PLANNING MODELS

Basic Planning Model

1. Survey
2. Analyze
3. Plan

Systematic Planning Process

1. Decide to plan
2. Set goals and objectives
3. Study courses of action
4. Evaluate courses of action
5. Choose course of action
6. Monitor results

Rational Planning Model

1. Identify a problem
2. Identify a goal or goals
3. Collect background data
4. Identify guidelines for assessing alternative plan scenarios
5. Identify alternative plan scenarios, including policies and guidelines to achieve the goal
6. Asses alternative plan scenarios using the pre-defined assessment guidelines
7. Select the preferred alternative
8. Implement the plan
9. Monitor, evaluate, and revise the implementation
10. Identify new problems and begin the process again.

VICE Planning Model

- VICE - visitors, industry, communities, and environment
- TRREC emphasizes the central role of consultation in the planning process
Why consultation is important:
- To provide information to stakeholders
- To encourage stakeholders to present their views
- To explain the scope of consultation to all stakeholders
- To give reasons for decisions by local authorities to proceed or cancel a tourism project

National Tourism Development Plan Model

1. Situation analysis
2. Goals, vision, and strategies
3. Action plan
4. Budget estimates
5. Implementation mechanism

UN World Tourism Organization Model

1. Study preparation
2. Background research
3. Objectives
4. Strategies
 5. Report writing and presentation
6. Implementation and monitoring

Ecotourism Planning Model

1. Site Assessment
a. Preliminary site evaluation
i. Are there potential natural or cultural attractions in the area?
ii. Can visitor access to the attractions be easily established?
iii. Can the attractions be protected at an acceptable level from the impacts of
visitation?
iv. Is the area free of security problems or natural hazards that cannot be
effectively controlled by the management of the area or local authorities?
v. Does the protected area have sufficient management and administrative
authority to effectively manage implementation and monitoring of an
ecotourism program at site level?
vi. Is there a reasonable expectation that initial funding needed to develop
ecotourism with be available?
vii. Are the PA managers, tour operators, and communities willing to conform to
the ecotourism guidelines?
viii. Will visitation improve biodiversity health or reduce threats to conservation
targets?
b. Full site assessment
i. Review of existing data
ii. Field work
iii. Interviews of key informants
iv. Questionnaire and surveys
v. Consultative meetings and workshops
vi. Preparation of an FSA report
1. Natural resources and features
2. Cultural resources
3. Protected area management
4. Visitor patterns, activities, and infrastructure
5. Tourism plans and policies
6. Communities (population and economic activities)
7. Partnerships
8. Marketing and promotion
9. Opportunities and threats
2. Ecotourism Plan
a. Site profile
b. Tourism situation
c. Issues and concerns
d. Ecotourism planning for the site
e. Vision, goals, and objectives
f. Component strategies
i. Zoning
ii. Visitor site plan and design
1. Capacity
2. Density
 3. Slope
4. Vegetation
5. Wildlife
6. Views
7. Natural hazards
8. Energy and utilities
9. Water
10. Visitor circulation
iii. Sustainable facilities design
Facilities are sustainably designed if they:
1. Preserve ecosystems, natural landscapes, and special species;
2. Minimize habitat loss and weed and pest invasions;
3. Incorporate natural landscape features;
4. Minimize environmental impacts and suit the landscape (or seascape);
5. Use water and energy efficiently;
6. Minimize waste and adopt recycling strategies; and
7. Minimize impacts from noise, lighting sources, and on-air quality
iv. Visitor management
Visitor Management Strategic Approaches
1. Managing the supply of tourism or visitor opportunities (space and time
availability)
2. Managing the demand for visitation (restricting length of stay, total
numbers, or type of use)
3. Managing the resource capabilities to handle use (site hardening)
4. Managing the impact of use (modifying the type of use, dispersing, or
concentrating use)
Visitor Management Techniques
 Regulating access by area (zoning)
 Regulating visitation by visitor type (through pricing)
 Implementing entry or user fees
 Providing interpretation programmes and facilities
 Regulating visitor behavior (codes of conduct)
 Concentrating on allowing accredited organizations to bring visitors to
the site
v. Revenue generation

TOOLS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR TOURISM PLANNING

Situation Analysis
1. Socio-economic situation
a. Population at base and projected year
b. Economic indicators at base and projected year (GDP, GRDP)
c. Employment in tourism at base and projected year
2. Land use
a. Land use classification
b. Area in hectares and percent of total area
3. Infrastructure
 a. Airport (e.g. name, runway length, terminal capacity, problems and constraints)
b. Seaport
c. Roads
d. Water supply
e. Sewage
f. Power supply
g. Telecommunication
4. Tourist attractions
a. Policies
b. Historic background
c. Access from ports and terminals
5. Visitor and supply data
a. Visitor arrival at major entry points (airports/seaports)
b. Visitor profile
6. Existing plans and programs
a.