A Critical Study on the 

Violation of Human Rights Against

the LGBTQ Community of India
Submitted by:

Shreha Shah 190401417036

Hiranmayi Rajeev 190401417011

Shelika Laller 190401417051

BA LLB (HONS.)

2019-24

Course Teacher: Prof. Devaiah N G

Alliance School of Law

Alliance University, Bengaluru
09/11/2020
 ABSTRACT

LGBTQ+ stands for transgender, queer (or even questioning), homosexual, gay, bisexual, and
others. Other sexual identities, including pansexual, intersex, and asexual, are represented by
"plus." Since the 1990s, the first four letters of the acronym have been used, although there has
been increased awareness in recent years of the need to be inclusive of other sexual identities in
order to provide equal representation.

In its decision, the Supreme Court only ruled that, under the Indian Constitutional system,
consensual homosexual intercourse could not be an offence. Thus, in its scope, the decision was
reduced. Of course, in the debate on sexuality in public spaces, the Court's message that it was
on the side of the queer community had a positive force. The declaration of legal principles that a
queer person is entitled to the full protection of the laws without any state discrimination has also
helped lay the groundwork for other discriminatory laws to face future challenges. The biggest
positive shift has been to put sexuality and queerness into the public domain for debate without
the authorities' fear of reprisal. There is, still, a very long way to go.

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, has been passed by Parliament, which
is very controversial because it does not allow transgender identity to be self-determined. The
Act also does not give the reservations as ordered by an earlier judgment of the Supreme Court
on public jobs and education. In the Supreme Court, the Act has been disputed and there is an
immediate need to remedy its more restrictive provisions.
India has no comprehensive code for anti-discrimination. While discrimination is prohibited by
the Constitution, the injunction only applies to the government and its tools.

This paper will initially start by talking about the cases before the Supreme Court and the
arguments put forth as well as it will spread light on the area of human Rights which are the
basic necessities to human beings accepted by India in the United Nations convention. Lastly
this paper assesses the growth, position and identification of a prohibition on sexual course
discrimination as a matter of international human rights law.
The methods that will be used in order to complete this research paper is by using secondary
resources such as the internet and multiple of articles. Due to the current pandemic situation a
real life, hand on hand data collection is impossible hence why this paper is going to be based on
the already existing data collected.

Keywords: Transgender, Constitution, System, Equality, Rights, Human rights.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Chapter I- Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1.1. Overview - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1.2. Scope and Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
1.3. Research Question- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
1.4. Research Methodology- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
1.5 Literature Review - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

A. The United Nations declaration of Human Rights and LGBTQ Issues - - - - - - - - - - - 5

B. Discrimination - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7

C. Human Rights Violation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9

D. Constitutional Rights of LGBTQ People - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11

E. Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13

F. Reference - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
 CHAPTER- I
Introduction

1.1 Overview

The LGBT group consists of individuals belonging to sexual minorities, lesbian/gay/bisexuals

whose sexual desire differs, fighting for their liberty, and equal citizenship, sometimes resulting
in a violation. Through the judgment in the case of Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, et
al.1 comprising then Chief Justice of the High Court Justice A.P. Shah and Justice Muralidhar in
2009, which is considered to be a landmark judgment on the rights of LGBT communications,
the Indian judiciary took the first step towards equal sexual citizenship and multiple rights vested
in human rights law for LGBT community individuals. The judgment sheds light on the
country's human rights challenges faced by the LGBT community and extends its view by
reading basic human rights vested with the people of India on the constitution. At a time of
confusion, the Indian supreme court finished the hearing of the case Suresh Kumar Koushal and
another v NAZ Base2, judge bench, Justice G.S. Singhvi and Justice S.J. Mukhopadhyay
overturned the previous judgment, indeed, in the specter of crime it pulled back the LGBT
community. Again, the LBGT community's war begins here and there are numerous crimes
committed against the LGBT community (Gibson, Meem, and Alexander 2013)3. The
infringement of LGBT people's human rights has been profoundly ingrained in the state of India.
The violations of human rights laws by the supreme court took place in the Naz Foundation case.
There are different claims in the arguments and decisions on the basics of cultural and moral
values, but the main question is what about the right of the sexual minority and their lives. Such
rights are sometimes referred to as fundamental rights, rights of birth, fundamental rights, rights
of nature, or intrinsic rights. Such rights derive from the birth of individuals and are crucial to
the happiness and progress of human beings, they are important for the human race's material
and moral elevation.

1
Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, et al [2009] 160. DLT 277.
2
Suresh Kumar Koushal and another v NAZ Base [2013] SCC.
3
 Michelle Gibson, Jonathan Alexander and Deborah T Meem, Finding Out (SAGE 2013).

1
Having reviewed the jurisprudence on sexual harassment within the national, provincial, and
international human rights jurisprudence, the article considers potential ways forward in terms of
the policy, given the continued opposition of a significant body of States. More precisely, it
explores the most effective legal and strategic responses at national, regional, and international
levels to oversee or connect the divisions between States on the subjects.

1.2 Scope and Objectives

The scope and objectives of this paper are:

a. To examine the cases before the Supreme Court and the arguments put forth
b. To analyze on the area of human Rights which are the basic necessities to human beings
accepted by India in the United Nations convention.
c. To assess the growth, position and identification of a prohibition on sexual course
discrimination as a matter of international human rights law.

1.3 Research Question

Even with the existence of Section 377 and its provisions, why is it that its effect on the general
the emotional well-being of LGBT people degrading?

1.4 Research Methodology

This research paper is purely based on secondary resources such as the internet, multiple of
articles dissertations and case laws. Due to the current pandemic situation a real life, hand on
hand data collection is impossible hence why this paper is going to be based on the already
existing data collected.

2
1.5 Literature Review

1. McFadden, C. 2015. “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Careers and Human
Resource Development.”

This paper focuses on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) staff, their jobs, and their
job experience.
The debate is applicable to HRD practitioners looking to build a diverse workplace, particularly
in areas where LGBT people can be severely stigmatized. From the evidence seen in the
literature, a company would be better served by a best-practice strategy that aims to improve
diversity in the workplace. While a growing number of countries have implemented anti-LGBT
discrimination laws on jobs, many countries around the world still do not have such protections
in places, such as Ukraine, Turkey, Macedonia, and most Asian and African countries.
It seems that, in spite of increasingly liberal culture, inequality and Identity maintenance and
growth struggles remain a critical concern in the life of LGBT workers. Part of the duty rests in
the HRD practitioner, as one of the organization's key providers of teaching and instruction, to
help both LGBT and heterosexual peers expel derogatory beliefs (and attitudes) towards
diversity in the workplace.
According to the analysis in this paper, formal discrimination can be easily detected when large
statistical surveys are used, but in individual cases, it can be much more difficult for a person to
know if discrimination is taking place. A case can arise when an employee wrongly attributes
prejudice on the basis of their sexual orientation to an employer's decision. This may result in
negative publicity for a company or an extremely diminished employee morale and
organizational commitment. In order to combat any allegations of sexual orientation
discrimination and, in addition, to encourage workers to make meaningful career changes, HRD
practitioners should ensure that all promotion, mentoring, training or advancement decisions are
taken in a straightforward manner.
Keeping aforesaid in mind, this research paper focuses on bringing out the struggles that the
LGBT community faces. Hence, through this paper, we try to highlight the various human rights
for the LGBT community.

3
 2. LGBT “A Part of Our Society”

LGBT people have gained more acceptance and tolerance in India, over the past decade
especially in large cities.
In India most LGBT people remain closeted, the main reason is fear of discrimination from their
families who may see homosexuality as shameful. In rural areas, it is still seen as a shameful act.
People often face rejection from society and their families and force opposite-sex marriages.
People of the LGBT community are fighting for equal rights and acceptance. Especially, trans
people face a lot of difficulty in finding acceptance. People of the LGBT community are looked
down upon all the time. This is the main issue because discrimination against homosexuals is
highly prevalent.
People’s prejudices make them think that LGBT people are odd and very different from others.
In today’s time queer identities and homosexuality may be acceptable to more Indian youth than
ever before but within the boundaries of homes, families, school’s acceptance still remains a
constant struggle for LGBT people.
Being LGBT is not a choice nor it is a problem as such. LGBT people are merely individuals
who have sexual preferences that differ from what would appear to be the ‘norm’ due to
differing learned behaviors and, you know, having a personal perspective and mindset that differ
from others.

4
 A. The United Nation Declaration of Human Rights and LGBT Issues

The United Nations Human Rights Committee has been lauded as one of the most prominent
human rights organizations in the world; however, its record for the defense of lesbian, gay,
bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights has not yet been comprehensively or regularly reviewed.
Individuals in many parts of the world suffer significant abuses of human rights because of their
sexual orientation or gender identity4.
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) adopted Resolution 27/32 on "Human
Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" expressing "grave concern about acts of abuse
and persecution committed against people in all parts of the world because of their sexual
orientation and gender identity"5.
Sexual preference and gender identity are therefore finally being accepted and reflected in global
forums. Perhaps more important, though, is that the embrace of the 'human rights' discourse and
the consolidation of the seemingly 'international' system for upholding LGBT rights underscore
the historic lack of LGBT people from past human definitions. 6 In certain nations, men found
involved in homosexual acts can be jailed or even sentenced to death, and LGBT people are also
subject to widespread abuse and legal persecution on a regular basis.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights covers the right to life , the right to privacy , the
right to health and equality before the law, as well as the right to freedom of speech and freedom
from oppression and abuse, even persecution, but Lesbian, Gay , Bisexual and Transgender
(LGBT) people are continuously at risk of prosecution and serious violations of their rights.
Some LGBT people risk incarceration, torture, violence and even murder simply because they
exist in a setting that cannot be accepted. Racial preference, gender identity or gender
expression. In the Indian situation, culture, the family and domestic rules are totally at odds with
these people.
In a number of resolutions, the General Assembly of the United Nations called on the States to
ensure the security of the right to life of all people under its control and to investigate all crimes,

4
Kollman and Waites, 2009
5
“International Human Rights Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity,” (www.unfe.org) <
https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/International-Human-Rights-Law.pdf>

6
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2016

5
including killings, immediately and thoroughly7. In June 2011, the Human Rights Committee of
the United Nations became the first intergovernmental organization of the United Nations to
implement a general resolution on civil rights, sexual orientation and gender Identity.
After analyzing the series of resolutions, the prominent points are taken into consideration for the
work of this research paper:
 Repeal those laws that criminalize homosexuality and ensure that all individuals are not
arrested or detained on the mere basis of their sexual orientation or gender.
 Safeguarding freedom of expression and peaceful association for all LGBT communities.
 Test the enforcement of current universal human rights for how to address abuse and
bigotry against people on the grounds of their sexual orientation or gender identity, by
recognizing all best practices and differences.
 To increase consciousness of abuse and oppression against people on the basis of their
sexual orientation or gender identity, and to recognize and resolve the root causes of
abuse and discrimination.
 Addressing numerous, intersecting and exacerbated modes of aggression and
discrimination against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation and gender identity.

7
“The United Nations Human Rights Resolution A/RES/67/168,” (www.ohchr.org) <
https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/discrimination/pages/lgbtunresolutions.aspx>

6
 B. Discrimination

Article 2 provides that everyone is entitled to all the freedoms set out in the UDHR "without
distinction of any sort, such as color, color, sex, gender, faith, political or other opinion, national
or social origin, land, birth or other status." The last words of this sentence – "other status" 8 –
have often been cited in order to extend the list of individuals expressly covered.
Peng-chung Chang, a Chinese author with a remarkable knowledge of Eastern and Western
philosophy, suggested that the first three articles should embody the key concepts of the 18th
century political philosophy of rights: "fraternity" (Article 1), "equality" (Article 2) and
"democracy" (Article 3). Articles 1 and 2 set the tone of the Declaration as a whole, with their
bans on prejudice.
LGBT individuals must be known as civil rights defenders and officers. They have an undisputed
right to engage in processes and actions that influence their lives and culture at large.
Discrimination occurs in numerous aspects of work because, in young age, they are eliminated
from the educational resources that they often lack from family support.
The UN has drawn up protections in a number of conventions focused on Article 2 – including,
most recently, the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, which was ratified in
2006. It is also vital to ongoing attempts to defend all communities facing discrimination,
including those not expressly protected by a particular international convention.
Articles continue to have an influence on current and evolving international norms. In 2006, the
former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour, observed that the Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities stressed that "the celebration of individuality and
empowerment of individuals are important messages of human rights 9," adding that it envisages
"a truly active role for persons with disabilities in society."
Discrimination and abuse of LGBT people's civil rights have antagonistic repercussions for their
desire to add to and benefit from change. Stigma and bigotry also leave LGBT people in poverty
and make them vulnerable to abuse and HIV / AIDS. Living publicly, or simply being viewed as,
or identified with, an LGBT person also means the possibility of losing one 's work, housing,
schooling, and access to health care.

8
United Nations Human Rights Council, 2006
9
Kerri Woods, Human Rights (Red Globe Press 2014)

7
Prejudice, bias and bigotry against LGBT people increase the risk of depression, anxiety,
suicidality, PTSD and other forms of psychiatric distress. Discrimination is related to health
damage even among people who are not directly subject to it, because the prevalence of
discrimination, shame, racism and fear of victimization produces a hostile social environment
that leads to what scholar’s call "minority tension10."
Minor tension often has observable physiological consequences. For example, a study assessing
stress hormone cortisol in transgender people showed that meeting barriers to access to public
toilets predicted higher levels of stress. A broad body of medical literature indicates that elevated
levels of stress hormones are linked with physical health effects such as cardiovascular disease
and high blood pressure.
Both of these results tend to understand inequalities such as the alarmingly high degree of
suicidal thinking and attempts among LGBT teens, which researchers have found to be between
two and seven times higher than their peers.
There is something somehow destabilizing about being LGBT, such as the suggestion that these
identities themselves are mental disorders. Instead, shame and prejudice — negative media
signals, oppressive laws and exclusionary cultural practices — are responsible for the excessive
risk that LGBT people encounter to their wellbeing.
Extensive evidence of the damage caused by segregation is cause for considerable concern. But
the data also gives us a promising look into what should be done about it. For example, a 2017
report showed suicide attempts by LGBT youth fell by 7% in states that allowed same-sex
marriage. Writers of another report concluded that "policies that include protection for same-sex
partners could be effective in minimizing health care utilization and costs by sexual minority
males.11"
In the court of public opinion, let us consider the human cost that bigotry is inflicting. As a
culture, we know how to reduce this misery drastically if we have the will to do so.

C. Human Rights Violation

10
Matthew Waites, 2009. Critique Of ‘Sexual Orientation’ And ‘Gender Identity’ In Human Rights Discourse:
Global Queer Politics Beyond the Yogyakarta Principles. [Article]
<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569770802709604?src=recsys&journalCode=ccpo20>

11
The United Nations Human Rights Check

8
The current time is one of the fast advances in LGBT right in many countries and of a wave
of anti-gay laws and policies in others and there is a burden of face stigma and HIV risks
and in challenging context there are key programs. In India, the legal rights of the LGBT
people are strategizing for the future, and the right to marry same-sex people has now
become an international legal scenario but in India, there were civil laws that affected the
gay rights of men and women both. Human rights are the basic fundamental rights of every
human being, regardless of culture or societal norms and to give access to health service of
the LGBT people many of them worked for their recognition and many people were
working to get principles codified into policies and laws in both municipal law and
international.
In India homosexuality was considered an unnatural sexual offense under section 377 of the
Indian Penal Code, 1860. Same-sex behavior and orientation have been abandoned in India
since the 1970s by modern medicine and psychiatry but the truth is that same-sex people
does not have any objective psychological dysfunction or impairments and the reason is too
complex in nature, therefore, we cannot clearly state that homosexuality was not a disorder.
A large number of petitions were filed before the honorable Supreme Court to declare
section 377 of the Indian Penal Code as unconstitutional. Naz foundation case is one of the
famous cases for this LGBT issue. On 2nd July 2009, the high court of Delhi ruled that the
provision in section 377 of the Indian Penal code that criminalizes private consensual sex
between same-sex adults violates the country’s constitution and international human rights
conventions. “consensual sex amongst adults is legal” this even included gay sex. It was
further stated by the Delhi high court that it is against the constitutional values and human
dignity. It is said by most unanimous medical and psychiatric that homosexuality is not a
disease or disorder.
LGBT individuals finally became free from criminalization after the decriminalization of
homosexuality under the law and free from the threat of arrest and ruling gave confidence
and dignity to homosexuals in the eyes of law. They were no longer criminals for being
homosexuals and could proudly look at themselves in the mirror. But this was not the end it
finally ended when the Supreme court ruled over the judgment of Delhi high court and it
was said that section 377 of the Indian penal code nowhere unconstitutional when we look

9
into the history of the provision and one contention by petitioner was that gay rights are
against Indian culture and when we read about same-sex love in India from literature and history
we will easily identify that ancient people in India involved in same-sex love for that temple
sculptures at Khajuraho and Konark are the simplest examples which clearly explains that
ancient people involved in same-sex love and within the book of ― “Loving women and In
sahayatrika”12, it's been clearly stated about Lesbian committing suicide this shows that there is
a practice of homosexualities in the ancient period. The Supreme Court’s decision can either
further crystallize or instead discard some of the remarkable principles of jurisprudence that the
high court developed and there is Court’s remarkable discussion of constitutional morality and
Using constitutional morality to check the bounds of a compelling state interest would imply an
ethical code that supported the liberal democratic ideals that underlie the Indian constitution.
Presently, after the Supreme Court chose it might review its 2013 ruling, there's cause for hope
another time. This is additionally an opportunity for Prime Minister Narendra Modi to indicate
authority. The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the govt trying to find its view. The past
administration, drove by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, had not opposed the Delhi High
Court ruling on segment 377. The Modi government ought to likewise back the high court ruling,
in this manner not just ensuring the privileges of everybody in India yet setting measures for
governments somewhere else that mishandle comparative laws to discriminate against their kin.
After the young fellow at the Mumbai, the meeting said his dread of losing his activity, Nisaba
Godrej, the organization's official executive, talked about her involvement of learning and
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 4879 comprehension about
the issue through an associate, and afterward leading the pack to end separation in Indian
business.13 India's political pioneers also can figure out how to conquer the ignorance of the
individuals who discriminate and mortify and to give authority in assorted variety and
consideration.
 For India, it is unquestionably time to quit criminalizing love.14

12
P. Agaja, 2018. Reaching Out to Sexually Marginalised Women: Sahayatrika in Kerala (Indian Sociological
Society)

13
Wolf-Gould, Riley, and Carswell 2018
14
Lutwak 2014
 D. Constitutional Rights of LGBTQ People

The Preamble to the Constitution of India mandates Justice - social, economic, and
 political, equality of status. The Constitution provides every person an equal status before the
law and equal protection of laws within the territory of India. The word „any person‟ here means
every individual, without any discrimination based on any of the categories which includes,
caste, creed, religion, sex, etc. A transgender in India is included within the words „any person‟
and is given equal status thereto to each cis gender in India. The transgender community cannot
be discriminated against on the ground of non-application of any of the laws within the nation by
reason of their differences and dividing them based on any arbitrary class.
The Apex Court of India during a landmark case observed that both gender and biological
attributes constitute distinct components of sex. Biological characteristics include genitals,
chromosomes, and secondary sexual features, but gender attributes include one's self-image, the
deep psychological or emotional sense of sexual identity, and character. The discrimination on
the ground of “sex” under Articles 15 and 16 of the Indian Constitution includes discrimination
on the ground of gender identity. The expression “sex” isn't just limited to the biological sex of
male or female but intended to incorporate people that consider themselves to be neither male
nor female. 
Articles 15(2) and 16(4) has also been interpreted to provide social equality to these communities
like equality publicly employment, it provides that the states shall have the power to form any

10
special provision for the enhancement of those vulnerable minority who are now included within
the category of socially and educationally backward classes.15
 These Articles read with the Directive Principles of State Policy and various international
instruments to which India is a party, call for social equality, which the transgender could realize,
only if facilities and opportunities are extended to them so that they can also live with dignity
and equal status with other genders.

The right to settle on one’s own identity is one among the foremost essential right under this text
to live with dignity, and this aspect is roofed and guarded by this text because it symbolizes the
most important right being a person's, a right to measure, which the State is required to guard
against violation. The transgender communities have a right to a dignified life which is one
among the foremost important aspects of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. 16 Recognition of
gender identity provides the popularity of their right to dignity and non-recognition violates the
same, they need full right to precise and live their life without worrying.
Transgender in our society has not been seen with respect, they are often humiliated and beaten
up by the authorities in power their reputation within the society has degraded and their
significance within the society has deteriorated. Various inhuman acts like human trafficking and
beggary are declared as an offense and punishable according to law17. The scope of Article 23 of
the Constitution of India18 is very wide as it includes any form of discrimination which are
forbidden. 
Immoral activities like prostitution are usually seen in society. Everyone features a right to non-
public development, and this might be secured only there exists a right to non-public
development, this might be secured only there exists a right against exploitation which creates a
free environment for an individual. 
Transgenders are the worst victims of exploitation; due to their degraded economic status they
indulge in prostitution and other immoral activities and are usually seen as taboo by society 19.
The intention behind this text is to secure the independence of individual identity by preventing
the exploitation of men by men.

15
 Byne 2014

16
Daulaire 2014

11
 Conclusion

Indian citizens are not ignorant of homosexuals, but they do not feel free to speak about
homosexuality reservations and there is still the mentality of Indians. Young people recognize
LGBT people's thoughts, but not the people of the old generation. Homosexuals and their actions
are most commonly characterized as deviant. Just because homosexuality in India is not
generally practiced does not mean that it is not natural. It doesn't mean it should be condemned
only because it's not normal. India is a developing country and it will boost the country's growth
and development. Progressive regulations will be adopted. As long as people are able to force it
under the rug of oblivion, homosexuality would remain a taboo and 10 percent of the Indian
population consists of LGBT people in that transgender people are just the hormonal issue not
the others and the suggestion is that government should pass LGBT marriage laws and the
government must take remedial action for them otherwise those people will suffer a lot of
exploitation from the people.

17
Sang et al. 2018
18
Article 23 of The Indian Constitution 1949: - “The prohibition of human trafficking and forced labor”.

19
Flatt et al. 2018

12
 References

Cases

1. Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, et al [2009] 160. DLT 277.

2. Suresh Kumar Koushal and another v NAZ Base [2013] SCC.

Books

1. Gibson M, Alexander J, and Meem D, Finding Out (SAGE 2013)

2. Kerri Woods, Human Rights (Red Globe Press 2014)
3. Carlos A. Ball, From the Closet to the Courtroom: Five LGBT Rights Lawsuits That
Have Changed Our Nation (Beacon Press 2010)

Websites

13
 1. “International Human Rights Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity,”
(www.unfe.org) < https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/International-
Human-Rights-Law.pdf>
2. “The United Nations Human Rights Resolution A/RES/67/168,” (www.ohchr.org) <
https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/discrimination/pages/lgbtunresolutions.aspx>
3. Alina Bradford, “What Does ‘Transgender’ Mean?” (www.livescience.com, 2018) <
https://www.livescience.com/54949-transgender-definition.html>
4. Rebecca A. Clay, “Decriminalizing Homosexuality In India,” (www.apa.org, 2019) <
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/homosexuality-india>
5. Rukmini S, “Homosexuality In India: What Data Shows,” (www.livemint.com, 2018) <
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nLQiPpl5UICajLDXETU3EO/Homosexuality-in-
India-What-data-shows.html>
6. Devinder M.T, Nidhi. S, Sowmya K, “Homosexuality In India,” (www.ijstd.org, 2008) <
https://www.ijstd.org/article.asp?issn=2589-
0557;year=2008;volume=29;issue=2;spage=59;epage=62;aulast=Thappa>

Articles

1. Matthew Waites, 2009. Critique Of ‘Sexual Orientation’ And ‘Gender Identity’ In

Human Rights Discourse: Global Queer Politics Beyond the Yogyakarta Principles.
Available at:
<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13569770802709604?
src=recsys&journalCode=ccpo20>
2. P. Agaja, 2018. Reaching Out to Sexually Marginalised Women: Sahayatrika in Kerala
(Indian Sociological Society)
Available at: < http://app.insoso.org/ISS_journal/Repository/Paper2.pdf>
3. Angela R., Melissa A., Michael R, Al Ozonoff, Ulrike B, 2018. Resilience Among Breast
Cancer Survivors of Different Sexual Orientations. Available at:
<https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0019 >

14
Dissertations

1. T.S, Sathyanarayana Rao, K.S. Jacob, ‘Homosexuality and India’ (Christian Medical
College, 2013)

15