coe BIOCHEMISTRY REFERENCE BOOKS TAKEN: 1. TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY By Dr. U. SATYANARAYANA ~ 3rd, 14th & Sth EDITIONS: __ Tertiary structure of proteins is maintained by all except: 8. Which of the following amino -acid is- inveived a).H, bond b) Hydrophobic gluconeogenesis: ©) Tonic bond 4) Disulphide bond a) Glycine b) Valine @) None of the above ¢) Cysteine d) All Which of the following is a derived protein: 9. Amino acid carrier dofect is found in: 2) Protamines b) Peptones a) Maple syrup urine'disease ¢) Prolamines 4) Lactalbumin b) Alkaptonuria ) Phenylketonuria 3. Albumins and globulins are proteins: 4) Cystinuria 2) Simple ) Derived A ©) Conjugated 4) Structural 10. The following is false about tryptophan: a) Non essential amino acid 4 Quaternary structure of protein is: i b) Involved in serotonin synthesis 2) The arrangement sequence of amino acids in the ¢) Involved in niacin synthesis polypeptide chain 4) Involved in melatonin in synthesis b) Inter relation between amino acids in a single - polypeptide chain 11, In maple syrup urine disease the amino acids excreted \\e)_ Inter relation of amino acids in 2 polypeptide chains the urine are: {d) The inter relation-and arrangement of polypeptides in a) Leucine a protein with more than 2 polypeptide chains b) Isoleucine ¢) Valine 5. . Biuret test is confirmatory test for: 4) All of the above a) Protein b) Fat se ae c) Carbotipdrate 4) None of the above . 12. Non essential amino acids are not: (TNPSC-99) a) Used by the body ine is present in: ) Forming part of the proteins & su Temoslotn b) Glutathione ©) Required in the diet ) Purines 4) Creatine 4) Absorbed in the intestines ll of the above e) All 13. Aromatic ring is present in: ing is present in: a) Arginine r re than, b) Valine ) Glycine ¢) Methionine 4d) Histidine ©) Phenylatanine 4) Phenylalanine, Glycine = 8) 0 aD 0) ARE a) Ca ‘Scanned wih CamScanner15. 16. con 18. 19. 20. a1. BSS TBPIG GY FPO Hw ww OS PW HY DY BG bo ww BOYS The major “fuel fo tarvations t the brain after several weeks of 2) Glucose b) Fatty acia ©) Beta hydroxy butyrate 4) Glycerol e One of the followin, a) Tyrosine ©) Methionine 1915 nonessential amino acid: 5) Valine 4) Cystine a) Transcription by Transd ¢) Translation } Fesdicton }) Translocation Following is @ non-essential amino acig: MAN-95) a): Phenylalanine b) Protine ©) Tryptophan 4) Threonine Hydroxylation of proline require the following ca) a) Fee ) 0, ¢) Ascorbic acid 4) Succinate . (KAR-99) The process of transfer of information from the RNA to tthe proteins is called: a) Mutation b) Translation ©) Transcription d) Conjugation {AIPG, AIIMS-98) ‘The aming acid from which niacin is. synthesized is: a) Tyrosine b) Threonine ¢) Tryptophan 4) Histidine (KAR-03) Following are the essential amino acids: a) Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, lysine 'b) Phenylalanine, Arginine, Methionine ¢) Phenylalanine, Valine, ae istidin mine, Valine 4) Histidine, Glutamine, Val janes 24 The amino acid, which is used in the estimation of collagen is: a). Hydroxyprotine ©) lysine b) Protine 4) Glycine (AIIMS-2K; MAN-01) The reducing end of glutathione, the amino acid i a) Glycine b) Leucine c) lycine ) Valine (AlPG-99) Which of the following is present in the plasma but absent in the serum? a) Albumin o) becithin b) Globulin, d) Fibrinogen (AIPG-99) Precursor of melanin is: 15) A 28) C ig ® 29) 2G 8) Phenylataning ©) Tyrosine 4) Tryptophan ) Methionine 26. Source of nitrogen i 8) Anginine & aman meee Aspartate & Ammonia ¢) Uric acid & Ammonia ©) Glutamate & Ammonia (AIPG-2k) 27. One of the a) Glycine ©) Glutamic acia following isnot an amino aig, ?°6 2038) 4) Hydroxy proine 8) Calne 28. Which ofthe fall {AAS ca) wing amino acids is quick to tyrosine? vemne a) Arginine b) Glycine ©) Phenylalanine) Leucine (ATINS-95) 2. AUaptonuts, an inherited ‘metabolic eons tyrosine metabolism is due to lack of 28) Parahydroxy Phenyl Pyruvate Hydroxylase 4) Tyrosine transaminase ©) Homogentisate oxidase 4) Tyrosine oxidase* 30. Albumin is synthistzed by: a) iver b) Kidney 6) Muscle @) Spleen (KaR-03) 31. The nitrogen of the body is supplied by: a) Triacyl glycerol —b) Proteins ¢) Glucose 4) Lipids (a1PG-01) 32, Proteins are absorbed from GIT as: a) Amino acids ) Peptides ©) Peptones 4d) Allof the above (atpG-94) 33. Digestion of proteins i initiated by: a) Amylase ) Sucrase ¢) Chymotrypsin @) Pepsin 7 Ue. (AIPG-99) 34, Histidine is converted to histamine by: * a) Transamination b) Hydroxylation ) Decarboxylation _—d)_ Reduction {KAR-02) 35. Collagen is rich in: a) Glutamate and glycine b) Alanine and glycine ¢) Protine and glycine 4) Glutamate and protine (AlPG-2001) 36. A mutation that converts an amino acid codon ta a stop codon is a: a) Nonsense mutation «) Silent mutation b) Trangversion 4) Frame shift mutation (COMEDK-04) 2) A kB) A BM) C 35)C 96) ASO 2) C (26). .B ‘Scanned wih CemScanner= Which one of the following amino acids is purely ketogenie? 8) Prokine 5) Phenylalanine ©) Isoleucine 8) Leveine (COMEDK-04;KAR-2K) 38. Decarboxylation of which of the following amino results in formation of a vasodilator: 0 Vatne *) atone 3 Hiiine 3 Gent si AP PSc-99:KAR-02) 29. AlLof he folowing ae lobule post xen 2) tains aun 9 Glbutn 3 tyoan (aersc-99) 48. A nal Ca bndiogorotein tat oats th sanyo ‘many enaymes and other proteins in response to changes of Ca"® concentration is known as: a) Gycline b) Calmodulin, ©) Collagen 4) Kinesin ; | (waR-04) Albinism is a genetic disease that results in incomplete metabolism of: 41, % b) Carboxy terminal 8) Histidine Cytochromes are: 2) Pyridine nucleotides b) Riboflavin containing nucleotides ©) Metal containing flavoproteins 4) Iron-porphyrin proteins False statement about haemoglobin structure: a) Hb has 2 polypeptide chains ») Iron is present in ferrous state ¢) Hb structurally similar to myoglobin 4) Ferrous ions are in porphyrin rings Which of the following is a precursor of protoporphyrin: a) Alanine b) Leucine ©) Histidine 4) Glycine Which of the following is not a part of hemoglobin molecule: a) Pyrrole rings ©) Histidine ') Vinyl groups 4). Ferricsions The following is not a carrier protein: a) Ceruloplasmin —_b) Transferrin ©) Transcobalamine _d)__Haptoglobutin In Hartnup's disease____is excreted in the urine: a) Ornithine b) Glutamine ¢) Tryptophan 4) Phenylalanine 3) 38) C39) ;0-; 40) B £50). 51) B-°52)-0-<' $3) C Des @) 8 Map Me) 0 ANC. 48) B g 57) D yi Sa) 0:1, 59) C ‘Scanned wih CamScanner60. Ure is formed in: 71. The fastest moving fraction of protein in serum when a) Brin suibjected to paper electrophoresis is ©) ver a) Albumin 0) Aloha 1 Gobatin 6) Beta Globulin) Gamma Globutn 61, Thytoxine and catecholamines are derived from (COMEDK-06) 4) Tyrosine 8) Tryptophan 72. The elas of amino acids that contains only non essential ©) Alanine 4) Leucine amino acids ts a) Acie 1) Basie 62, “Argentafinama” is characterized by excess excretion of; ¢)_ Aromatic €) Branched chain 2) 5+ Hydro indole acetate (coweok-o7) 8) 3- Hydroxy phenyl pyruvate 73, The ally requirement of protein forthe adults is ) Phenyl lactate 2) 6 gms 1) 60 gms €) Phenyl acetate ©) 120 gms @) 280 gms (aP-08) 63. Which of the following is not a post transcriptional 74. Allare tve about glutathione except? modification of RNA? a) Itisa tripeptide 2) Splicing 1) 5! capping 2) It converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin ©) ¥ polyadenylation d) Glycosylation ) It conjugates xenobiotics B= WT (ALIMS-06) -..d) Tt scavenges fee radicals and superoxide fons S64, The primary role of chaperones is to help in: {(AIPG-09, 10) Ba 8) Protein synthesis) Protein degradation 75, Colloidal osmotie pressure of plasma is by - >" ¢) Protein denaturation d) Protein folding 3) Albumin ') Fibrinogen Se (ALIMS-08) ©) Globulin d) Prothrombin 65, The protein ich in basic amino acids, which functions in . (wcer-10) BBS the packaging of DNA in chromosomes, is 176, Glutamine replaced by valine in sickle cell anaemia is = a) Histone characterized by (i, m8) Collagen 2), Non sense mutation of beta chain 5.) Hyaluronic acid binding protein 1) Missense mutation of beta chain BESS 6) Fibrinogen ) Degradation of beta chain (autns-o8) 4) Deletion of beta chain PES 65. The aminoacid residue having an mio side chain is: (a"6-10) a) lysine b) Histidine 77. Alkaptonuria an inherited metabolic disorder is due to BS 9 Voosne 6) Praline the deficiency of (atP6-05) a) Homogentisate oxidase b) Cystathionase FES 67. Proteins are tinear polymers of amino acid. They fld into ©) Pheylalanine hydroxylase compact structures. Sometimes, these folded structures “¢) Tyrosine transaminase =D _—_xsociate to form homa-or hetero-dimers. Which one of (KceT-2012) {the following refers to this associated form? 78, -Mannose 6 phosphate containing freshly synthesized FW \ a) Denatured state b) Molecular aggregation proteins are directed to | ¢) Precipitation ) Quaternary structure a) Nucleus ) lysosomes > (r-26)/ 8) Whang) ager gp 68. The numbers of essential amino acid are: (COMED-2012) pe as ») 8 79. Inthe body, metabolism of 10 g of protein would produce 3 2 #16 approximately 2 = a) 1Keal ) 41 Keal €9, Most common non protein nitrogenous fraction of blood: ¢) 410 Keal 6), 4190 Kea S93 a) Urea 8) Uric acid cere + (COMED-20%2) ) Urobitinogen 6) Creatin 80, Allare genetic amino acid deficiency diseases except: =) (aP-05) | a) Phenyl ketonuria 6) Alkaptonuria 70, The nitrogen content in 50 gm ofa typical dietary protein) Homocystinura 4) Galactoseria BP ernest likely t0 be . o_ (NEET 2083) a) Sgm ») 8gm 81, Both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids as @) 109m @) 16m a) Isoleucine b) Leucine (COMEDK-2011)—_¢) Argenine 4) Glycine (AUINS HAY-13) Teh I) 0 ES @) KT 70) 8 Ish as eo) 0 Liua ‘Scanned wih CemScannerBa. 83. 84. 85. Dental Pulse Vol.-1 The amino acid which undergoes most significant weet oxidative deamination which fs used for urea synt a) Glutamine b) Glutamate ©) A ine ) Aspartate 8) Heatneeaysont4) Mucin ts a? a) Nucleoprotein b) Glycoprotein ©) Phosphoprotein, 4) Chromoproteln et (PGI JUNE-2012) Hopkins-Cole testis performed on proteins to detect the presence of a) Imidazole group _b) Indole group ©) Guanidine group 4) Phenolfe group (aprG-2016) Glycine is used for synthesis ofthe following EXCEPT? ; a) Heme 'b) Serotonin ri ) Purine 4) Creatine (4H PG CET-2016) Bibs #5) 8 gen) = SAE ‘Scanned wih CamScannercs 8 &th eds 53) IF roteredtgrnsomal arangement of rateln structure Tan, teractions, iO, Structure Hycrages bonds, Interactions, dst“ ;bonds and hydrophobic ntribute to tertiary structure of proteins, Rene Es £9 Albumin, Gtobutin™ Eg.: Nucledprotal ins; Glycoproteins, Blood group antigens ns antigens..." Feptones Coaguiated pioteing, 'Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 64) 0 patvanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 58) u Structure: Linear sequence of a i rim 2 Linear ino acids, ., [ming the backbone of Proteins (polypeptides). Secondary Structure: the spatial arrangement of Protein by twisting the polypeptide cher * Tertiary Structure: Most of the Proteins are composed Of single polypeptide chains but soe Proteins contain L clypentide chains and are termed az Jomers Possess quaternary structure, oligomers. Olig * [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th edz 61) ‘© [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 342 Fig 15.13] w [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 354] Amino acid with indole ring is tryptophan. Amino acid \,_ with imidazole ring is histidine. 8. 10 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 373) UG baa ecu Glucogenic Tyrosine 2.0 ‘Tryptophan. ©! ©» Phetiylalanine’ ° * Isoleucine Remaining << | amino adi ‘D’ [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 361] In Option ‘D’ Cystinuria, the carrier system in ‘kidney, ~ for the reabsorption of amino acids, namely Cysteine, Ornithine, acids in urine ini ine (COAL) becomes Arginine, and Lysine ( n defective leading to the excretion of all these four amino cttoaiddehydegeane” eo 95 “ranced ehh Reto Options ‘a ac” 10 disorders of to defect in t Urine of alkapt: ferlfetonira and Aiaptonure sve aug {yiotine metabolism, Akoptonua' oo, enzyme “hamogentiste ondoses ie onurc patients resembles coke tn eolon 10. % [Satyanarayana 3rd & dth eds 48, 364 nad sition: flat ids. 4)” Essential or indispensable amine ocid ‘inne, valine isin, fscleutine,leyine sing, methionine, pherslalanine, threonine, twptoshey: il) Non-essential aminoacids: - Glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, glutamate, Protine, cysteine, glutamine, aspartate, ‘tyrosine and 14-0 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 365) 12. °C [Satyanarayana 3rd & th eds 43] 13. °C [Satyanarayana 3rd & th eds 47) Phenylalanine and tyrosine, acids. The only function of pher into tyrosine, both are aromatic amino nylalanine is its conversion 44. 'C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 295} Acetone, acetoacetate, and f-hyéroxy butyrate are known as ketone bodies. They are major fuel source of brain uring prolonged starvation, « [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 48) .'K [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds§43) fs Ri Transrption ithe elation of mestenger RNA from the ONA and is mediated by the scam (0 polymerase IT", Reverse transcription is the format vat DNA from RNA and is mediated by “Reverse transcript a ence Raves tuscan seu in once retroviruses. Option ‘C “Translation” is the tr ‘information from mRNA to proteins. 17, ‘8° [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 48] ‘Scanned wih CemScanner1B. 9. 20. a, a 23, 2, 25. 2% 2. Dental Pulse Vol.-1 ‘D {Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 132-33] Vitamin € plays an inpotant role of coenayine tn tydronylation of proline. The reaction is dependent on, pra rques amin aha betta, 0, al ‘8 [Satyanarayana 3rd & dth eds 550] ‘C [Satyanarayana 3c & 4th eds 138) 60 ma of tryptophan is equivalent to 1mg of niacin for the synthesis of niacin coenzymes ‘® [Satyanarayana 3rd 8 dth eds 48} ‘x [Satyanrayana 3d & th es 132-33] “x (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 343 Fig 15.15) Y [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 182) © Serum is nothing but plasma without clotting factors 'C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 348) Option’ tryptophan isthe precursor of melatonin, “B [Satyanarayana 4th ed 337] Urea is the end product of protein metabolism (amino acid metabolism). Urea has two amino (-NH,) groups, ‘out of which, one is derived fom ammonia and the other from aspartate. The carbon atom is supplied by CO, “0 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 34, 35, 156, 157) Choline is a component of phospholipids and is involved ‘in membrane structure and lipid transport. Iyactions are + Prevention of accumulation of atin lier «+ Actively involved in one-carbon metablism, «+ es precursor fr synthesis of acetylcholine. a [stynaraana 3d 8th eb 368) a 30. 31. 32. 3. “¢ (Satyanarayana 3d & 4th eds 352) “x (Satyanarayana 3rd & dth eds 183] For this reason, measurement of serum albumin ‘concentration is conveniently used to asses ivr function, ‘8 [Satyanarayana 3d & 4th eds 330-23] “x (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 171) Amino acids are end products of protein digestion. Glycerl and fatty acids are end product of pd digestion Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) are end product of earbohyrate digestion, ‘0 (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 170) Protein digestion begins in stomach, The gastric juice contains HCL and pepsinogen, which is converted to active pepsin by gastric HCL. 1% 36 a. 2. 49, 4. a re °C [Salyanaayana Sid 4th es 366) ea Wstamin regulates HEL secretion by yastile veo md ‘causes vasodilatation, “¢ [atyanatayana ded ath os 4 ‘the amino ack present tn ange quantities fn cla ane Glycine, Proline an Nydonypolie Appromlmately 1739 of the amin acs ae contributed by glytne he every 38 aminoacid in collagen 1 reece ete 'N (Salyanatayana 3rd & 4th eds 537) futatlons.are manly. wo Aypes Foint mutations: replacement of ene base pathy another SEER Frameshift mutatlons: The Insertion or deletion of ni of more hase pits resulting in an altered frame of the mRNA, eur ‘ + The codon contalning'the changed base silent codes’ for same amliio acid with 10 rnutation’ | tetectibi effetse gs Hoth, UCA and UCU codes for serine + The: changed tase, codés for diferaent RRR RR PIPDLLP2LAM PP POP PIU mses | | aa tama, be, crept sea nh acceptable o undcceptale. eae aves for sere while RCA 1 odes for tironlte! Fie ehahged bade. ndy become a erations ead, wh] den] eases natin of pain synthe al gz UCA, which codes ‘for, serine, may rations Ursa UNA, 2 (WAA, UNG. dnd’: UGA" are. termination, ick [eon 5! “v [Satyanarayana 3rd 8 4th eds 373) “© [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 366] “0 [Satyanarayana 3d & 4th ed 64) ‘8 [Satyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 405), ‘C (Styanarayana 3d & 4th eds 253] ‘Nini is due to lack of synthesis of pigment melanin, which is formed fom tyrosine, “D [Satyanarayana 3rd th eds 339) "e [Satyanarayana 3d & ath eds 362], Cystinosis is characterized by generalized aminoaciduria, A defect in the lysosomal function is the primary cause of epstinosis, ‘8 [Salyararayana 3rd & dth eds 339] Corbamoyl synthetase catlyses the fst step in urea cy cle or KrebssHenselett cycle and ft isa ratedimiting stop in ‘Scanned wih CemScannerFB cs, © (sexprscyena * Thee amico acd, dycine, arinice, and lection centre” foe anita ‘0ugs ic biclegiea stem. Shcine, and succinyl COA, doth are the staring raateriats nya systhest Seqararqaca 30 & sth eds 297) 2" fos are seen in methemoglobin, 2s 285-38) th plasma fee hamoglabin and Specific test for glucose | tetone bodies Giacese taidase tes 2 3rd § th ots 337] formad in liver and to some extent in 3rd 8 ath ads 346 Fig 15.7] & ath eds 242) for creatine formaticr © Epinephrine °C [Satyanarayara act & sth eds 3: Nor epine Catecholamines Arginase is the fith and inal enzyme in urea cet - + Dopamine : leaves arginine to yield ures and omithine, Ominhine, $0 regenerated, enters mitochondria, fer its recse in the * Thyroid hormones, rea oycle. : 62, ‘X [Sstyenarayana 3rd & 4th eds 386) “C [Satyenerayena 3rd & 4th eds 216-15} “Aigentafinamas” or malignant carcinoid syndrome is cue to uncontrolled growth of serotonin secreting “8 [Satyanarayana 31d & 4th eds 187 Fig 10.2] cals of GIT. Nomally 1% of “byptophan’ is utilized for serotonin synthesis, In case of carcinoid syndrome very “Y (Sstyenacyans 3rd & Sth eds 197] high. amount of typtophan is diverted for serotonin Protoparphyrin XX is 2 iton-centered molecule, and production. This results in impaired synthesis of contains tetrapyrrole ring structure. NAD" and NADP* and the patient develops the symptoms of pellagre due to niacin deficiency, [Check Explanation Beton} a oe 2, 3-biphasphoglycerate has more affinity to hemoglobin 63. ‘D {Setyenarayana 3rd & th eds 346-48) than for axyheoglobin, This facilitates the release of Transcription is a process in which RNA is synthesized ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDental Pulse Vol.-1 from DNA. Thus, the genetic information stored in ONA ’s expressed through RNA. In transription one of the two strands of DNA serves as a template and produces working copies oF RNA molecules. The first formed inactive product in transcription is referred to as primary transcript. The primary transcripts ‘undergo certain alterations called post-transcriptional ‘modifications, to. produce functionally active RNA molecules. A’ enzyme called ONA dependent RNA polymerase or simply RNA polymerase synthesize all the RNAS in prokaryotes. Tn eukaryotes the nuclei possess three types of RNA polymerases ie., RNA polymerase I, NA polymerase Il, and RNA polymerase II. The promoter sites are Hogness bx or TATA box and a second site called CAAT Box. The Hogness box or TATA box is identical to Pribnow box of prowayotes, The primary mRNA transcript produced by RNA polymerase Ein eukaryotes referred as hnRNA or heterogenous nuclear RNA. It undergoes _post-transcrptional ‘modifications like terminal base additions, base modifications, splicing, etc. The various changes before the production of functional ImRNA are 5" capping, poly-adenylation tail, splicing and removal of introns. These post-translational modifications occur in nucleus. Feulty splicing can cause diseases, Example is Thalassemia. 64, ‘D'|Setyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds $60, 561) j Chaperones are heat shock proteins that facilitate and favour the interactions on the polypeptide surfaces to give the specific conformation ofa protein. Chaperones ielp the protein to attain compact ad biologically ative \, conformation. \ CChaperdns are divided into two groups ie., HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70) and Chaperonin system, The failure of a protein to fold property leads to its rapid degradation, Ex, Cystic fibrosis. Sometimes these misfolded proteins accumulate in cells and cause neurological diseases like Alzheimer’ disease. Those misfolded proteins are called prions. 65. (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 79] In Eukaryotic cells, the DNA is associated with various proteins to form chromatin, which is finally omanized to chromosomes, The DNA double helix is wrapped around the core proteins namely histones, which ate basic in nature, . 66. ‘0’ [Satyanareyana 3rd & 4th eds 48] Proline has an imino group (eM), instead of an amino group (-NH,) found in other amino acids. Therefore 6. 6a. 6. 10. n * test to assess kidney function and considered as 2 proline fsa a-aminoacid. ° a 3d 8 th 2 $8) 1 sayanarayoe 9 conpored of singe pOYpePtS Harty of paens are composes identical (Homo-mers) °F ar we so et te a ere san om ce ae te ere ty tee ere em mm i i ae a a sepa co ta Wt a cla fg: Hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase “p [Satyanarayana 31d & th eds 48) i its, ain, and seman tea aio ci aii 2 ate en eye by humans ar 2 known as semi essential aminoacids. HATARARARNL Number of non-essential amino acids are 20. th eds 70, 337-44, 394] i product of protein metabolism. trogen containing ‘C [Setyanarayana 3rd Option A’ urea is the ene Urea accounts for 80-90% of the 1 substances excreted in urine, nine no acids “Y creatinine is formed from three amino at thionine. Remember that tuent of all amino acids. jiagnostic Option = alycine, arginine and met nitrogen is important const Estimation of serum creatinine is used as a di ‘more reliable indicator of renal function. PATTY Option “8° uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans and remember that both purines & and pyrimidines contains nitrogenous bases. ? Option C “Urobilinagént is formed during the process of degradation of Heme to bile pigments. The hemoglobin is frst cleaved to protein part “globin” and non-protein part “Heme. Urbilinogen isa derivative of non-protein Heme part ‘B'[Harper 25th ed 319] 6 4100 gm of protein’ daily excretes 16.5 gm of nitrogen "> each day So 50 gm most ely to eld 8 am of nitrogen. @™es ‘X (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 725, Fig 9.1 in 183 The movement of charged particles or one in an tle & field towards the oppositely charged electrode is known as electrophoresis, AS the proteins move in colton OS during electrophoresis they form boundaries which ong. be identified by refractive index. oe electrophoresis, (which includes paper and ot os rophores techniques) iso-electric focusing @s: immunoelectrophoresis are commonly employed “= & ‘Scanned wih CamScanner= ra. techniques in taboratony. In paper electro, ecoporesisthe serum notin ae sepa into five sitnct bands marly alumin, Baad Yalobutns In electrophoresis, the serum “Yipaproteins re Searte into HDL VDL, LO and omic ‘8 (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 47, 48) Acidic aminoacid group include aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagines and glutamine. all of them are non- ‘essential and can be synthesized inthe body 73, 'B [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 514] The current recommendation of daily requirement of protein is 0.8qms/kg body weight/day i.e., approximately Gogms, The daily requirement of carbohydrates and fats ‘are 400gms and 70gms respectively, 74, °B' (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 65, 66, 640, 202] ‘Slutathion: 4) Itis a tripeptide conjugating agent. 4) Several xenobiotics undergo detoxification by conjugation with glutathione. ‘fi) Toxic substances such as organo phosphates. are ‘converted to mercapturic acids. * iv) Toxic amounts of peroxides and free radicals produced in the cells are scavenged by gluthiane peroxidase (a selenium containing enzyme) v) It performs specialized functions in erythrocytes like © Maintaining RBC membrane structure and integrity '* Protecting hemoglobin from getting oxidized by agents like H,0,- 75,‘ [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 183] ‘Albumin is the major constituent (60%) of plasma proteins. It is synthesized exclusively in liver. Functions of albumin ’) Osmotic Due to its high concentration and ow molecular weight, it contributes to 70 ~ 80% of total plasma osmotic pressure. Transport: . | Tt binds to bilirubin, free fatty acids, steroid hormones, calcium and copper and transports them in the circulation, Nutritive: ; : Tt serves as a source of aminoacids for tissue protein synthesis if there is nutritional deprivation of amino acids. ‘v) Buffering: thas the maximum buffering capacity among plasma proteins. 76, [Satyanarayana 31d & 4th eds 203] In Sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin (HBS) has two Rormal a-globin chains and two abnormal (mutant) fi-globin chains, This is due to teplacement of glutamate at sixth position of P-globin by valine. Sickle cell anemia is due to missense mutation in the single nucleotide of i-globin gene. This error causes the formation of altered codon GUG in place of GAG which leads to incorporation of valine instead of glutamate, _ 77, 'K (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 352] For explanation Refer Q. No.9 78. ‘B’ {Lysosomes Medical inteltigence unit by Paul Saftig Pg 2] In mammatian cells, two types of mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPR) exist, one is a 46kDa cation dependent (CD-MPR, MPR46) and the other an 300kDa cation Tndependen (-HPR, NPRGOD). Both MPR ae vaulted to guarantee the targeting of al ney sythesied HeP- containing prot to bsesomes 79,8 [Satyanarayana 3rd & th eds 503] ‘The eneray values of carbohydrates, fats and proteins when metabolized in body are 4, 9 and 4 K.al/a, 4 $0 10g of protein would produce approximately 40 Kecal/a. 80, ‘D'[Satyanarayana 31d & 4th eds 277] Galactosemia is due to deficiency of enzyme galactose 11 ~ phosphate uridyl transferase. This leads to increased galactose levels in-circulation and urine. Also refer Q.No.9 81: °K [Check Explanation of Q.No.8] 82. ‘B’ [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th ed 334] ‘Aso refer explanation of 0.No.46 83.. ‘8 [Check Explanation Below] Mucins are the most abundant. high molecular weight lycoproteins in mucus, Their nature and glycosylation content dictates the biochemical and biophysical properties of viscoelastic secretions, pointing out an important role in diverse biological functions, such as differentiation, cell adhesions, immune responses and cell signalling, Most mucins are secretal onto. mucosal surfaces or secteted to become a component of saliva, ‘Scanned wih CamScannerSpode for uyntaph trope test stlfhydyl group (SH) ito’ test |), 85. 'B'[Satyanarayana 4th ed 341) ‘only aailno acld coniaining “| Specific for eysteine, tha | the ‘nly amt nck edtaining 0. solution to veld tod complex. pele for tyraaing; they 5.4) only amino acta containing ° | tho test solutian. Then the nitrated tyrosine complexes mercury {a plienol group, hydroxy sve Sols 0) OU allached to 9 benzene.| precipitate ora red solution i solution {p mized with Ho Of glyorytteacld, Concent two layet I ie sulfydiyl group ronets with nitroprusside in alvaln “iid phenol group, of tyrosine fe frst nitrated by nitric acid tn (1) and mercury (11) fons in the solution to form a red He il Potvainines, WADE aati sate rahines resting 2 Gluten Raita Sebeniynei ASSP Carnie” Purine! pyar Purifes, pura aati, feesodde es ioe Reagan g a ‘Scanned wih CamScannerBS: Teuite abiron of spas bythe small Intetne 32, highest for BR) Remses b) Disaccharides pao Rose tee Sag 2 WHA one of the following ensymes use NADP as FS coonyne: 2, aq 2 Ghceraldehyce 3 phosphate debydrogenase Sb) Lactate dahysrgenase Faq ©) Glucose S-phasphate dehydrogenase BS) Beta hyateny acy CoA dehydrogenase “ PD sien te tin ts poy ttt FR») GYcogen 2) Celiuiose Fo) Anyiase 4) Inulin, 7 anes bese ge one mq otiveris = up b Gr 8 3) Prrate kinase) Guanosine 5. Glycogen synthesis is increased by: 2 ) Insulin Bow 4) Epinephrine \ 16, 3B 6" H2jor contribution towards aluconeogencsis is by: a) Lactate 2) Glycerol Do) Ketones 4) Alanine \ $37. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the-iver and, ea a) Kidney b) Muscle ) Heart ) Fat 335. The tissue with the highest glycogen, content (mg/100gm): : 3. \ a) Liver b) Muscle 18, 3. 2 Mies 4) Testes 9, Adrenaline acts on which enzyme in glycogenolysis? 3 a) Glucokinase b) Hexokinase 0 Posoniae ——¢) Ghose dhs 19, 10. Glucose can be synthesized from all except: 3 a) Amino acids b) Glycerol ¢) Acetoacetate €) Lactic acid 20, 11. Tnsulin acts on which enzyme in glyco 5) Glucokinase b) Hexokinase 4 ¢) Glucose 6 phosphatase ¥ Adenylate kinase ... CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM _ The fist product of alycogenolyls it 8) Glucose 6 phosphate ) Glucose 1,6 diphosphate «) Glucose 1 phosphate 8) Fructose t-phosphate The compound that can glve rise to glucose by gluconeogen a) Acetyl CoA ») Lactate ) Palmitic aid 4) Fructose (wan-o2) pyruvie acid, the first During conversion of glycerol alycalyti intermediate to form 3) 2- phospho glyeerie acid 5) 3 phospho glyeerie acid ¢) 3- phospho glyceraldehyde 4) Dinyerony acetone phosphate (HAN-98) Which ofthe following statements is TRUE? 4) The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose ) The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose €) The hyolysis of sucrose yields only glucose €) Allof the abovestatements are true (MAN-95) ‘AL of the following are substrates for gluconeogenesis. except: a) Alanine €) Glycerol b) Oleic acid 4) Tryptophan (wan-o2) Which of them is multienayme-complex: a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase ) Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase ) Succinate dehydrogenase 4) Enolase (arP6-2k) {Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the: a) Nucleus ©) Nitochonria 4) Nonpartculate cytoplasm ) Ribosomes (ArPG-03) Kelis cycle occurs i, conditions: a) Aerobie b):Anderobic ¢) Nicroaerophitic 3 ‘Aerobit and anaerobic (ATINS-91) In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation takes place a) Alpha Ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA b) Succinyl CoA to Succinate ¢) Succinate to fumarate 4) Oxaloacetate to citrate (alP6-02) ‘Scanned wih CamScanner21. Which acid is 2 Oralaeasc ros "Om ee acd ple? 22. Renal hea for 9H oo gy 2 Bh gates 2) 80 mote be 4) None of the above 42, in ne fhe tain ae ore cei caneay Sec Semeceeeanem ucose ) Sucrose Dare ingte to fmarate 1 ATP 5 ferry 4 ©) Fructose 3 hatose 9) Surat foreaie NP FOIE upst-99) KAR-97 dae, when 8 2 femme wet is (detoxification formed: 2) Cytochrome P-s50 a) Taocitate wy citrate 3 5) Glutathione S-transferase 2) soccinate ft) Fumarate . ) NADPH cytochrome P- 63. BIOCHEMISTRY a) ypensicenia 8) Hyperghycenia ) Defective cori gle, ~ 2 Increased meblifzation of glycogen from liver shunt is of great importance in celivlar merabolis because it produces: 2) AIP o) Acent COA 5) AD? @) NADPH is not a product of Hl a) NAOPH ) 0 fructose 6 pt ¢) 0 sedoheptulose § phosphate 4) D glycereldetyde 3 phosphate [NADPA is generated by the action of: a) Glucose 6 phosphate dehyarogerase 3) Glucose 2 phosphate dehydrogenase ©) Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate dehydrogenase 4) All of the abov All these reactions take plece inside the mitochondria except a) EMP pathway Urea qycle b) Krebs gyi 4) Electron transfer Number of ATP molgcules generated in the conversion of slycogen to lactate'ist aye by 36 ©) 38 a6 ‘One matecute of acetyl Co-A gives rise to Are molecules: a2 ») 8 ¢) 12 @) 32 The monsaccharide glucose is best described by which ‘one of the following statements? a) It usually exists in the furanose form b) Itis atetose ©) It possessesan anomeric (-2 carbon atom 4) It formspart of the disaccharide sucrose (COMEDK-05) |. Which is not a oligosaccharide sugar? a) Galactose b) Lactose ©) Naltose 4) Sucrose Fructose intolerance is to = 4 a) Fructose only ¢) Sucrose only b) Fructose and glucose 4) Fructose and sucrose Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of 2) Glucose ) Lactic acid €) Glucose & Lactic acid d) Glycoprotein ‘Scanned with CamScanner64, Dietary fe is ih in : a) Starch 1) Catulose cee acto ©) Cellagen 4) Inulin ©) Maltose 4) tanto eae (vctt-07) Increase in pyruvate and lactate fs sen in which of the 74, Sbstance fr gluconeogenesis following dfcteney? 2) Gyeogen ty neat Co 3) Twiamine ) Pyridoxine 3 Gyewr 8} tevclne ©) Niacin 8) Vitamin ¢ (niv-07) 76, ylito is» 66, Type It glycogen storage disorders due to deficiency of; a) Natual sweet amino acid 2) slgha-lucosidase 8) Sythetc sweet aio ald 6} tural five carbon sugar 'b) alpha-galactosidase ©) Muscle phosphorylase 4) Synthetic five carbon sugar d) Acid Lipase (QNcET-07) 77. Glucose transporters present inthe fell of the sels & 67. Which one of the following enzymes provides a link Langherhans fs ‘ between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? a) GLUTA by GuuT2 a) Lactate dehydrogenase ©) GLUT3 ) GLUTS z ) Pyruvate Kinase (comeDk ) Citrate synthase 78, Prolonged carbohydrate deficiency leads to? ') Metabolic allalosis “b) Ketoacidosis > Respiratory acidosis , (FG SUNE-2032) cose transporter which is stimulated by insulin 8 4) Pyruvate dehydrogenase 6) Vitamin C deficiency (coMEDK-10) 68, Most tipogente a) Fructose b) Glucose 79, The gluc 6) Galactose ) Ribose located in (atpG-i0) a) Brain and ret / 69, The uptake of glucose by the liver increases following 8) Lver and beta els of panes f carbohydrate meal because 6) Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue 4) There is increase in phosphorylation of glucose by ) RBCs and intestine slucokinase. ena 208) 4 80. Activity of which of the following enzyme is NOT affected b) GLUT-2 is stimulated by insulin. 1) Glucokinase has 2 low Km for glucose. 4) Hexokinase in liver has a high affinity for glucose {COMEDK-09) ——_c)Hexokinase 70, Insulin increases the following pathways in liver EXCEPT- a) Fatty acid synthesis b) Glycogen synthesis 4. €) Protein synthesis by insulin 2) HMG Co A reductase b) Glycogen synthase d) Glucokinase (COMEDK-201 \, d) Glucose synthesis : (KcET-09) FA. The citric acid cycle is the final pathway for oxidation of a) Enzymes b) Vitamins ) Minerals 4) None of the above i (BHU-2012) 72. Acetyl CoA can be converted in to all of the following except: ; a) Glucose by Fatty acid : ¢) Cholesterol 4) Ketone bodies (NET -2013) 73. Apatient with hereditary fructose intolerance is deficient in which of the following enzymes? a) Aldolase b) Fructokinase : ¢) Triokinase d) All of above (COMEDK -2013) (egy .8 A; 69) A oe: ‘Scanned wih CamScannerit subnoCARI ATE METABOLISIA. — ANSWER: “ 1 [Satyanaayana 3d & ath eds 167] TW (Sanganannyane et 2 as ate 2585 AnBrathehewsesgatactasetsmoxteftienly sais |” Glaspie Cptina fh vie fm tn Followed by glucose andficiose Caton one tay oe we ‘dim Stet Se aya Tu ae sw ase ppavteshrcnpae eee 8th, ogra v sad ace © [Satyanrayara sed & ath eds 21 putin is a polymer of fructose, It's used for assessing 8. *K (Setyenarayena Kidney function through measur “© (Satyanarayana 5rd & ath eds 271) 6 th es tH rement of GFR, Slycoyee bs the storage form oA glue in nimi Se stored mostly in ver (8%) an mace 4% (Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 263} to more mv na om any en $lycovenests (synthesis of alyeagen from glucose) takes __(2504m.) Hs ebaut thves tee higher Shes cat place in ey ytosal and requires ATP and UTP, along with (Sqm) slucose. Glycogen fs mostly stored in liver and muscle ‘® [Satyanarayana 3ed& ath ods 676 Tb, 36.6) 29) Star Tsutin is secreted, by fcols of sles of langerhans of » Sec Pancreas. It lowers blood Peripheral uilzatic its production. b) Glycogen ©) Demi 4) lucose level by promoting its ion and storage and also by inhibiting “C [Satyencrayana 214 3 ath Glucose 1+ ghvephate is formed by 2 alycogen phosphorylase. Hormones Ske slucegon ont Adrenaline promotes sycopenalys by conversing iain phosphorylase to active phosphorjiave trough it, action of erayme. cea Glycolysis 277% Glycogenesis Lipggenesis Talyceride synthesis Protein synthesis 10, °C [Satyancreyena 3rd 2 4th ‘AL, *K [Satyanareyens 3:d & th eds 672] ae Pom ayers 312 & toh et HMP'shunt) 290% “Guiceneagenea 13, °F [Setyensrayena 2rd & 40 “Glycogenolysis 4 ‘ected 14, “D [Satyanzrayene 21d 2 ae reise ‘The six carbon 1,6 - diphosphs carbon compounds, ol + Lipolysis Protein degradation’ “| _ WW USWUUUEUss dihydroxy acetone phosphz! «_'R [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 258] Dinyéronyecetone Cori cycle (Gluconeogenesis from lactate) and Glucose- eean eis eee oe Alanine of is. }-phosph yy the zyme, ho tbomerase. lanine cycles are cycles of gluconeogenesis, Tlas two sileades of cerca Lactate “is a dead-end in glycolysis and is a major Obtzined from one Precursor for gluconeogenesis, Alanine dominates among the aminoacids. 15. ‘K [Satyanareyens 3rd & 4th ef: Lactate from the skeletal muscle is catried to Liver, where itis oxidized to pyruvate. Pyruvate, so produced, is converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis, which is then: transported to skeletal muscle, In Glucose-Alanine cycle, some pyruvate in skeletal muscle undergoes transamination to produce alanine, Alanine is transported to liver and is used for gluconeogenesis. eURVELUEUUUY ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDental Pulse Volt 46° (Smlyanacayana 31d & Ath es 258, 373] 27,‘ [Satyanarayana 31d & Ath eds 38) Classification of gathohyaletes: 41, ‘Ato! (Satyanarayana 3rd fe 4th eds 87, 252, 256) 1h) Monn Saccharides: Pyavate deliytroyenase (POM) converts pyruvate to + idoses t= Glyceraldehy te, Glucose acetyl Coh by oxidative decarboxylation © Katoses t Fourtnca, Pot |. 8) Olga Saccardes (D8 te saecharies) ynivatet NADY «CoA =——m Acetyl CoheCOs NADIII ‘Reducing disaccharides gr - Maltose, Lactose «+ Non-reducing disaccharides Ege «Sucrose, Tehalose etetogltarate dehydrogenase complee of cfr acid tele Is cofmparable with POM, Tt catalyses the oxidative decantation of ee keloglutarate to succlylCoA. )_ Polysaccharides: suclnyl COA + Home polysaccharides dehydrogenase oe seateh Inulin, Glycogen, and Celilose «+ Hetero polysaccharide 48. ‘C! {Sotyanatayana 3rd & 4th eds 256] Ege Hyaluronic acid, Heparin, and Citic ald cycle (Krebs cycle or trearbortte acl eyele) Chondroitin sulphate {sthe final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, Tite ard amino nid It involves the oxidation of acetyl 2a, “€ [Satyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 201 CoA to CO, ond HO and utilizes 2/31ds of oxygen ‘a= hatoglurate ‘0+ ketoglurate consuned by the bod. 29, ¥ [Satyonarayana 3rd & 4th ods 245] 4 Gales (EMP pthvay) Is the conversion of So Teh eye dows not occur In sues lke enthocytes, to pyruvate lactate with production of IEE og wie ack mitochonds +E errajr phy for ATP synthesis in mitochondria. (Cornea, lens, erythrocytes). 19,‘ (Satyanary 4th ods 254 ce con ae anea mane Lactate is the end product under anaerobic condiBeny 20. ‘8’ (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 256] vanereas. Pyruvate is the end product under aerel ‘The reaction is catalysed by “succiata thiokinase” and is. condition, the only step in citric acid cycle that results in substrate level phosphorylation, This results in formation of GTP, 30, ‘B’[Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th ed's 295) F. which isa high energetic compound. Ketone adies are major fuel source forthe brain durita prolonged starvation. 80-70% ofthe brains energy NESE 24, 'N {Satyanarayana 3rd & th ods 255 Fig 13.9] ve met by them, The ability ofthe brain to utilize fat acids for eneray is very limited. & 22," [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 19] \, «maltose - Malt sugar ‘31, ‘K [Satyanarayana 3ed & 4th eds 246-47 Fig 13.2] The committed step is an effectively irreversible ee aa te tan enzymatic reaction that occurs at a branch point. during rd a tale biosynethesis of some molecules. As the name implies. fe after this step, the molecules are committed to the : 23, 4 [Satyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 639] pathway and will ultimately end up in the pathways final 1 : product. The Frst committed step should not be confused 24, ‘8 [Satyanarayana Sd & Ath eds 246] with the rate determining step, which is the slowest step 25. ‘0’ (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 256) ‘na reaction or pathway. =. 3 6s. W (Satyanarayana 3rd 64th eds 681] PFK forms the first committed step of Glycolysis. Glucose appears in urine only when the plasma glucose 1” & concentration exceed renal threshold i.e, 180mq/di, 22 ‘C (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 681] e Benedits tests a semi quantitative test for detection of _-Notmally glucose does not appear in urine until thy urine reducing sugars (primarily glucose) aa concentration exceeds renal threst .e., 180mg/dl, As the age advances, renal threshold fo alucose increases, nee “se ‘Scanned wih CamScannerShaauanarayna 3a & ath eds 256) he reaction i cage at iS catalysed by "succinate thioknase” and is e the only step in tte acy vie acd cycle ealing in substrate {evel phosphorylation, eae es Ps. 39 + "8 [Sotyanarayana Sd & ath ra eds 254), TRE DRME TCA cycle is used since atthe outset of ce, three carboxylic acids namely acids namely citrate, eisaconitate and 'socitrate participates inthe reaction, ‘© [Satyanarayana 3rd & th eds 256] B (Satyanarayana 3d & ath eds 254] He's ste doesnot occurin tissues lacking mitachondia. Bz eutvocstes, cornea, lens. nthsetisues,eycasis 2 major pathway for AT synthesis What are the ‘mitochondrial Cells that do not contain'an active By transport system? (aPP6-18) 2) Hepatogees ») Erythrocytes d) Islet celis leurons BB °F lsatyanarayana sd & 4th eds 285 Fig 13.5] BB lSatyanarayana aed & 4th eds 255 Fig 13.9) $B22._% (Satyanarayana and & ath eds 336) In the process of transamination, ‘Most amino acids are transfered Produce glutamate. Thus glutamat the amino groups of 0 a-ketoglutarete to eee 59 caleion Bem For amino guys. Glutamate pity sede tive deamination to liberate ammonia, a ag 7 Stbonanyara a 8h es 20 ‘asteur effect is due to inhibition of enzyme phosphofru i 9 ctokinase, which isa key enzyme of glycolysis. ai, 3 3” 5 ‘ (Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 246] 8 4th eds 247 Fig 13.2), Jn glycolysis both phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate Kinase, are involved in ATP production. (Substrate level phosphorylation) ‘B'[Satyanarayana 3rd Dos. -o-tsatyanaryana 3 & ath es 247 Fig 182) Dec. a (setyanarayana ard & sth eds 246] 4 Slyeolysis is very essential for bran, whichis dependent Y cn alutose for energy The glans nbran hos teoronge ysis before itis oxidized to co, and Hi, L WS. 0 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 269} Glycogen storage disorders Lysosomal wet, 4 and | Type th vi oy, si in 4,6 ~glucosidases (acid (Pompe' see)” | Ratan) (nce Type ith (line Dente Debranching enzyme {ype Amlopectnesis | Sranehing enayme Type V. gy H+) Muscle phosphorylase (ME Aes jon * | Muscle phosphor Type Vi Liver shasphorylase. Y[Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 247-48 Fig 13.2] Hersdease 1 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 270), Von Gietle’s disease or Type I glycogen disease is due to defect in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. The accumulated glucose-6-phosphate is diverted to pentose Phosphate pathway, leading to increased synthesis of ribose phosphates. This inereases the cellular lovels ‘of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and’ enhances. the metabolism of pute nucleatides to uric acid, Elevated levels of uri acide associated with gouty arthritis. 48, ‘© [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 273] Transketolase is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a coenzyme of thiamine, Transketolase «levels in blood are useful in monitoring thiamine levels in blood. (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 277) ._'E [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 2721) ‘8’ [Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 261, 266] Glucose 6 - phosphatase cleaves glucose 6- phosphates to glucose, This enayme is absent in muscle and brain; hence free glucose cannot be’ produced from glucase-6- Dhosphate in these tissues, 52, 'B [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 145] 53. ‘B’ [Satyanarayjana 3rd & 4th eds,269] ‘D {Satyanarayana 31d & 4th eds 272] HP" shunt produces two important products i.., pentoses and NADPH. Pentoses are useful for synthesis of hucleic acids and nucleotides, 56, NADPH is required for biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids and is used for synthesis of amino acids involving the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, Tt preserves the integrity of the RBC membrane. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDental Pulse Voll 5. C [Satyanarayana 3rd 8 ath eds 273) Sedahe ptulose 7- phosphate is formed in HNP shunt, 58, [Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 274) ‘x [Satyenarayana 3rd & Uth eds 245) EH pathway or glycolysis takes place in qitosamel fraction ofthe cell sh. ~ 58, -X [Satyanarayene 3rd & 4th eds 246) 59, ‘C [Setyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 256] 60, D [Setyanaryana 3rd & th ads 13,19] Glucose is aldose that usually exists in six membered pyrenose form (furenose is five membered form), The & and B cylic forms af D-glucose ciffer from each other {in the configuration only around C, known as anomeric catbon, Sucrose is made up of a-D-glucse and fH fructose. 61,‘ [Setyenarayana 3d & th eds 12] Glucose, galactose, mannase and fructose are hexose ‘monosaccharides. Options B, C, 0, ie, sucrose, maltose and lactose ae disaccharies or oligosaccharides. “ [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 280], Hereditary fructose intolerance is due to absence of enzyme aldolase 8, It causes intracelilar accumulation of fructose 2-phosphate, severe hypoglycemia, voniting and jaundice, Fructose-I-phoschate inhibits ver phosphoryiase and blocks lycogenclysis leading to bypoalycemia, ‘ “© [Setyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 265, 245) ‘The degradation of stored glycogen in liver and muscle constitutes alycogenolyis. Degredation of glycogen \ in liver, Kidney and intestine that contain glucose \ Sephosphatase enzyme preduce free glucose. But the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in muscle and brain. Hence free glucose cannot be produced from glucose-6-phosphate in these tissues, Here, the glucose- 6-phosphate produced by olycogenolysis will be used for glycolysis, And remember that in glycolysis, the Glucose- ‘6-phosphate is converted to pyruvate or lactate: 2. 63, 64, 8 [Satyanarayena 3rd & th eds 508) Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and is. the most abundant organic substance in plant kingdom, It is a predominant constituent of plant cell wall, Cellulose is totally absent in animal body. The complex” carbohydrates that are not digested by the human enzymes are collectively refered to 2s distary Aber, These include cellulase, hemicellulose, pect ignn, gone ar acl However, some of these fibers le by the enzymes of intest i (Eg.+ Pectins, gums) ne Natetive value cero far human 4s found In. whieh cabotyiate (atrenz013) | a) Cellulose 1b) Mattose: ' c) Pructose a) Stare Pas 1 {Satyanarayana 31d § 4th ods 135, 252] The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted tO acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxation, This reaction is catalysed by a aultienzyine complex. known aS Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (POH), The enzyine POH requires five cofactors namely TPP (Thiamine Fyfe Prosphate), Linoamide, FAD, Coenzyme a and NAO". KAQQQQEL 1 [Satyanarayana Int § ath es 269) _— eae face ox Type tL eyeogen storage sot due to deficiency of lysosomal alpha-14 gluces (acid maltase), 86. -p (Satyanrayana Sr th ed 252] ‘x Saqanarayana Srd S$ 4theds 279) ior fructose significantly «+ Increased dietary intake of , testes the prodton of acety COA and lipogenes¢ fending to synthesis of fatty acids, triacylalycerol an very low densityiipoproteins, ; © Diets high in sucfose content ead to a large amount. of ¢ a fructose entering the hepatic portal system. «+ 0, ingestion of large quantities of fructose or sucross leads to many health complications. on. 68, ‘x [Satyanarayana 31d & 4th eds 246] 4 Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by, hexokinase in muscle and glucokinase in liver. fess Glucokinase 6. Catalyses the ‘Gatalyses € phosphorylation of various. | piosphorylation df only. | iexosed like Fructosé, |glucose:. mannose, ete so.) cess Wave a Has low kn forsubstrates. | Has high ka for | @es glucose (10mM) e Ttis not inhibited by: |= bite by glucose. -6-phosphate © | glucose-6-phdsphate igh atfiity Tt acts only at higher || g (1owim), glucose is levels oF glucose | utilized by hexokinase,” .e., after a meal m even at low when blood glucose je Concentration concentration is above so0ma/dl: = 70, ‘0’ [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 672] For explanation ref. Q.No. 5 ‘Scanned with CamScannerFon LGA i 4 ty ad common hectare recht. pis ard amin aces Nase ses yore alee Smee af tte bot ty oe > (Ghec Erlanatin oF 0.No.£2} 1% 1p SSeverrare ae sin ete 0} = Danes F # ol sesaccarde ls refer exparation of TS: T Geeompaas 39S Severayaa 2 8 ven ets 25] PP fefer entanavon oraner 3. “© (Sturdevane Sth et 60} 59 -HELes natal ie carbon suger obtained from Bich ‘Sees. Tis 2 sugar substitute ad reduce the incidence > Faaries ay the fellowing ways 1) arevents tte sucrase molecule from binding with steptocnccus mutans. 4) S.mutans cannat ferment (metabolize) xlital, so no acid is produced fit) Reduces S.mutans by altering the metabolic pathway. "B [Check Explanation Below] Glucose trensporcers play 2 key role fn the utilization of iucose mediated by insulin. There are several glucose ‘Sransporters (GLUT) with variable tissue distributions and fanetions. f ‘Present i human. RBC and fh blood [vessels of bra: + Helps. in. glucose uptake: by: skeletal i muscle and fat g + Tiese are low affinity transporters [r Found’ fa pancreatic betz’ cell, liver, ©) sures ie ‘intestine and Kidney ss I [+ Helps im uptake oF glucose by Beta cells [and hepatic cells + Found in neurons GQUT-3 | © GUT-1 and GLUT-3 alow alucose to| ross blood brein sarier fe Found in striated muscle and fat © “Mediate insulin: ‘stimulated ~ clucose | ‘anspor: into fet ard muscle cells ~ h* Found ix spermatozoa ? |e Primarily vansport frictose Gut | a 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 > 3 5 , d 5 , ' k 78. 79. 80. BIOCHEMISTRY The insulin dependent glucose Wansporter, GLUT &, is located in (WERALA-2016) 42) Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle ») Beta cells of pancreas and intestine ¢) tiver and RAC 4) Brain and placenta ‘B [Satyanarayana 4th ed 296] The production of ketone bodies and their utilization become more significant when glucose fs in shore supply to the tissues, as abserved in starvation and diabetes melts, In prolonged carbohydrate deficiency, automatically al the energy of the body comes from the metabolism of fats ard increases the rate of removal of fatty acids from adipose tissues. Also increased secretion of glucagon (from pancreas), glucocorticoids (from adrenal cortex) and decreased secretion of insulin further enhances the removal of fatty acids. These fatty acds are used by the peripheral tissues as source af energy and most of ‘them are converted to ketone bodies in liver resulting in ketoacidosis. “© [Satyanarayera sth ed 245] Glucose does nat epter the cels for metaboism by simple diffusion. Two spetific transport systems are recognized forthe enty of glcose into the cells, |) Insulin independent transport. system of glucose. This occurs in hepatocytes, enthrocytes and brain, fi) Insulin dependent transport system. This oceuts in muscle and adipose tissue. “C [Satyanarayana 4th ed 246] + HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-controlling enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, the metabotic pathway that produces cholesterol, Insulin binding indirectly stimulates HMG-CoA reductase activity and glucagon indirectly inhibits HNG-CoA reductase activity. * Glycogen symthase is an enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen. Insulin stimulates alycogen synthase by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinases. + Glucokinase function is to remove glucose from blood, when the blood glucose level increases. Insulin ‘Increases its synthesis. + Hexokinase present in’ extra’ hepatic tissues and ‘ts function is to supply glucose for the tissues ‘nrespective ofthe blood glucose level. Insulin has no effect on it, ‘Scanned wih CamScannerne nis 6) Stste Hy as mernbea of mont ses Sd oo int pantie 30i8 1. Fatty acid oxidation feu FE ag 1. Meat ag a ene Bare ae gy 99) a) ne 3 Mtcehonda uate? 4 : ae nat sts 7 on of the following sch ofthe following fatty 2482" . 2. yeh fhe tenon Me ig yuk totic and inser 24, 2) presta3 coe Fess aonie Unotene and Uae 36% joe resents a aime Oleic ane araciderit a These Ot? ») 5 Fa toric ae stenc 2 py 98) 3 rss ou Sd that esicd in ma 4 following subs + Nee Gece ramet due 8 NES cic, OS B pamticacd 6) Ste a 24a 5) In atin tes 3) Phosphoinost highest percensag® lycerophosphete o 4, Thetpopreinpaties thant te 2 Spree e corti of et 4) Glycerosphing e a) Crylomi a the ‘i mt BE ey oe erty pepe) 2) LDL (ow density Uipopten) e€ 4} HDL high dens Upoprten) a 5. The most important role of cholesterol is: 5 . 2) ieisa component of ell membre an. iting factor oft 264 '- \. b) It isa precursor ofpolyunsaunted ty acs 2) Aceto acetate synthetase E Te stores up energy d) None of the abo 2) hal tensferese (AIPG-96) 6 Fat provides_ tof bods calories : a = a € a) 40% b) 30% €@ og oe (P6t-03) 18, The product of oxidation aoe chainfaty cis is — . ‘Aceto acetyl CoA talonyl CoA 7. The major lipids that makeup the cll membrane are: a) Aeeto 2) Triglycerides '), Phospholipids ©) Propionyl CoA d) Fumaryl CoA ‘ ©) Sphingomyelins Fatty acids fs \ (APPSC-99) 19. NADPH i required for: ‘ 8. \The normal evel of serum colestel ist * 2) Gluconeogenesis _b) Glycolysis 2) 100-160 mgs/i00 ml c) Fatty acid synthesis) Glycogenolysis ) 260-360 mgs/200 mL ( ©) 150-250 mgs/t00 ml 24, The substance essential for transfer of fatty acid fe ds across 4) 80-420 mgs/at unseeded membrane ne 8) a) Creatine b) Creatini 9 Say Sf oe: )) Creatinine Scorn mess of by ©) Camitine Grae A 8) Alli zyme ©) Water 8) names 21. Ketone body formation takes place i 10. The following is not a phosphoti ie b) Ki 2) Sphingomyelin b) Lecithin ©) Spleen 3 Finer ©) Cerebroside 4) Cephatin oe 22. Ketone bodi thesi fins b) Cholesterol ©) Glycerol, 4) Acetone ‘Scanned wih CamScannerio) 27, 28. 29, 30. a VIVVUVYLUYLUWUUUUU UY WAH ofthe foto etone wing Is not a ketone body: ©) Acotoa tate ) Acetic ald 4) Botachydronybutyric eld Ketone bodies ate by pr Cn q 3) Cayce pt atotin of ©) fat 4) ALof the above Sch of Ue fowing cigans cannot use ketone bodes 2) Brain b) Liver ) Kidney 4) Spleen The ketone bodies, which are excreted in diabetic Ketoacidosis? 8) Acetoacetic acid and pyruvie acid ‘Acetoacetic acid and oxaloacetc acid {) Acatoacetc acid and alga ketoglutare acid 4) Acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxyl butyie acid All ate derived of cholesterol except: 2) Chenodeoxy cholic acidb) lycochalic acid ©) Testosterone 4) Cholecystokinin Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is 2) HNG CoA synthetase. b) WMG CoA lyase ©) WMG CoA reductase 4) Hevalonate synthetase The precursor of cholesterol synthesis is: a) Reet acid ) Acetyl Con ©) Oxalo acetic acid d) Pyruvate Which fs not seen in HMG CoA pathway? a) Pyruvate b) Cholesterol ©) Mevatonate 0) Acetyl CoA HMG-CoA fs formed! during metabolism of all except: a) Cholesteroi b) Leucine ©) Ketone bodies 4) Bile acids The precutsor of steroid is: a) Amino acids b) Fatty acids ©) Cholesterol d) None HIG CoA reductase is inhibited bys a) Clofibrate 8) Gemfbrosit ©) Lovastatin @) Cholestyramine Lipid from tissues is carried to tive by: a) Ol 8) Veo ) HOt 4) Chylamtrons Ail of the following are correct except: 3) HDL is protective for 1H 1b) LOL delivers cholestertin tissue «} Increase cholesterol level cause increase in no. of 36. 3m, 38. 2», 40. a 42, a, a, 45, 46. BIOCHEMISTRY receptors 4) VIDLis an endogenous triglyceride transporter Triglycerides in serum are transported by: a) WoL ) yuo. c) to 4) Chylomicrons Emogerous triglycerides in plasma is maximally bound to: 2) Chylomlerons b) tou YUL ¢) HOL Prostaglandin synthesis is partially switched off by: a) Lipo oxygenase inhibition ) Cyclo-oxygenase inhibition 6) Reductase 4) Peroxidase True about prostaglandins is: a) Short acting 1) Present in many tissues 6) Some require C-AMP for their action 4) All are true righycerde syathesis is increased bye a) Growth hormone) Insulin ©) Consol d) Glucagon ‘oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids produce: a) Suctinyt CoA »b) Propionyl Coa. ) Acetyl CoA 4) Malonyl CoA (A1Ms-06) The total blood concentration of Ketone bodies in well, fed individual fs a) Logs b) Sma leg d) 20 mg% The human plasma lipoprotein containing the highest percentage oF tracytalycerol by weight i: a) VoL ) Chyiomicrons ©) HOt 4) we (APG-08) High content of cholesterol fs present in: 8) Coconut ofl b) ag yolk ) Hyérogenated fat) Ghee (unsaturated) (AIIMS-13, AIPG-07) Fatty acids help in synthesis ofall except: a) Glucose b) Cholesterol ) Ketone bodies) Fat (AIPG-07) Insulin caused lipogenests by al except? 4) Increasing acetyl-CoA corboxylase activity, b) Increases the transport of glucose in to the cells c) Inhibits Pyruvate dehydrogenase 4) Decreases intracellular cAMP level (KceT-09) ‘Scanned wih CamScannerDental Pulse Vol.-1 ‘47-_ Ubidisrequiced in the average det because it a) has 2 high caloric value 2) provides essential fatty acide § SMe absonpion of carbohydrates is necessary for st boty: *y for storage of carbohydrates (29) 48, The main Pathway for “De - Novo” synthesis of fatty acids occurs in 2) Mitochondria ©) Cytosot b) Nucleus ©) Kone of the above .(AIPG=10) 50. Adipose tissue releases free fatty acids in the 2) Fasting state ) Resting state ©) Active state ¢) Allof the above (BHU-2012) ~ Acetyl COA is produced from which fuel sources 4 2) Carbohydrate ) Lipid © Amino acids 4) Ail ofthe above (BHU-2012) 52: Increase in lactate and pyruvate is seen in deficiency of 2) Pyridoxin ) Niacin ©) Thiamine 4) Retinoic acid (NEET -2013) 53. The main function of HOLis 2) Transport cholestert from liver to peripheral tissues ) Esterification with PUFA ! ©) Both of the above 4) Hone of the above (KAR -2013) 56, Essential fatty acid present in breast milk which is \ fequired for normal growth of child 2 Sa) Lenoleic acid". b) Palmitic acid ©) Docosahexanoic acid ) EPA - (ANMS-13) ‘Niemann-pick disease is due to the disturbance in 3) Upid metabolism —_b) Protein metabolism ©) Carbohydrate metabolism 4) Mineral metabolism 55. (Gcet-14) 56. The absorption of dietary triglycerides from the gut is mainly as a) Triglycerides ©) Di acyl glycerot b) Mono acyl alycerot 4) Fatty acids and glycerol (COMEDK-14) 57. All ofthe following are ketone bodies EXCEPT 2) Alpha ketoglutarate b) Acetone ©) Acetoacetate 4) Beta-hydroxy butyrate (COMEDK-2015) se pds sch ofthe following Praseheti wr euronic a 4) Galea comeoK-2025) 2) sue ( ) ) Vitam tipotropic factor a annrAAa ah oppaone|gseages Grn oes ,.2 2 LAaaanananh ‘Scanned wih CamScannerFE Istyanyana 3 ah eds 24) TRL RC Inthe boty are easly wld by reatdatton, occurs in mitochandia mate, Ftty aca se ordiond by mos of usu in body ean bral, erthnoeytes 4nd adrenal medulla, ' [Satyanarayana 2rd & ath ede 31) Unolele and linolenic aclds are ezsentlal since the boty ‘annat synthesire them, Arachidonic. acd. becomes ‘essential ts precursor intee acid snot pre In the diet. So ifs considered ag semi excell Mestad and ser essential fatty aids ate polyunsaturated, 1 [Satyanarayana tte th ot 38) “© Satyanarayana 34 & ath eds 217] anspor exogenats waglgyeerl to various | Chylomicrons | tsues | + Contains 99% lipid and 3% | protein | Very ow density | Transports endogenourly | tipo proteins esied tacylgyerols to | (voy) various tissues ‘Transports chlesteo fom Ae sues toliver + Plasma IDL 'sSnverely comelated with CHO, * Contains high concentration of | cholestercl + Tansport cholesterol fom iter Lov density to other tissues, proteins (LDL) | + Rsk of atheroslecsis/ coronary heart disease fs directly related to LOL concentration, Which of the folowing {s assoclated with coronary heart disease (alPG-2015) a) LoL 5) vio [e) HOw 4) Triglycerides ‘1K [Sotyanarayana Jed 8 4th 05309, €50] cell membrane, tits 3, LIPID METABOLIOM — ANSWERS. . 6 Z Cholesterol is most important phospholipid component of 41, x 1Satvararayans Jed & Ath eds peaays Saerfcaticn KOM veces to [Seqanarsyara 3 8 At eds 28, 23) Cussifcation of init: A) Sipe . Ceghain * Sphingo phosphetipids (cor Ege sphingomyelin » eg: Cerebresies, Ganlicsides ©) Lipoproteins: Ege HDL, LOL. VLDL, and Cryloricrons, Arachidoric acid, an unsaturated fatty add serves as a precurscr for synthesis of prestaglandirs. ‘Scanned with CamScanner1, ‘Satyanarayana 3: Palriitotete acta, ox ay Patel oe at ae ge a ne es Se a, ae Among them natritate An » aatritateic acid and ol Sitenreted fatty acids. Unetete ahd Bchidonic add ; ded Oe essentior polyunsaturated fatty chs are mono 24, '® [Sstyansrayana 3rd & ath eds 29) 34, [Sotyanarayana Sid § ath eds 37] a. Geactocerebosige and Glucocerebroside are the important cerebrosides. “Gaucher's” disease fs characterized by accumulation of Slucocerebroside in liver and spleen due to a defect in fenayme Bi - glucosidase. 26. 435. [Satyanarayara 3rd & 4th eds 207] Niemann ~ Pick disease is due to a defect in enzyme 27. sphingomyelinase (AIPG-11), which results _ in accumulation of sphinomyelins in liver, spleen and CNS. 36% [Sstyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 322] 417, T [Sztyansrayana 3rd & Ath eds 298] During fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA molecule catborylsted to malonyl CoA carboxylase. Acetyl CoA Garboxyizse is a regulatory enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, Glutamate rapidly undergoes oxidative deamination to 28. berate ammonia, 18. ‘C [Sztyanzrayene 3rd & 4th eds 292] 2 3rd & Ath eds 297) Functions of NADPH Syrthests of fatty acid, steroids and certain amino acids. - : ‘+ Protection from H,0, though anti oxidant reactions ‘involving NADPH © Detoxification of drugs «Preservation of integrity of R.8.C membrane 20. ‘C [Satyanareyena 3rd & 4th eds 288) The janes mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids. A specialized camitine carrier system helps in transport of fatty acids from cytosol to the mitochondria, 21. ‘K (Satyanarayana 3rd & th eds 294) ‘Acetone, acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate are known as ketone bodies. Only the first two are the true ketones, while B-hydroxybutyrate does not possess a keto group, 29, 30, The synthesis of ketone bodies occurs in liver in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA, formed by oxidation of 31. fatty acids, pyruvate and some other amino acids are the 2. nclenic acid and 23. oA synthase is the EE tone bodles. HG COA synt rca ana of tone Bol fg ath eds 294) weer beds is absent In liver, hence the liver cansrot wie ft ine bodies, Also the tissues like erythrocytes, ‘p'(Satyanarayana 31d & Ath eds 296] -p [Satyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 309-14] + Sterofd hormones ‘© Primary bile acids . (clyeocholic acid taurocholi acié) + Secondary bile acids (deoxychalic acid, lithachotic acid) Vitamin - 0 °C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 310) Enzymes ic pathway Glycogenesis lycoden synthetase: “Glycogenolysiz Glicondienésis = =" Cholesterol synthesis: Fatty acid synthesig a Synth Phosphorylase fuctoe 1/6 biphdsphatase citrate deliydrogensse Ketone Bodies’ °° | NG COA synthase. 2. Porpiyrin synthesis,” | Aininelevutinate sy Bile’acids “Tealpha hydréxylase | ‘B [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 309-10 Fig 14. 26] 'X (Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 310 Fig 14. 26) “D [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 312) PIPPAPM HMMA RAAAALAARLE ‘Scanned wih CamScanner38 € [Satyanarayana 3 & th ads 309) {esters theprecusorthe synthesis of glucocorticoids {Fa:cortise, miner cota aidosterom), progestins {bogesterore), androgens (testosterone) and estrogens (estiasie B °C [Satyanarayana 31d 8 4th eds 312] 34°C [Satyanarayana 3rd § ath eds 337) 38 [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 327 for option ‘® 1317 for option'8'8'0" 320 for option ’C]) 36'S [Satyanarayana 3ed & stl eds 317) 37°C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 317) 38, BSS SES SVeS ‘B Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 645-46) 33 Prostaglandins are synthesized from unsaturated fatty = cids (arachidonic acid), They induce the symptoms of BS inflammation, any NSAIDS inhibit the synthesis of BS —_ Prostaglandins by blocking cyclooxygenase, an enzyme wolved in prostaglandin sythess. BS 59. 0 [satyanaryana aed & ath eds 645-48] FS 40. -v [satyanrayana 31d 8 ath eds 672] ES 44. 8 [sotyasryana 38 ath ed 202] 2D 42. ¥ [satyanarayana 3d & ath ed 295) Ba. 5 44, [Sayanaeyona ad & sth ed 510] BSH, Cholesterol is exclusively found in animals and is the \ ‘most abundant anirhal stérol.It is a major component of 3 cell membranes and lipoproteins. 3 3 ' [Satyanarayano 3rd & sth eds 317] Elevation of serum cholestérol beyond 200mg/dlincreates the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases. Some nutritionists believe that dietary cholesterol may ot have much inflience cn the body levels while others recommend avoiding the consumption of cholestetol rich foods, like egg yolk, for a better health. F 45. ‘K (Harper 26th ed 123, 159] 3 Glucose (Gluconeogenesis) is synthesized from aminoacids, proprionate and lactate. Fatty acids are not B __ involved in syrithesis of glucose, 8 13)46. (C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 671, 672] g The net effect of insulin on lipid metabolism is to reduce the release of fatty acids from the stored fat and decrease the production of ketone bodies. a. BIOCHEMISTRY fact of Insuln on laogenests 1) favour the synthesls of tWlacyylycrots from Aiwcose by provling more glyero 3-phoighave {Got glyolysts) and NADPH (rom HHP shunt) il) Wetneoass the activity f acetyl Cok earbonyase 9 ey amayoe In fatty acd synthesis, {i te promotes the entry of glucose in some tisues such ae sklatl muscle and adipocytes and thus fncrases, the avallablty of fatty ald synthe, fv) Decreases inkacellular cAMP and. thus inhibits Upolysts In adipose ttssue Vv) Activates pyruvate dehydrogenase (only in asipase tissve, nat In ver) wich catalyzes pyruvate into acctyl Cor. [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 29) i 41, ets as a fuel roserve of the body (triacylalycerols) 2, Lipids are the constituents of membrane structure and regulate the membrane permeability (phospholipids and cholesterol) 3. Acts as soul of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K) 4, Lipids are important as célular metabolic regulators (steroid hormones and prostaglandins) Protect internal organs, serve as insulating materials and give shape and smooth appearance to the body. 5. 48, ! [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 297] 49, 'D'(Satyanarayana 3rd & Ath eds 274] * The main source of reducing equivalents (NADPH) is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) or HMP shunt. + The oxidative reactions of PPP are thie chief source of the hydrogen required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids. 50. [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 286) In extreme cases, humans can fast anid Survive for 60-90, days, 54. ‘D’[Satyanarayan 3rd ed 381}, Acetyl CoA is the key and commoit'metabolite produced from carbohydrate, lipids and amino acids. This enters citric acid cycle and gets oxidized to C02. Thus, citric acid cycle is the final common metabolic pathway for the. oxidation of all food stuffs, 52. ‘C [Satyanarayana 3rd & 4th eds 136) In thiamine deficiency there is impaired conversion of Pyruvate to acetyl CoA resulting in accumulation of lactate and pyruvate: Pyruvate may enter brain and its accumulation may be lead to poly neuritis, ‘Scanned wih CemScannerDental Pulse Vol.-1 5, Actas surfactants and its dficlency in infants cause 53, ‘D'[Satyanarayana 3rd & ath eds 320/ Lippincott 5th ed 234) respiratory distress syndrome ™ 2 6. Participate fn absoxption of fat «+ Reservoir of apoipo-poteins " sot 5 Taruport of nested cholesterol from paripbaal 7+ Archon act Aiberated (om phospbotipils, tissues to liver as cholesteryl esters, Severs 35 precursor for the synthesis of eicosanois « Esterifcation of cholesterol (Prostaglandins, Prostacylis,theomboxanes) + Key component in cholesterol homeostasis 8, Reduce chalesterol, as they partilpate in reverse cholesterol transport. 9. Deficiency of tipotropic factors like choline, betale, 54, ‘C [Check Explanation Below] Refer QNo.2 for essential poly unsaturated fatty acids trethionine and inattl results in faty ver (Pura) a The dietary PUFA is converted to arachidonic acid and ‘an example of a Upotropic nor eA) Docosahexanoic acid (OHA). OMA is particularly needed a) Carnitine antothenic a nie «choline @) Ethanolamine = for development of brain and retina, Tt is synthesized endogenously from linolenic acid by brain in small ‘amounts. Incorporation of DHA in diet'is essential to infants. Important source is human milk. In vegetarian mothers, the milk DHA is less than 0.1% and in women consuming “diet rich in fish the DHA is 0.8% in milk, Tjayathesized from lnolenicacid and particulary ‘reeded for development of the brain and retina during the neonatal period (COMEDK-16) b) Docosahexaenole acid a) Stearic acid ) Docosapentaenvic acid ¢) Patmitic acid 55, ‘8 [Check 0.No.15] 56. ‘8’ [Check Explanation Below] Triglycerides or triacyglycerot’s (TAG) are the most predominant storage form of energy, The pancreatic \ (main), gastric and lingual lipases hep in digesting TAG. \One TAG produces one MAG (Monoacyl glycerol) and two fatty acids, Absorption of TAG from gut fs mainly in the form of MAG, 57. [Satyanarayana 4th ed 294) / Refer Q.o.21 58, ‘B' [Satyanarayana 4th ed 36) ete pen 2. Essential for the synthesis of different Lipoproteins, and thus participate inthe transport of tpids 2. Accumulation of fat in liver (fatty tiver) can be - prevented, hence they are called as lipotropic factors, 3, Thay are the structural Components of membranes and regulate membrane permeability, 4, Phospholipids (lecithin, cephalin and cardiolipin in the ntchonda te sponsible for cell respiration. iat ‘Scanned wih CamScannerby Witamin A Vitamin By 4) Vitamin Two vitamins whore derivatives are favolied in 13 transfoination of serine to glycine a: 8) 8 988,, bY 0, and ricotinante «) falicacd nde, «) tahicacd ard, Which vitamin is synthestred ty intetinal bacteria? a) vitB Dy vita Ovi o wK Which vitamin is related to a co-factor in glycine metas a ©) Thianine ») Folic acie 9) Cobatamine Of prime importance in the structure offlavoproteins is: a) vit b) vit B, ©) vit, ova Tryptophan load test helps in the evaluation of deficiency of the vitamin: 16. BIOCHEMISTRY g Moat of stant By the a} Mati 8 8) Mydraty By ©) Gare cebstaming 4) ne of 168 ahve Sevtsbert Is caused tue ta the detcharcy of 2) Thianloe ©) Pyridonion © Ascorbic acid 4) biboftarin (naH-20, 46) Wich of the following is nat trve of Vit OF a} Its active forts cater 18) Increases calclues absorption ftum the intestines 4) Mts deficlency results Inti 4) Its decrease causes phosphate Kidneys porgtion trom the (HAn-24 A patient with chronic renal failure ard bore pairs wl have deficiency of whch vitam 3) Vitamin A ) Vitamin 8 ¢) Vitamin ¢ ) Vitamin 0 (Ha-90) The ation of vitamin K in formation of clotting factor though: 2) Post transcription 1) Post translation <8) Folie acid ) Niacinamide ©) Golgi complex ©) Pyridoxine «) Cyano cobotamt 4) Endoplasmic reticulum (198-99) 7. Biological activity of tocopherols has been attributed, in 17. Specific disease caused by vitamin B, deficiency: part to thelr ation as: 2) Paliagra 1) Angular eels 2) Antioxidant ) Anticoagulants ©) Megaloblastie anemia ©) Provitamin 4) Peripheral polyneurits 4) Antidotes for selenium poisoning (61-38) 18, Tocopherol associated with: [S2=) 8 Vitamin Cs present in largest amount in the body in: 2) Vitamin A t) Vitamin € i 2) Be b) Kidneys ©) Vitamin Kk 4) Vitamin D bed * O) Testes 4) Adrenal cortex (APG-97) fe 419, Fat soluble vitamins are: SD > Malonytaciduria is seen in dficency of 2) A,B, 0,K >) ADE, f 2) Pyridoxine +) a, ©) A BEK OACE = folicac 4) Riboflavin (KAR-99) . 20, Ascorbic acids ED 10. The following vitamin is important in non-ovidative a) Is a reducing agent. decarboxylation, transamination and trans-sulfuration 6) Decrease ion absorption 3 reactio ¢) Is harmless in high doses 2) Riboflavin ) Thiamine 8) Is required for \ysyt oxidase VP ©) Pyridoxine 4) Pantothenic acid (KAR-99), 21, Deficlency of vitamin A causes the following except: = 11. Which vitamin is the most indispensable during mitosis: a) Night blindness _b) Corneal dryness a) Folic acid ) Pantothenic acid 6) Bitot's spots ) Myopia ED oh Ascorbic acid «) Aspartic acid (6aR-2K) 2 > Taw ea ae ~ ‘Scanned with CemScannerWhich ofthe following factors delay woud healing: a) vitamin 8, deficiency b) Ascorbic ac deficlency ©) Infect 2 123, Active form of vitamin D in kidney Is: a) 1 dihydroxy cholecaetferal fb) 25 hydroxy cholecalciferot c) 1, 25 dihysrony chotecalciferot ‘24, Xerophthalmia is caused by: ') Vitamin A deficiency ») Vitamin D deficiency mney) Vitamin K deficiency ) Vitamin C defies {alrG-98) ‘25. The vitamin that factitates iron absorption: a) Fotic acid 3) Ascorbic acid ©) Biotin 4) Para amino benzole acid (KAR-2K) 26,° Average cally dose of vitamin is: 5 2) 30- 40.9 b) 50-609 9) 60- 200.m9 @) 100 150mg (WAR, AP-98;AIIMS-02) ‘a7. In vitamin A deficiency, patient complains ofall of the fotiowing except: 2) Night blindness) Xerophthalmia 5) Keratosis ¢) Phosphoric caliuria (AIPG-97) 28, Vitamin associated with one carbon transfer i: a) Niecin b) Thiamine ©) Ascorbic acid 4) Fol i “(alP6-96) Vitamin K antagonizes: 2) Corticosteroids b) Thrombin formation \ 6) Bshydrexy coumarin \Q) Production of cottng factors by ver (AitHs-94) 30. Pemicious anaemia occurs in: 2) Vit B, deficiency b) Vit B,, deficiency ) Vit Cdeficiency 4) Vit O deficiency (AIIMS-96) 31 Vitamin Ke 4) Helps in formation of prothrombin ») Inhibition of antithrombin ) Prevention of capilay fragility @) Stimulation of hematopoiesis in red bone marrow (AIPG, ATIMS-02) 32. Mc fhe ewig 4s the poorest source of vitamin a) Milk b) Cabbage 8) 8 § Coptions (tP6-01) 4) 7 dihydroxy calciferol (alNs-89) a m, 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4. 42 43. 4h; ARE MERCED care nodopsin detictency Is chefy assoctated 4) Vitamin D deficiency b) Hckete 2) Mtamin A deficiency) S20"0/ (AMS 89) Coonzyme A contalns ich ofthe folloring Mamie ‘b) Pytidorire a) Biotin d Panta actd—) Niacin (eane03, AIS: 3} _-petiiency of which vitamin causes als ay reamed eratate areas on hia and 93H at symptoms? 2) Riboflavin b) Pytidorine Niacin ) Pantothente acid (4176-95) In bumane and other primates, a+ well 4 9 SUC Migs this vitamin canna be syresized, arse as tn othe enn L-gulorlactne onde; ihe vitamin i 3)*Pantatheni acid) Hieatni aid @) Ascorbic acid 4) Folic acid 4 (raR-98) the rich source of vitamin £ (tocopherel) Is 2) Fish oil ) Liver 3 sun Fower oll ¢) Green vegetables ‘ (WERALA-2016) anguar helo sequently associated with defer of: / 2) Thiamine b) Riboflavin 4 6) Niacin @) Folic acid f (WaR-99) Deficiency of nicotinic acid results in: 2) Ber-beri ) Fellagra Wight blindness) Pernicious anemia ‘ {AIIMS-94, MAN-2) Collagen formation is affected in deficiency of b) Vit -C & 6) vit-D I (ar-03)g Scuryis the result of deficiency of: a) Vitamin A ) Vitamin C «) Vitamin B 6) Vitamin D 4 : {COMEDK-04) Niacin & iboftavin help in: a) Redox reactions b) Transamination reaction 6) Methyl group transfer d) Amine group trensfer ce “B (ATIMS-96) Daily vitamin A intake = y e a) 100010 b) 2000 LU | ¢) 3000 1.0 d) 4000 LU ee ; (PGI-03) Which of the following are the sources of Vit-C ) Ox 3 wo it ) Fresh green vegetables us fruits d) Both Band C & (KAR-97) cS a) A A wee 33) € ‘Scanned wih CamScanner45, The function of vitamin A s/are related to which of the following? a) Retinol &) Retinal ©) Retinoi above ) Retinicacids La heabove 48, Avidin influences which ofthe following vitamins? 2) Biotin by Niacin ©) Thiam Phylloguinone :) Thiamine 4) Phylloa (arPse-s8) 47, The 3 ~ ‘U's dermatitis, diarheea and dementia are seen in deficiency of: 8) Thiamin ») Riboflavin ©) Niacin 4) Pyridoxine (APPSC-99) 48. FIGLU excretion test isto estimate deficiency of a) Vitamin k ) Vitamin 8,, «) Vitamin foic acid) Niacin (INPSC-99) 42. Absorption of vitamin K requires normal absorption of a) Fat 1b) Amino acids ©) Calcium @) Glucose (TNPSC-99) 50. Deficiency of vitamin C causes the following except a) Defective collagen synthesis b) Soft swollen gums ¢) Pigeon chest 4) Subcutaneous & other hemorrhage ‘ (mPsc-99) 51, Mineral present in Vit 8, is: a) Selenium ) Cobalt ©) Tron ) Calcium (TNPSC-99) 52. Peripheral neuropathy due to deficiency of vitamin is seen with: 2) Pyridoxine b) vite ©) Vita 4) Pantothenic acid (INPSC-99) 53. Vit-K deficiency is indicated by: \ a) Low platelet count ') Increased prothrombin time ©) Decreased prothrombin time d) None of the above (KAR-98) 54. Consumption of raw egg white in the diet may result in the deficiency of: ° a) Riboflavin b) Biotin ©) Thiamine 4) Pyridoxine (KAR-02) The reaction inhibited in thiamine deficiency is a) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA ») Citrate to alpha ketoglutarate ) Succinyl CoA to fumarate 4) None of the above 56. 3. 5, 60. 61. 6. 6. 64, 65. BIOCHEMISTRY Sources of the nucleotide portion of NAD include: 1) Nemethyt nicotinamide b) Riboflavin ©) PRPP ¢) Tryptophan vitamin K dependent clotting factors are: a) It b) vit ok dX e) All of the above Vitamin 8, is: a) Extrinsic factor of castle b) Intrinsic factor of castle 7 ¢) Cyano cobalamine ¢) A fat soluble vitamin Coenzyme forms are correctly matched except: a) Biotin - carboxylated biotin ) Vitar ©) Niacin ~ NAD#NAOP ) Vitamin B2 - FMNSFAC Which of the following combination is correct? a) Thiamine - Acyl CoA ) Biotin-coz €) APAyiogen,” 6) All ofthe above Vit -8, fs absorbed in the a) Stomach b) Terminal ileum ) Lower jejunum Proximal iteum Thiamine deficiency can be diagnosed by measuring: 4) Thiamine levels in blood ) Alkaline phosphatase levels in blood ) Transketolase activity in RBC ) Plasma pyruvate and lactic acid levels Deficiency of Vitamin C causes the following except a) Painful Swollen Gums 'b) Abnormal Collagen c) Anaemia d) Diarrhoea (COMEDK-08) Both Vitamin K and C are involved in: a) The synthesis of clotting factors ) Post translational modifications 5 ¢) Antioxidant mechanisms 4) The microsomal hydroxylation reactions wre Sn (AlPG-05) Vitamin B12 acts as a coenzyme to which one of the following enzymes? a) Isocitrate dehydrogenase b) Homocysteine iethyl transferase ©) Glycogen synthase 4) G-6-P dehydrogenase (atPs-06) ‘Scanned wih CamScanner