e‡m Av‡Q|
 Ab¨w`‡K ag©ZË¡we`iv iæcK A‡_©i gva¨‡g Zvi e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb Ki‡eb|
 Gevi Be‡b iæk‡`i g‡Z `vk©wbKiv Gi cÕwZcv`K e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb Ki‡eb| †Kbbv
`vk©wbKiv me mgq wPšÍvi Mfxi †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQzi e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb K‡ib| `vk©wbK‡`i
g‡Z Avjøvni Kziwm‡Z e‡m _vKv m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv Avjøvn †`k I Kv‡ji evwn‡i| †`k
I Kvj Øviv Avjøvn‡K eySv m¤¢e bq| Avjøvn †Kv‡bv †`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†Kbbv Avjøvn cvw_©e I gvbexq AvKv‡ii A‡bK Dc‡i|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b iæk` wMÕK `k©b
Øviv cÕfvweZ n‡q Zuvi `k©b PP©v K‡i‡Qb| G Kvi‡Y Zuvi gZev‡` KiAvb I nv`x‡mi
mv‡_ mvsNwl©K gZev` cwijwÿZ nq|
  12. cÖkœ t `vk©wbK I mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e kvn IqvjxDjøvni Ae`vb e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb
Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t kvn IqvjxDjøvn (1703-1763 wLª) cvK fviZxq gnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg GKRb
gymwjg `vk©wbK| wZwb GKRb `vk©wbK cvkvcvwk mgvR ms¯‹viI e‡U| `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Zuvi g~j Ae`vb nj mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e| wb‡¤œ mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e kvn IqvjxDjøvni
Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 kvn IqvjxDjøvni cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 1703-1763 wLª.
 Rb¥¯’vb t w`wjø
 wcZvi bvg t kvn Avãyi iwng
 cy‡iv bvg t kvn IqvjxDjøvn †`njfx
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ûRRvZzjøvwnZ evwjMvn
 g~j Ae`vb t mgvR ms¯‹vi
 `vk©wbK I mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e kvn IqvjxDjøvni Ae`vb t
 1. Bmjvgx fveaviv cyb©RvMiY t `vk©wbK wnmv‡e kvn IqvjxDjøvni cÖ_g Ae`vb nj
Bmjvgx fveaviv cyb©RvMiY NUvb| Zuvi mg‡q wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h Bmjvg a‡g©i
g‡a¨ wewfbœ cÕKvi Kzms¯‹vi, †e`×AvZ I A‰bmjvwgK PP©v n‡”Q| wZwb Bmjvg ag© †_‡K
GB mKj Kzms¯‹vi, †e`×AvZ `~i K‡i Bmjvg ag©‡K KziAvb I nv`x‡mi mwnn AvwK`vi
Dci cÕwZwôZ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Bmjvg a‡g©i g~jbxwZ I Av`k© nj KziAvb I nv`xm|

 2. Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z Av`k© ev¯Íevqb t kvn IqvjxDjøvni wØZxq Ae`vb nj wZwb

Bmjv‡gi cÕK…Z Av`‡k©i ev¯Íevqb NUvb| Zuvi mg‡q Bs‡iR, wkL, gvivVv kw³i
Avµg‡b gymwjg‡`i kw³ `ªæZ nªvm †c‡Z _v‡K| fviZxq gymwjg RvwZ Ab¨vq, †kvlY,
AÜKvi Ges weåvwšÍi g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z wQj| wZwb fviZxq gymwjg‡`i‡K †mB Ab¨vq,
†kvlY Ges AÜKvi †_‡K gy³ K‡i Av‡jvi c_ †`Lvb|

 Zuvi g‡Z gymjgvb‡`i civR‡qi g~j KviY nj Bmjv‡gi cÕK…Z wkÿv †_‡K wePz¨Z
nIhv| G Kvi‡Y wZwb Bmjv‡gi cÕK…Z Av`©‡ki ev¯Íevqb NUv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib|
 3. KziAv‡bi cÖ_g dvwm© Abyev` t kvn IqvjxDjøvni Ab¨Zg GKwU Ae`vb nj wZwb
KziAv‡bi cÕ_g dvwm© Abyev` K‡ib| wZwb †mB mg‡q †`L‡Z †c‡jb fviZxq
Dcgnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk mygwjg‡`i cÕavb fvlv Aviexi cwie‡Z© dvwm©| G Kvi‡Y Zviv
KziAv‡bi cÕK…Z A_© eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB wZwb KziAv‡bi dvwm© Abyev` Kiv ïiæ
K‡ib| Gfv‡e wZwb KziAv‡bi cÕK…Z wkÿv mgv‡R ev¯Íevqb NUv‡biv †Póv K‡ib|

 4. mywdev`‡K Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z Av`©‡k cyb©tMVb t kvn IqvjxDjøvn m~wdev‡`i g‡a¨

wewfbœ AmsMwZ cwijwÿZ K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y wZwb mywdev` †_‡K wewfbœ AmsMwZ `~i
K‡i mywdev`‡K cÕK…Z Bmjvgx Av`©‡k cyb©tMVb K‡ib|

 5. Iqvn`vZzj DRy` I Iqv`vZzj ïû`-Gi g‡a¨ mgš^q t `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î kvn

IqvjxDjøvni Aci Av‡iKwU Ae`vb wZwb Bebyj Avivexi Iqv`vZzj DRy` I gyRvwÏ`-
G-Avjd-G mvbxi Iqv`vZzj ïû`-Gi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Iqvn`vZzj
DRy` I Iqv`vZzj ïû`-Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÕKvi we‡iva †bB| GB `ywU gZev‡`i g‡a¨ †h
we‡iva Zv nj fvlvi g¨vi-c¨vP| Bebyj Avivex Avjøvni RvZ I wmdvZmg~‡ni †hfv‡e
eY©bv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb ; gyRvwÏ`-G-Avjd-G mvbx Zv GKUz wfbœfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|

 6. B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv I A`„óev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t kvn IqvjxDjøvni B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv
I A`„óev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z gvby‡li GKw`‡K †hgb B”Qvi
m¦vaxbZv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb Av‡iKw`K †_‡K Avjøvn me wKQz wbqš¿b K‡ib| †Kbbv KziAv‡b
gvby‡li B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ; Avevi mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK Avjøvn Zvi
K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h kvn IqvjxDjøvn

Bmjv‡gi AZxZ gh©`v I †MØie wd‡i Avbvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb cvkvcvwk wZwb Bmjvg a‡g©i
g‡a¨ †h `vk©wbK wPšÍv m¤¢e ZvI cÕgvY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z Bmjvg ag© gvbyl‡K Ávb
AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ AbygwZ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Q|
  13. cÖkœ t kvn IqvjxDjøvni `k©b m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t kvn IqvjxDjøvn (1703-1763 wLª) cvK fviZxq gnv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg GKRb
gymwjg `vk©wbK| wZwb GKRb `vk©wbK cvkvcvwk mgvR ms¯‹viI e‡U| `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Zuvi g~j Ae`vb nj mgvR ms¯‹vi wnmv‡e| wb‡¤œ kvn IqvjxDjøvni `k©b m¤ú©‡K
Av‡jvPbv Kvi nj t

 kvn IqvjxDjøvni cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 1703-1763 wLª.
 Rb¥¯’vb t w`wjø
 wcZvi bvg t kvn Avãyi iwng
 cy‡iv bvg t kvn IqvjxDjøvn †`njfx
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ûRRvZzjøvwnZ evwjMvn
 g~j Ae`vb t mgvR ms¯‹vi

 kvn IqvjxDjøvni `k©b t kvn IqvjxDjøvni `k©b GKwU mgš^qev`x `k©b (Synthetic
Philosophy)| Zuvi `k©bUv ïiæB nq Bebyj Avivexi Iqvn`vZzj IRy` Ges gyRvwÏ`-
G-Avjd-G mvbx (it) Gi Iqv`vZzj ïû`- GB `ywU gZev‡`i mgš^q mva‡bi ga¨
w`‡q|

 1. Iqvn`vZzj IRy` Ges Iqvn`vZzj ïû` gZev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q t kvn IqvjxDjøvni
g‡Z Bebyj Avivexi Iqvn`vZzj IRy` Ges gyRvwÏ`-G-Avjd-G mvbx (it) Gi
Iqv`vZzj ïû` GB `ywU gZev‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva bvB| Avm‡j Zuvi `yBRb GKB
wel‡qi e¨vL¨v cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb GKwU D`vni‡Yi Av‡jv‡K GB mgm¨vi mgvavb
K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-
 Zuvi g‡Z †gvg w`‡q Avgiv gwbyl, †Nvov Ges nvwZ ˆZwi Kwi| Zv‡`i mK‡ji g‡a¨
Kgb Dcv`vb GKB| Avi Zv nj †gvg| wKš` Zv‡`i AvKvi, AvK…wZ wfbœ| wVK GKB
fv‡e Iqvn`vZzj IRy` Ges Iqv`vZzj ïû` GKB Avjøvni eY©bv cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb Z‡e
GKUz wfbœfv‡e|
 2. Ava¨vwZ¥K I Ro RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v t kvn IqvjxDjøvni g‡Z Ro RMZ I ¯ªóvi
RM‡Zi g‡a¨ GK Ava¨vwZ¥K RMZ i‡q‡Q| GB Ava¨vwZ¥K RM‡Z Avjøvni B”Qv
cÕwZdwjZ nq Avi Ro RM‡Z Avjøvni B”Qv ev¯ÍevwqZ nq| mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q
Ava¨vwZ¥K RMZ Aev¯Íe g‡b n‡jI bex, ivm~j‡`i Kv‡Q Ava¨vwZ¥K RMZ ev¯Íe RMZ|
Zuvi g‡Z Ro RMZ †`k I Kvj Øviv mxgvwqZ wKš` Ava¨vwZ¥K RMZ †`k I Kvj Øviv
mxgvwqZ bq|

 3. †`k I Kv‡ji ¯^iæc t †`k IKvj m¤ú©‡K kvn IqvjxDjøvn e‡jb, †`k Qvov Kvj ;
Kvj Qvov †`‡ki K_v fvev hvq bv| G †hb GKB gy`ªvi GwcV-IwcV| A_v©r †`k I Kvj
`ywU c„_K K¨v‡U‡Mvwi bq eis GKB mËvi avivevwnK K¨v‡U‡Mvwi|
 ‡`k I Kvj AwefvR¨|
 ‡`k I Kvj kvk^Z bq|
 ‡`k I Kvj Avjøvn m„wó K‡i‡Qb Avevi m„wói †k‡l Zv‡`i aŸsm n‡e|
 ‡`k I Kv‡ji evwn¨K AvKvi nj Ro| Ro‡K eyS‡Z n‡e †`k I Kv‡ji †cÿvc‡U|

 4. B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv I A`„óev` t kvn IqvjxDjøvni B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv I A`„óev‡`i g‡a¨

mgš^q mvab K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z gvby‡li GKw`‡K †hgb B”Qvi m¦vaxbZv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb
Av‡iKw`K †_‡K Avjøvn me wKQz wbqš¿b K‡ib| †Kbbv KziAv‡b gvby‡li B”Qvi
¯^vaxbZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ; Avevi mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK Avjøvn Zvi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|

 kvn IqvjxDjøvni g‡Z gvby‡li g‡a¨ fv‡jv-g›` MÕn‡Yi `ywU cÕeYZv i‡q‡Q| †m B”Qv
Ki‡j fv‡jv wRwbm MÕnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi B”Qv Ki‡j g›` wRwbmI MÕnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Kv‡RB gvby‡li c~Y© B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvbyl‡K Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨
`vqx Kiv hvq|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h kvn IqvjxDjøvn g~jZ
Bmjvgx fveaviv Aÿzbœ †i‡L `k©b PP©v K‡i‡Qb| G Kvi‡Y gymwjg `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Zuvi
`k©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
  14. cÖkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b BKev‡ji `vk©wbK gZev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 14. cÖkœ t mgmvgwqK gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡jii Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki| 100%
 f~wgKv t Avjøvgv BKevj (1873-1938 wLª) wesk kZvãxi cvK fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki
Ab¨Zg GKRb gymwjg `vk©wbK| `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi g~j Ae`vb nj wZwb mgKvwjb
gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ GK ai‡Yi cybt©RvMiY Z_v Kg©gyLx `kb M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| wb‡¤œ
gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡ji Ae`vbmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Avjøvgv BKev‡ji cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 1873-1938 wLª.
 Rb¥¯’vb t cvÃv‡ei wkqvj‡KvU
 wcZvi bvg t b~i gynv¤§`
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÕš’ t ÔAvmivi-G-Ly`x× Ôiægy‡h-‡e-Ly`xÕ
 cÕe³v t Ly`xZ‡Ë¡i cÕe³v
 fve¸iæ t gvIjvbv Rvjvj DwÏb iægx

 gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡ji Ae`vbmg~n t

 1. mgKvwjb gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ cyb©tRvMiY t gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡ji cÕ_g
Ae`vb nj wZwb mgKvwjb gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ G ai‡Yi cyb©tRvMiY NUvb| Avi GB
cyb©tRvMiY NUvb wZwb Zuvi Kg©gyLx `k©b Øviv| Avjøvgv BKevj gymwjg mgv‡Ri `xbZv
†`‡L e¨w_Z nb| Zuvi g‡Z gymwjg mgv‡Ri GB `xbZvi g~j KviY nj KziAvb I
nv`x‡mi cÕK…Z Abykxjb bv Kiv|

 2. Kg©gyLx `k©b t gymwjg `k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avjøvgv BKev‡ji wØZxq Ae`vb nj wZwb
GKwU Kg©gyLx `k©b M‡o †Zv‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z
 Kg©B Rxe‡b Av‡b cÕvYcÕvPzh©|
 Kg©B AvZ¥v‡K K‡i †Zv‡j †Z‡Rv`xß|
 K‡g©i gv‡SB AvZ¥v jvf K‡i c~Y©Zv|
 G Kg©B Rxeb‡K K‡i †Zv‡j ewjó|
 G Kg©B gvbe Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ ag©|
 G Kg©B ØvivB gvbyl Zvi wb‡R‡K Ges mgvR‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 Z‡e Avjøvgv BKevj MxZvq D‡jøwLZ Ôwb®‹vg K‡g©× K_v e‡jb wb| Zuvg g‡Z Kg©dj
gvby‡li AwaKvi|

 3. AvaywbK wPšÍvi mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi mgš^q mvab t gymwjg `k©‡b Avjøvgv BKev‡ji
Av‡iKwU Ae`vb nj wZwb AvaywbK wPšÍv †PZbvi mv‡_ Bmjvg a‡g©i mgš^q mvab
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z mgKvjxb gymwjg RvwZ Ávb weÁvb PP©vi †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv RvwZi
Zzjbvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Avi GB wcwQ‡q covi g~j KviY nj Zviv AvaywbK wPšÍv †PZbvi
mv‡_ Bmjvg a‡g©i mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| Avi G Kvi‡YB wZwb AvaywbK wPšÍv
†PZbvi mv‡_ KziAvi I nv`x‡mi mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Aciw`‡K wZwb cvðvZ¨
`vk©wbK‡`i gZev` Z_v cÕ‡qvMev` I Aw¯ÍZ¡ev‡`i ØvivI cÕfvweZ nb|

 4. Bmjvg‡K hyw³i Dci cÖwZwôZ Kiv t Avjøvgv BKev‡ji g‡Z Bmjvg a‡g©i mv‡_
hyw³i †Kv‡bv we‡iva bvB| hyw³ Bmjv‡gi g~j wfwË wek^vm‡K Av‡iv †ewk kw³kvjx
K‡i| Kv‡RB Bmjvg ag© †Kv‡bv wbQK Abyf~wZ I hw³nxb wek^m bq|

 5. cvi‡jŠwKK I Bn‡jŠwKK Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t Avjøvgv BKevj cv‡jØwKK I

Bn‡jØwKK Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z gvbe Rxe‡bi mv_©K iƒcvqb
nj BnKvj I ciKvj Dfq Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i Pjv| G Kvi‡Y wZwb
gymjgvb RvwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ e‡jb, BnKvj‡K AeÁv K‡i †KejgvÎ ciKv‡ji wPšÍv Ki‡j
n‡e bv| eis Kg©ZrciqZvi ga¨ w`‡q GB Bn‡jØwKK Rxe‡bi Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z
n‡e|

 6. mywdev`‡K Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z Av`‡k© cyb©tMVb t Avjøvgv BKevj GKRb gigxev`x

`vk©wbK wQ‡jb| wZwb m~wdev‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ AmsMwZ cwijwÿZ K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y
wZwb mywdev` †_‡K wewfbœ AmsMwZ `~i K‡i mywdev`‡K cÕK…Z Bmjvgx Av`©‡k cyb©tMVb
K‡ib|
 7. wb®úÖvY Roev` I wðj Aa¨vZ¥ev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t Avjøvgv BKevj cvðv‡Z¨i
wb®úÖvY Roev` Ges cÕv‡P¨i wbðj Aa¨vZ¥ev‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z
cvðv‡Z¨i wb®úÕvY Roev`x Rxeb hvcb gvby‡li Kvg¨ bq ; Avevi cÕv‡P¨i wbðj
Aa¨vZ¥ev`x RxebI gvby‡li Kvg¨ bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÕK…Z gyw³ i‡q‡Q GB Roev`x I
Aa¨vZ¥ev`x Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi g‡a¨|

 8. gvbeZvev`x `k©b cÖwZôv t Avjøvgv BKevj GKRb gvbeZvev`x `vk©wbK| Zuvi g‡Z
gvbyl nj Avjøvni my‡hvM¨ Lwjdv ev cÕwZwbwa| G Kvi‡Y gvbyl‡K Kg©PÂj, cÕvY PÂj
Ges m„wó cÕeY n‡Z n‡e| Zuvi `k©‡bi g~j K_v nj gvby‡li RqMvb I gvby‡li weivU
m¤¢vebv cÖPvi Kiv|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Avjøvgv BKevj g~jZ
gymwjg RvwZ‡K wKfv‡e AvaywbK wkÿvq wkÿZ n‡Z nq, wKfv‡e AvaywbK wPšÍvaviv I
AvaywbK mf¨Zvi mv‡_Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z nq Zvi wkÿvB cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi `k©bUv
nj GKwU Kg©gyLx `k©b, GKwU Kg©`xß `k©b|
  15. cÖkœ t gymwjg `k©‡b †gvjøv mv`ivi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 90%
 f~wgKv t †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb (1571-1640wLª) GKRb weL¨vZ gymwjg `vk©wbK I
ag©ZË¡we`| Zuvi Rxe‡bi g~j jÿ¨ wQj mygjgvb‡`i nviv‡bv †mB †M؇ive¾¡j BwZnvm,
Ávb weÁv‡bi cwiPP©v wd‡i wb‡q Avmv| G Rb¨ wZwb †Q‡Uv †ejv †_‡KB Ávb weÁv‡bi
wewfbœ kvLvq AMva cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| gymwjg `k©‡b Zuvi f~wgKv g~jZ wZwb AvaywbK
wPšÍvavivi mv‡_ Bmjvg a‡g©i mgš^q mvab Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wb‡¤œ gymwjg `k©‡b †gvjøv
mv`iæwχbi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 †gvjøv mv`iæwχbi cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 1571-1640 wLª
 wcZvi bvg t Beªvwng wkevRx
 Rb¥¯’vb t cvi‡m¨i wkivRbMi
 MÕš’vw` t ÔAvj-Avmivdzj AvievnÕ ÔAvj mve`v Iqvj gÕAv`Õ ÔAvj mvevwn`yj iæevBqvnÕ

 gymwjg `k©‡b †gvjøv mv`iæwχbi Ae`vb t

 1. Ávb weÁvb PP©vq DØy×KiY t ‡gvNj‡`i mv‡Z cvi‡m¨i hy× nq| hy‡× cvim¨
†kvPbxqfv‡e civRq eiY K‡ib| †gvNjiv cvi‡m¨ GK ü`q we`viK nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq|
†gvNj‡`i cvim¨ Avµgb G‡ZvUv ü`qwe`viK I fqsKi wQj †h cvim¨ RvwZi wPšÍv
†PZbv n‡q c‡o wQj ¯’wei| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m„wó n‡qwQj `k©b I a‡g©i cÕwZ GK weZ…òv|
Avi GB weZ…òvi Aemvb N‡U cvi‡m¨i mvdvwe` kvmb Avg‡j †gvjøv mv`iæwχbi
Drmvn I DÏxcbvq| wZwb †mB mg‡q mvaviY gvbyl‡K Ávb weÁvb Abymxj‡bi cÕwZ
DrmvwnZ K‡ib|

 2. cÖZ¨v‡`k, M~p ZË¡Ávb Ges `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb cÕZ¨v‡`k,
M~p ZË¡Ávb Ges `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z cÕZ¨v‡`k, ¸pZË¡Ávb
Ges `k©‡bi jÿ¨ GK| Avi Zv nj cigmËv ev Avjøvn‡K cvIqv| bex, ivm~jiv
cÕZ¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g Avjøvni ¯^iæc‡K eyS‡Z cv‡ib| mywd mva‡Kiv mÁvi gva¨‡g
Avjøvni m¦iæc‡K ‡ev‡Sb| Avi `vk©wbKiv eyw×i gva¨‡g Avjøvni ¯^iæc‡K ey‡S _v‡Kb|
Kv‡RB cÖZ¨v‡`k, M~p ZË¡Ávb Ges `k©‡bi g‡a¨ ‡Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB|
 3. wMÖK `k©b, Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b Ges BkivwK `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t †gvjøv
mv`iæwÏb wMÕK `k©b Z_v †cø‡Uv , Gwi÷U‡ji `k©b, be¨-†cø‡Uvev` Ges be¨-
Gwi÷Ujev` BZ¨vw` fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib| Aa¨qb †k‡l †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb wMÖK
`k©b Ges Gwi÷U‡ji AbyivMx gymwjg wPšÍvwe`‡`i `k©‡bi mv‡_ BkivwK `k©‡bi mgš^q
mvab K‡ib| gymwjg `k©‡b GB mgš^q mvab GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

 4. kixqZ I gvwidZ (mywdev‡`i) g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab t †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb Bmjv‡gi

evwn¨K iæc (kixqZ) Ges Bmjv‡gi Af¨šÍixY iæc (gvwidZ) Gi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab
K‡ib| mgš^q mvab K‡i wZwb Bmjv‡gi Af¨šÍixY w`K (mywdev`) †K cÕK„Z Bmjvgx
Av`‡k© cyb©tMVb K‡ib|

 5. U‡jgxi †R¨vwZ©we`¨v Ges Gwi÷U‡ji c`v_©we`¨v †_‡K Awawe`¨v‡K c„_KxKiY t

†gvjøv mv`iæwÏb U‡jgxi †R¨vwZ©we`¨v Ges Gwi÷U‡ji c`v_©we`¨v †_‡K Awawe`¨v‡K
c„_K K‡ib| Awawe`¨v‡K c„_K K‡i wZwb GKwU bZzb `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K Awawe`¨vi
e¨vL¨v we‡kølY K‡ib|

 Zuvi g‡Z Awawe`¨vi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj cigmËv| myZivs cigmËv I Awawe`¨v GK
I Awfbœ|
 cigmËv Acvi Amxg|
 cigmËv mxgve×Zvnxb|
 cigmËv mKj AvKv‡ii AvKvi|
 cigmËv mKj wµqvi KZ©v|

 6. cÖK…Z MwZi aviYv cÖeZ©b t †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb MwZ m¤ú©‡K GKwU bZzb ZËe cÕ`vb
K‡ib hv ÔcÕK…Z MwZZË¡× bv‡g cwiwPZ| G ZË¡ Abymv‡i RM‡Z mKj e¯`i wfZ‡i
cwieZ©b n‡”Q GK MwZkw³i Awfe¨w³i d‡j|

 GB cÕK…Z MwZZ‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ wZwb RM‡Zi m„wó, ˆ`wnK cybiæÐvb Ges Gi mv‡_ Av‡iv
Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi eY©bv cÕ`vb K‡ib| hv Zuvi `k©‡b GK AwfbeZ¡ cÕ`vb K‡i|
 7. AvZ¥v m¤ú©Kxq weÁvb‡K c`v_©we`¨v †_‡K c„_K t †gvjøv mv`iæwÏb AvZ¥v m¤ú©Kxq
we`¨v‡K c`v_©we`¨v †_‡K c„_K K‡ib| c„_K K‡i wZwb c`v_©we`¨vi Dc‡i Awawe`¨vi
¯’vb cÕ`vb K‡ib|

 †gvjøv mv`iæwχbi g‡Z AvZ¥v GKwU GKK ev¯ÍeZv hv cÕ_‡g †`‡ni wfZ‡i ev¯Íe iæc
jvf K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z cÕK…Z MwZ I Af¨šÍixY cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÕ_‡g Dw™¢` AvZ¥v,
Zvici RxevZ¥v Ges me©‡k‡l gvbevZ¥vq iæc jvf K‡i|

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h cvim¨ e¨ZxZ †gvjøv
mv`iæwχbi `k©b †Zgb GKUv we¯Ívi jvf K‡i wb| Z‡e Zv‡K GKRb †gØwjK wšÍvwe`
wnmv‡e Avj dvivwe, Be‡b wmbv I Avj Mv¾vwj cÕgy‡Li mgZzj¨ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Kv‡RB Zuvi `k©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
  16. cÖkœ t Avjøvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú©‡K Be‡b wgmKvIqvn Gi gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b wgmKvIqvn (932-1030wLª) GKRb cvim¨ gymwjg `vk©wbK| Zuvi
Avwef©ve g~jZ GKwU hyMmwÜÿ‡Y| Avi dvivwei `k©‡bi cÕfve hLb Kz‡g hvw”Qj
Ab¨w`‡K Be‡b wmbvi wPšÍvaviv hLb `k©‡bi RM‡Z cÕ‡ek K‡i wb wVK †mB mg‡q
A‡jvKewZ©Kv n‡q AvMgb N‡U Be‡b wgmKvIqvn| wb‡¤œ Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú©‡K Be‡b
wgmKvIqvn Gi gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b wgmKvIqvn Gi cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 932-1030 wLª
 Rb¥¯’vb t Biv‡bi wi kn‡i|
 cy‡iv bvg t Avey Avjx gynv¤§` BqvKze
 fve¸iæ t Avj dvivwe, Avj wKw›`|
 MÕš’vw` t ÔZvRvive Dj D¤§vb× ÔZvnwRe Avj AvnjvK× ÔRvwZ`vb-B-Lvq`v`Õ ÔdvDRj
AvmMviÕ

 1. Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú©‡K Be‡b wgmKvIni gZvgZ t Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú©‡K Be‡b
wgmKvIqvn 2 ai‡Yi `vk©wbK hyw³ cÕ`vb K‡ib| h_v-
 K. cÖvPxb `vk©wbK‡`i Avw` KviY welqK hyw³ t
 L. MwZ welqK Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³ t

 K. cÖvPxb `vk©wbK‡`i Avw` KviY welqK hyw³ t Be‡b wgmKvIni ভধ্যত েগধ্যতয
প্রধ্যতযকটি ঘটনায একটি কাযণ আধ্যে| এই কাযধ্যণয আফায আধ্যযকটি কাযণ আধ্যে| দকন্তু
এই কাযণ প্রফা঴ ঳ীভা঴ীন বাধ্যফ িরধ্যত ঩াধ্যয না| যকননা এধ্যত অনফস্থা যদাধ্যলয সৃদি ঴য়|
এই অনফস্থা যদাধ্যলয ঴াত যথধ্যক যক্ষা ঩াফায েন্য আভাধ্যদযধ্যক একটি আদদ কাযণধ্যক স্বীকায
কধ্যয দনধ্যত ঴ধ্যফ। আয এই আদদ কাযণই Avjøvn|

 L. MwZ welqK Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³ t Be‡b wgmKvIni ভধ্যত েগধ্যতয প্রধ্যতযকটি ফস্তু
গদত঱ীর| একটি ফস্তুয গদতয েন্য অ঩য একটি গদত঱ীর ফস্তুয উ঩য দনব যয কযধ্যত ঴য়|
দকন্তু, এই গদতপ্রফা঴ ঳ীভা঴ীন বাধ্যফ িরধ্যত ঩াধ্যয না| যকননা এয পধ্যর যমৌদক্তক অনু঩঩দিয
 সৃদি ঴য়| এই যমৌদক্তক অনু঩঩দিয ঴াত যথধ্যক যক্ষা ঩াফায েন্য আভাধ্যদযধ্যক একটি আদদ
গদতধ্যক স্বীকায কধ্যয দনধ্যত ঴য়| যম অধ্যন্যয িারক দকন্তু দনধ্যেয িাদরত নয়| অথ যাৎ অিাদরত
িারক| আয এই অিাদরত িারকই Avjøvn|

 Be‡b wgmKvIn Av‡iv e‡jb cÕ‡Z¨KUv e¯`i GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ ˆewkó¨ nj MwZ| mKj
e¯`i cwieZ©‡bi g~j KviY nj MwZ| GB MwZ kw³ e¯`i wfZi †_‡K wbM©Z nq bv eis
GKRb KZ©v Av‡Qb whwb mKj e¯`i wfZ‡i MwZkw³ m„wó K‡ib| Kv‡RB Avw` MwZi
Drm Ggb GKRb n‡eb hvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv MwZ †bB| Avi †mB MwZnxb e¯` nj Avjøvn|

 2. Avjøvn‡K m`_©K ¸‡bi †P‡q bT_©K ¸‡bi Øviv msÁvwqZ Kiv t Be‡b wgmKvIni
g‡Z Avjøvn‡K m`_©K ¸‡bi †P‡q bT_©K ¸‡bi Øviv msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
msÁvwqZ Ki‡j Avjøvni ¯^iæc fv‡jvfv‡e †evSv hv‡e| †hgb-
 ÔAvjøvn Rx‡ei cÕwZ KiæYvgq× G ai‡Yi K_v bv e‡j Avgv‡`i ejv DwPZ ÔGgb †Kv‡bv
Rxe †bB hvi cÕwZ Avjøvn KiæYvgq bq|×

 3. Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯úó, cÖvÄj I ¯^ZtcÖgvwYZ t Be‡b wgmKvIni g‡Z ÔAvjøvn

Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj× GB evK¨wU c„w_ex‡Z hZ cÕKvi evK¨ Av‡Q Zvi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY ¯úó,
cÕvÃj I ¯^ZtcÕgvwYZ| G Kvi‡Y ÔAvjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj× G ai‡Yi ev‡K¨i cÕwZ Avgiv
†Kv‡bv mskq cÕKvk Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Kv‡RB Avjøvn Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj|

 4. wbM©gbZË¡ t Be‡b wgmKvIn Avgv‡`i GB gnvwek^ wKfv‡e m„wó nj Zvi wcQ‡b

wbM©gbZË¡ cÕ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ †_‡K wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÕ_‡g Avw`
eyw× ; Avw` eyw× †_‡K ¯^M©xq AvZ¥v ; ¯^M©xq AvZ¥v †_‡K av‡c av‡c Avgv‡`i GB
gnvwe‡k^i DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
 Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡

Avw` eyw×

¯^M©xq AvZ¥v

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 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b wgmKvIn Avjøvni
Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÕgv‡Yi Rb¨ †h MwZ welqK hyw³ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv Gwi÷U‡ji MwZ welqK
hyw³i Abyiæc| Avevi wZwb †h wbM©gbZË¡ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv Be‡b dvivwei `kg eyw×i
Abyyiæc| Ab¨w`‡K wZwb Avjøvni Aw¯ÍÍZ¡ cÕgv‡Yi Rb¨ †h cÕvÃjZvi hyw³ cÕ`vb K‡i‡Qb
Zv AvaywbK `k©‡bi RbK †iu‡b †WKv‡U© Ck^‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÕgv‡Yi hyw³i c~e©fvm ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÕgv‡Yi Rb¨ cÕvÃjZvB h‡_ó|
  17. cÖkœ t Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji `k©b m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 60%
 f~wgKv t Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj (1110-1185 wLª) †¯ú‡bi GKRb weL¨vZ gymwjg `vk©wbK|
Zuvi `k©‡bi g~j jÿ¨ nj eyw× I cÕZ¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv| Zuvi g‡Z eyw× I
cÕZ¨v‡`k Df‡qi gva¨‡gB Avgiv Avjøvni Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi| wb‡¤œ Be‡b
†Zvdv‡q‡ji `k©b Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

 Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji cwiPq t

 Rb¥-g„Zz¨ t 1110-1185 wLª.
 cy‡iv bvg t Avey eKvi gynv¤§` Beb Avãyj gvwjK Beb gynv¤§` Beb †Zvdv‡qj Avj
Kv‡qwk|
 Rb¥¯’vb t †¯ú‡bi MÕvbvWv cÕ‡`‡ki ¸qvwWKm bvgK ¯’v‡b|
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbvewj t Ôwimvjvn nvB Be‡b BqvKhvb× ÔAvmiviæj wnKgvn Dj
gvkwiwKqvnÕ

 Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji `k©b t Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj Zuvi weL¨vZ MÕš’ Ôwimvjvn nvB Be‡b
BqvKhvb× G Zuvi `vk©wbK ZË¡ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| nvB Be‡b BqvKhvb k‡ãi A_© Ôc„w_exi
mšÍvb×|
 1. ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q t Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji g‡Z ag© I `k©‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
cÕKvi we‡iva †bB| ag© I `k©b Df‡qi gva¨‡g GK Avjøvni mvÿvr cvIqv hvq| G welq
wZwb Zuvi Ôwimvjvn nvB Be‡b BqvKhvb× G MÕ‡š’ GKwU DcL¨v‡bi gva¨‡g †evSvb|

 Zuvi g‡Z nvB bv‡g GKRb evjK wkï eb¨ cwi‡e‡k Rb¥MÕnY Kij| †m cï cvwL‡`i
mv‡_ eo n‡Z jvMj| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †m eyS‡Z cvij GB gnvwe‡k^i GKRb m„wóKZ©v
i‡q‡Q| GUv wZwb eyw×jä Ávb Kvh©KviYZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K eyS‡Z cv‡ib|

 nUvr K‡i Zvi mv‡_ ÔAvmvj× bv‡gi GKRb ag©xq e¨w³i mv‡_ †`Lv nq| Zuvi Df‡q
K‡_v‡cvK_‡bi gva¨‡g Avjøvni Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÕgvY K‡i|
 GLv‡b Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj †`Lv‡jb eb¨ cwi‡e‡k †h wkïyU (nvB) gvbyl nj †m ag©xq
e¨w³ Avmvj Gi mvnvh¨ QvovB Avjøvni Ávb jvf Kij|

 Kv‡RB wZwb †`Lvb eyw× Ges cÕZ¨v‡`k GKUv Av‡iKUvi mvnvh¨ QvovB Avjøvni Ávb
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs eyw× I cÕZ¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †bB|

 2. Áv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj 2 cÕKvi Áv‡bi K_v e‡jb| h_v-

 K. eyw×jä c‡ivÿ Ávb
 L. cÕZ¨v‡`kjä Ac‡ivÿ Ávb|
 Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji g‡Z mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡`i mnR eyw× (Common sense) Øviv
Avjøvni Ávbjvf K‡i ; Ab¨w`‡K `vk©wbKiv Zv‡`i eyw×jä Ávb Øviv Avjøvni Ávb
jvf K‡i| `vk©wbK‡`i GB Ávb nj D”P¯Í‡ii Ávb| Ab¨w`‡K bex, ivm~j Ges wewfbœ
ag©xq e¨w³ cÕZ¨v‡`kjä Ac‡ivÿ Ávb Øviv Avjøvni Ávb jvf K‡i|

 3. Áv‡bi µwgK ¯Íi t Be‡b †Zvdv‡q‡ji g‡Z Avgv‡`i Áv‡bi ïiæ nq mnReyw× ev
wePvikw³ Øviv ; GB mnR eyw× †_‡K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb ; ˆeÁvwbK Ávb †_‡K `vk©wbK
Ávb ; `vk©wbK Ávb †_‡K me©‡kl gigx Áv‡bi m„wó nq|

mnReyw× ev wePvikw³

‰eÁvwbK Ávb

`vk©wbK Ávb

gigx Ávb

 4. gvby‡li cÖKvi‡f` t Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj Zuvi ÔnvB Be‡b BqvKhvb× bvgK MÕ‡š’ gvbyl‡K
3 fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb wZb ai‡Yi gvbyl wZb ai‡Yi Ávb jvf K‡i|
†hgb-
 K. mvjvgvn mvaviY gvbyl mnR eyw× I wePvikw³
 L. nvB `vk©wbK eyw×/cÖÁv/wiRb
 M. Avmvj avgx©K cÕZ¨v‡`k/Inx

 Dcmsnvi t Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h Be‡b †Zvdv‡qj Zuvi
wbR¯^ wPšÍvaviv Øviv GKvwU mg„× `vk©wbK gZev` Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zvi `k©b †kl
ch©šÍ gigxev‡` ch©ewmZ nq| Z‡e Zuvi †mB gigxev` cÕK…wZev`, Av`k©ev` Ges
eyw×ev‡`i mswgkÕY|