CHM1 Energetics

Topic 1 – Energetic (Questions)
1. The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine may be
represented by a series of stages labelled A to F as shown.
N a + (g ) + C l(g ) + e –
A
N a + (g ) + 12 C l 2 (g ) + e
F
B
N a(g ) + 12 C l 2 (g ) –
N a + (g ) + C l (g )
C
1
N a(s) + 2 C l2 (g )
E
D
N aC l(s)
(a) (i) Write the letters A to F next to the corresponding definition in the table below
definition letter H/kJ mol

–1
st
1 ionisation energy of +494
sodium
st
1 electron affinity of –364
chlorine
the enthalpy of atomisation +109
of sodium
the enthalpy of atomisation +121
of chlorine
the lattice enthalpy of –770
sodium chloride
the enthalpy of formation of
sodium chloride
(3)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride from the data given.
(2)
As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(b) The lattice enthalpies can be calculated from theory as well as determined experimentally.
Experimental Theoretical
–1 –1
H/kJ mol H/kJ mol
Sodium chloride –770 –766
Silver iodide –889 –778
–1
Why is the experimental value of the lattice enthalpy of silver iodide (–889kJmol ) so
different from the value calculated theoretically?
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(2)
(c) Explain the trend in first ionisation energies of the elements of Group 1 in the Periodic
Table.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

2. (a) The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride is shown below.
N a + (g ) + C l(g ) + e –
1
N a + (g ) + 2 C l 2 (g ) + e –
–
N a + (g ) + C l (g )
1
N a (g ) + 2 C l 2 (g )
1
N a (s) + 2 C l 2 (g )
N a + C l – (s)
Use the data below to calculate the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride.
Value of the
Enthalpy change enthalpy change
–1
/kJ mol
Enthalpy of atomisation of sodium +109
1st ionisation energy of sodium +494
Enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride –411
Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121
Electron affinity of chlorine –364

(2)

(b) Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide have very similar crystal lattices. Suggest why
the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is very much larger than that of sodium chloride.
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(2)
(c) The lattice enthalpy of silver iodide can be calculated but the experimental value does not
match the calculated value as well as those for sodium chloride match each other.
Explain why the calculated and experimental values for silver iodide are different.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
3. (a) State Hess’s Law.
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(2)
(b) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
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(3)

(c) The equation for the combustion of ethanol in air is
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
and the structural representation of this is:
H H
H C C O H + 3O O 2O C O + 3H O H
H H
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction using the average bond enthalpy
values given below.
Bond Average bond Bond Average bond

–1 –1
enthalpy/kJ mol enthalpy/kJ mol
CH +412 CC +348

CO +360 OH +463
OO +496 CO +743
(3)
(ii) Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram to represent this reaction.
en th a lp y
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

4. In an experiment to find the enthalpy change when copper is displaced from a solution of
3 –3
copper ions excess zinc was added to 50.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm aqueous copper(ii) sulphate in
a plastic cup.
2+ 2+
Zn(s) + Cu (aq)  Zn (aq) + Cu(s)
The temperature of the solution in the cup was measured every minute for 10 minutes with the
zinc being added after 3.5 minutes.
The temperature readings are shown on the graph below.
70
Tem p era tu re/°C
×
60 ×
×
×
×
×
50 ×
40
30
20 × × ×
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tim e/m in u tes

(a) Suggest two reasons why a series of temperature readings is taken rather than simply
initial and final readings.
First reason..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Second reason..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T, as the reaction takes
place.
T = ...........................................°C
(2)
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction using the formula below, giving your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
–1
H = –4.18 × T kJ mol
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

5. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf .
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(3)
(ii) The following table shows some values of standard enthalpy of formation.
Name Formula Hf /kJ mol

–1
ethene C2H4(g) +52.3

hydrogen bromide HBr(g) –36.2
bromoethane C2H5Br(g) –60.4
Use the data in the table above to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
C2H4(g) + HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)
(2)
(iii) State the significance of the sign of the value obtained in part (a)(ii) above.
..........................................................................................................................
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(1)

(b) Enthalpy changes can also be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
Bond Average bond enthalpy/kJ mol

–1
C == C +612
CC +348
CH +412
C  Br +276
H Br +366
Use the data in the table above to recalculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part
(a)(ii).
C2H4(g)  HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)
(3)
(c) Suggest why the value obtained in part (b) above is likely to be less accurate than that
obtained in part (a)(ii).
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

6. The formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine may be represented by the
following Born-Haber cycle:
M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l(g ) + 2 e –
M g 2 + (g ) + C l 2 (g ) + 2 e – M g 2+ (g ) + 2 C l – (g )
M g (g ) + C l 2 (g )
M g (s) + C l 2 (g )
M g C l 2 (s)
(a) Define the terms:
Lattice enthalpy.
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(3)
Enthalpy of atomisation.
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(2)
(b) (i) Identify on the diagram the chance representing the enthalpy of atomisation of
magnesium.
(1)
(ii) Use the data below to calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine.
Value of the enthalpy

Enthalpy change –1
change / kJ mol
Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium +150
1st Ionisation energy of magnesium +736
2nd Ionisation energy of magnesium +1450
Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride –642
Lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride –2493
(2)
(c) Hydrogen gas reacts with sodium metal to form an ionic solid, NaH, which contains
sodium cations.
Draw a Born-Haber cycle which could be used to determine the electron affinity of
hydrogen.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

7. The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt is an exothermic reaction. In an experiment to
3
determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, 50.0cm
–3 3 –3
of 1.00 mol dm HCl was mixed with 50.0 cm of 1.10 mol dm NaOH. The temperature rise
obtained was 6.90 °C.
(a) Define the term enthalpy of neutralisation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
–3
(b) Assuming that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm and that its heat capacity is
–1 –1
4.18 J K g , calculate the heat evolved during the reaction.
(3)
(c) 0.0500 mol of acid was neutralised in this reaction; calculate Hneutralisation in
–1
kJ mol .
(2)
(d) Suggest why sodium hydroxide is used in slight excess in the experiment.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

8. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(ii) The values for the standard enthalpy of combustion of graphite and carbon
monoxide are given below:
–1
Hc /kJ mol
C (graphite) –394
CO(g) –283
Use these data to find the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon
monoxide using a Hess’s law cycle.
1
C(graphite) + 2 O2(g)  CO(g)
(3)
(iii) Suggest why it is not possible to find the enthalpy of formation of carbon
monoxide directly.
............................................................................................................................
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(1)

(iv) Draw an enthalpy level diagram below for the formation of carbon monoxide from
graphite.
(1)
(b) Natural gas consists of methane, CH4. When methane burns completely in oxygen the
reaction occurs as shown in the equation
–1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Hc = –890 kJ mol
Methane does not burn unless lit.
Use this information to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic
stability.
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(4)
(Total 12 marks)

9. A student was required to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between iron and
copper sulphate solution.
The student produced the following account of their experiment.
A p ie ce of iron, m ass abo ut 3 g , w as pla ced in a gla ss be aker. 5 0 cm 3 of

0 .5 m ol d m –3 aqueo us c op per sulph ate solution w a s m ea sured using a
m e asuring cylind er and ad d ed to the bea ker. T h e tem pera ture of the
m ix ture w as m easured im m ed iately before th e a dd ition and every m inute
af terw ard s until no f urth er ch ange took place.
F e + CuS O 4 F eS O 4 + C u
T im ing bef ore 1 m in 2 m ins 3 m ins 4 m ins 5 m ins

ad d ition
T em p erature/°C 22 27 29 26 24 22
(a) Suggest two improvements you would make to this experiment. Give a reason for each of
the improvements suggested.
Improvement 1 ...........................................................................................................
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Reason 1 ....................................................................................................................
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Improvement 2 ...........................................................................................................
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Reason 2 ....................................................................................................................
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(4)

(b) In an improved version of the same experiment a maximum temperature rise of

3 –3
15.2 °C occurred when reacting excess iron with 50.0 cm of 0.500 mol dm aqueous
copper sulphate solution.
(i) Using this data and taking the specific heat capacity of all aqueous solutions as
–1 –1
4.18 Jg deg calculate the heat change.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of copper sulphate used.
(1)
–1
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol .
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

10. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, making clear the meaning of
standard in this context.
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(3)
(b) Use the enthalpies of combustion given below to find the enthalpy change for
the reaction:
2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g)  CH3COOH(l)
–1
Hcombustion/kJ mol
C(graphite) –394
H2(g) –286
CH3COOH(l) –874
(3)
(c) With reference to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, what is the enthalpy change obtained
in (b) called?
………….…………………………………………………………………………..
(1)

(d) Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the combustion of
graphite. Show both the enthalpy levels of the reactants and products and an energy
profile which represents the activation energy for the reaction.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
11. (a) This question is about finding the formula of copper hydroxide. The method is as follows:

3 –3
20.0 cm of an aqueous solution of a copper salt of concentration 1.00 mol dm was
placed in a polystyrene cup and its temperature measured using a thermometer graduated
in 0.1 °C intervals.
–3
A burette was filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, of concentration 2.00 mol dm .
3
2.00 cm of sodium hydroxide solution was run into the solution of the copper salt and
the temperature was measured immediately.
3
As soon as possible a further 2.00 cm of sodium hydroxide solution was run in and
the temperature measured again.
3
This process of adding 2.00 cm portions of sodium hydroxide solution and measuring
3
the temperature was continued until a total of 36.0 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution
had been added.
The temperature readings are shown in the graph below.
30
29
Te m p e ratu re / ºC
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Volu m e o f N a O H (a q ) / cm – 3

(i) Explain why the temperature reaches a maximum and then falls slightly on addition
of further sodium hydroxide solution.
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(2)
(ii) From the graph, what volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide was required
for complete reaction?
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(1)
(iii) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in this volume
of solution.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of copper ions that have reacted.
(1)
(v) Write the ratio of moles of copper ions to hydroxide ions reacting.
(1)
(vi) Write the formula of the copper hydroxide that is produced.
(1)

(b) The data call be used to find the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and the copper salt.
(i) Use the graph to find the temperature rise that occurs for complete reaction.
………….……………….……………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) Find the heat change, q, that occurs in the polystyrene cup for complete reaction.
Use the formula
q = 168 × T joules
(1)
(iii) Use your results from (a)(iv) and (b)(ii) above, to find the molar enthalpy change,
H, for the reaction. Give the correct sign and units to the answer.
(3)
(c) Identify one potential source of error in this experiment, and say what you would do
to reduce its effect.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)

3
12. An excess of zinc powder was added to 20.0 cm of a solution of copper(II) sulphate of
–3
concentration 0.500 mol dm . The temperature increased by 26.3 °C.
(a) How many moles of copper(II) sulphate were used in this experiment?
(1)
–1
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol for this reaction given that:
energy change = specific  mass of  temperature

heat capacity solution change
/J /J g1 K1 /g /K
Assume that the mass of solution is 20.0 g and the specific heat capacity of the solution
–1 –1
is 4.18 J g K .
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
13. Urea, which is used as a fertillser in much of mainland Europe, Asia and Africa, is
manufactured by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf , of urea.
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(3)
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change, H for the reaction above, given the following standard
enthalpies of formation.
Substance Hf / kJ mol

–1
NH3(g) –46.2
CO2(g) –393.5
NH2CONH2(s) –632.2
H2O(l) –285.8
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

14. (a) Halogenoalkanes react with many nucleophiles.
Define the term nucleophile.
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(2)
(b) (i) Identify the reagent and conditions necessary for the conversion of iodoethane to
ethylamine, C2H5NH2.
Reagent:.........................................................................................................
Conditions:.....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) State why the rate of reaction would be slower if bromobutane were used in place
of iodoethane, with all other conditions remaining the same.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Iodoethane reacts with water to form ethanol and hydrogen iodide.
–1
C2H5I + H2O  C2H5OH + HI Hf = +36 kJ mol
Use some or all of the data below to calculate the CI bond enthalpy.
Bond Bond enthalpy Bond Bond enthalpy

–1 –1
/ kJ mol / kJ mol
CH 413 HI 298
CC 347 CO 358
HO 464

(3)
(d) Ethanol was heated under reflux with an excess of a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and dilute sulphuric acid. Draw the full structural formnula of the organic product.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
15. (a) The equation below shows the reaction which occurs when ammonia is dissolved in
water.

–
NH3(g) + H2O(1) NH 4 (aq) + OH (aq)
(i) Explain why water is classified as an acid in this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
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(1)
(ii) The ammonia is acting as a weak base in this reaction.
What is the difference between a weak base and a strong base?
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(1)

(b) Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form the gases nitrogen(II) oxide and steam.
(i) Complete the Hess cycle below so that ΔHreaction can be calculated using standard
enthalpy changes of formation. Include state symbols.
(2)
(ii) Calculate ΔHreaction for this reaction using the following data.
–1
ΔHf [NH3(g)] = – 46.1 kJ mol
–1
ΔHf [NO(g)] = + 90.2 kJ mol
–1
ΔHf [H2O(g)] = – 241.8 kJ mol
Include a sign and units in your answer and give your answer to three significant
figures.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

16. The apparatus shown in the diagram below may be used to find the enthalpy of combustion of
alcohols.
w ater
sp irit lam p +
eth a no l
Using the apparatus, a student recorded the results included in the table below.
Alcohol = ethanol, C2H5OH

–1
Molar Mass (C2H5OH) = 46.0 g mol
3
Volume of water in beaker = 200 cm
 mass of water in beaker = 200 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion =
198.76 g
Spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion = 197.68
g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 19.5 C
Water after heating = 38.1 C
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g C
(a) What assumption is the student making about water to be able to state that its mass is
numerically equal to its volume?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.

(2)

(c) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of ethanol used.
(2)
(d) Using your values from (b) and (c), calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. Give
your answer to a number of significant figures consistent with the readings in the table.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(e) The student’s evaluation of the experiment is given below.
My calculated value of the enthalpy of combustion was

numerically much less than the data
book value. The
reasons for my low value include:
1 heat losses to the surrounding air;
2 when I re-checked the mass of the spirit lamp and
ethanol after combustion, I noticed that it had lost
mass even when it was not being used;
3 a black solid which formed on the base of the
beaker.
(i) Explain why the spirit lamp and ethanol lost mass even when not in use.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest the identity of the black solid. Explain why its formation will lead to a low
value for the enthalpy of combustion.
Identity ........................................................................................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
17. This question is about a self-heating can of coffee.
The bottom of the can has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution. When a button
on the bottom of the can is pressed, magnesium powder is released into the compartment where
it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.
(a) (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium powder and copper(II)
ions. Include state symbols, but omit any spectator ions.
(2)
(ii) Show how the standard enthalpy change for this reaction could be calculated from
the standard enthalpies of formation of copper(II) ions and magnesium ions. You
should include a Hess cycle in your answer.
(3)
(b) The can contains 150 g of a solution of coffee in water.

The temperature of the solution needs to increase by 60 °C to produce a hot drink.
(i) Calculate the energy change needed to produce a temperature increase of 60 °C in

the coffee, using the relationship
Energy change = 4.2 × mass of solution × temperature change.
Remember to include a unit in your answer.
(2)
–1
(ii) The standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –530 kJ mol .
Calculate the number of moles of reactants needed to produce the energy change in
(i).
(1)
–3
(iii) A solution of copper(II) nitrate of concentration 8.0 mol dm is used.
3
Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the volume, in cm , of copper(II) nitrate
solution needed.
Your answer should be given to two significant figures.
(1)
(c) Suggest TWO reasons why the temperature of the coffee may not increase by as much as

60 °C.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
18. The reaction between chlorine and methane, in the presence of ultraviolet light, involves the
formation of free radicals and includes the following steps:
• ο –1
A Cl2  2Cl ΔΗ = +242 kJ mol
• • ο –1
B CH4 + Cl  HCl + CH3 ΔΗ = +4 kJ mol
• • ο –1
C Cl2 + CH3  CH3Cl + Cl ΔΗ = –97 kJ mol
• •
D Cl + Cl  Cl2
• •
E CH3 + CH3  CH3CH3
• • ο –1
F Cl + CH3  CH3Cl ΔΗ = –339 kJ mol

(a) (i) What is meant by a free radical? ....................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram, showing outer shell electrons only, for a chlorine
free radical.
(1)
(iii) What type of bond breaking occurs in step A?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Which of the steps, A to F, are chain propagation steps?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) Write the equation for the overall reaction between one mole of chlorine and one
mole of methane molecules.
(1)
ο
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔΗ , for this reaction.
(2)

ο
(d) (i) What is the value of ΔΗ for step D? ................................................................
(1)
(ii) Would you expect step E to be exothermic or endothermic? Justify your answer.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The overall reaction was repeated using bromine gas instead of chlorine gas.
Would you expect step A for bromine to be more or less endothermic than step A for
chlorine? Justify your answer.
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....................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
19. In two similar, separate experiments the enthalpy changes for the reactions of sodium
hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid were determined.
(a) The first experiment was to find the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Measurement Reading
Mass of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate added to 5.00 g
hydrochloric acid.
Volume of hydrochloric acid 50.0 cm

3
Temperature of hydrochloric acid before addition 22.0 C

of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate
Final temperature of solution 15.5 C
Molar mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate 84.0 g mol

–1
Specific heat capacity of solution 4.18 J g C

–1 –1

(i) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydrogencarbonate used.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the heat absorbed in the reaction in kJ.

3
[Assume that 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1 g]
(2)
–1
(iii) Calculate the value of H1 in kJ mol . Include a sign in your answer expressing it
to a number of significant figures suggested by the data in the table.
(2)

(b) In the second experiment the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid was measured.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCI(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
–1
The molar enthalpy change, H2, was calculated to be –35.6 kJ mol
(i) Give TWO ways in which the temperature change differs when equal molar
amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate react separately with
the same volume of hydrochloric acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Give ONE assumption that has been made in calculating the values of H1, and
H2 from experimental results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

20. In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2 elements to the
water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a) A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains calcium ions.
(i) Describe how you would carry out a flame test.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) A positive test results in a brick-red flame colour. Describe the changes that occur
in calcium ions to produce a colour.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Magnesium sulphate can be used in its anhydrous form, MgSO 4(s), or in its hydrated
form, MgSO4.7H2O(s).
An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change when hydrated magnesium
sulphate dissolved completely in water.
excess water
MgSO4.7H2O(s)  MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l)
12.3 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate was added to 100 g of water in a simple

calorimeter and the temperature was found to fall by 1.1 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy change, in joules, that occurred in the experiment, using the
relationship
Energy change (J) = 4.18 × mass of water × temperature change
(2)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate used in the
experiment. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(2)
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.
(2)

(c) The enthalpy change as hydrated magnesium sulphate is converted to anhydrous

magnesium sulphate is very difficult to measure. The Hess Cycle below can be used to
find this enthalpy change, ΔHr.
(i) Use the cycle to write an expression for ΔHr using ΔH1 and ΔH2.
(1)
(ii) Use your expression in (c)(i) and your answer from (b)(iii) to calculate ΔHr.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

21. Phosphine, PH3, is a hydride of the Group 5 element, phosphorus.
(a) (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a phosphine molecule. You should include only
outer shell electrons.
(1)
(ii) Draw the shape you would expect for the phosphine molecule, suggesting a value
for the HPH bond angle.
HPH bond angle .......................................................................................................

(2)
(iii) Explain the shape of the phosphine molecule you have given in your answer in (ii).
Justify your value for the HPH bond angle.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of
phosphine gas.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Use your answer to (i) and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of phosphine at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Δ ο 1
H f[PH3(g)] =+ 5.4 kJ mol
ο 1
ΔH at[½H2(g)] = +218.0 kJ mol
Δ ο 1
H at[P(s)] = +314.6 kJ mol
(3)
(iii) Calculate a value for the bond energy of the bond between phosphorus and
hydrogen, using your answer to (ii).
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
22. Methane, CH4, is used as a domestic and industrial fuel and as a reagent in the petrochemical
industry.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Methane burns in oxygen according to the equation:
H C H (g ) + 2 O O (g ) O C O (g ) + 2 H O H (g)
Use the average bond enthalpy data shown below to calculate the enthalpy change of this
reaction.
Bond Bond enthalpy/kJ mol

–1
CH +435
O==O +498
C==O +805
HO +464
(3)
(e) Methane is the feedstock in the manufacture of hydrogen according to the equation:
CH4(g) + 2H2O(g)  CO2(g) + 4H2(g)
Given the enthalpy of formation data below, draw a labelled Hess’s law cycle and use it
to calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
Substance Enthalpy of formation/kJ mol

–1
CH4(g) –75
CO2(g) –394
H2O(g) –242
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

23. In an experiment to find the enthalpy of neutralisation of a monobasic acid, HX, with an alkali,
the following procedure was followed:
3 –3
Step 1 25.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm dilute aqueous acid, HX, was measured into a
polystyrene cup.
Step II A 0-100 °C thermometer was placed in the acid. The temperature of the acid was
immediately read and recorded.
3
Step III 5.00 cm portions of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the acid from a
burette. After each addition, the temperature of the solution was read and recorded.
The thermometer was removed and rinsed with water between each addition. A
3
total of 50.0 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added.
(a) Suggest ONE change that could be made at Step II and ONE change that could be made
at Step III to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
Step II ...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Step III .................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The readings of temperature and volume are plotted on the grid. Draw two separate
straight lines of best fit, extending the two lines so that they intersect.
25
×
×
× × ×
Tem p erature ×
/°C
×
×
20
×
15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Vo lu m e o f so d ium hy d ro x id e ad ded / cm 3
(2)

(c) From the graph, read off the maximum temperature rise, T, and the volume of aqueous
sodium hydroxide added at neutralisation, VN.
3
T = ..................................... C VN = ................................ cm
(2)
(d) (i) Use the formula below to calculate the heat evolved in the neutralisation.
VN  25  T  4.18

Heat evolved = 1000 kJ
(1)
(ii) Given that the amount (moles) of acid neutralised was 0.025 mol, calculate the
–1
enthalpy of neutralisation, Hneut, in units of kJ mol .
–1
Hneut = ............................... kJ mol
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

24. A reaction of ammonium dichromate(VI) is shown by the following equation.
heat
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)  N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + Cr2O3(s)
(a) What type of reaction is this?
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The enthalpy change for this reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes
of formation.
ο
(i) State fully what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf ,
of a compound.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Complete the Hess cycle for the reaction so that you can calculate the enthalpy
change of the reaction from standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(3)
ο
(iii) What is the value of ΔHf [N2(g)]? ......................................................................
(1)

ο
(iv) Calculate ΔH r for the reaction using the following data. Remember to include a
sign and units in your answer.
ο –1
ΔHf [(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)] = –1810 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHf [H2O(g)] = –242 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHf [Cr2O3(s)] = –1140 kJ mol
(3)
(c) In this reaction, water vapour is formed which condenses to liquid water on cooling.
Is this reaction H2O(g)  H2O(l) exothermic or endothermic?
Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

25. Chlorine can be converted to the gas chlorine(I) oxide, Cl 2O.
The standard molar enthalpy change of formation of chlorine(I) oxide and the standard molar
enthalpy changes of atomisation of chlorine and oxygen are given below:
ο –1
ΔHf [Cl2O(g)] = + 80.3 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHat [½Cl2(g)] = +121.7 kJ mol
ο –1
ΔHat [½O2(g)] = +249.2 kJ mol
A partially completed Hess cycle involving chlorine(I) oxide is shown below:
(i) Insert the appropriate formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
box above. Include state symbols in your answer.
(1)
(ii) Insert arrows between the boxes, writing the correct numerical data alongside the
appropriate arrows.
(1)

ο
(iii) Use the cycle to calculate ΔHat [Cl2O(g)].
(1)
(iv) Calculate the Cl—O bond energy in chlorine(I) oxide.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
26. (a) Enthalpy changes can be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
(i) The enthalpy change to convert methane into gaseous atoms is shown below.
–1
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) ∆H = +1664 kJ mol
Calculate the average bond enthalpy of a C—H bond in methane.
(1)

(ii) Use the data in the table below and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the enthalpy
change for
2C(g) + 2H2(g) + Br2(g) → CH2BrCH2Br(g)
Average bond Average bond

–1 –1
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol Bond enthalpy / kJ mol
C—C +348 H—H +436
Br—Br +193 C—Br +276
(3)
(b) The standard enthalpy of formation of 1,2-dibromoethane, CH 2BrCH2Br, is

–1
–37.8 kJ mol .
Suggest the main reason for the difference between this value and your calculated value
in (a)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

27. In an experiment to find the enthalpy change for the reaction

2+ 2+
Zn(s) + Cu (aq)  Zn (aq) + Cu(s)
a student was given the following list of instructions:
 weigh out 5.0 g of zinc powder into a weighing bottle
3 –3
 use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50 cm of 1.0 mol dm aqueous copper(II) sulphate
3
into a polystyrene cup, firmly held in a 250 cm beaker
 stir the solution with the thermometer and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5 °C
 continue to stir the solution, recording its temperature every minute
 at exactly 3.5 minutes, add the zinc powder to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate, stirring
continuously
 record the temperature of the solution every minute from 4.0 to 9.0 minutes.
The temperature readings obtained are shown in the table below.
Time/min 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Temperature/°C 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 63.0 60.5 59.0 57.0 55.5 53.0

(a) (i) Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid below.
7 0 .0
6 0 .0
5 0 .0
Te m p eratu re
/ ºC
4 0 .0
3 0 .0
2 0 .0
1 0 .0
0
0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6.0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0
T im e / m in u te s
(2)
(ii) Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T. Show clearly on
the graph how you obtained your answer.
T = ................................................°C
(2)

(iii) Give ONE reason why a series of temperature readings is obtained instead of just
the starting and maximum temperatures.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Calculate the heat change, in joules.

–1 –1
The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g °C .
(1)
(ii) What assumption have you made about the solution in your calculation in (i)?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(iii) Calculate the amount (moles) of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO 4, in 50 cm of a
–3
1.0 mol dm solution.
(1)

–1
(iv) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ mol .
(2)
(c) Suggest TWO improvements that could be made to the experimental procedure.
Give a reason for each.
Improvement 1 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason ..........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

28. The values of the lattice energies of potassium iodide and calcium iodide experimentally
determined from Born-Haber cycles and theoretically calculated from an ionic model are shown
below.
Experimental lattice Theoretical

energy lattice energy
–1 –1
/kJ mol /kJ mol
Potassium iodide, KI(s) – 651 – 636
Calcium iodide, CaI2(s) –2074 –1905
(i) Explain why the experimental lattice energy of potassium iodide is less exothermic than
the experimental lattice energy of calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Explain why the experimental and theoretical values of the lattice energy are almost the
same for potassium iodide, but are significantly different for calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
29. When solutions of potassium carbonate and calcium chloride are mixed together, the following
reaction takes place
CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(a) Re-write the above equation as an ionic equation. Include state symbols, but omit any
spectator ions.
(2)

3
(b) An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction. 50 cm
–3 3
of a 1.00 mol dm solution of potassium carbonate was added to 50 cm of a
–3
1.00 mol dm solution of calcium chloride. The temperature fell by 1.5 °C.
(i) Calculate the energy taken in from the surroundings using the relationship
energy = mass of × specific heat capacity × temperature

solution of solution change
–1 –1
/J /g /J g °C /°C
You may assume that

3
 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g.
–1 –1
 The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g °C .
Energy taken in = .................... J

(1)
(ii) How many moles of calcium chloride are used in this experiment?
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, giving your answer to two
significant figures. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)

(iv) Which measurement is likely to have caused the major source of error in this
experiment? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(v) What apparatus should be used to contain the reaction mixture during this
experiment?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(c) If the experiment in (b) was repeated, but using only 25 cm of each solution, predict
what the fall in temperature would be.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
30. (a) State Hess’s Law.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Methane burns in oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using the bond enthalpies
given below.
Bond enthalpy
–1
/ kJ mol
C–H +435
O=O +498
C=O +805
H–O +464
(3)
(ii) State the name of this enthalpy change.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
–1
(iii) The value of this enthalpy change, under standard conditions, is –890 kJ mol .
State the meaning of standard conditions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Suggest, with a reason, why the enthalpy change calculated in (i) is different from
the standard value quoted in (iii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Although the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic, it does not occur
unless the mixture is ignited.
Use these facts to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
31. A student carried out an experiment to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid and also
its enthalpy of neutralisation.
• The solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were allowed to reach the
same temperature.
3
• 50.0 cm of the nitric acid was pipetted into a polystyrene cup.
3
• A burette was filled with a solution of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
• The initial temperature of the acid was recorded.
3
• The sodium hydroxide was added to the acid in 5.0 cm portions.
• After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
3
• This was repeated until 45 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.

The student plotted the results, as shown below.
30
28
26
Te m peratu re
/°C
24
22
20
18
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vo lu m e o f 2 .0 m o l d m – 3 so d iu m h y d ro x id e so lu tio n ad d ed / c m 3
(a) Complete the graph by drawing two intersecting straight lines of best fit.
(1)

(b) The point where the lines cross represents the neutralisation of the nitric acid by the
sodium hydroxide solution.
Use the graph to find:

3
(i) the volume of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that reacts exactly
3
with the 50 cm of the nitric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the maximum temperature change, T, in the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The information in (b)(i) and the equation below can be used to calculate the
concentration of the nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
3
(i) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide used to neutralise the 50 cm of
nitric acid.
(1)
3
(ii) Write the amount (moles) of nitric acid in 50.0 cm of the solution.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
3
(iii) Hence calculate the concentration of nitric acid, HNO 3, in mol dm .
(2)

(d) (i) Use the data from (b) to calculate the heat change for this reaction.
–3
The density of the mixture produced at neutralisation is 1.0g cm and the specific
–1 –1
heat capacity of the mixture is 4.2 J g °C .
Heat change = mass × specific heat capacity × T
(2)
(ii) Use your answer from (d)(i) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation
per mole of nitric acid, HNO3. Include a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(e) The enthalpy of neutralisation found by this method may be less exothermic than the
data book value because of heat loss.
Suggest ONE way to reduce the error due to heat loss.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

32. (a) Calculate the number of atoms in 3.50 g of lithium.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

23 –1
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 10 mol ]
(2)
(b) The equation for the reaction of lithium with hydrochloric acid is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2LiCl(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.
(1)

(ii) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.
(2)
ο –1
(iii) The value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H , is –557 kJ mol .
State TWO of the reaction conditions necessary for this enthalpy change to be
standard.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
33. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) The dissociation of phosphorus pentachloride is a reversible reaction.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(i) Use the values of enthalpy of formation given to calculate ∆H for the forward
reaction.
∆Hf /
–1
kJ mol
PCl5(g) – 399
PCl3(g) – 306
(1)
(ii) Explain, with reasons, the effect that raising the temperature would have on the
composition of the equilibrium mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Other than by changing the temperature, suggest how the amount of PCl 5 present at
equilibrium could be increased. Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

34. The enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate cannot be measured
directly, but can be found by carrying out two reactions as shown in the Hess cycle below.
H reactio n
C aC O 3 (s) C aO (s) + C O 2 (g)
H 3 H 4
E lem e n ts in th e ir sta nd a rd states
(a) Suggest ONE reason why it is difficult to measure  Hreaction directly by experiment.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) In an experiment to find  H1 a student added 2.00 g of finely powdered calcium

3 –3
carbonate to 20.0 cm of 2.50 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution (an excess) in a
polystyrene container. The temperature rose from 20.5 °C to 23.0 °C.
(i) Why is the calcium carbonate used in this experiment finely powdered, rather than
in lumps? Explain why this is important for an accurate result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the energy change using the relationship below.

Energy change = 4.2 × mass of solution × temperature change
–1 –1
/J /J g K /g /K
Assume that the mass of the solution is 20 g.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, H1. Include a sign and units in your answer.
–1
[The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100 g mol ]
(3)

–1
(iv) In another experiment, the value of  H2 was found to be –181 kJ mol .
Use this result and your answer to (iii) to calculate the value of  Hreaction.
(2)
(c) The student checked the experimental results using information from the Book of data in
another Hess cycle.
H reactio n
C aC O 3 (s) C aC O (s) + C O 2 (g )
H 3 H 4
E lem e n ts in th e ir sta nd a rd states
Name the enthalpy change represented by H3.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

35. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).
H O C l(g ) + 6 67 k J m ol – 1
G aseo u s ato m s o f th e elem en ts
H f + 5 89 k J m ol – 1
E lem en ts in th eir stan d ard states
(a) (i) Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct
quantities of each element.
(1)
(ii) Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation, H f
[HOCl(g)].
(1)
–1
(iii) Assuming that the H—O bond energy is +464 kJ mol , calculate a value for the O
—Cl bond energy.
(1)

(b) (i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram for the HOCl molecule showing outer electrons
only.
(2)
(ii) Predict the HOCl bond angle. Justify your answer.
Angle ................................................................................................................
Justification ......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) HOCl(g) can be made from chlorine(I) oxide by the reversible reaction
Cl2O(g) + H2O(g) 2HOCl(g)
What effect, if any, would an increase in pressure have on the proportion of HOCl(g) at
equilibrium? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

36. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) In the Haber process, ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen as shown in
the equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) Use the bond enthalpies below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ammonia.
–1
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol
2
N≡N in N +945
2
H–H in H +436
3
N–H in NH +391
(4)
(ii) Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the formation of ammonia in the Haber
process.
E n th a lp y
(2)

(iii) State the temperature used in the Haber process and explain in terms of the rate of
reaction and position of equilibrium, why this temperature is chosen.
Temperature .......................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv) Identify the catalyst used in the Haber process and state what effect, if any, it has
on the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
Catalyst ................................................................
Effect on yield ...................................................................................................

(2)
(v) Explain why it is necessary to use a catalyst in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The pressure used in the Haber process is 250 atmospheres.
(i) State and explain an advantage of increasing the pressure to 1000 atmospheres.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Suggest a disadvantage of using a pressure of 1000 atmospheres.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
37. The enthalpy change for the reaction of anhydrous aluminium chloride, AlCl 3, with water can
be found as follows:
3
• Add about 100 cm of distilled water to a weighed polystyrene cup.
• Measure the steady temperature of the water.
• Add anhydrous aluminium chloride to the polystyrene cup, with stirring.
• Measure the highest temperature reached.
• Re-weigh the polystyrene cup and contents
Data
Mass of anhydrous aluminium chloride = 4.00 g
Mass of solution = 104 g
Initial temperature = 17.5 °C
Highest temperature reached = 43.5 °C
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.09 J g °C

(i) Calculate the heat change in this experiment.
(2)
3
(ii) Assuming that 100 cm of water is a large excess, calculate the enthalpy change, in
–1
kJ mol , when one mole of aluminium chloride reacts. Include a sign and unit in your
answer.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
38. (a) (i) Write the equation which represents the change occurring when the standard
enthalpy of atomisation of bromine is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Define lattice energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) A Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium chloride is shown below.
M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l(g ) + 2 e –
M g 2 + (g ) + C l 2 (g ) + 2 e – M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l – (g )
M g + (g ) + C l 2 (g ) + e –
M g (g ) + C l 2 (g )
M g (s) + C l 2 (g )
M g C l 2 (s)
–1
Value / kJ mol
Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium +150
1st ionisation energy of magnesium +736
2nd ionisation energy of magnesium +1450
Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride –642
Lattice energy of magnesium chloride –2526

The theoretically calculated value for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride is
–1
–2326 kJ mol .
Explain, in terms of the bonding in magnesium chloride, why the experimentally

–1
determined value of –2526 kJ mol is significantly different from the theoretical value.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The table shows values for the lattice energies of the metal chlorides of some Group 2
metals.
Group 2 metal MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2

chloride
Lattice energy/
–1 –2526 –2237 –2112 –2018
kJ mol
Explain why these lattice energies become less exothermic from MgCl 2 to BaCl2.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

39. An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc powder with
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
3 –3
50cm of copper(II) sulphate solution, of concentration 1.0 mol dm , was put into a polystyrene
cup and the temperature of the solution measured. After one minute, 5.0 g of zinc powder was
added, the mixture stirred with a thermometer and the temperature measured every 30 s.
(a) (i) What is meant by a spectator ion?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the formula of the spectator ion in this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Write the equation for this reaction, omitting the spectator ion.
(1)
3
(b) How would you measure the 50 cm of copper(II) sulphate solution?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Give TWO reasons why it is better to use a polystyrene cup, rather than a metal container,
to obtain more accurate results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Calculate the number of moles of each of the reactants and hence deduce which reactant
is completely used up.
Moles of zinc powder
Moles of copper(II) sulphate
Reactant used up .................................................................

(3)
(e) The following results were obtained.
Time /s 0 60 90 120 150 180 210

Temperature /°C 22 22 60 65 63 61 59

(i) On the graph paper below, plot the results of this experiment.
70
60
50
Tem p e ratu re
/ºC
40
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Tim e / s
(2)
(ii) Explain the shape of your graph
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) The maximum recorded temperature in this experiment was 65°C. Use your graph

to estimate a more accurate maximum temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) (i) Calculate the energy change in this experiment using your answer to (e)(iii) and the
relationship
energy change = mass of × specific heat capacity × temperature rise

solution of solution
–1 –1
/J /g /J °C g /°C
You may assume that

3
• 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g
–1 –1
• The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J °C g
(1)
(ii) Use your answers to (d) and (f)(i) to calculate ∆H for this reaction. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(3)
(Total 18 marks)

40. This question is about some of the chemicals used in car engines and their reactions.
(a) Compound X, shown below, is one component of petrol.
H CH3 H H H
H— C— — C— — C— — C— — C— H
H CH3 H CH3 H
(i) Name X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Give the empirical formula of X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) X can be made by cracking decane, C10H22.
Assuming only one other product forms in a cracking reaction, deduce the
molecular formula of this other product.
(1)
(iv) What is the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction in which decane is
cracked? Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v) If the air supply in a car engine is poor, there is not enough air for carbon dioxide
to be produced.
Use this information to suggest ONE possible equation for the combustion of X in
this engine. Use the molecular formula of X in your equation.
(2)
(b) When air enters a car engine, as well as the fuel burning, nitrogen and oxygen can react to
form nitrogen(II) oxide.
–1
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ΔH = + 180 kJ mol
(i) What, if any, is the effect on the percentage of nitrogen(II) oxide in an equilibrium
mixture of these three gases if the pressure and temperature are increased?
Explain your answers.
Increase in pressure
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Increase in temperature
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) In a car exhaust pipe, nitrogen(II) oxide passes over a catalytic converter.
The following reaction occurs.
–1
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) → N2(g) + 2CO2(g) ΔH = –746 kJ mol
Explain why this reaction speeds up when the car engine has been running for a
few minutes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) A textbook says “The catalytic converter converts the gases coming out of the
engine into less harmful ones”.
State, with a reason, which of the four gases in the equation in (ii) you consider to
be least harmful.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) The diagram below shows the reaction profile for the change which occurs in the
catalytic converter.
E n erg y
2 N O (g ) + 2 C O (g )
N 2 (g ) + 2 C O 2 (g )
P rog ress o f reactio n
On the diagram, show the activation energy, EA.
Add a line showing the reaction profile if no catalyst is present.

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

41. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The following standard enthalpies of combustion are needed to calculate the standard
enthalpy of formation of ethanol, C2H5OH.
Standard enthalpy of
Substance –1
combustion /kJ mol
carbon, C (s, graphite) –394
hydrogen, H2(g) –286
ethanol, C2H5OH (l) –1371
(i) Complete the Hess’s Law cycle by filling in the box and labelling the arrows with
the enthalpy changes.
 Hf
2 C (s) + 3 H 2 (g ) + 3 ½ O 2 (g ) C 2 H 5 O H (l) + 3 O 2 (g )
...........................
...........................
........................... ...........................
............................... + ...............................
(3)

(ii) Use your Hess’s Law cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ethanol.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
42. The apparatus used and the recordings made by a student, carrying out an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of combustion of methanol, are shown below.
Diagram
th e rm o m eter
b ea k er
w a te r
sp irit lam p
m e th an o l
Results
–1
Molar mass (methanol) = 32 g mol
3
Volume of water in beaker = 50 cm
Mass of water in beaker = 50 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + methanol before combustion = 163.78 g
Spirit lamp + methanol after combustion = 163.44 g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 22.0 °C
Water after heating = 43.5 °C
–1 –1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g °C

Observations
• When the spirit lamp was being weighed its mass was continually falling.
• A black substance formed on the bottom of the beaker as the methanol burned.
(a) (i) Calculate the amount (moles) of methanol, CH3OH, burned.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.
(2)
(iii) Use your values from (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
–1
methanol in kJ mol . Include a sign with your answer.
–1
∆H = ........................................ kJ mol
(2)

(b) (i) The thermometer used in the experiment can be read to an accuracy of ±0.5 °C.
Calculate the percentage error in the temperature change.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the maximum temperature change that could have occurred during the
experiment.
(1)
(c) (i) Give a reason why the mass of the spirit lamp fell as it was being weighed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest the identity of the black substance that forms on the beaker. State the
effect on the value of the enthalpy of combustion obtained.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

43. (a) An incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide, MgO, from its
–1
constituent elements is shown below. All numerical values are in kJ mol .
H 3 = + 6 5 7
M g 2 + (g ) + O (g ) + 2 e –
en th alpy o f ato m isatio n

o f o x y g en = + 2 4 9
M g 2+ (g ) + 12 O 2 (g ) + 2 e –
first p lu s seco n d
io n isa tio n en erg y o f la ttice e n e rg y o f
m ag n esiu m = + 2 1 8 6 m ag n e siu m o x id e
M g (g ) + 12 O 2 (g )
H 2 = +150
M g (s) + 12 O 2 (g )
 H 1 = –602
M g O (s)
(i) Complete the empty box on the cycle by writing in the formulae of the missing
species. State symbols are required.
(1)
(ii) Identify each of the following enthalpy changes by name:
ΔH1 ....................................................................................................................
ΔH2 ....................................................................................................................
ΔH3 ....................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of magnesium oxide.
(2)
(b) Magnesium iodide is another compound of magnesium. The radius of the magnesium ion
is 0.072 nm, whereas the radius of the iodide ion is much larger and is 0.215 nm.
(i) Describe the effect that the magnesium ion has on an iodide ion next to it in the
magnesium iodide lattice.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) What TWO quantities must be known about the ions in a compound in order to
calculate a theoretical lattice energy?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) Suggest how the value of the theoretical lattice energy would compare with the
experimental value from a Born-Haber Cycle for magnesium iodide.
Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
44. Calcium hydroxide decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide and water.
Ca(OH)2(s) → CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Two samples of calcium hydroxide were taken, each weighing exactly 1.00 g.
3
The first sample was cautiously added to 25.0 cm of dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a
glass beaker. The temperature rise was measured and found to be 16.5 °C.
The other sample was heated for some time. It was then allowed to cool and then added to
another 25.0 cm3 portion of hydrochloric acid as before. In this case the temperature rose by
25.5 °C.
In both cases, the acid used was an excess.

(a) (i) Calculate the energy produced by the reaction of each solid with the acid.
Use the relationship
Energy produced = mass of solution × 4.2 × temperature rise

–1 –1
/J /g / J °C g /°C
3
You may assume that 1.0 cm of solution has a mass of 1.0 g. Ignore the mass of
the solid.
For the solid calcium hydroxide
For the solid calcium oxide
(1)

(ii) How many moles of calcium hydroxide were used in each experiment?
–1
[Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 74.0 g mol ]
(1)
(iii) Using your answers to (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the enthalpy changes for each
reaction.
Give your answers to two significant figures. Include the sign and units for each
answer.
For the solid calcium hydroxide, ΔH1
For the solid calcium oxide, ΔH2
(2)
(b) A Hess cycle for all these reactions is shown below.

H reactio n
C a (O H ) 2 (s) C aO (s) + H 2 O (l)
2 H C l (aq ) 2 H C l (aq )
H 1 H 2
C a C l 2 (aq ) + 2 H 2 O (l)

(i) Use this Hess cycle and your answers in (a)(iii) to calculate ΔHreaction. Include a
sign and units.
(2)
(ii) Apart from the approximations involved in using the equation given in (a)(i), give
TWO other potential sources of error which are likely to affect the accuracy of the
results.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Suggest why ΔHreaction is difficult to determine directly by experiment.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

45. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all your working.
Average bond enthalpy

Bond –1
/ kJ mol
N≡N 944
H—H 436
N—H 388
(3)
–1
(ii) The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –92 kJ mol . Explain why
the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) At room temperature, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is thermodynamically

unstable with respect to ammonia, but is kinetically stable.
Use the data in (b)(i) and (ii) to help you explain why this mixture is
thermodynamically unstable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
kinetically stable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction and a high
equilibrium yield of product.
(i) State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase the rate of
the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the rate in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)

(ii) State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 19 marks)
46. The enthalpy change for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous
hydrochloric acid was determined by the following method:
3 –3
• Aqueous hydrochloric acid was titrated against 25.0 cm of 1.50 mol dm aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable indicator. The mean (or average) titre was
3
22.75 cm .
3
• 25.0 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution was carefully measured into a polystyrene cup
3
and 22.75 cm of the hydrochloric acid was transferred to a clean dry beaker.
Both solutions were allowed to stand for five minutes before their temperatures were
noted.
• The hydrochloric acid was then added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture
stirred thoroughly and the highest temperature noted.
• The experiment was repeated three times giving an average temperature change of
+10.5°C.

(a) (i) Calculate the heat produced in the reaction, in joules.

–3
Use the approximations that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm and its
–1 –1
specific heat capacity is 4.18 J g K .
(2)
–1
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol .
(3)
(b) State ONE assumption made when calculating this enthalpy change, other than those
stated in (a)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

47. The Born-Haber cycle below represents the enthalpy changes when calcium hydride, CaH 2, is
formed from its elements.
C a 2 + (g ) + 2 e – + 2 H (g )
H 4 H 5
C a 2 + (g ) + 2 e – + H 2 (g ) C a 2 + (g ) + 2 H – (g )
H 3
C a (g ) + H 2 (g )
ΔH6
H 2
C a (s) + H 2 (g )
H 1
C aH 2 (s)
(a) Write down in terms of one of the symbols ΔH1 to ΔH6
(i) the lattice energy of calcium hydride ................................................................

(1)
(ii) the first electron affinity of hydrogen ................................................................

(1)

(b) Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of calcium hydride,
CaH2(s).
value
–1
/kJ mol
enthalpy of atomisation of calcium +178
first plus second ionisation energies of calcium +1735
enthalpy of atomisation of hydrogen +218
first electron affinity of hydrogen –73
lattice energy of calcium hydride –2389
Calculation:
(2)
(c) Explain why the lattice energy of magnesium hydride, MgH2(s), is more exothermic than
the lattice energy of calcium hydride, CaH 2(s).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

48. Two experiments were carried out in order to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of
magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
A Hess cycle for these reactions is shown below.
 Hf
Mg + C + O2 M g C O 3 (s)
E x p erim en t 1 + 2 H C l (a q)  H 1
 H3 + 2 H C l (aq ) E x p erim en t 2
M g C l 2 (a q ) + H 2 (g ) + C + O2
 H 2 = – 6 8 0 k J m o l–1
M g C l 2 (aq ) + H 2 O (l) + C O 2 (g )
(a) Complete the Hess cycle above for the formation of magnesium carbonate from its
elements by balancing the equations and adding state symbols.
(2)
3
(b) In Experiment 1 the temperature of 100 cm of hydrochloric acid was measured.
After one minute, 0.100 g of magnesium was added to the excess acid and the
temperature measured every minute. The following results were obtained:
Time / min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Temp / °C 21.0 21.0 25.3 25.1 24.9 24.8 24.7
(i) How many moles of magnesium were used in this experiment?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

–3
(ii) The initial concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.00 mol dm .
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid at the start and hence the
number remaining at the end of the experiment.
(3)
(iii) Plot the graph of temperature against time.
(2)

(iv) Calculate the energy change in this experiment assuming the temperature rise is
4.5 °C. Use the expression
Energy change (J) = 4.2 × mass of solution × temperature change

3
[Assume that 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1 g]
(1)
(v) Use your answer to (iv) to calculate ∆H1 for one mole of magnesium reacting with
hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(vi) Suggest why a temperature rise of 4.5 °C was used in the calculation in (iv).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

3
(c) 2.2 g of magnesium carbonate was added to 100 cm of the same acid in Experiment 2.
The temperature changed from 21.0 °C to 23.5 °C resulting in an energy change of

1.05 kJ.
(i) Calculate the mass of one mole of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 and hence the
number of moles of magnesium carbonate used in this experiment.
(2)
(ii) Using the method in part (b)(v), calculate ∆H3.
(1)

(d) Using your answers to (b)(v) and (c)(ii), calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf,
of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(e) Why is it impossible to measure ∆Hf of MgCO3(s) directly?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
49. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of gaseous silicon tetrachloride,
ο
ΔH f [SiCl4(g)].
Your answer should include a sign and units.
Use the Hess cycle below and the following data at 298 K.
H ato [Si(s)] = +455.6 kJ mol

–1
H ato [½Cl ] = +121.7 kJ mol

–1
2
–1
Bond energy, E (Si-Cl) = +407.4 kJ mol
H
S iC l 4 (g ) S i(g ) + 4 C l(g)
H f [S iC l 4 (g )]
S i(s) + 2 C l 2 (g )
(Total 3 marks)

50. An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc with
aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
• A measuring cylinder was used to transfer separate 50 cm3 samples of 1.25 mol dm–3
copper(II) sulphate solution into polystyrene cups.
• Weighed amounts of zinc powder were added to each sample in turn.
• Each mixture was stirred thoroughly and the temperature rise noted with a thermometer
accurate to 0.5 °C.
The results of this experiment are summarised on the graph below.
7 0 .0
× × × × × ×
6 0 .0
×
5 0 .0
×
4 0 .0 ×
Tem p era tu re
ch an g e /º C ×
3 0 .0
×
2 0 .0
×
1 0 .0
0 .0 ×
0 .0 0 1 .0 0 2 .00 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 5 .0 0 6.0 0 7 .0 0
M ass o f zin c / g
(a) Explain why the graph initially shows a rise in temperature and then levels off.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Suggest why the mass of metal is not used in the calculation of the heat change.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The graph shows that the maximum temperature change is 63.5 °C. Use this value
to calculate the maximum heat change, in joules, in this reaction.
–3
You should assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm and its heat
–1 –1
capacity is the same as water, 4.18 J g °C .
(1)
–
(iii) From the heat change calculated in (b)(ii) calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol
1
, for the reaction. Include the appropriate sign and give your answer to three
(4)

(c) (i) It is suggested that the precision of the experiment would be improved by using a
thermometer accurate to 0.1 °C.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest a simple practical change to the method that would make the experiment
more accurate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
51. (a) The following data were collected to use in a Born-Haber cycle for silver fluoride, AgF.
Value
–1
/kJ mol
enthalpy of atomisation of silver +285
first ionisation energy of silver +731
enthalpy of atomisation of fluorine +79
enthalpy of formation of silver fluoride –205
lattice energy of silver fluoride –958

On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle, complete boxes A and B by adding the
formula and state symbol for the appropriate species. Write the name of the enthalpy
change at C.
A g + (g ) + F – (g ) A g F (s)
C ............................................
B ox B ox
A B ............................................
A g (s) + ½ F 2 (g )
(3)
(b) ΔHlatt (theoretical) is the lattice energy calculated assuming the crystal lattice is
completely ionic.
ΔHlatt (experimental) is the lattice energy determined experimentally using the Born-
Haber cycle.
Values for the silver halides are listed below.
Formula of halide ΔHlatt ΔHlatt ΔHlatt (theoretical)

(theoretical) (experimental) minus
ΔHlatt (experimental)
–1 –1 –1
/ kJ mol / kJ mol / kJ mol
AgF –920 –958 38
AgCl –833 –905 72
AgBr –816 –891 75
AgI –778 –889 111

(i) Explain why the theoretical lattice energies become less exothermic from AgF to
AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Explain why the values of the theoretical and experimental lattice energies are
different.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Explain why the difference between the theoretical and experimental lattice
energies increases from AgF to AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

52. The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, ∆Hr, for the reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
H r
S O 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 S (g ) 3 S (s) + 2 H 2 O (l)
H 1 H 2
(i) Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)
ο
(ii) What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf , of a compound?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ∆Hr.
ο –1
∆Hf / kJ mol
SO2 (g) –296.8
H2S (g) –20.6
H2O (l) –285.8
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

53. Which of the equations shown below represents the reaction for which H is the standard
ο
enthalpy change of formation, H f 298, for ethanol, C2H5OH. Ethanol melts at 156 K and boils
at 352 K.
A 2C(g) + 6H(g) + O(g)  C2H5OH(g)
B 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g)  C2H5OH(l)
C 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O(g)  C2H5OH(g)
D 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g)  C2H5OH(l)

(Total 1 mark)
54. Airbags, used as safety features in cars, contain sodium azide, NaN3. An airbag requires a large
volume of gas to be produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced in this reaction:
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g) H is positive
When the airbag is fully inflated, 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas is produced.
3
(a) Calculate the number of molecules in 50 dm of nitrogen gas under these conditions.
23 –1
[The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10 mol . The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the
3 –1
conditions in the airbag is 24 dm mol ].
(2)

3
(b) Calculate the mass of sodium azide, NaN 3, that would produce 50 dm of nitrogen gas.
(3)
(c) What will happen to the temperature in the airbag when the reaction occurs?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) The airbag must be strong enough not to burst in an accident. An airbag which has burst
in an accident is hazardous if the sodium azide in it has decomposed.
Explain why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

55. A student investigated a reaction which could be used to warm up coffee in self-heating cans.
Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
In the self-heating cans, the bottom has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution.
When a button on the bottom of the can is pressed, the magnesium powder is released into the
compartment where it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.
(a) A student investigated the enthalpy change for this reaction by measuring
3 –3
50.0 cm of 0.300 mol dm copper(II) nitrate solution into a 100 cm3 beaker and adding
1g (an excess) of magnesium powder.
The results are shown below.
Temperature of copper(II) nitrate solution at start = 22 °C

Temperature of mixture after reaction = 43 °C
(i) Calculate the energy change which took place. The specific heat capacity of the
–1 –1
solution is 4.20 J g K .
Which is the correct value for the energy change in joules?
(1)
(ii) How many moles of copper(II) nitrate were used in the experiment?
(1)
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. You should include a sign and units
in your answer.

(2)
(iv) Suggest two changes you would make to the equipment used in order to improve
the accuracy of the result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The ionic equation for the reaction is shown below:

2+ 2+ –1
Mg(s) + Cu (aq)  Mg (aq) + Cu(s) H= –532 kJ mol
Would the following affect the value of the experimental result?
Explain your answer, stating the effect, if any, on the value of the enthalpy change
obtained.
(i) The student used 2 g rather than 1g of magnesium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The heat losses that occurred from the student’s beaker.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The temperature in the self-heating can needs to increase by 60 °C to produce a hot drink.
Suggest a change you could make to the mixture in the experiment in (a) to produce a
greater temperature rise. You are not expected to do a calculation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(Total 11 marks)
56. The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for copper(II) bromide, CuBr 2.
ο –1
Enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine H at[½Br2(l)] +111.9 kJ mol
ο –1
Enthalpy change of atomisation of copper, H at[Cu(s)] +338.3 kJ mol
–1
First ionisation energy of copper, Em1[Cu(g)] +746.0 kJ mol
–1
Second ionisation energy of copper, Em2 [Cu(g)] +1958.0 kJ mol
–1
Electron affinity of bromine, Eaff[Br(g)] –342.6 kJ mol
ο –1
Enthalpy change of formation of CuBr2(s), H f [CuBr2(s)] –141.8 kJ mol
(a) On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle complete the boxes A, B, and C by
putting in the formula and state symbol for the appropriate species and writing the name
of the enthalpy change D.
C u 2 + (g ) + 2 B r – (g ) C u B r 2 (s)
C D ...........................................
C u (s) + B r 2 (l)
(3)

(b) Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(c) When the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide is calculated from ionic radii and charges,
the result is a value numerically about 10% less than the one obtained from the Born-
Haber cycle.
(i) What does this suggest about the nature of the bonding in copper(II) bromide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Draw a diagram to show how the smaller copper ion alters the shape of the larger
bromide ion.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Topic 1 – Energetic (Answers)

st
1. (a) (i) 1 ionisation energy of sodium B
st
1 electron affinity of chlorine F
enthalpy of atomisation of sodium C
enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine A
lattice energy of sodium chloride E
enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride D
all six (3); 5 – 4 (2), 3 – 2 (1), 1 – 0 (0) 3
(ii) D =A+B+C+E+F
= 121 + 494 + 109 – 770 – 364 (1)
–1
= – 410 kJ mol (1)
The answer might be filled in in the table; if so and there is no working then (1)
only. Answer is consequential on the letters chosen in (i). 2
(b) calculations assume ions are point charges / separate / no distortion / uses the
ionic model (1)
silver iodide has some / significant / degree of covalent character polarisation of the
iodide by the silver (1) 2
(c) bigger atoms – electrons further from nucleus (1) i.e. size
more shielded (1)
ionisation energy decreases (1) 3
[10]
2. (a) There are several routes to the answer; one possible route is given below.
Alternative routes are acceptable.
Hlatt = (– 411) – (-364) – (+121) – (+494) – (+109) (1)

–1
= -771(1) (kJ mol )
Possible wrong answers:

–710.5 1 mark - wrong use of Hatom of Cl
+771 (0) marks - lack of understanding of cycle 2
(b) Reference to fact that doubly charged ion(s) involved in the MgO (1)
Reference to fact that this leads to stronger forces of attraction (than in NaCl) (1)
or
Comparison of charge (1)
Comparison of radii (1)

or
Lattice enthalpy depends upon sizes of ions and charges or charge density (1)
+ 2+
Na and Mg magnesium is smaller and double charged/
– 2–
Cl and O oxygen is smaller and double charged (1) 2
(c) AgI is (partially) covalent (1)

Calculation assumes 100%/ fully ionic / point charges / perfect spheres (1) 2
[6]
3. (a) Enthalpy change / heat changes (1)

is independent of route (1) 2
(b)  Enthalpy or heat change for complete combustion / complete reaction with oxygen /
burning in excess air (1)
 per mole of substance (1)
 1 atm or standard states (1) 3
(c) (i) C–C + 5C–H + C–O + O–H + 3O=O = +4719 (1)

4C=O + 6O–H =  –5750 (1)
–1
H = +4719 – 5750 = –1031 kJ mol (1) 3
(ii) Diagram showing an exothermic reaction and labelled ‘products’ and reactants’ /
equations (1)
Showing energy barrier (1)
Consequential marking on (i)
C 2 H 5O H + 3O 2
2CO 2 + 3H 2O
2
[10]
4. (a) Three possible reasons

Reason 1

Any fluctuations in temperature smoothed out / minimizes reading error / allows line of
best fit to be drawn (1)
Reason 2
Able to allow for cooling effect / able to calculate more accurate temperature change /
need to find highest temperature (1)
Reason 3
Reference to problem of how the experiment is carried out practically e.g. reaction slow /
too much to do all at once (1)
Any 2 2
(b) Extrapolation of lower and upper temperatures at 3.5 min (1)

T correct to + 1.0°C according to candidate’s method (1)
Consequential on sensible method of finding temp
change between 3 and 4 minutes 2
(c) H = - 4.18 × candidate’s T

H correctly calculated (1)
with consequentially correct sign and to 3 or 4 SF (1)
This is consequential on part (b) 2
[6]
5. (a) (i) Enthalpy/heat change for formation of 1 mole of a

compound (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states / or stated temperature of 298K
(25C) and 1 atm (or suitable unit) (1) 3
(ii) = -60.4  (52.336.2) (1)

1
= -76.5 (Kj mol ) (1) 2
(iii) negative sign means reaction exothermic/gives out heat (1)

if no answer given to part (ii) must give general explanation
that negative means exothermic and positive means
endothermic reaction 1
(b) Energy in = (612 + 366) = 978 (1)

Energy out = 348 + 412 + 276 = 1036 (1)
Energy change = 978 – 1036 = -58 (1) consequential
If candidates choose to include the four C-H bonds the above
figures are 2626, 2684 and -58 3
(c) Average values from many compounds used in bond

enthalpies (1)
Actual values for these compounds probably slightly different
/ or, calculation in (a) (ii) uses real / actual / experimental
/standard/ values (1)
n.b. do not accept arguments based on error 2
[11]
6. (a) Lattice Energy:

 enthalpy or heat energy released (could mention the
process is exothermic or value negative) (1)
a when gaseous ions (1)
(come together to) form / mole solid / crystal / lattice (1)
but not substance
if equation given could get state marks and energy change

marks if H shown 3
Enthalpy of Atomisation:
 heat energy change for the formation of one mole of gaseous atoms (1)
from an element in its standard state (1)
not standard conditions

if state or imply exothermic max 1 2
(b) (i) correct step shown (1) must identify change 1
(ii) +150 + 736 + 1450 + (2 × 121) + 642 = 3220

= 2493 + 2x (1)
2x = 727
x = –363 ± 1 (1) sign vital
n. b. 727 scores 1, –303 scores 1, 606 scores 0 2

N a + (g ) + H (g ) + e –
N a + (g ) + H – (g )
N a(g ) + H (g )
N a(g ) + 1/2 H 2 (g )
N a(s) + 1/2 H 2 (g )
N aH (s)
(c)

Marking points on cycle

 all correct species and steps plus state symbols where crucial (1 mark)
n. b. crucial steps Na (s) to Na (g) + gaseous ions to solid NaH

 complete cycle (1 mark)
 ½H2 to H (1 mark)
n. b. the whole cycle could be doubled to give 2 × electron affinity

n. b. an energy diagram as above is not essential any correct 3
cycle in any representation is equally acceptable
+
n. b. any cycle containing H scores 0 marks
[11]
7. (a) Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the neutralisation

/ reaction of one mole of a monobasic acid /
hydrogen ions (by an alkali)
or
Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the formation of one mole of
water when an acid is neutralised
Or
+ 
Enthalpy change per mole for reaction H + OH ,
H2O (1) 1
(b) q = mcT (1) other unambiguous symbols/names

= 100 × 4.18 × 6.90 (1)
= 2884 J including units (1) 3
Consequential on sensible chemistry in line 2 i.e. use of 50 for mass or temp
in K or data for temperature, transposed(max2). Ignore sign of answer
Allow 3 or 4 significant figures
(c) 2884/0.05 (1)

answer from (b)  0.05/allow answer from (b) × 20
–1
= – 57.7 kJ mol (1) accept – 57.6 2
If wrong sign (max 1)
If wrong units (max 1)
(d) Ensures all acid reacts / neutralisation (of acid) 1

+
completed / reaction (of acid) completed / all H reacted (1)
[7]


8. (a) (i) Enthalpy or heat change / released when 1 mol of

substance (1)
is burned in excess oxygen / completely (1)
all substances in standard states (at a specified temp)/
at a pressure of 1 atm. (1) 3
(ii) Suitable cycle (need not be labelled but if labelled,

these must be correct) (1)
working (1)
answer (1)
e.g . C + 1/2 O 2 CO ( H fo rm C O )
( H com b C arb o n m o n o x id e)
(  H com b C a rb o n )
CO 2 (1 )
= 394 (283) (1)

–1
= 111 (kJ mol ) (1)
Penalise 1 mark if units incorrect 3
(iii) (some) CO2 is always produced in the reaction (1) 1
(E n erg y ) C (+ 1/2 O 2 )
(1 )
CO
(iv) 1
Consequential on (a) (ii)

n.b. if no answer in(a) (ii), correct diagram can still score
(b) Methane (and oxygen) / reactants thermodynamically unstable

w.r.t. products (1)
Must be a comparison
Since reactants are at a higher energy level (than products) (1)
or reverse argument
Reactants / methane, oxygen kinetically stable (1)
Due to high activation energy (1) 4
If no reference to methane in the answer (max 3)
[12]

9. (a) Note 1 mark for improvement 1 mark for related reason in each case to max 4 marks.
Reason must relate to improvement. Max 2 for improvement. Max 2 for reason.
Improvement insulate beaker / polystyrene cup / plastic cup / use lid (1)
Reason Prevents / reduces heat loss or absorbs less heat (1)
Improvement Use pipette / burette (1)
Reason More accurate (than measuring cylinder) (1)
Improvement Measure temperature for several minutes before the addition (1)
Reason Allows more accurate value for the initial temperature (1)
Improvement Measure temperature more often (1)
Reason Allows for better extrapolation / more accurate

temperature change from graph (1)
Improvement Read thermometer to 1 dp / use more precise

thermometer/ digital thermometer (1)
Reason Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement Stir mixture (1)
Reason Ensure even temperature / reaction faster less heat loss

with time (1)
Improvement Use finely divided iron / smaller pieces (1)
Reason Reaction faster less heat loss with time (1)

Not speeds up alone 4
(b) (i) Heat change = 50.0 × 4.18 × 15.2J

= 50.0 × 4.18 × 15.2 / 1000kJ
= 3.18kJ or 3180J (1)
Ignore sig. fig. Allow mark if units omitted 1
If units quoted but wrong eg 3.18 J score 0.
(ii) No of mols of copper sulphate = 50.0 × 0.500 / 1000

= 0.025 (1) 1
(iii) Enthalpy change per mol = 3.18/.025 = –127kJ (1)

negative sign (1) stand alone
consequential on (i) and (ii)
1
max 4 sig fig and answer must be in kJ mol even if units omitted. 2

[8]
10. (a)  Enthalpy or heat change or heat energy / released when 1 mol
of substance / element or compound (need to say both) (1)
 is burned in excess oxygen / completely / reacts completely (1)
at 1 atm pressure and specified temperature (1) 3
(b) H = 2Hc(C) + 2Hc(H2)  Hc(CH3COOH) (1) for this or

equivalent cycle drawn;
H = (–394  2) + (286  2)–(–874) (1)

–1
= 486 kJ mol (1) 3
(c) (Enthalpy of) formation / Hf (1)
(d)  correct orientation of energy levels / labelled (at least one) (1)
 H shown - number allowed (1)
reaction profile showing Ea (1)
[if based on (b) max 2]
a ctiv atio n en erg y

C (+ O 2 )
E n th a lp y
H
CO 2
[10]
11. (a) (i)  Reaction is complete (1)

 addition of cooler NaOH causes temp to fall (1) 2
3
(ii) 20.0 cm (1) 1
(iii) 20.0  2.00 / 1000 (1)= 0.0400 mol 1

(iv) 20  1.00 / 1000 (1) =0.0200 mol 1
(v) 1 : 2 (1) MUST be consequential on working in (iii) to (iv) 1
(vi) Cu(OH)2 (1) Consequential provided that the ratio of Cu to OH is

a whole number 1
(b) (i) 7.2 C (or K) (1) 1
(ii) q = 1210 J / 1.21 kJ (1) Consequential on (b)(i) 1
(iii)  H = 1210 J / 0.020 (1) ie. method Mark consequentially on (a)(iv)

and (b)(ii).
 – sign (1)
Correct units (1) (*)
2 max if numerical error (*)
In final answer 3
(c)  No stirring / poor mixing (1)

 Specified method of stirring or mixing e.g. magnetic stirrer / swirl cup
between additions (1)
or
 Solutions at different initial temperatures (1)
Allow them to stabilise at room temperature (1)
Do not allow anything to do with heat loss. Do not allow ‘more accurate
thermometer` since the one specified is good enough. 2
[14]
20
12. (a) 1000 × 0.5 = 0.01 1
(b) Energy change = 20 × 4.18 × 26.3 = (2198.68)

2198.68
H = (–) 0.01 (1)
–220, ALLOW 4sf –219.9, no units needed
OR – 220,000 J (1) 2
[3]
13. (a) (i)  It is the enthalpy / heat (energy) change / evolved for the
formation of 1 mol of urea (1)

 from its elements (1)
 in their standard states / at 1 atm and stated temperature {298K} (1) 3
(b) AMENDED (ignore units)
{(-333.0) + (– 285-8)} – {(2 × –46.2) + (–393.5)}
= - 618.8 + 485.9
= - 132.9 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)
Correct answer alone (1)

+ 132.9 kJ (2)
Omitting the ×2 gives –179.1 kJ (2)
+ 179.1 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hess’s Law gives –1104.7 kJ (2)
+ 1 1 04.7 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hess’s Law and omit ×2 gives –1058.5 kJ (1)
+ 1058.5 kJ (0)
NOT AMENDED (ignore units)
{(632.2) + (–285.8)) – ((2 × –46.2) + (–393.5)} (1)

= - 918.0 + 485.9
= - 432.1 kJ (3)
Correct answer alone (1)
+ 432.1 kJ (2)
Omitting the ×2 gives – 478.3 kJ (2)
+ 478.3 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hess’s Law gives – 1403.9 kJ (2)
+ 1403.9 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hess’s Law and omit x2 gives 1357.1 kJ (1)
+ 1357.1 kJ (0)
[6]
14. (a)  A species with a lone pair / pair of electrons (1)

NOT “negative ion” alone or as an alternative
 which it uses / donates to form a (dative) covalent bond (1) 2
(b) (i)  Ammonia / NH3 (in ethanol) (1)
 heat (1) NOT heat under reflux UNLESS in a sealed tube

If a temperature is quoted it must be greater than 100C
 in sealed tube / under pressure / concentrated (1)

If a pressure is quoted it must be greater than 1 atm
Conditions are dependent on correct reagent.
If ammonia and an additional reagent max (1) for two correct conditions. 3
(ii) Carbon-bromine bond stronger / higher bond enthalpy than
carbon – iodine / Ea for C-Br is higher than C-I
IGNORE any extra explanations involving the alkyl groups 1
(c) Identify bonds broken and made (1)
e.g. Energy in + 464 or + 3340
AND Energy out (-) 656 or (-) 3532 (1)
Energy needed to break bonds – energy released to make bonds = 36 (1)
e.g. C-I + 464 – 656 = + 36
or C-I + 3340 – 3532 = + 36 (1)
Correct evaluation dependent on use of 36 (1)

–1
i.e. C-I = 228 kJ mol (1)
If final answer is negative max (2)
If 36 is on the wrong side, then 156 max 2 (-156 (1))
If miss out 36, then 192 max 1 3

H
O
H C C
O H ALLO W OH
H
(d) 1
[10]
+
15. (a) (i) H2O is proton / H / hydrogen ion donor 1
(ii) Strong base ionises completely in water/solution

or weak base does not ionise/ interact to any extent in water
or strong base is a better proton acceptor than weak base
Don’t allow definitions based on rate 1
(b) (i) 2N2(g) +6H2(g) + 5O2(g)

Correct diatomic elements with state symbols (1)
Balanced cycle (1) 2
(ii) ie H = 4(90.2) + 6(–241.8) –4(–46.1) (2)

= 360.8 – 1450.8 + 184.4
–1
= – 905.6 kJ mol
–1
= – 906 kJ mol (1)
–1 for incorrect significant figures

correct use of Hess cycle (1)
correct use of multiples (1)
consequential answer with correct sign and units (1) 3
[7]
–3
16. (a) Density = 1.0 g cm
3
OR 1 cm (of water) weighs 1 g 1
(b) (T = 38.1 – 19.5 =) 18.6 (°C) calculated or correctly used (1)
200  4.18  18.6
1000 = 15.5/15.55 (kJ) (1)
Correct answer with some working (2) 2
(c) (Mass used = 198.76 – 197.68 = ) 1.08 calculated or correctly used

(1)

1.08
Moles = 46.0 = 0.0235 / 0.02348 (1) 2
Answer to(b)
(d) Answer to(c) (1)
15.5
e.g. 0.0235
–1
negative sign and kJ mol (1)
answer correct to 3sf (1) 3
(e) (i) Ethanol vaporises/evaporates (1) 1
(ii) Carbon/soot (1)

Incomplete combustion/insufficient oxygen so reaction does
not go to completion (1) 2
[11]
2+ 2+
17. (a) (i) Mg(s) + Cu (aq)  Mg (aq) + Cu(s)
entities (1)
state symbols (1) 2
(ii)
ο ο 2+ ο 2+
H (r) = H f[Mg (aq)] – H f [Cu (aq)]
entities including state symbols (1)

arrows (1)
Hess applied (1) 3
(b) (i) 4.2×150×60 (1)

= 37800 / 38000 J (1)
OR 37.8 / 38 kJ 2
(ii) 37800 / 530000

= 0.07(13) (mol) 1
(iii) 1000 × 0.0713 / 8

3
= 8.9(2) cm
ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii) 1
(c) Heat losses to surroundings /container / through container (1)

Heat capacity of chemicals not considered (1)

Incomplete reaction / mixing (1)
Any two reasonable points 2
[11]
18. (a) (i) a particle / species /group with an unpaired electron /OWTTE 1
(ii) 1
(iii) homolytic 1
(b) B and C 1
(c) (i) C12 + CH4  CH3Cl + HCl 1
–1
(ii) +242 + 4 + –339 = –93 kJ mol
(A + B + F)
OR
–1
+4 – 97 = –93 kJ mol
(B + C)
Method (1)
answer with units (1) 2
–1
(d) (i) -242 kJ mol 1
(ii) Exothermic because a bond has been formed. 1
(e) Less endothermic (1)

the bond is weaker (1) 2
[11]
19. (a) (i) 5.00 + 84.0 = 0.0595 mol 1
(ii) 50.0 × 4.18 × 6.5 (1) ignore sign

÷ 1000 (1) = 1.36kJ mark consequentially
(1.49.kJ if use 55.0 g (1)) 2
(iii) Answer to (ii) ÷ answer to (i) (1) /correct method.

(expected answer +22.6 to + 22.9 for 50.0 g or +24.8 to +25.1 for
55.0g)
Answer with positive sign to 3 sfs (1) 2
(b) (i) Increase temperature for Na2CO3 and decrease for NaHCO3 (1)
Larger T with Na2CO3 (or consequential on (a)(iii) (1) 2
(ii) No heat lost/gained to/from surroundings/reaction is complete

shc of the solution is the same as water
3
Allow 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1g 1

–10 –1
Do not allow shc is 4.18 J g C
[8]
20. (a) (i) Nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod (1)

cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered sample and heated in flame (1)
rd
both ideas needed for 3 point. 3
(ii) Electrons promoted/excited to higher energy levels (1)

Fall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
/wavelength/emr (1) 2
+
(iii) Sodium/Na 1
(b) (i) 4.18 × 100 × 1.1 (1)

= 460J / 0.460 kJ/459.8J (1) 2
(ii) Mr MgSO4.7H2O = 246 (1)

12.3/246 = 0.05 (1) Allow TE 2
(iii) 460/0.05
–1 –1
+9200 J mol /+9.2 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)
–1 for incorrect SF.
ALLOW TE from b(i) and/or b(ii) 2
(c) (i) Hr = H1 – H2 1
(ii) +9.2 – –85.2

–1
= +94 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1) 2
[15]
21. (a) (i)
ACCEPT all dots/crosses
(ii)

Trigonal pyramid/Tetrahedral/‘Three leg stool’ shape (1) –
must be some attempt at 3D or correct name
107° ALLOW 92-108 (1) 2
(iii) repulsion between four pairs of electrons gives

tetrahedral shape (1))
Greater repulsion of non-bonding electrons/lone pair
closes down tetrahedral bond angle (1) 2
(b) (i) PH3(g)  P(g) + 3H(g) 1
(ii) Hess applied (1)

Multiples (1)
–1
Correct answer + 963(.2)/960 kJ mol (1) 3
(iii) Answer to (ii) divided by 3

–1
+ 321(.1)/320 kJ mol 1
[10]
22. (a) Enthalpy / heat/energy change when 1 mol of a substance (1)

NOT “heat needed”
is burnt in excess / burnt completely in air/oxygen (1)
under standard conditions of 1 atm pressure & stated temperature / at 298 K (1) 3
(b) Bonds broken 4 × C-H = + 1740

 996
2 × O=O  2736 (1)
Bonds made 2 × C=O = – 1610

 –1856
4 × H–O  –3466 (1)
–1
∆H = + 2736 + (–3466) = – 730 (1) (kJ mol ) 3
(c)
C H 4 (g ) + 2 H 2 O (g ) C O 2 (g ) + 4H 2 (g)
4 H 2 (g) + C (s) + O 2 (g)
Cycle (1)
do not allow the word “elements”
Arrows labelled  Hf etc or numbers (1)

∆Hr = – 394 – (– 75) – 2 × (–242) (1)
–1
= + 165 (1) (kJ mol ) 4
[10]
23. (a) Step II Wait before reading temperature/ take a series of

(temperature) readings (1)
NOTE Ignore any references to time or more accurate thermometer
Step III Stir after each addition / leave thermometer in solution

throughout/do not rinse (1) 2
(b) Drawing two best fit lines (second line can be through first three points) (1)
Extending to a maximum (1) 2

3
Curve between 20 and 25 cm scores first mark only
Note if use wrong last point for first line, no marks can be scored.
Hand sketched (without ruler) scores one mark only.
(c) Reading ∆T consequentially (1) expected ∆T = 7.0 ± 0.1 (°C) 2sf for ∆T
3
Reading VN consequentially (1) expected VN = 22.5 to 23.0 (cm ) 3sf for VN
3
∆T = 6.9 (°C) VN = 25.0 (cm ) scores (1) only 2
(d) (i) Heat calculated using candidate’s values in (c)

ignore 3 or more SF at this stage 1
Answer to ( d )(i )
(ii) (–) 0.025
Method consequentially (1)
Answer, sign and 2–4 SF (1) 2
∆T Vol Heat/kJ ∆H/kJ mol
–1
7.0 22.5 1.39 –55.6

7.0 23.0 1.40 –56.0 / – 56.2
25.0 1.44 –57.7 / – 57.6
6.9
[9]

24. (a) thermal decomposition / redox
NOT reduction or oxidation on their own 1
(b) (i) Formation of 1 mole of the compound/substance (1)

from its elements (1)
in their standard states/ under standard conditions/ (temperature
and pressure) at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure (1) 3
(ii)
Cr2 loses formula mark 2 max
Mark independently formulae (1)

number of moles (1)
arrows and state symbols (1) – depend on one mark being given for
the above. 3
-1
(iii) 0 / zero (kJ mol ) 1
(iv) 4 × –242 + –1140 (OR – 2108) – –1810 (1)

-1
–298 kJ mol
value (1)
signs and units (1) dependent on value being one of these given 3
(c) Exothermic + attempt at explanation (1)

Bonds are formed when a gas turns to a liquid (1)
ACCEPT answers based on kinetic theory
Evaporation is endothermic (therefore by Hess’s Law) the reverse
must be exothermic 2
[13]

25. (i) C12(g) (+) ½ O2(g) 1
(ii)
ALLOW T. E from (i) 1

ο –1
(iii) H at [Cl2O(g)] = –80.3 + 492.6 = + 412(.3) (kJ mol )
SIGN essential
PENALISE wrong units
Correct answer with no working (1) 1
ALLOW TE from(ii), provided Hess’ Law applied correctly
for their cycle
–1
(iv) E[Cl –O] (= ½ × (+ 412.3)) = (+)206(.2) (kJ mo1 )
ALLOW TE from (iii)
ALLOW (+)206.15
ALLOW missing sign 1
[4]
1664
26. (a) (i) 4 = 416 (kJ mol –1) IGNORE “+” signs 1
(ii) energy needed to break bonds:

2 × 436 + 193 = (+)1065 (1)
energy change in making bonds:

–348 + 4x –416 + 2x –276 = (–) 2564 (1)
–1
enthalpy change = 1065 – 2564 = – 1499 (kJ mol ) (1)
rd
[value and –ve sign needed for 3 mark] 3
ALLOW T.E.
+ 1499 with working scores (2)
(b) C not in standard state / C not solid 1

[5]
27. (a) (i) Points accurately plotted (1)
Two straight lines of best fit. (1)

NOT dot-to-dot, IGNORE any other joining – up. 2

(ii) Suitable extrapolation to find maximum temperature rise at 3 ½ min (1)
Value from candidate’s graph 0.5 °C (1)
(43.5-44.5°C for accurate plot) 2
(iii) (The best fit line) allows for cooling effect

OR heat loss
OR calculation of more accurate temperature change
OR response time of the thermometer
OR slowness of reaction
NOT “more accurate” on its own 1
(b) (i) Heat change = 50 × 4.18 × T (= 9196J or 9.196kJ)

Consequential on (a) (ii)
If no units given, assume J
If kJ must be correct value
–1
Wrong units eg kJ mol (0)
IGNORE SF or sign 1
–3 3
(ii) Density = 1g cm / total volume after reaction 50 cm / total mass is 50 g.
3
ACCEPT 1g = 1 cm
ACCEPT Density is same as that for water
ACCEPT Heat capacity of metal is irrelevant
NOT density = 1 1
(iii) (1.0 × 50 / 1000) = 0.05(0) (mol) 1
answer to(b) (i)

(iv) answer to(b) (ii) (1)
–1
divide by 1000, value, negative sign (for units of kJ mol ). (1)
–1
ALLOW answer in J mol if unit given. 2
IGNORE SF.

(c) Improvement is a stand alone mark, reason is not

Any two from:
QWC Improvement: Place a lid on the polystyrene cup (1)

Reason: Reduces heat loss (1)
Improvement: Use a pipette or burette (to measure the volume of solution) (1)
Reason: More accurate (way of measuring volume) (1)
Improvement: Use more precise thermometer / digital thermometer (1)

Reason: Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement: Mechanical stirrer / magnetic stirrer (1)

Reason: to ensure complete / or faster reaction (1)
NOT ‘spread heat…’
Improvement: Measure temperature more often

Reason: Allows for better extrapolation (1)
OR can obtain a more accurate value of maximum temperature /
temperature change from graph 4
NOT repeating few times

NOT “cotton wool insulation” alone
NOT more accurate weighing.
[14]
+ 2+
28. (i) Potassium ion / K larger than Ca (1)
Must not refer to atoms
+ 2+
QWC* K smaller charge than Ca (1)
Must not refer to atoms, but CAN say “potassium” has a smaller charge
( than “calcium”)
+ 2+
Charge density of K is less than charge density for Ca without
st
explanation is worth (1) out of these 1 two marks
+ –
Less attraction between (K and I ) ions (1)
NOT just “weaker bonds”
ACCEPT reverse argument

IGNORE references to extent of covalency 3
+ 2+
(ii) Potassium ion / K less polarising (than Ca ) (1)
KI (close to) 100 % ionic / no covalent character (1)
CaI2 partially/ significantly covalent
OR
Correct description of anion polarisation in CaI2
NOT just ‘distortion’ of anion (1) 3
[6]

2+ 2- (2+) (2-)
29. (a) Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) → Ca CO3 (s)
left-hand side (1)
right-hand (1) 2
BUT if all formulae correct (including charges) but missing/
wrong state symbols 1 max
(b) (i) (Energy = 100 × 4.2 × 1.5 =) (+) 630 (J)

NOT – 630 (J) 1
(ii) Quantity of CaCl2 = (50/1000) × 1.00

= 0.05 mol 1
(630/0.05)
1000 –1
(iii) ∆H = = + 13 kJ mol [2 SF]
answer (i) ÷ (ii) (1)
sign, units and 2 SF (1)
nd st
2 mark dependent on 1 unless clear method given
–1
Answer can be calculated in J mol
–1
+ 13 kJ mol with no working (2)
–1
+ 13 000 J mol with no working (2) 2
(iv) Temperature, since ∆T is so small (and therefore leads to

relatively large % error) / thermometer has limited accuracy
Heat loss / gain not sufficient 1
(v) Thermos flask / (expanded) polystyrene/plastic cup / a beaker

contained in a larger one lagged with cotton wool
OR
Calorimeter (unqualified) (0) BUT “with cotton wool”/
insulated/lagged etc gets (1) 1
(c) 1.5 °C / no change 1

[9]
30. (a) Heat / enthalpy / energy change (for a reaction) / ∆H (1)
is independent of the pathway / route (between reactants and products)

OR depends only on its initial and final state (1)
Both marks can score from a diagram and equation 2


(b) (i) ∆H = {(4x + 435) + (2x + 498)} (1)
+ {(2x – 805) + (4x – 464)} (1)

IGNORE signs for first two marks, ie marks for total
enthalpies of bonds broken and made.
–1
= – 730 (kJmol ) (1)
rd
3 mark is consequential on their values for first two marks
–1
+ 730 (kJmol ) (max 2) 3
(ii) (Enthalpy of) combustion

DO NOT penalise “standard” 1
(iii) At 1 atm pressure OR 101 / 100 kPa OR 1 bar (1)

stated temperature (1)
ACCEPT 298 K / 25 C 2
(iv) Reaction has H2O(g) (rather than H2O(l)) (1)

nd st
So not standard conditions (1) – 2 mark is conditional on the 1
Average bond enthalpies used (so not specific) (1 max) 2
QWC (c) (Exothermic so) products are at lower energy than reactants (1)
Reactants are therefore thermodynamically unstable

st
(with respect to products) (1) Consequential on 1 mark
NOT ‘reaction’ or ‘system’ is thermodynamically unstable
Can argue from point of view of products.
Ea is high (for noticeable reaction at room temperature) (1)

NOT ‘Ea high’ on its own
So reactants are kinetically stable (with respect to products) (1)

rd
Consequential on 3 mark
If “reaction” instead of reactants is used (3 max) 4

[14]
31. (a) Two intersecting straight lines through data 1
3 3
(b) (i) 27.0 cm ALLOW ± 1.0 cm 1
(ii) 9.3 ± 0.5 °C 1

(b) (i)  2
(c) (i) 1000
ALLOW correct answer with no working 1
(ii) (c)(i) 1
1000
(iii) (c)(ii) × 50 (1)
Correct answer – see table below (1) 2
(d) (i) 50 + (b)(i) (1)
(b)(ii)
× 4.2 × (1000) = answer (1)
nd
Must use (b)(i) in calculation to score 2 mark
If the units are given, they must be correct 2
(d) (i)
H   
(ii) 0.05  (c) (iii) answer plus units
sign (1)
numerical answer, using candidate’s figures, to 2 or 3 s.f. (1)
–1
kJ mol (1) can be in J or KJ 3
Table of answers
(b)(i) (b)(ii) (c)(i) & (ii) (c)(iii) (d)(i) (d)(ii)
/ kJ / kJ mol
–1
26.0 9.4 0.052 1.04 3.00 – 57.7

9.6 3.06 – 58.8
26.5 9.4 0.053 1.06 3.02 – 57.0
9.6 3.08 – 58.1
27.0 9.4 0.054 1.08 3.04 – 56.3
9.6 3.10 – 57.4
(e) Insulate calorimeter / (polystyrene) cup

OR put (calorimeter) in a (glass) beaker
OR put a lid on 1
[13]

3.5
 0.50 / 1 2
32. (a) Number of moles / 7 (1)
If candidate does first part only, working must be shown
23
Number of atoms = 3.01 × 10 (1)
23
ACCEPT 3.0 OR 3 OR 3.010(×10 )
23
NOT 3.01
nd
If all working shown, allow TE for 2 mark Ignore units
Correct answer with no working (2) 2
+ +
(b) (i) 2Li((s)) + 2H ((aq)) → 2Li ((aq)) + H2((g))
ALLOW multiples Ignore state symbols 1
+ –
++
Li + Cl
(ii)
(1) (1)
–
Allow all dots or all crosses on Cl
Max 1 if no/wrong charges
If covalent (0)
Do NOT penalise if electrons not shown in pairs
Maximum 1 if Li and Cl not labelled
Li and Cl symbols can go below diagram
Square brackets not essential
Allow number of protons/positive charges in nucleus as
alternative to symbols for Li and Cl 2
(iii) Any two from:
Temp 298 K/ 25 °C OR “at a specified temperature”

Unit of temperature needed
NOT “room temperature”
–3
(Acid/solution) concentration 1 mol dm / 1 molar
5 5 2
Pressure 1 atm / 10 Pa / 1.01 × 10 Pa/10 k Pa /
5 –2
101 k Pa/10 N m / 76 cm Hg
NOT “pressure of hydrogen” OR “pressure of reactants”
NOT atmospheric pressure
Must be the most stable/usual/normal physical states

NOT “standard states”
If more than 2 conditions given, deduct 1 mark for each incorrect answer 2
[7]
33. (a) Heat/enthalpy/energy change per mole of substance/compound/product
OR
heat/enthalpy/energy change for the formation of 1 mol of substance/
compound/product (1)
“heat released” and “heat required” not allowed unless both mentioned
NOT molecule
from its elements in their standard states (1)
at 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature/298 K (1)

NOT “room temperature and pressure”
NOT “under standard conditions” 3
–1
(b) (i) (∆H = – 306 – (–399)) = (+) 93 (kJ mol ) 1
ALLOW kJ
Incorrect units lose mark otherwise
(ii) The equilibrium moves to right hand side

OR amount of dissociation increases (1)
Because the (forward) reaction is endothermic (1)
Needs to be consistent with (i)
If (i) has a negative answer (exothermic)

equilibrium moves to left hand side (1)
Because (forward) reaction is exothermic (1)
If answer to (i) is +93 or 93 but state that this is exothermic

If reaction moves to left hand side (1)
If reaction moves to right hand side (0) 2
(iii) add chlorine (1)

which drives equilibrium to the left (1)
OR
increase the (total) pressure (1)
because there are fewer (gas) molecules on left hand side (1)
OR
add PCl3 (1)
Which drives equilibrium to the left (1) 2
[8]


34. (a) Difficult to decide when reaction complete/ reaction may be incomplete (1)
OR All CaCO3 may not decompose (1)
OR Difficult to measure temperature changes in solids (1)
OR ∆T or ∆Hreaction cannot be determined because heat is supplied (1)
OR Necessary temperature cannot be reached (1)
OR No suitable thermometers (for measuring temperature change at high

temperatures) (1)
ALLOW “heat is required so temperature change will not be accurate”
NOT “Heat is supplied so temperature cannot be

measured/ will not be accurate” 1
(b) (i) Reaction occurs quickly / incomplete reaction (in reasonable time)
with lumps (1)
Heat losses occur if reaction is slow (1) 2
(ii) 4.2 × 20 × 2.5 = 210 (J) OR 0.210 kJ

IGNORE +/- signs
Incorrect units (0) 1
(iii) Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 (1)
210
 10 500
0.02 (1)
–1 –
∆H1 = –10500 J mol OR –10.5 kJ mol 1 (1)
ALLOW TE from (ii)

–1 for incorrect/missing sign/units
nd
Third mark depends on correct method for 2 mark 3
(iv) ∆Hr = ∆H1 – ∆H2 (1) = –10.5 –(–181) ie use of Hess
–1
= (+) 170.5/ (+) 171 ( kJ mol ) (1)
ALLOW T.E. from (iii)

Watch for adding J to kJ 2
(c) (Standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of calcium carbonate)

ACCEPT ∆Hformation / ∆H°formation/formation
NOT ∆Hf / ∆H°f 1
[10]

35. (a) (i) H(g) + O(g) + Cl(g) in top RH box
½ H2(g) + ½ O2(g) + ½ Cl2(g) in lower box

Brackets around the state symbols are not required 1
–1
(ii) 589 – 667 = –78 (kJ mol )
ALLOW final answer on its own 1
–1
(iii) 667 – 464 = (+)203 (kJmol )
ALLOW final answer on its own 1
(b) (i)
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
++ ++
+ + + + +
H O Cl ALLO W H Cl O
+ +
++ ++
ALLOW all dots/crosses

ALLOW 1 max if electrons are correct but atoms are not identified
If ionic dot and cross diagram (0) 2
(ii) 100 – 106° (1)
as lone / non-bonding pairs take up more space/

repel more strongly than bonded pairs (1)
NOT bonds being repelled/H and Cl being repelled 2
(c) No change (1)
as number of gaseous reactant molecules = number of gaseous product

molecules (1)
ALLOW 1 max if candidates state or imply a very small change with correct
justification
eg “hardly changes”
“doesn’t change much”
“very little effect/change” 2
[9]

36. (a) Enthalpy/heat/energy change for one mole of a

compound/substance/ a product (1)
NOT solid/molecule/species/element
Reject “heat released or heat required” unless both mentioned
to be formed from its elements in their standard states (1)

ALLOW normal physical state if linked to standard conditions
Reject “natural state” / “most stable state”
standard conditions of 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature (298 K) (1) 3

Reject “room temperature and pressure”
Reject “under standard conditions”
(b) (i) Bonds broken Bonds made

N≡N (+)945 6N–H (–)2346 (1)
and
( )1308
3H–H ( )2253 (1)
∆H = 945 +1308 – 2346
= –93 sign and value (1)
ο –1
∆H = –93 = –46.5 (kJ mol )
rd
sign and value q on 3 mark (1)
2 4
–1
Accept –46.5 (kJ mol ) with working (4)
Accept + 46.5 with working max (3)
Accept +93 with working max (2)
(ii)
N 2 + (3)H 2
(Enthalpy )
H
OR (2)NH 3
–93
Accept –46.5
Correct labelled levels (1)

Reject “Reactants” and “Products” as labels
∆H labelled (1)
direction of arrow must agree with thermicity
Accept double headed arrow
Diagram marks cq on sign and value of ∆H in (b)(i)

IGNORE activation energy humps 2
(iii) 350–500 °C (1)

Accept any temperature or range within this range
higher temperature gives higher rate (1)

but a lower yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
Accept favours endothermic reaction more than exothermic so
lower yield
OR
Lower temperature give higher yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
but rate is slower (1) 3
Accept cq on sign of ∆Hf in (b)(i) or levels in (ii)
Reject lower temp favours exothermic reaction
(iv) Iron / Fe (1) IGNORE any promoters

no effect on yield (1) 2
(v) temp would have to be much higher for a reasonable rate then
yield would be too low
“lower activation energy” implies reasonable rate
OR
Allows reaction at a lower temp at a reasonable/fast rate giving
a reasonable yield. 1
Accept rate too slow without catalyst at a temp giving a
reasonable yield
Reject to lower activation energy of reaction
(c) (i) advantage

higher (equilibrium) yield/more NH3 in equilibrium
mixture/equilibrium shifts to right (1)
because smaller number of (gaseous) moles/molecules on rhs (1)

IGNORE any reference to change in rate 2
Reject just “more ammonia”
(ii) disadvantage
(plant more) expensive because thicker pipes would be needed
OR
cost (of energy) for compressing the gases/cost of pump
OR
Cost of equipment/pressure not justified by higher yield 1
Accept stronger or withstand high pressure for thicker
Accept vessel/container/plant /equipment/reaction vessels for
pipes
Reject “just more expensive”
Reject “just thicker pipes etc”

Reject apparatus
[18]
37. IGNORE sig figs provided 2 or better in (i) and (ii)
(i) ∆T = 26 °C (1) STAND ALONE

Heat change = 104 × 26.0 × 4.09=11060 J (1) ignore sign at this point
The second mark may be appearing in part (ii) 2
If use 100g answer is 1063(4)
And gives 355 as the final answer
–1
If use 4 g gives 425.2 and gives 14.2 kJ mol
4.00
(ii) Moles = 133.5 (1) = 0.02996
Accept 0.03
Answerin (i) 1

moles 1000 (1)
–1
= –369 (kJ mol ) (1)
–1
Accept –369 (kJ mol ) with some working (3)
Error carried forward if wrong Mr 3

–1
Accept –369000 J mol (max 2)
–1 rd
Reject –369000 kJ mol does not score 3 marking point
[5]

38. (a) (i) ½Br2 → Br (1)

state symbols (1)
½ Br2(g) → Br(g) scores only one
e.g.
½Br2(l)→ Br(g) (2)
Br2(l)→ 2Br(g) (1) ie for state symbols
Br2→ Br (0) 2
Reject wrong halogen or use of “X” (0)
(ii) Energy change when 1 mol (1)

Accept heat or enthalpy for energy;
energy released instead of energy change
Reject “energy required”
of a solid/crystal/lattice (1)
is formed from its (isolated) gaseous ions (1)

IGNORE standard states 3
Just balanced equation
+ –
e.g. Na (g) + Cl (g) → NaCl(s)
can score only last two marks
(b) MgCl2 has (a degree of ) covalent character (1)

Mention of “atoms” or “molecules” scores (0) for all of (b)(ii)
due to polarisation of the anion (1)

2+
(by Mg cation) 2
2+
Reject just “Mg (strongly) polarising”
2+
(c) As group descended, radius of M (ion) increases
OR cation increases (1)
Accept reverse arguments
Accept “size” instead of “radius”
Reject mention specifically of atoms (e.g. Mg atoms) or
molecules (MgCl2 molecules) scores (0) for all of part (c)
Charge on ions remains the same/2+ (1)

Accept correct formulae of cations for charge mark
Accept “charge density decreases” scores one of the first two
marks
(down group) weaker forces of attraction between ions (1) 3

Reject “weaker bonds”
OR “weaker bonding”
[10]

39. (a) (i) An ion which is unchanged during the reaction owtte
An ion which does not take part in the reaction 1
Reject an ion which does not change its state
Reject use of word “element” instead of “ion”
2–
(ii) SO4 1
2+ 2+
(iii) Zn + Cu  Zn + Cu
IGNORE state symbols 1
++ ++
Accept Zn + Cu  Zn + Cu
2+ 2+
Accept Zn + Cu = Zn + Cu
(b) measuring cylinder 1

Accept burette
Accept pipette
Accept volumetric pipette
Accept graduated pipette
3
Accept 50 cm pipette
Accept pipette = pipette filter
Accept reasonable phonetic spelling e.g. pipet, biurette
Reject beaker
Reject biuret
Reject graduated flask
Reject volumetric flask
Reject beaker or a pipette
Reject pepite
Reject conical flask
(c) Any two
polystyrene conducts heat less well than metals/less heat lost

to surroundings (1)
Accept discussion of either polystyrene or metal
has a lower (specific) heat capacity/absorbs less heat energy (1)
Plastic inert whereas metal container might react (with CuSO 4) (1) 2
(d) Zinc 5/65.4 = (0.0765/0.08/0.076/0.77) (1)
Copper sulphate 50/1000 = 0.05 (1)

2+
Copper sulphate / Cu / CuSO4 (1)
Accept consequential on copper being less than zinc
Accept zinc is in excess

IGNORE sig figs 3
(e) (i)
70
allo w eith er
60
50
Tem p eratu re 4 0
/ºC
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
T im e / s
correctly plotted points (1) – All 7 (including 0, 22)
must be correctly plotted
points joined by suitable lines (1)

Accept curve/straight lines
[If you cannot see a line, check twice, if still not visible send to
review as out of clip] 2
(ii) reaction not instant / so some time before all heat

energy released/measured (1)
Accept energy lost
(temperature (slowly) declines) as heat energy given out

(to the surroundings) (1) 2
Reject no temp change for first 60 s because zinc has not been
added. Slow to start
Reject temp slowly declines because reaction is complete
Reject no marks for describing shape of graph without
explanation
(iii) 66 – 69 °C 1
Reject 65.5 and less and 69.5 and more


(f) (i) 50 × 4.2 × 45 = 9450 (J) for 67°C
Ignore units unless value and units are incompatible e.g.

9240 kJ (0)
9.24 J (0) 1
Accept TE from e(iii)
e.g.
66 = 44 ° rise = 9240
68 = 46 ° rise = 9660
69 = 47 ° rise = 9870
65 = 43 ° rise = 9030
(Allow minus sign) ignore sign
70 = 48 ° rise = 10080
65.5 = 43.5 ° rise = 9135
allow use of 65° even if different value in (iii)
Reject 55 for mass of solution + zinc
(ii) Max Temp

9870
0.05 –1
≡ –197,000 = –197 kJ mol 69
9660
0.05 –1
≡ –193,000 = –193 kJ mol 68
9450
0.05 –1
≡ –189,000 = –189 kJ mol 67
9240
0.05 –1
≡ –185,000 = –185 kJ mol 66
9030
0.50 –1
≡ –180,600 = –181 kJ mol 65
This first mark is for dividing by 0.05 (1)
Value and sign (1)

units and 3 or 4sf (1) 3
st
Accept if ÷ 0.08 only 1 mark lost
[18]

40. (a) (i) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Ignore punctuation (Commas and hyphens may be interchanged) 1
Accept 2,4,4 - trimethylpentane
Reject pentan for pentane
2-dimethyl-4
methylpentane
2,2-dimethyl-4-methyl
pentane
2-methyl-4,4-dimethyl
pentane
2,4-trimethylpentane
(ii) C4H9 1
Accept C8H18 → C4H9
(iii) C2H4 1
Reject CH2CH2
(iv) Positive because energy is required to break (C–C) bonds

(and not completely replaced (from new bonds made))
OR Positive because cracking requires (continuous) supply of
heat so must be endothermic 1
Accept two C–C bonds are broken and one C=C made
Reject positive because it only occurs at high temperature
(v) C8H18 + 17/2 O2 → 8CO + 9H2O
OR 2C8H18 + 17 O2 → 16CO + 18H2O
OR C8H18 + 9/2 O2 → 8C + 9H2O (or doubled)
Oxygen on left and correct formulae of products (1)

balancing (1)
Second mark depends on first and a sensible hydrocarbon
formula must be used. 2
Accept balanced equations including CO and/or C with CO2
17/2 can be written 8.5 or 8½
Allow balanced equations based on C8H18 with a smaller
alkane in the products for 1 mark eg
C8H18 + O2 → CO + C7H16 +H2O (1)

(b) (i) Increase in pressure: No effect as number of

moles/molecules (of gas) doesn’t change during reaction (1)
Increase in temperature: more NO as forward reaction

endothermic OWTTE (1)
One mark for two correct predictions with incorrect explanations 2

Reject increase in temperature moves equilibrium to the right
(ii) Rate increases as converter gets hotter (as reaction is

exothermic) 1
(iii) N2 / nitrogen is (major) part of air/ N2 unreactive/ not

poisonous/ not a greenhouse gas / not acidic 1
Accept correct harmful properties of other 3 gases
(iv) Line from level of reactants to maximum labelled E A (1)
Curve of similar shape above existing curve, starting and

finishing at same levels, with maximum above original maximum (1) 2
[12]
41. (a) QWC
enthalpy / energy / heat change when 1 mol of a substance (1)

Accept heat / energy / enthalpy released
Accept both “element and compound” instead of substance
Reject energy etc required
Reject “reactant” instead of substance
is burnt in excess/burns completely in air/oxygen (1)

Accept complete combustion with air/oxygen
OR reacts completely with air/oxygen
Reject reacts with oxygen
conditions of 1 atm/ 100 kPa/101 kPa pressure and

specified temperature/298 K (1) 3
Reject room temperature

(b) (i) Bottom box

2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
balance and state symbols (1)
Left arrow label

2∆HcC + 3∆HcH2
OR (2x – 394) + (3x – 286) (kJ) units not essential
OR –788–858
OR –1646 kJ (1)
right arrow label

∆HcC2H5OH
OR –1371 (kJ) (1) 3
(ii) ∆HfC2H5OH = (2x – 394) + (3x – 286) – (–1371) (1)
–1
= –275 (kJ mol ) (1)
OR
1 mark for their left hand arrow minus their right hand arrow
1 for correct consequential sign and answer 2
Wrong unit negates last mark (but allow kJ)
[8]
42. (a) In (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) penalise 1SF on the first occasion only.
ACCEPT ≥ 2SF
(i) Mass methanol burnt = 0.34 (g) (1)
0.34
32 = 0.0106 (1) 2
Accept 0.011, 0.01063, 0.010625
CQ on incorrect calculation of mass
Correct answer with some working (2)
(ii) Temperature rise = 43.5 – 22 (= 21.5) (°C) (1)
21.5  4.18  50
(Heat energy =) 1000 = 4.49 (kJ) (1)
The temperature rise mark can be scored from the heat

energy expression 2
Accept CQ on incorrect calculation of temp.
Reject answer in Joules

Answer (ii) 4.49

(iii) Answer (i) 0.0106 (1)
Accept CQ on (i) and ii)
–1
= –422.9 (kJ mol ) [calculator stored value]
Accept answers in the range –420 to –424
OR
–1
= –423.6 (kJ mol ) [using rounded values] (1) minus
sign and value both required
If the final answer is incorrect the 2nd mark is only

accessible if energy is divided by moles in first part of calculation 2
1 .0
(b) (i) 21.5 × 100 = (±)4.65 %
IGNORE SF 1
(ii) (21.5 + 1.0 =) 22.5 (°C)

OR
(44 – 21.5)=22.5 (°C)
OR
 104.65 
 21.5  
 100  = 22.5 (°C)
CQ on % error in b(i) if this is used to calculate the temperature 1

Reject all other values
(c) (i) Evaporation (of methanol/alcohol) 1

Accept turns to vapour
OR methanol volatile
Reject balance faulty or spills or Methanol reacts
(ii) Carbon (1)
Lower/less exothermic (1) ignore references to incomplete

combustion 2
Accept soot
Reject any other substance
[11]

2+ 2–
43. (a) (i) Mg (g) (+) O (g) 1
Reject if state symbols missing
–
Reject if 2e included in box
(ii) ∆H1 (Enthalpy of) formation (of MgO) (1)
∆H2 (Enthalpy of) atomisation (of Mg) (1)
st nd
∆H3 1 plus 2 electron affinity (of O)
st nd
OR 1 and 2 electron affinity (of O) (1) 3
Accept recognisable abbreviation such as “EA” for electron
affinity.
(iii) ∆Hf = –602 = (+150) + (+2186) + (+249) + (+657) + LE

OR
(LE =) –(+657)–(+249)–(+2186)–(+150)+(–602)(1)
Doubling electron affinity and/or atomisation values scores (0)
(LE =) –3844 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Correct answer only with no working (1 max) 2

Reject any incorrect sign in algebraic expression (0)
(b) (i) The electrons around the iodide ion are drawn
towards the magnesium ion 1
2+ –
Accept (Mg ) polarises (I ion)
Accept “distortion” if clearly linked to the iodide ion
Accept “Mg ion”
Accept “I ion” OR “iodine ion”
Reject any reference to atoms or molecules
e.g. “Mg polarises…..”
Reject “iodine/I/I2 is polarised”
Reject wrong polarisation e.g.
“magnesium ion is polarised”
– 2+
“I polarises Mg ”
(ii) Radius/size (of ions) (1)

Accept distance between ions
OR Sum of (ionic) radii
OR Type of crystal structure
OR Madelung constant
Reject “atomic radius”

charge (on ions) (1) 2
Accept “Charge density”
(iii) Less (exothermic) (1)

Accept Smaller
OR more endothermic
OR Less negative
OR Lower
Reject higher/greater
covalent character (strengthens lattice) (1)

Accept theoretical value based on purely/100 % ionic model
Reject any implication of magnesium iodide being totally
covalent
Mark each aspect independently 2

[11]
44. (a) (i) E[Ca(OH)2] = 25.0 × 4.2 × 16.5 = 1730 (J)

E[CaO] = 25.0 × 4.2 × 25.5 = 2680 (J)
Both correct for 1 mark
Ignore negative signs in front of values / missing/wrong units 1
Accept 1732.5 / 1733 / 1700 J
Accept 2677.5 / 2678 / 2700 J
Answers in kJ acceptable
Reject 1732 J
Reject 2677 J
1.00
(ii) 74.0 = 0.0135 mol
Answer must be decimalised 1
Accept 0.014
1
Reject 74 / 0.01
1732.5
 –1
(iii) ∆H1 = 0.0135 = –130 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)
2677.5
 –1
∆H2 = 0.0135 = –200 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)
st
1 mark for method (dividing energy by number of moles)
nd
2 mark for both answers given to 2 sig fig and including
negative signs.
nd st
2 mark is dependant on 1 2

Allow TE from (a)(i) and (a)(ii)
(b) (i) ∆Hreaction = ∆H1 – ∆H2 /relevant values being subtracted (1)
–1
= –130 – (–200) = + 70 kJ mol (1)
Mark independently
nd
For 2 mark: correct arithmetic, sign and units needed 2
Allow TE from (a)(iii)
Ignore sig. figs.
(ii) Using a glass beaker / no lid is likely to lead to heat loss (1)
(glass) beaker has significant heat capacity (1)
No apparent check made to ensure that Ca(OH)2 was heated
long enough/difficult to know whether Ca(OH)2 was fully decomposed (1)
The likely use of an insufficiently accurate thermometer (1)
Any TWO valid and agreed sources of error 2
(iii) Measuring temperatures of solids (with a lab thermometer)

isn’t accurate / is difficult (1)
Bunsen/high temperatures are involved (above bpt. of
Hg/ethanol) so lab thermometers can’t be used (1)
Difficult to know when Ca(OH)2 has fully decomposed (1)
Given high temperatures involved, impossible to use
thermometer to measure energy taken in by the Ca(OH) 2 (1)
Any ONE of these 1
[9]
45. (a) N/N2 goes from 0 to –3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1) 2
If “the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the
oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised” (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores zero.
(b) (i) Calculation of bonds broken 463 × 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)

Calculation of bonds made 388×6/ (= 2328) (1)
–1
∆H = –76 (kJ mol ) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above 3
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks


(ii) Average / mean bond enthalpy used for N–H bond / ammonia 1
Reject just “average bond enthalpies used”
(iii) Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept ∆H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong N≡N (1)

[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because N≡N is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
–1
high/2252(kJ mol )
(c) (i) QWC

One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E ≥ Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are

successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more successful
conditions per unit time
Reject just “more successful collisions”
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E ≥ E cat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just “more successful collisions”
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can

bond / be adsorbed) (1)

Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.
Do not penalise just “more collisions are successful” more
than once 6
(ii) QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1) 4
Accept low temperature ∆H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]
46. (a) (i) Mass = 25 + 22.75 = 47.75 (1) or in equation below

47.75 × 4.18 × 10.5 = 2096 (J) (1)
(=2100 (J))
consequential on calculated mass 2
Accept correct answer with some working (2)
nd
Use of incorrect mass (e.g. m = 1 g) can gain 2 mark
Accept answer changed to kJ
25 1.5
(ii) Moles (water)= 1000 = 0.0375 (1)
2096
( )
H = (1000 .0375) (1)
–1
= –55.9 (kJ mol ) (1)
both value, in kJ mol–1, and sign needed
[ignore SF] 3
–1
Accept correct answer –55.9 or –56.0 kJ mol with some
working (3)
2100
()
H = (1000 .0375) (1)
–1
= –56.0 (kJ mol ) (1)
scores full marks
Conversion to kJ can be at final stage
(b) Any one of

No heat is lost (to the surroundings)
OR
Polystyrene cup or thermometer have negligible heat capacity
OR
All the acid was transferred (from the beaker) to the polystyrene cup 1
Accept takes up negligible heat
[6]
47. (a) (i) ∆H6 1
H 5 1
OR H 5
(ii) 2 2 1
Reject H5
(b) Either
∆Hf = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 + ∆H5 + ∆H6
OR
∆Hf = (+178) + (1735) + 2 × (+218) + 2 × (–73) + (–2389)
–1
= –186 (kJ mol ) (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)
Ignore kJ 2
[First mark only if doubles both ∆Hat and electron affinity for
hydrogen]
[2nd mark is only consequential on failure to multiply either
∆Hat or electron affinity or both giving: —404 / —113 /—331
–1
(kJ mol )]
+186 scores (0)
+404 / +113 /+331 scores (0)

(c) EITHER
First mark:
Magnesium/Mg ion smaller (radius) than calcium/Ca ion
Or
the sum of the ionic radii in MgH2 smaller (than in CaH2) (1)
Accept magnesium ion has greater charge density than calcium
ion for first mark.
Reject reference to ‘atoms’ or ‘molecules’ or ‘H2’ scores zero
overall.
Second mark:
but charges the same (1)
Third mark:
(so) stronger (forces of) attraction between ions (in MgH2) (1)
[Correct reverse arguments can score both marks]

rd
Accept “stronger ionic bonding” for 3 mark in either case.
+ rd
If “H ions” or “hydrogen ions” referred to, 3 mark cannot
be awarded in either case
rd
If just “stronger bonding in MgH2”, 3 mark cannot be
awarded in either case
OR
First and second mark combined:
2+ 2+ 2+
Mg (ion) or Mg (cation) smaller (radius) than Ca (2)
Third mark:
(so) stronger (forces of) attraction between ions (in MgH2) (1)
[Correct reverse arguments can score both marks]
Ignore references to polarisation of the hydride ion or “covalent

character” in the hydrides.
Ignore references to “energy required to separate ions/break bonds” 3

[7]
48. (a) Mg(s) + C(graphite) + 1½O2(g) in both left hand boxes

Balancing (1)
state symbols for Mg/C/O2 must be present and correct at least once (1) 2
Accept C(s)
Accept everything in all boxes doubled (allow 2HCl rather than
4HCl)
Reject equation with CO or CO2 in it

0.1
–3
(b) (i) 0 24 = 4.17 × 10 / 0.00417 1
Accept 0.00416 (recurring)
Accept 0.0042
Reject 0.004
Reject 0.00416
(ii) Moles of HCl at the start = 0.2 (1)

Moles of HCl reacted = 2 × 0.00417
= 0.00834 (1)
Moles of HCl left = 0.2 – 0.00834

= 0.19166 (1)
ignore sf 3
Accept transferred error from (b)(i)
Eg 0.192
0.1917
Reject 0.2
Accept 0.196
(forgetting to multiply by 2)
Worth max of 2
(ii) Axes labelled and suitable scale – must cover more than half
the provided grid and time must be on the horizontal axis (1)
All points plotted accurately and suitable curve/straight lines (1)
From 0 to 1 minute, must be straight horizontal line.
From 1 to 2 minutes, vertical or sloping line to 25.3 or
above. From 2 to 6 minutes, straight line or smooth curve. 2
Reject temperature scale starting at 0°C (1 max)
(iv) Energy change = 4.2 × 100 × 4.5

= 1.89 (kJ) 1
Accept 1890 (J)
Accept 1.9 (kJ)
Accept 1900 (J)
Accept with either + or – or no sign
Reject answers using mass = 100.1g
Giving 1891.89 (J)
–1 –1
Reject J mol kJ mol

 1.89
(v) H = 0.00417
–1
= –453 kJ mol (2)
1 mark for number and 1 for sign and units 2
Accept TE from (b)(i) and (iv)
Second mark dependent on the first
(vi) Either lines drawn on graph to show maximum temperature

rise should be 4.5
Or
Some heat loss (and so the reading of 4.3 was too small) 1
Accept max temperature between 1 and 2 minutes
Reject rounded up to nearest 0.5
(c) (i) 24 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 84 (g) (1)

Number of moles = 2.2/84 = 0.0262 / 0.02619 (1)
Ignore sf except if only 1 (i.e. 0.03) 2
Accept 0.026
Reject 0.0261
Reject 0.02
 1.05
(ii) ∆H = 0.0262
–1
= – 40.1 kJ mol 1
Accept correct sign and units needed for mark
Allow K instead of k –40.131
Allow TE from (c)(i)
Reject 40.1
(d) ∆Hf = ∆H1 + ∆H2 – ∆H3 (1)

= – 453 – 680 + 40
–1
= – 1090 kJ mol (1) 2
Only penalise missing units once
Accept –1093
Accept transferred error:
∆H1 = (b)(v)
∆H2 = –680
∆H3 = (c)(ii)
correct answer with no working gets 2 marks
Reject incorrect application of Hess’s Law (0)


(e) Elements don’t react together to form magnesium carbonate 1

Reject hard to measure temperature of solid
[18]
49. 455.6 + 4 × 121.7 – (4 × 407.4)

Multiples (1)
Hess applied (1)
–1
= –687(.2) kJ mol (1)
ignore sig fig
In general deduct one mark for each mistake
One wrong or missing multiples (2max)
Hess the wrong way round (2max)
No sign with answer (2max)
Examples: +169.9 (no multiples at all is two errors) (1)
–1052.3/+535 (either multiple missing) (2)
–930.6 (2 × Cl atomisation) (2)
+687.2 (Hess misapplied) (2)
+1052.3/–535/+930.6 (1)
–169.9 (0)
[3]
50. (a) Initially CuSO4 in excess so amount of reaction depends on amount of Zn

or
More CuSO4 reacts (as more Zn added) (1)
Accept CuSO4 in excess
Accept more Zn reacts
Reject reaction is exothermic
Graph levels off because all CuSO4 used up (1) 2

Accept Zn now in excess
Reject just ‘Reaction is complete’
(b) (i) Heat capacity (of metal)

low (compared with that of solution) 1
Accept metal has negligible/low specific heat capacity
Accept metal absorbs (much) less heat (than solution/water)

(ii) q = 50 × 63.5 × 4.18 = 13271.5 J

Units, if given, must be correct
Ignore signs 1
Accept 13300/13270/13272
Accept answer in kJ only if units stated
Reject 13271
1.25
(iii) Moles CuSO4 = 50 × 1000 = 0.0625 (1)
Correct answer with some working scores full marks
Accept Ecf from moles
13271.5
H = (–) 0.0625 1000 (1)
–1
= – 212 (kJ mol )
1 mark for negative sign
1 mark for answer to 3 SF
Units, if given, must be correct 4
Accept Ecf from (ii) gives –213/–212/–212
(c) (i) Extra precision negligible compared with

approximations in calculations/heat loss 1
Accept measuring cylinder is least accurate measuring
instrument
(ii) Use a lid on the cup (to reduce heat loss) 1

Accept extra insulation for cup
Accept weigh CuSO4 solution
Accept use burette/pipette to measure volumes
Reject repeat experiments
OR
use more accurate balance
OR
Smaller mass intervals
[10]

51. (a) BOX A

Ag(g) (1)
BOX B
F(g) (1)
C: enthalpy (change) of formation (of AgF )/∆Hf /∆Hformation (1)
IGNORE reference to ‘standard’ 3

Accept ‘heat of formation’
(b) (i) EITHER

Reference to “atoms” or “molecules” or “F2” or “I2” scores
(0) overall
FIRST MARK:
EITHER
iodide (ion) larger than fluoride (ion)

Accept just ‘iodide has smaller charge density than fluoride’
scores first mark
OR
Sum of ionic radii in AgI larger (than in AgF)

Ag—X scores (0) overall
OR
–
halide ion or X or anion increases in size down group (1)
–
Accept “atomic radius of halide ion/X /anion increases (down
group)”
SECOND MARK:
Charges (on anions) same (1)
THIRD MARK:
(so) weaker (forces of) attraction between ions (in AgI) (1)
Accept “weaker ionic bonding” (1)
Reject just “weaker bonding (in AgI)”
CORRECT REVERSE ARGUMENTS CAN SCORE ALL THE MARKS

OR
First and second combined by stating

– –
I (ion) larger than F (2)
Accept just iodide has smaller charge density than fluoride
scores only one mark
THIRD MARK:
(so) weaker (forces of) attraction between ions (in AgI) (1) 3
Accept “weaker ionic bonding” (1)
Reject just “weaker bonding (in AgI)”
IGNORE ANY REFERENCES TO POLARISATION OF

IONS ANYWHERE IN (b)(i)
(ii) Theoretical value (assumes) 100% ionic OR

no covalent character (1)
(Experimental value is different) due to covalency

OR covalent character OR polarisation of anion(1) 2
Mention of “Ag—X” OR “molecules” scores (0)
(iii) (as) size of anion increases (down group) (1)

–
Accept “atomic radius of halide ion/X /anion increases (down
group)”
Mention of “Ag—X” OR “molecules” scores (0) unless already
penalised in (b)(ii)
(anions) more easily polarised (down group) OR

more distortion of anion (down group) (1)
Accept “more covalent character”/ “more covalent” for second
mark
Reject “more covalent bonding” (0)
MARK THESE POINTS INDEPENDENTLY 2

[10]
52. (i) 3S (s) + O2 (g) + 2H2 (g)
correct entities (1)

state symbols and balancing (1) 2

(ii) Energy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed (1)
from its elements (in their standard states) (1)
at 298K/quoted temperature and 1atm (1) 3
(iii) (2 × –285.8) – (–296.8 +(2 × –20.6)) (1)

= –233.6/–234 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Allow transferred error for one minor slip (e.g. 20.4 instead of 20.6)
but not for omission of multiples.
Ignore units 2
Reject –233
Reject –230
[7]
53. D
[1]
50
23
54. (a) (6.02 × 10 × 24 )= 1
24 24 24
1.25 × 10 / 1.254 × 10 / 1.26 × 10
Allow TE from a 1
(b) Mr = (23 + 42) = 65 (1)

50
Mass = (2 × 65 × 72 ) (1)
= 90/ 90.3g (1) Allow TE from (c) 3
Reject wrong unit eg kg
(c) decrease 1
(d) QWC (i) & (iii)
Sodium is hazardous (1)
May go on fire with water/ produces flammable gas with water/

produces explosive gas with water/ produces strong alkali with
water/ reacts with moisture on skin and becomes hot /corrosive (1)
nd
2 mark depends on reference to sodium 2
Reject unspecific comments about sodium being poisonous /
toxic / flammable without reference to water.
[8]
55. (a) (i) 4410 1
(ii) 0.015 1
–1
(iii) (–4.41/ 0.015) = – 294 kJ mol
Value (1)
Negative sign and units (1)
TE for answer to (i)/ answer to (ii) 2
(iv) QWC
Any two of:
Use an insulated container/(expanded) polystyrene cup

Use a lid
Use a thermometer calibrated to at least 0.5 °C 2
(b) (i) QWC
No effect, as all copper nitrate reacts anyway. (1)
Enthalpy change is based on mass of solution heating up

/ SHC of the metal is very low. (1) 2
(ii) QWC
Yes, temperature rise is smaller than it should be(1)
So enthalpy change less negative (1) 2
(c) Use more concentrated solution (with correspondingly more magnesium). 1

[11]
56. (a) A Cu(g)

+
B Cu (g)
C 2Br(g)
2 marks for all correct but max 1 if state symbols wrong/ missing
1 mark for 2 correct
(ο)
D Hf / (standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of CuBr2) (1) 3
(b) Hf = Ha(Cu) + Em1(Cu) + Em2(Cu) + 2 × Ha(1/2 Br2) + 2 × Eaff(Br) + Hlatt

OR
Lattice energy = D–(other enthalpy changes) (1)
Can be shown using the numbers
= –141.8 – (338.3 + 746 + 1958 + 2 × 111.9 + 2 × –342.6) = –141.8 – 2580.9

–1
= –2722.7 = –2723 (kJ mol ) (2)
max 1 if no multiples of 2 for Br

max 2 (out of 3) if positive sign 3
(c) (i) QWC
Not 100 % ionic/ has some covalent character 1

Reject answers where it is not clear that bonding has some
intermediate character, but not entirely ionic or covalent
(ii) Non-spherical bromide / negative ion with bulge towards

copper / positive ion (1) 1
[8]

CHM1 Energetics

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Topic 1 – Energetic (Questions)

Topic 1 – Energetic (Questions)

definition letter H/kJ mol

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Enthalpy of atomisation of sodium +109

1st ionisation energy of sodium +494

Enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride –411

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121

Electron affinity of chlorine –364

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

3. (a) State Hess’s Law.

(b) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(c) The equation for the combustion of ethanol in air is

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

and the structural representation of this is:

Bond Average bond Bond Average bond

CH +412 CC +348

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

The temperature readings are shown on the graph below.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

5. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf .

Name Formula Hf /kJ mol

ethene C2H4(g) +52.3

C2H4(g) + HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Bond Average bond enthalpy/kJ mol

C2H4(g)  HBr(g)  C2H5Br(g)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(a) Define the terms:

Value of the enthalpy

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(a) Define the term enthalpy of neutralisation.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

8. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

Methane does not burn unless lit.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

The student produced the following account of their experiment.

A p ie ce of iron, m ass abo ut 3 g , w as pla ced in a gla ss be aker. 5 0 cm 3 of

T im ing bef ore 1 m in 2 m ins 3 m ins 4 m ins 5 m ins

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(b) In an improved version of the same experiment a maximum temperature rise of

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of copper sulphate used.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g)  CH3COOH(l)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

The temperature readings are shown in the graph below.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(vi) Write the formula of the copper hydroxide that is produced.

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

energy change = specific  mass of  temperature

2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf , of urea.

Substance Hf / kJ mol

As Chemistry - Paper 1 hakimabbas@yahoo.com

14. (a) Halogenoalkanes react with many nucleophiles.

Define the term nucleophile.